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Zhu L, Maruvada R, Sapirstein A, Peters-Golden M, Kim KS. Cysteinyl leukotrienes as novel host factors facilitating Cryptococcus neoformans penetration into the brain. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27573789 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformas infection of the central nervous system (CNS) continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and a major contributing factor is our incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that C. neoformans exploits host cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs), formed via LT biosynthetic pathways involving cytosolic phospholipase A2 α (cPLA2 α) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and acting via cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor (CysLT1), for penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Gene deletion of cPLA2 α and 5-LO and pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2 α, 5-LO and CysLT1 were effective in preventing C. neoformans penetration of the blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo. A CysLT1 antagonist enhanced the efficacy of an anti-fungal agent in therapy of C. neoformans CNS infection in mice. These findings demonstrate that host cysteinyl LTs, dependent on the actions of cPLA2 α and 5-LO, promote C. neoformans penetration of the blood-brain barrier and represent novel targets for elucidating the pathogenesis and therapeutic development of C. neoformans CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longkun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics/Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ravi Maruvada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam Sapirstein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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52
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Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:943-951. [PMID: 27542570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are a group of the inflammatory lipid molecules well known as mediators of inflammatory signaling in the allergic diseases. Although they are traditionally known for their role in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and others, recent advances in the field of biomedical research highlighted the role of these inflammatory mediators in a broader range of diseases such as in the inflammation associated with the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, vascular inflammation (atherosclerotic), and in cancer. Among the CNS diseases, they, along with their synthesis precursor enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and their receptors, have been shown to be associated with brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, epilepsy, and others. However, a lot more remains elusive as the research in these areas is emerging and only a little has been discovered. Herein, through this review, we first provided a general up-to-date information on the synthesis pathway and the receptors for the molecules. Next, we summarized the current findings on their role in the brain disorders, with an insight given to the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Paulucci BP, Pereira J, Picciarelli P, Levy D, Di Francesco RC. Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) in the lymphocytes of hyperplastic tonsils: comparison between allergic and nonallergic snoring children. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1151-1158. [PMID: 27221082 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) are involved in allergic processes and play a role in adenotonsillar hyperplasia (AH). Clinically, only CysLTR1 may be blocked by montelukast. Our objective was to compare the expression of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the B and T cells of hyperplasic tonsils of sensitized (SE) and control (NS) snoring children. METHODS Sixty children, 5 to 10 years of age, referred for adenotonsillectomy, were divided into SE and NS groups, according to their responses to the skin-prick test. Cells from the removed tissues were stained for CysLTR1, CysLTR2, CD19, and CD3 and counted via flow cytometry. messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the CysLTRs genes was measured real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The SE group showed reduced expression of the small CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (4.6 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 5.0; p = 0.04). Regarding the large lymphocytes, the SE group showed lower expression of CD3+/CysLTR1+ (40.9 ± 14.5 vs 47.6 ± 11.7; p = 0.05), CD19+/CysLTR1+ (44.6 ± 16.9 vs 54.1 ± 12.4; p = 0.01), and CD19+/CysLTR2+ (55.3 ± 11.3 vs 61.5 ± 12.6; p = 0.05) lymphocytes. Considering the total number of lymphocytes, the SE group had fewer CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (11.1 ± 5.5 vs 13.7 ± 6.2; p = 0.04). All other cell populations exhibited reduced expression in the SE group without statistical significance. The expression of CysLTR2 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than CysLTR1 in most studied cell populations. The mRNA expression did not show significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION The expression of CysLTR is higher in the lymphocytes of the NS children, and CysLTR2 shows greater expression than CysLTR1 Respiratory allergies do not appear to be a stimulus for AH occurrence. Newer drugs capable of blocking both CysLTRs warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peres Paulucci
- Department of Otolaryngology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ,
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Picciarelli
- Department of Pathology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Research in Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Chen AC, Lin CL, Shen TC, Li TC, Sung FC, Wei CC. Association between allergic diseases and risks of HSP and HSP nephritis: a population-based study. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:559-64. [PMID: 26690714 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some allergic inflammation-associated mediators have been reported in acute stage of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). However, the association of children with allergic diseases and their subsequent risks of HSP and HSP nephritis remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we included 2,240 children with HSP diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 as well as 8,960 non-HSP controls matched for age, sex, and level of urbanization. The odds ratios (ORs) of HSP were calculated with respect to associations with pre-existing allergic diseases. RESULTS Children with allergic diseases had an increased subsequent risk of HSP; the lowest adjusted OR (aOR) was 1.33 for allergic conjunctivitis (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.52) and the highest was 1.68 for asthma (95% CI: 1.48-1.91). The aOR increased to 2.03 (95% CI: 1.80-2.31) in children with at least two allergic diseases. Children who visited medical institutes more often per year for associated allergic diseases had an increased risk of HSP. Of the 2,240 children with HSP, 249 (11%) had HSP nephritis and 45.8% of those with nephritis had history of any allergic disease. CONCLUSION Atopic children had an increased subsequent risk of HSP but not an increased risk of HSP nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Chyi Chen
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Children's Hospital of China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Shen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Wei
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Children's Hospital of China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen H, Yang H, Wang Z, Xie X, Nan F. Discovery of 3-Substituted 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as a Novel Class of CysLT1 Selective Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:335-9. [PMID: 26985325 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The indole derivative, 3-((E)-3-((3-((E)-2-(7-chloroquinolin-2yl)vinyl)phenyl)amino)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (17k), was identified as a novel and highly potent and selective CysLT1 antagonist with IC50 values of 0.0059 ± 0.0011 and 15 ± 4 μM for CysLT1 and CysLT2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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56
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Patil-Gadhe A, Pokharkar V. Pulmonary targeting potential of rosuvastatin loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: Optimization by factorial design. Int J Pharm 2016; 501:199-210. [PMID: 26844785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin (RSVS), an anti-lipidemic agent suggested for the treatment of airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It shows a pleiotropic effect on airway smooth muscles and inhibits proliferative activities of physiological mitogens. The aim of the present study was to develop and investigate the targeting potential of rosuvastatin (RSVS) to lung as loaded in nanostructured lipid carrier dry powder for inhalation (RNLC-DPI). RNLC dispersion was converted into respirable particle by lyophilization using 5% mannitol as cryoprotectant-carrier. Targeting efficiency of RNLC-DPI was evaluated in vitro for aerosol performance using 8-stage cascade impactor as well in vivo in Wistar rats for pulmokinetics. In vitro aerosol performance demonstrated mass median aerodynamic diameter of <3 μm with fine particle fraction of >90% at 60 L/min. Improved aerosol performance was observed for RNLC-DPI prepared using l-leucin as anti-static agent. Modified in vivo performance with higher Cmax (1.14-fold), improvement in t1/2 (5-fold) and 35-fold improvement in AUC0-∞ indicated significant improvement in bioavailability of RNLC-DPI. Lipidic nature and smaller size of particles helped in bypassing macrophage clearance leading to higher targeting factor. Thus, study demonstrated potential of RNLC-DPI for lung targeting and further for COPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Patil-Gadhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, 411038 Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Pokharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, 411038 Maharashtra, India.
