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Beskers TF, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Online Coupling of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and IR Spectroscopy to Correlate Molecular Weight with Chemical Composition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1747-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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52
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Hentschel P, Holtin K, Steinhauser L, Albert K. Monitoring the On-line Titration of Enantiomeric Omeprazole Employing Continuous-flow Capillary Microcoil 1
H NMR Spectroscopy. Chirality 2012; 24:1074-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hentschel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Karsten Holtin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Lisa Steinhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Klaus Albert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
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53
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Anthocyanin identification and composition of wild Vitis spp. accessions by using LC–MS and LC–NMR. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 732:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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Schachermeyer S, Ashby J, Zhong W. Advances in field-flow fractionation for the analysis of biomolecules: instrument design and hyphenation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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O'Grady J, Schwender J, Shachar-Hill Y, Morgan JA. Metabolic cartography: experimental quantification of metabolic fluxes from isotopic labelling studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2293-308. [PMID: 22371075 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For the past decade, flux maps have provided researchers with an in-depth perspective on plant metabolism. As a rapidly developing field, significant headway has been made recently in computation, experimentation, and overall understanding of metabolic flux analysis. These advances are particularly applicable to the study of plant metabolism. New dynamic computational methods such as non-stationary metabolic flux analysis are finding their place in the toolbox of metabolic engineering, allowing more organisms to be studied and decreasing the time necessary for experimentation, thereby opening new avenues by which to explore the vast diversity of plant metabolism. Also, improved methods of metabolite detection and measurement have been developed, enabling increasingly greater resolution of flux measurements and the analysis of a greater number of the multitude of plant metabolic pathways. Methods to deconvolute organelle-specific metabolism are employed with increasing effectiveness, elucidating the compartmental specificity inherent in plant metabolism. Advances in metabolite measurements have also enabled new types of experiments, such as the calculation of metabolic fluxes based on (13)CO(2) dynamic labelling data, and will continue to direct plant metabolic engineering. Newly calculated metabolic flux maps reveal surprising and useful information about plant metabolism, guiding future genetic engineering of crops to higher yields. Due to the significant level of complexity in plants, these methods in combination with other systems biology measurements are necessary to guide plant metabolic engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Grady
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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57
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Abstract
A technique where a separation technique is coupled with an online spectroscopic detection technology is known as hyphenated technique, e.g., GC-MS, LC-PDA, LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-NMR, LC-NMR-MS, and CE-MS. Recent advances in hyphenated analytical techniques have remarkably widened their applications to the analysis of complex biomaterials, especially natural products. This chapter focuses on the applications of hyphenated techniques to pre-isolation and isolation of natural products, dereplication, online partial identification of compounds, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical finger-printing, quality control of herbal products, and metabolomic studies, and presents specific examples. However, a particular emphasis has been given on the hyphenated techniques that involve an LC as the separation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit D Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV11LY, UK.
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58
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Queiroz Júnior LHK, Queiroz DPK, Dhooghe L, Ferreira AG, Giraudeau P. Real-time separation of natural products by ultrafast 2D NMR coupled to on-line HPLC. Analyst 2012; 137:2357-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16208c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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59
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Moco S, Vervoort J. Chemical identification strategies using liquid chromatography-photodiode array-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance/mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 860:287-316. [PMID: 22351183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-594-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The identification of metabolites in biochemical studies is a major bottleneck in the proliferating field of metabolomics. In particular in plant metabolomics, given the diversity and abundance of endogenous secondary metabolites in plants, the identification of these is not only challenging but also essential to understanding their biological role in the plant, and their value to quality and nutritional attributes as food crops. With the new generation of analytical technologies, in which liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) play a pioneering role, profiling metabolites in complex extracts is feasible at high throughput. However, the identification of key metabolites remains a limitation given the analytical effort necessary for traditional structural elucidation strategies. The hyphenation of LC-solid phase extraction (SPE)-NMR is a powerful analytical platform for isolating and concentrating metabolites for unequivocal identification by NMR measurements. The combination with LC-MS is a relatively straightforward approach to obtaining all necessary information for structural elucidation. Using this set-up, we could, as an example, readily identify five related glycosylated phenolic acids present in broccoli (Brassica oleracea, group Italica, cv Monaco): 1,2-di-O-E-sinapoyl-β-gentiobiose, 1-O-E-sinapoyl-2-O-E-feruloyl-β-gentiobiose, 1,2-di-O-E-feruloyl-β-gentiobiose, 1,2,2'-tri-O-E-sinapoyl-β-gentiobiose, and 1,2'-di-O-E-sinapoyl-2-O-E-feruloyl-β-gentiobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In principle, the isolation of secondary metabolites from microbes does not differ from their isolation from other organisms. The extraction procedure may of course be quite different, especially if it is carried out in an industrial scale, but when an extract containing the metabolites of interest is at hand, it is the same palette of adsorbents and chromatographic techniques that provide the major tools for the fractionation and eventual isolation of the pure compounds. Compared to plants, in which one is sure to find secondary metabolites of certain types, e.g., flavonoids, microbes can be expected to produce virtually anything and it is important to go about the fractionation procedure with an open mind. This chapter presents an overview of preparation of extracts from microbial sources, and various methods and strategies involved in the isolation and characterization of microbial natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olov Sterner
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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61
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Godejohann M, Berset JD, Muff D. Non-targeted analysis of wastewater treatment plant effluents by high performance liquid chromatography–time slice-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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62