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57
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İçer M, Zengin Y, Gunduz E, Dursun R, Durgun HM, Turkcu G, Yuksel H, Üstündağ M, Guloglu C. Is montelukast as effective as N-acetylcysteine in hepatic injury due to acetaminophen intoxication in rats? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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59
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Itadani S, Yashiro K, Aratani Y, Sekiguchi T, Kinoshita A, Moriguchi H, Ohta N, Takahashi S, Ishida A, Tajima Y, Hisaichi K, Ima M, Ueda J, Egashira H, Sekioka T, Kadode M, Yonetomi Y, Nakao T, Inoue A, Nomura H, Kitamine T, Fujita M, Nabe T, Yamaura Y, Matsumura N, Imagawa A, Nakayama Y, Takeuchi J, Ohmoto K. Discovery of Gemilukast (ONO-6950), a Dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 Antagonist As a Therapeutic Agent for Asthma. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26200813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An orally active dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonist possessing a distinctive structure which consists of triple bond and dicarboxylic acid moieties is described. Gemilukast (ONO-6950) was generated via isomerization of the core indole and the incorporation of a triple bond into a lead compound. Gemilukast exhibited antagonist activities with IC50 values of 1.7 and 25 nM against human CysLT1 and human CysLT2, respectively, and potent efficacy at an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg given 24 h before LTD4 challenge in a CysLT1-dependent guinea pig asthmatic model. In addition, gemilukast dose-dependently reduced LTC4-induced bronchoconstriction in both CysLT1- and CysLT2-dependent guinea pig asthmatic models, and it reduced antigen-induced constriction of isolated human bronchi. Gemilukast is currently being evaluated in phase II trials for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Nabe
- ∥Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.,⊥Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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60
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Hempel M, Schmitz A, Winkler S, Kucukoglu O, Brückner S, Niessen C, Christ B. Pathological implications of cadherin zonation in mouse liver. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2599-612. [PMID: 25687506 PMCID: PMC11113307 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both acute and chronic liver diseases are associated with ample re-modeling of the liver parenchyma leading to functional impairment, which is thus obviously the cause or the consequence of the disruption of the epithelial integrity. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to investigate the distribution of the adherens junction components E- and N-cadherin, which are important determinants of tissue cohesion. E-cadherin was expressed in periportal but not in perivenous hepatocytes. In contrast, N-cadherin was more enriched towards the perivenous hepatocytes. In agreement, β-catenin, which links both cadherins via α-catenin to the actin cytoskeleton, was expressed ubiquitously. This zonal expression of cadherins was preserved in acute liver injury after treatment with acetaminophen or partial hepatectomy, but disrupted in chronic liver damage like in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Hepatocyte proliferation during acetaminophen-induced liver damage was predominant at the boundary between the damaged perivenous and the intact periportal parenchyma indicating a minor contribution of periportal hepatocytes to liver regeneration. In NASH livers, an oval cell reaction was observed pointing to massive tissue damage coinciding with the gross impairment of hepatocyte proliferation. In the liver parenchyma, metabolic functions are distributed heterogeneously. For example, the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and E-cadherin overlapped in periportal hepatocytes. Thus, during liver regeneration after acute damage, the intact periportal parenchyma might sustain essential metabolic support like glucose supply or ammonia detoxification. However, disruption of epithelial integrity during chronic challenges may increase susceptibility to metabolic liver diseases such as NASH or vice versa. This might suggest the regulatory integration of tissue cohesion and metabolic functions in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Hempel
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annika Schmitz
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Winkler
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Brückner
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carien Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Autocrine activity of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human vascular endothelial cells: Signaling through the CysLT2 receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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62
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Khan R, Spagnoli V, Tardif JC, L'Allier PL. Novel anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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63
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Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:848762. [PMID: 25866815 PMCID: PMC4383494 DOI: 10.1155/2015/848762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are cell membrane-impermeant lipid mediators that play major roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation and are recognized to act via at least 2 receptors, namely, cysLT1 receptor (cysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (cysLT2R). Eosinophils, which are granulocytes classically associated with host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic conditions, are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are the main source of cysLTs and are recognized to express both cysLTs receptors (cysLTRs) on their surface, at the plasma membrane. More recently, we identified the expression of cysLTRs in eosinophil granule membranes and demonstrated that cysLTs, acting via their granule membrane-expressed receptors, elicit secretion from cell-free human eosinophil granules. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of cysLTs in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. We discuss the intracrine and autocrine/paracrine secretory responses evoked by cysLTs in eosinophils and in cell-free extracellular eosinophil crystalloid granules. We also discuss the importance of this finding in eosinophil immunobiology and speculate on its potential role(s) in eosinophilic diseases.
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64
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Anti-allergic properties of curine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Molecules 2015; 20:4695-707. [PMID: 25781071 PMCID: PMC6272261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Curine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Chondrodendron platyphyllum (Menispermaceae). Recent findings have shed light on the actions of curine in different models of allergy and inflammation. Here we review the properties and mechanisms of action of curine focusing on its anti-allergic effects. Curine pre-treatment significantly inhibited the scratching behavior, paw edema and systemic anaphylaxis induced by either ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized animals or compound 48/80, through mechanisms of mast cell stabilization and inhibition of mast cell activation to generate lipid mediators. In addition, oral administration of curine significantly inhibited eosinophil recruitment and activation, as well as, OVA-induced airway hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma, through inhibition of the production of IL-13 and eotaxin, and of Ca2+ influx. In conclusion, curine exhibit anti-allergic effects in models of lung, skin and systemic allergy in the absence of significant toxicity, and as such has the potential for anti-allergic drug development.
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65
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Discovery of a potent, orally available dual CysLT₁ and CysLT₂ antagonist with dicarboxylic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2079-97. [PMID: 25800431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A potent, orally available dual CysLT₁ and CysLT₂ receptor antagonist with a dicarboxylic acid is described. 4-(3-(Carboxymethyl)-4-{(E)-2-[4-(4-phenoxybutoxy)phenyl]vinyl}-1H-indol-1-yl)butanoic acid (15: ONO-4310321, IC₅₀: CysLT₁=13nM, CysLT₂=25 nM) showed excellent pharmacokinetic profiles (%Frat=100) compared with our previously reported compound 1 (%Frat=1.5). In addition, we describe a new rule for dicarboxylic acid derivatives to show good oral bioavailability (%Frat⩾40) in rats (HBDs: ⩽2, ClogP: >6.5 and TPSA: <100). Especially, reduction of only one hydrogen-bond donor (HBDs) showed dramatically improved oral bioavailability. This small change of HBDs in dicarboxylic acid derivatives is generally a very effective modification.
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66
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Takahashi H, Riether D, Bartolozzi A, Bosanac T, Berger V, Binetti R, Broadwater J, Chen Z, Crux R, De Lombaert S, Dave R, Dines JA, Fadra-Khan T, Flegg A, Garrigou M, Hao MH, Huber J, Hutzler JM, Kerr S, Kotey A, Liu W, Lo HY, Loke PL, Mahaney PE, Morwick TM, Napier S, Olague A, Pack E, Padyana AK, Thomson DS, Tye H, Wu L, Zindell RM, Abeywardane A, Simpson T. Synthesis, SAR, and Series Evolution of Novel Oxadiazole-Containing 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Inhibitors: Discovery of 2-[4-(3-{(R)-1-[4-(2-Amino-pyrimidin-5-yl)-phenyl]-1-cyclopropyl-ethyl}-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (BI 665915). J Med Chem 2015; 58:1669-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Crux
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathon A. Dines
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Flegg
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Garrigou
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Kotey
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pui Leng Loke
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Spencer Napier
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Heather Tye
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
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Perkins JR, Sanak M, Canto G, Blanca M, Cornejo-García JA. Unravelling adverse reactions to NSAIDs using systems biology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:172-80. [PMID: 25577398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the reader to systems biology, using adverse drug reactions (ADRs), specifically hypersensitivity reactions to multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as a model. To disentangle the different processes that contribute to these reactions - from drug intake to the appearance of symptoms - it will be necessary to create high-throughput datasets. Just as crucial will be the use of systems biology to integrate and make sense of them. We review previous work using systems biology to study related pathologies such as asthma/allergy, and NSAID metabolism. We show examples of their application to NSAIDs-hypersensitivity using current datasets. We describe breakthroughs in high-throughput technology and speculate on their use to improve our understanding of this and other drug-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Perkins
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marek Sanak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Miguel Blanca
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Cornejo-García
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain; Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain
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68
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Liu M, Yokomizo T. The role of leukotrienes in allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2015; 64:17-26. [PMID: 25572555 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), both LTB4 and the cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders. These lipid mediators are generated from arachidonic acid via multistep enzymatic reactions through which arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipase A2. LTB4 and CysLTs exert their biological effects by binding to cognate receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. LTB4 is widely considered to be a potent chemoattractant for most subsets of leukocytes, whereas CysLTs are potent bronchoconstrictors that have effects on airway remodeling. LTs play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma and many other inflammatory diseases. This review will provide an update on the synthesis, biological function, and relevance of LTs to the pathobiology of allergic diseases, and examine the current and future therapeutic prospects of LT modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Itadani S, Takahashi S, Ima M, Sekiguchi T, Fujita M, Nakayama Y, Takeuchi J. Discovery of Highly Potent Dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1230-4. [PMID: 25408836 PMCID: PMC4233365 DOI: 10.1021/ml500298y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzoxazine derivative, (2S)-4-(3-carboxypropyl)-8-{[4-(4-phenylbutoxy)benzoyl]amino}-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acid (19, ONO-2050297), was identified as the first potent dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonist with IC50 values of 0.017 μM (CysLT1) and 0.00087 μM (CysLT2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Itadani
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Takahashi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ima
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekiguchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nakayama
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Takeuchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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Bäck M, Powell WS, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. Update on leukotriene, lipoxin and oxoeicosanoid receptors: IUPHAR Review 7. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3551-74. [PMID: 24588652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous ligands for the LT, lipoxin (LX) and oxoeicosanoid receptors are bioactive products produced by the action of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. The LT receptors BLT1 and BLT2 , are activated by LTB4 and the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors are activated by the cysteinyl-LTs, whereas oxoeicosanoids exert their action through the OXE receptor. In contrast to these pro-inflammatory mediators, LXA4 transduces responses associated with the resolution of inflammation through the receptor FPR2/ALX (ALX/FPR2). The aim of the present review is to give a state of the field on these receptors, with focus on recent important findings. For example, BLT1 receptor signalling in cancer and the dual role of the BLT2 receptor in pro- and anti-inflammatory actions have added more complexity to lipid mediator signalling. Furthermore, a cross-talk between the CysLT and P2Y receptor systems has been described, and also the presence of novel receptors for cysteinyl-LTs, such as GPR17 and GPR99. Finally, lipoxygenase metabolites derived from ω-3 essential polyunsaturated acids, the resolvins, activate the receptors GPR32 and ChemR23. In conclusion, the receptors for the lipoxygenase products make up a sophisticated and tightly controlled system of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Nomenclature Subcommittee for Leukotriene Receptors, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lin K, Fang S, Cai B, Huang X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang W, Wei E. ERK/Egr-1 signaling pathway is involved in CysLT2 receptor-mediated IL-8 production in HEK293 cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:278-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Savari S, Vinnakota K, Zhang Y, Sjölander A. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: Bridging inflammation and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:968-977. [PMID: 24574769 PMCID: PMC3921548 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-standing inflammation has emerged as a hallmark of neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells and may be a limiting factor of successful conventional tumor therapies. A complex milieu composed of distinct stromal and immune cells, soluble factors and inflammatory mediators plays a crucial role in supporting and promoting various types of cancers. An augmented inflammatory response can predispose a patient to colorectal cancer (CRC). Common risk factors associated with CRC development include diet and lifestyle, altered intestinal microbiota and commensals, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory metabolites synthesized from arachidonic acid and have a broad range of functions involved in the etiology of various pathologies. This review discusses the important role of cysteinyl leukotriene signaling in linking inflammation and CRC.
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G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins and signaling: pharmacogenomic insights. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:121-52. [PMID: 25150869 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the proteins necessary for the processes of ligand binding, GPCR activation, inactivation, and receptor trafficking to the membrane are discussed in the context of human genetic disease. In addition to functional GPCR variants, the identification of genetic disruptions affecting proteins necessary to GPCR functions have provided insights into the function of these pathways. Gsα and Gβ subunit polymorphisms have been found to result in complex phenotypes. Disruptions in accessory proteins that normally modify or organize heterotrimeric G-protein coupling may also result in disease states. These include the contribution of variants of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein to hypertension; the role variants of the activator of G protein signaling (AGS) proteins to phenotypes (such as the type III AGS8 variant to hypoxia); the contribution of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) proteins, such as GRK4, in disorders such as hypertension. The role of accessory proteins in GPCR structure and function is discussed in the context of genetic disorders associated with disruption of the genes that encode them. An understanding of the pharmacogenomics of GPCR and accessory protein signaling provides the basis for examining both GPCR pharmacogenetics and the genetics of monogenic disorders that result from disruption of given receptor systems.
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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 mediates LTD4-induced activation of mouse microglial cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:33-40. [PMID: 24141567 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the roles of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors CysLT1R and CysLT2R in leukotriene D4 (LTD4)-induced activation of microglial cells in vitro. METHODS Mouse microglial cell line BV2 was transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)-hCysLT1R or pcDNA3.1(+)-hCysLT2R. The expression of relevant mRNAs and proteins in the cells was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Phagocytosis was determined with flow cytometry analysis. The release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from the cells was measured using an ELISA assay. RESULTS The expression of CysLT1R or CysLT2R was considerably increased in the transfected BV2 cells, and the receptors were mainly distributed in the plasma membrane and cytosol. Treatment of the cells expressing CysLT1R or CysLT2R with CysLT receptor agonist LTD4 (0.1-100 nmol/L) concentration-dependently enhanced the phagocytosis, and increased mRNA expression and release of IL-1β. Moreover, the responses of hCysLT1R-BV2 cells to LTD4 were significantly larger than those of hCysLT2R-BV2 or WT-BV2 cells. Pretreatment of hCysLT1R-BV2 cells with the selective CysLT1R antagonist montelukast (1 μmol/L) significantly blocked LTD4-induced phagocytosis as well as the mRNA expression and release of IL-1β, whereas the selective CysLT2R antagonist HAMI 3379 (1 μmol/L) had no such effects. CONCLUSION CysLT1R mediates LTD4-induced activation of BV2 cells, suggesting that CysLT1R antagonists may exert anti-inflammatory activity in brain diseases.
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Thompson MD, Cole DEC, Capra V, Siminovitch KA, Rovati GE, Burnham WM, Rana BK. Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:189-242. [PMID: 25150871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variants on physiological phenotypes related to drug response and disease, while pharmacogenomics takes a genome-wide approach to advancing this knowledge. Both play an important role in identifying responders and nonresponders to medication, avoiding adverse drug reactions, and optimizing drug dose for the individual. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the primary target of therapeutic drugs and have been the focus of these studies. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the inventory of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion or deletions that have potential to alter GPCR expression of function. In vivo and in vitro studies have determined functional roles for many GPCR variants, but genetic association studies that define the physiological impact of the majority of these common variants are still limited. Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic data available, GPCR variants have not been included in drug labeling and are only occasionally considered in optimizing clinical use of GPCR-targeted agents. In this chapter, pharmacogenetic and genomic studies on GPCR variants are reviewed with respect to a subset of GPCR systems, including the adrenergic, calcium sensing, cysteinyl leukotriene, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the de-orphanized receptors such as GPR55. The nature of the disruption to receptor function is discussed with respect to regulation of gene expression, expression on the cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (altered ligand binding, G protein coupling, constitutive activity). The large body of experimental data generated on structure and function relationships and receptor-ligand interactions are being harnessed for the in silico functional prediction of naturally occurring GPCR variants. We provide information on online resources dedicated to GPCRs and present applications of publically available computational tools for pharmacogenetic studies of GPCRs. As the breadth of GPCR pharmacogenomic data becomes clearer, the opportunity for routine assessment of GPCR variants to predict disease risk, drug response, and potential adverse drug effects will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Soto-Campos JG, Plaza V, Soriano JB, Cabrera-López C, Almonacid-Sánchez C, Vazquez-Oliva R, Serrano J, Ballaz-Quincoces A, Padilla-Galo A, Santos V. "Causes of death in asthma, COPD and non-respiratory hospitalized patients: a multicentric study". BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:73. [PMID: 24321217 PMCID: PMC4029295 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on the causes of death in asthma patients.To determine the causes of death in hospitalized asthmatic patients and to compare with those observed in COPD patients and non-respiratory individuals, with a particular interest in associations with previous cardiovascular disease. METHODS Retrospective case-control study which analyzed the deaths of all hospitalized patients admitted for any reason during January, April, July and October of 2008 in 13 Spanish centers. Medical records of deceased patients were reviewed, and demographic and clinical data were collected. RESULTS A total of 2,826 deaths (mean age 75 years, 56% men) were included in the analysis, of which 82 (2.9%) were of patients with asthma and 283 (10%) with COPD.The most common causes of death in asthma patients were cardiovascular diseases (29.3%), malignancies (20.7%) and infections (14.6%); in COPD patients they were malignancies (26.5%), acute respiratory failure (25.8%) and cardiovascular diseases (21.6%). Asthma, compared to COPD patients, died significantly less frequently from acute respiratory failure and lung cancer. A multivariate logistic regression analysis failed to associate asthma with cardiovascular deaths. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death among hospitalized asthma patients. The specific causes of death differ between asthma and COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gregorio Soto-Campos
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neumología y Alergia, Hospital de Jerez, C/ Sevilla n° 42; 1° J. C.P, Cádiz 11402, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Programa de Epidemiología e Investigación Clínica, Fundación Caubet-CIMERA, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabrera-López
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Serrano
- Hospital Comarcal de Inca, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Vanessa Santos
- Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Singh RK, Tandon R, Dastidar SG, Ray A. A review on leukotrienes and their receptors with reference to asthma. J Asthma 2013; 50:922-31. [PMID: 23859232 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.823447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Leukotrienes (LTs) including cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and LTB4 are the most potent inflammatory lipid mediators and play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. These biological molecules mediate a plethora of contractile and inflammatory responses through specific interaction with distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The main objective of this review is to present an overview of the biological effects of CysLTs and their receptors, along with the current knowledge of mechanisms and role of LTs in the pathogenesis of asthma. RESULTS CysLTs including LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are ligands for CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors, and LTB4 is the agonist for BLT1 and BLT2 receptors. The role of CysLT1 receptor is well established, and most of the pathophysiological effects of CysLTs in asthma are mediated by CysLT1 receptor. Several CysLT1 antagonists have been developed to date and are currently in clinical practice. Most common among them are classical CysLT1 receptor antagonists such as montelukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast, pobilukast, iralukast, cinalukast and MK571. The pharmacological role of CysLT2 receptor, however, is less defined and there is no specific antagonist available so far. The recent demonstration that mice lacking both known CysLT receptors exhibit full/augmented response to CysLT points to the existence of additional subtypes of CysLT receptors. LTB4, on the other hand, is another potent inflammatory leukotriene, which acts as a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils, but weaker for eosinophils. LTB4 is known to play an important role in the development of airway hyper-responsiveness in severe asthma. However there is no LTB4 antagonist available in clinic to date. CONCLUSION This review gives a recent update on the LTs including their biosynthesis, biological effects and the role of anti-LTs in the treatment of asthma. It also discusses about the possible existence of additional subtypes of CysLT receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Life Science Research Centre, Daiichi Sankyo India Pharma Private Limited, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
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Atorvastatin Inhibits the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway and Expression of CCL3 to Alleviate Atherosclerotic Lesions in Atherosclerotic ApoE Knockout Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62:205-11. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182967fc0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohebati A, Milne GL, Zhou XK, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Boyle JO, Knutson A, Bosworth BP, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Brown PH, Akpa EG, Szabo E, Dannenberg AJ. Effect of zileuton and celecoxib on urinary LTE4 and PGE-M levels in smokers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:646-55. [PMID: 23682075 PMCID: PMC3707304 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) use arachidonic acid for the synthesis of eicosanoids that have been implicated in carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease. The ability of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, to redirect arachidonic acid into the 5-LO pathway can potentially reduce its efficacy as a chemopreventive agent and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4), biomarkers of the COX and 5-LO pathways, are elevated in smokers. Here, we investigated the effects of zileuton, a 5-LO inhibitor, versus zileuton and celecoxib for 6 ± 1 days on urinary PGE-M and LTE4 levels in smokers. Treatment with zileuton led to an 18% decrease in PGE-M levels (P = 0.03); the combination of zileuton and celecoxib led to a 62% reduction in PGE-M levels (P < 0.001). Levels of LTE4 decreased by 61% in subjects treated with zileuton alone (P < 0.001) and were unaffected by the addition of celecoxib. Although zileuton use was associated with a small overall decrease in PGE-M levels, increased PGE-M levels were found in a subset (19 of 52) of subjects. Notably, the addition of celecoxib to the 5-LO inhibitor protected against the increase in urinary PGE-M levels (P = 0.03). In conclusion, zileuton was an effective inhibitor of 5-LO activity resulting in marked suppression of urinary LTE4 levels and possible redirection of arachidonic acid into the COX-2 pathway in a subset of subjects. Combining celecoxib and zileuton was associated with inhibition of both the COX-2 and 5-LO pathways manifested as reduced levels of urinary PGE-M and LTE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mohebati
- Department of Surgery (Head and Neck Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Capra V, Rovati GE. Rosuvastatin inhibits human airway smooth muscle cells mitogenic response to eicosanoid contractile agents. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:10-6. [PMID: 23806820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of permanent narrowing of the airways resulting from chronic inflammation and fibrosis is called remodeling and is a common feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The eicosanoid contractile agents thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) and cysteinyl-leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) are among the recognized mitogens for human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Statins are known to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that are independent on their cholesterol-lowering effects and may result in clinical lung benefits. Rosuvastatin is the last agent of the lipid-lowering drugs to be introduced and experimental evidence indicates that it possess favorable pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Yet, no data is available in the literature regarding its effects on human airway remodeling. The present study was aimed at examining the effect of rosuvastatin and the involvement of prenylated proteins in the response of human ASM cells to serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and eicosanoid contractile mitogens that activate TxA(2) prostanoid and LTD(4) receptors. METHODS Cell growth was assessed by nuclear incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine in human ASM cells serum-starved and then stimulated for 48 h in MEM plus 0.1% BSA containing mitogens in the absence and presence of modulators of the mevalonate and prenylation pathways. RESULTS We found that rosuvastatin dose-dependently inhibited serum-, EGF-, the TxA(2) stable analog U46619-, and LTD(4)-induced human ASM cells growth. All these effects were prevented by pretreatment with mevalonate. Addition of the prenylation substrates farnesol and geranylgeraniol reversed the effect of rosuvastatin on EGF and U46619, respectively. Interestingly, only mevalonate showed restoration of cell growth following rosuvastatin treatment in LTD(4) and LTD(4) plus EGF treated cells, suggesting a possible involvement of both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins in the cysteinyl-LT-induced cell growth. CONCLUSIONS The hydrophilic statin rosuvastatin exerts direct effects on human ASM cells mitogenic response in vitro by inhibiting prenylation of signaling proteins, likely small G proteins. These findings are consistent with previous observed involvement of small GTPase signaling in EGF- and U46619-induced human airway proliferation and corroborate the recent interest in the potential clinical benefits of statins in asthma/COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Kahnt AS, Rörsch F, Diehl O, Hofmann B, Lehmann C, Steinbrink SD, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Grösch S, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. Cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor-1 antagonists interfere with PGE2 synthesis by inhibiting mPGES-1 activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:286-96. [PMID: 23684692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Because of their favourable safety profile and beneficial anti-inflammatory properties, the CysLT1 receptor antagonists (LTRA), montelukast, zafirlukast and pranlukast are approved for the treatment of asthma and are frequently prescribed as add-on therapeutics to reduce the amount of inhaled glucocorticoids and β2-agonists. There is evidence that some of these anti-inflammatory properties might be of a secondary nature and therefore, unrelated to the CysLT1 antagonism. Here, we show that LTRA inhibit PGE2 formation in cytokine-stimulated Hela and A549 carcinoma cells and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human leukocyte preparations (IC50∼20μM). Neither expression of enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis nor arachidonic acid release and COX activities were inhibited by the compounds. In contrast, mPGES-1 activity was suppressed at low micromolar levels (IC50 between 2 and 4μM). This suppression was specific for PGE2 synthesis, since PGD2 and PGI2 levels in LPS-stimulated leukocyte preparations were not negatively affected. PGF2α levels were concomitantly inhibited, probably due to its direct synthesis from PGE2. Several major conclusions can be drawn from this study: (A) clinical trials investigating elevated doses of the compounds are helpful to confirm suppression of PGE2 synthesis in vivo; (B) studies investigating the role of CysLTs in cell culture or animal models of inflammation and cancer have to be reassessed carefully, if higher doses of LTRA were applied or serum levels in cell culture assays were low; and (C) LTRA may serve as new scaffolds for the development of potent, selective and well tolerated mPGES-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Stefanie Kahnt
- Goethe-University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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82
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The efficacy of montelukast as a protective agent against 131I-induced salivary gland damage in rats. Nucl Med Commun 2013; 34:507-17. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e32835ffecd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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83
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Long EK, Hellberg K, Foncea R, Hertzel AV, Suttles J, Bernlohr DA. Fatty acids induce leukotriene C4 synthesis in macrophages in a fatty acid binding protein-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1199-207. [PMID: 23583845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results in increased macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue that promotes a chronic low-grade inflammatory state linked to increased fatty acid efflux from adipocytes. Activated macrophages produce a variety of pro-inflammatory lipids such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) suggesting the hypothesis that fatty acids may stimulate eicosanoid synthesis. To assess if eicosanoid production increases with obesity, adipose tissue of leptin deficient ob/ob mice was analyzed. In ob/ob mice, LTC4 and 12-HETE levels increased in the visceral (but not subcutaneous) adipose depot while the 5-HETE levels decreased and 15-HETE abundance was unchanged. Since macrophages produce the majority of inflammatory molecules in adipose tissue, treatment of RAW264.7 or primary peritoneal macrophages with free fatty acids led to increased secretion of LTC4 and 5-HETE, but not 12- or 15-HETE. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) facilitate the intracellular trafficking of fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands and in vitro stabilize the LTC4 precursor leukotriene A4 (LTA4) from non-enzymatic hydrolysis. Consistent with a role for FABPs in LTC4 synthesis, treatment of macrophages with HTS01037, a specific FABP inhibitor, resulted in a marked decrease in both basal and fatty acid-stimulated LTC4 secretion but no change in 5-HETE production or 5-lipoxygenase expression. These results indicate that the products of adipocyte lipolysis may stimulate the 5-lipoxygenase pathway leading to FABP-dependent production of LTC4 and contribute to the insulin resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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84
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Leukotriene D4 induces cognitive impairment through enhancement of CysLT1R-mediated amyloid-β generation in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 65:182-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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85
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Trindade BC, Sorgi CA, Nicolete LDDF, Malta TM, Pinto MT, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Filho OAM, Kashima S, Faccioli LH. Leukotrienes are upregulated and associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated neuroinflammatory disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51873. [PMID: 23284797 PMCID: PMC3527467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators involved in several inflammatory disorders. We investigated the LT pathway in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection by evaluating LT levels in HTLV-1-infected patients classified according to the clinical status as asymptomatic carriers (HACs) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Bioactive LTB4 and CysLTs were both increased in the plasma and in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of HTLV-1-infected when compared to non-infected. Interestingly, CysLT concentrations were increased in HAM/TSP patients. Also, the concentration of plasma LTB4 and LTC4 positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals. The gene expression levels of LT receptors were differentially modulated in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HTLV-1-infected patients. Analysis of the overall plasma signature of immune mediators demonstrated that LT and chemokine amounts were elevated during HTLV-1 infection. Importantly, in addition to CysLTs, IP-10 was also identified as a biomarker for HAM/TSP activity. These data suggest that LTs are likely to be associated with HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP development, suggesting their putative use for clinical monitoring.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Female
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Leukotrienes/genetics
- Leukotrienes/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Proviruses/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Artério Sorgi
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tathiane Maistro Malta
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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86
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Fang SH, Lin KN, Huang XQ, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Nuclear translocation of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 is involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage to endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1511-7. [PMID: 23085741 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT(1) receptor) is located in epithelial cells, and translocates from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in a ligand-dependent manner. Here, we investigated whether CysLT(1) receptors translocated to the nucleus in endothelial cells after ischemic insult in vitro and whether it was involved in ischemic injury to endothelial cells. METHODS EA.hy926 cell line, derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, was subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expression and distribution of CysLT(1) receptors were detected by immunofluorescent staining, immunogold labeling and immunoblotting analyses. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT reduction assay. Necrosis and apoptosis were determined by double fluorescent staining with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342. RESULTS CysLT(1) receptors were primarily distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus in EA.hy926 cells, and few was found in the cell membrane. OGD induced the translocation of CysLT(1) receptors from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in a time-depen dent manner, with a peak reached at 6 h. OGD-induced nuclear translocation of CysLT(1) receptors was inhibited by pretreatment with the CysLT(1) receptor antagonist pranlukast (10 μmol/L), or by preincubation with NLS-pep, a peptide corresponding to the nuclear localization sequence of CysLT(1) receptor (10 μg/mL). However, zileuton, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase that was a key enzyme in cysteinyl leukotriene generation, did not inhibit the nuclear translocation of CysLT(1) receptors. Moreover, preincubation with NLS-pep (0.4 μg/mL) significantly ameliorated OGD-induced cell viability reduction and necrosis. CONCLUSION CysLT(1) receptors in endothelial cells translocate to the nucleus in a ligand-independent manner after ischemic insult in vitro, and it is involved in the ischemic injury.
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87
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Isikdemir F, Kurcer Z, Dengiz GO, Sipahi EY, Banoglu ZN, Baba F, Acikgoz S, Kelek S. Effects of montelukast and zileuton on testicular torsion/detorsion injury in rats. Andrologia 2012; 46:59-64. [PMID: 23137139 DOI: 10.1111/and.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme (5-LO) inhibitor zileuton and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT1R) antagonist montelukast in testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) injury model in rats. Rats were anaesthetised with 75 mg kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride and 8 mg kg(-1) xylazine intraperitoneal before the operation. Torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720° clockwise and maintained by fixing the testis. The rats were treated with CysLT1R antagonist montelukast (10 mg kg(-1); i.p.), 5-LO inhibitor zileuton (3 mg kg(-1); i.p.), and vehicle, at 30 min prior detorsion. After 1 h of torsion, the testis was counter-rotated to the natural position and replaced into the scrotum. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured in testicular tissue after 3 h of reperfusion. Histological examination was performed after 24 h of reperfusion. T/D caused a significant increase in MDA level and histopathological injury in testes. Montelukast and zileuton treatments prevented the T/D-induced augmentation in MDA levels. Only zileuton treatment significantly reduced the T/D-induced histopathological injury. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that zileuton had protective effects on testicular T/D injury. We have also found that zileuton is more effective than montelukast on histopathological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Isikdemir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Z Kurcer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - G O Dengiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - E Y Sipahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Z N Banoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - F Baba
- Department of Pathology, Selcuklu Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - S Acikgoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - S Kelek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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88
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. Eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:236345. [PMID: 22665949 PMCID: PMC3362132 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. Lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. Deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene production often results in a dampened inflammatory response to acute infection with a respiratory virus. These mediators may, therefore, serve as appealing therapeutic targets for disease caused by respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason B. Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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89
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Riccioni G, Bäck M. Leukotrienes as modifiers of preclinical atherosclerosis? ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:490968. [PMID: 22645425 PMCID: PMC3354776 DOI: 10.1100/2012/490968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical atherosclerosis represents a crucial period associated with several pathophysiological reactions in the vascular wall. Failure to diagnose preclinical atherosclerosis at this stage misses a major opportunity to prevent the long-term consequences of this disease. Surrogate biological and structural vascular markers are available to determine the presence and the extension of preclinical vascular injury in the general population. Examples of surrogate markers are carotid intima media thickness and biomarkers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases, and leukotrienes. Recently, leukotrienes have been implicated as mediators, biomarkers, and possible therapeutic targets in the context of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this short paper is to focus on the relation between preclinical atherosclerosis and leukotrienes, with particular attention to the recent development on the use of leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Riccioni
- Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Manfredonia, Foggia, Italy.
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90
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Hagar HH, Abd El Tawab R. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonism alleviates renal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res 2012; 178:e25-34. [PMID: 22487384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal inflammation has an important role in the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney. Cysteinyl leukotrienes have been implicated in many inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor blocker, zafirlukast, to alleviate renal dysfunction and injury in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS We induced renal ischemia for 45 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. We gave zafirlukast at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d for 3 d before ischemia-reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion (24 h), we collected blood samples to measure blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and nitrite/nitrate. We took kidney samples for histological and immunohistochemical assessment, and to measure malondialdehyde, glutathione content, and myeloperoxidase activity. RESULTS Induction of renal ischemia-reperfusion resulted into renal dysfunction, as indicated by elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, serum nitrite and nitrate, serum tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. An oxidative stress marker, renal malondialdehyde concentration, was increased, whereas renal reduced glutathione content was decreased. Myeloperoxidase activity, suggestive of neutrophil infiltration, was elevated in renal tissues. Histological changes confirmed these biochemical changes, as did P-selectin overexpression in renal tissues subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of zafirlukast before ischemia-reperfusion improved renal functions and reduced serum levels of nitrite and nitrate, tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, renal concentration of myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde concentration, whereas increased renal reduced glutathione concentration. Moreover, zafirlukast reduced histopathological features of tubular injury and P-selectin overexpression in both cortex and medulla. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that zafirlukast significantly reduces the severity of ischemic acute renal failure, probably via anti-inflammatory action, reduction of neutrophil infiltration into renal tissues, and oxidative stress subsequent to an attenuation of P-selectin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Hagar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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91
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Imig JD. Epoxides and soluble epoxide hydrolase in cardiovascular physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:101-30. [PMID: 22298653 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites that importantly contribute to vascular and cardiac physiology. The contribution of EETs to vascular and cardiac function is further influenced by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that degrades EETs to diols. Vascular actions of EETs include dilation and angiogenesis. EETs also decrease inflammation and platelet aggregation and in general act to maintain vascular homeostasis. Myocyte contraction and increased coronary blood flow are the two primary EET actions in the heart. EET cell signaling mechanisms are tissue and organ specific and provide significant evidence for the existence of EET receptors. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of EETs and sEH have demonstrated a contribution for this metabolic pathway to cardiovascular diseases. Given the impact of EETs to cardiovascular physiology, there is emerging evidence that development of EET-based therapeutics will be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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92
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Capra V, Bäck M, Barbieri SS, Camera M, Tremoli E, Rovati GE. Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:364-438. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
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93
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Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Li Q, Choi CI, Zhang Y, Steele VE, Rao CV. Chemoprevention of colon and small intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice by licofelone, a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor: potential implications for human colon cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2015-26. [PMID: 21885812 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), such as COX-2, is a potential target for colon cancer inhibition and, in part, contributes to cardiovascular side effects associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Experiments were designed to assess the chemopreventive effects of a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor, licofelone {[6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl] acetic acid}, in APC(Min/+) mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. Six-week-old male and female APC(Min/+) mice (n = 10 per group) were fed with control American Institute of Nutrition-76A diet or diets containing 150 or 300 ppm licofelone for 14 weeks (∼100 days), and intestinal tumors were evaluated for tumor multiplicity and size. Licofelone significantly inhibited total intestinal tumor multiplicity and size in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.0001; mean tumors for 0, 150, and 300 ppm: 48.8, 17, and 8, respectively, in male mice; and 34.3, 8.8, and 5.5, respectively, in female mice). Licofelone at high dose showed more than 83% (P < 0.0001) tumor inhibition in both genders of mice. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone resulted in 86% to 97% inhibition of polyps having size greater than 2 mm. One hundred and fifty and 300 ppm licofelone caused more than 72% and 100% inhibition of colonic tumors, respectively. Importantly, in mice fed with licofelone, tumors showed significantly reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (70%, P < 0.0001), increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells (75%, P < 0.0001), and there was dose-dependent suppression of serum triglycerides (71%-83%, P < 0.0001), decreased inflammatory cytokines; and decreased COX and 5-LOX activities (57%-64%, P < 0.0001). Also, compared with 300 ppm celecoxib, 300 ppm licofelone provided better efficacy in suppressing tumor growth. These observations show that a novel dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitor dramatically suppresses small intestinal and colonic tumor formation in APC(Min/+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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94
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Zhao C, Zhao B, Zhang X, Huang X, Shi W, Liu H, Fang S, Lu Y, Zhang W, Tang F, Wei E. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 is spatiotemporally involved in neuron injury, astrocytosis and microgliosis after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2011; 189:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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95
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Lau WKH, Chow AWM, Au SCL, Ko WH. Differential inhibitory effects of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists on P2Y(6) receptor-mediated signaling and ion transport in human bronchial epithelia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22363. [PMID: 21799837 PMCID: PMC3142161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) is one of the proinflammatory mediators released by the bronchi during inflammation. CysLTs exert their biological effects via specific G-protein-coupled receptors. CysLT1 receptor antagonists are available for clinical use for the treatment of asthma. Recently, crosstalk between CysLT1 and P2Y6 receptors has been delineated. P2Y receptors are expressed in apical and/or basolateral membranes of virtually all polarized epithelia to control the transport of fluid and electrolytes. Previous research suggests that CysLT1 receptor antagonists inhibit the effects of nucleotides acting at P2Y receptors. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition remains unresolved. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, western blot analysis confirmed that both CysLT1 and P2Y6 receptors were expressed in the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o-. All three CysLT1 antagonists inhibited the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-evoked ISC, but only montelukast inhibited the UDP-evoked [Ca2+]i increase. In the presence of forskolin or 8-bromoadenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), the UDP-induced ISC was potentiated but was reduced by pranlukast and zafirlukast but not montelukast. Pranlukast inhibited the UDP-evoked ISC potentiated by an Epac activator, 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-2′-O-methyladenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP), while montelukast and zafirlukast had no such effect. Pranlukast inhibited the real-time increase in cAMP changes activated by 8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP as monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging. Zafirlukast inhibited the UDP-induced ISC potentiated by N6- Phenyladenosine- 3′, 5′- cyclic monophosphorothioate, Sp- isomer (Sp-6-Phe-cAMP; a PKA activator) and UDP-activated PKA activity. Conclusions/Significance In summary, our data strongly suggest for the first time that in human airway epithelia, the three specific CysLT1 receptor antagonists exert differential inhibitory effects on P2Y6 receptor-coupled Ca2+ signaling pathways and the potentiating effect on ISC mediated by cAMP and Epac, leading to the modulation of ion transport activities across the epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ka-hoi Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alison Wai-ming Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Chak-leung Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-hung Ko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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96
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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97
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Carnini C, Accomazzo MR, Borroni E, Vitellaro‐Zuccarello L, Durand T, Folco G, Rovati GE, Capra V, Sala A. Synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human endothelial cells: subcellular localization and autocrine signaling through the CysLT
2
receptor. FASEB J 2011; 25:3519-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-177030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carnini
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Borroni
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | | | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5247, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/UM I/UM II, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Giancarlo Folco
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
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98
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Bettinelli I, Graziani D, Marconi C, Pedretti A, Vistoli G. The Approach of Conformational Chimeras to Model the Role of Proline-Containing Helices on GPCR Mobility: the Fertile Case of Cys-LTR1. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1217-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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99
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Leukotriene-induced contraction is mediated by cysteinyl leukotriene receptor CysLT1 in guinea pig fundus but by CysLT1 and CysLT2 in antrum. Life Sci 2011; 88:819-24. [PMID: 21396378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) causes contraction of the stomach through unclear receptors. The aim of the present study is to characterize the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT) mediating leukotriene-induced muscle contraction in the stomach. MAIN METHODS We measured contraction of gastric muscle strips isolated from the guinea pig fundus and antrum caused by cysteinyl leukotrienes, including LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4), as well as the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) in vitro. KEY FINDINGS In both fundic and antral muscle strips, LTC(4) and LTD(4) caused marked whereas LTE(4) caused moderate, concentration-dependent contractions. In contrast, LTB(4) caused only small contraction. The relative potencies for cysteinyl leukotrienes to cause contraction in both fundus and antrum were LTC(4)=LTD(4)>LTE(4). The LTD(4)-induced contraction was not affected by tetrodotoxin or atropine, suggesting that the action is not neurally mediated. The LTD(4)-induced contraction in the fundus was almost abolished by the CysLT(1) selective antagonist montelukast. In contrast, the LTD(4)-induced contraction in the antrum was only partially inhibited by montelukast or the dual CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) antagonist BAY u9773. This antral contraction was almost abolished by the combination of montelukast and BAY u9773, indicating enhancement of inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study demonstrate that cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4) cause moderate to marked whereas the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) causes small muscle contraction in the stomach in vitro. The leukotriene-induced contraction is mediated by CysLT(1) in fundus but by CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) in antrum.
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100
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Zhao R, Shi WZ, Zhang YM, Fang SH, Wei EQ. Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, attenuates chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:550-7. [PMID: 21401607 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT(1) ) antagonist, on acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. In this study, we have determined its effect on chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats. METHODS After transient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, montelukast was intraperitoneally injected in mice or orally administered to rats for five days. Behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss were determined to evaluate brain lesions. KEY FINDINGS Montelukast (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss in mice, which was similar to pranlukast, another CysLT(1) receptor antagonist. Oral montelukast (0.5 mg/kg) was effective in rats and was more effective than edaravone, a free radical scavenger. CONCLUSION Montelukast protected mice and rats against chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia, supporting the therapeutic potential of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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