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From single to multiple microcoil flow probe NMR and related capillary techniques: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:647-69. [PMID: 21969176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful instrumental analytical techniques for structural elucidation of unknown small and large (complex) isolated and synthesized compounds in organic and inorganic chemistry. X-ray crystallography, neutron scattering (neutron diffraction), and NMR spectroscopy are the only suitable methods for three-dimensional structure determination at atomic resolution. Moreover, these methods are complementary. However, by means of NMR spectroscopy, reaction dynamics and interaction processes can also be investigated. Unfortunately, this technique is very insensitive in comparison with other spectrometric (e.g., mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic (e.g., infrared spectroscopy) methods. Mainly through the development of stronger magnets and more sensitive solenoidal microcoil flow probes, this drawback has been successfully counteracted. Capillary NMR spectroscopy increases the mass-based sensitivity of the NMR spectroscopic analysis up to 100-fold compared with conventional 5-mm NMR probes, and thus can be coupled online and off-line with other microseparation and detection techniques. It offers not only higher sensitivity, but in many cases provides better quality spectra than traditional methods. Owing to the immense number of compounds (e.g., of natural product extracts and compound libraries) to be examined, single microcoil flow probe NMR spectroscopy will soon be far from being sufficiently effective as a screening method. For this reason, an inevitable trend towards coupled microseparation-multiple microcoil flow probe NMR techniques, which allow simultaneous online and off-line detection of several compounds, will occur. In this review we describe the current status and possible future developments of single and multiple microcoil capillary flow probe NMR spectroscopy and its application as a high-throughput tool for the analysis of a large number of mass-limited samples. The advantages and drawbacks of different coupled microseparation-capillary NMR spectroscopy techniques, such as capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis-NMR spectroscopy, and capillary gas chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, are discussed and demonstrated by specific applications. Another subject of discussion is the progress in parallel NMR detection techniques. Furthermore, the applicability and mixing capability of tiny reactor systems, termed "microreactors" or "micromixers," implemented in NMR probes is demonstrated by carbamate- and imine-forming reactions.
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63
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Jones CJ, Larive CK. Could smaller really be better? Current and future trends in high-resolution microcoil NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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64
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Brkljača R, Urban S. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN HPLC-NMR AND APPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL PRODUCT PROFILING AND IDENTIFICATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brkljača
- a School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi) RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvia Urban
- a School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi) RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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65
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Kim SM, Kang SW, Jeon JS, Jung YJ, Kim CY, Pan CH, Um BH. Rapid identification and evaluation of antioxidant compounds from extracts of Petasites japonicus by hyphenated-HPLC techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:199-207. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Kim
- Functional Food Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangwon; 210-340; Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Kang
- Functional Food Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangwon; 210-340; Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Chul Young Kim
- Functional Food Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangwon; 210-340; Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Pan
- Functional Food Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangwon; 210-340; Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hun Um
- Functional Food Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangwon; 210-340; Republic of Korea
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66
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Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolomics for bioactivity assessment of natural products. Phytother Res 2011; 25:157-69. [PMID: 20658470 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products historically have been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery, based on their capability to create unique and diverse chemical structures. However, it is also true that the vast number of metabolites typically present in natural products and their huge dynamic range results in the loss of many possibly bioactive natural compounds, becoming an inextricable obstacle for drug development. Recently, new strategies which favour a holistic approach as opposed to the traditional reductionist methods used previously, have been introduced with the purpose of overcoming the bottlenecks in natural product research. This approach is based on the application of new technologies, including metabolomics, for example. Metabolomics allows a systematic study of a complex mixture such as a phytochemical preparation, which can be linked to observations obtained through biological testing systems without the need for isolating active principles. This may put drug discovery from natural products back in the limelight again. In this review paper, the description of some examples of successful metabolomics applications in several important fields related to drug discovery from natural sources aims at raising the potential of metabolomics in reducing the gap between natural products (NP) and modern drug discovery demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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67
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Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC)-solid-phase extraction (SPE)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-mass spectrometry (MS) coupling is a key technology for fast and thorough structure elucidation of valuable mass-limited samples. Laborious serial isolation and purification procedures of metabolites, byproducts or impurities from complex biomatrices, natural product extracts or other mixtures of several components can be circumvented by the use of this integrated modular system. This combination of high-end analytical technology significantly accelerates the structure-elucidation process for valuable samples present in minute quantities in mixtures. The information depth is significantly increased by the concurrent availability of NMR and MS data of one chromatographic peak. Thus, this flexible technique is well on its way to becoming the gold standard in analytical chemistry of mixtures. LC-SPE-NMR-MS overcomes the limitations of directly coupled LC-NMR. Full flexibility regarding chromatographic conditions and NMR acquisition is gained by this modular technique. LC-SPE-NMR-MS allows for a rapid structure-elucidation process that would not be possible on the basis of MS or NMR data alone.
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68
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Allwood JW, De Vos RC, Moing A, Deborde C, Erban A, Kopka J, Goodacre R, Hall RD. Plant Metabolomics and Its Potential for Systems Biology Research. Methods Enzymol 2011; 500:299-336. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385118-5.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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69
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Yang JY, Karr JR, Watrous JD, Dorrestein PC. Integrating '-omics' and natural product discovery platforms to investigate metabolic exchange in microbiomes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 15:79-87. [PMID: 21087892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is an abundance of microorganisms within a host (e.g. human microbiome). These microorganisms produce small molecules and metabolites that have been shown to affect and dictate the physiology of an individual. Functional knowledge of these molecules, often produced for communication or defense, will reveal the interplay between microbes and host in health and disease. The vast diversity in structure and function of microbiome-associated small molecules necessitate tools that will utilize multiple '-omics' strategies to understand the interactions within the human microbiome. This review discusses the importance of these investigations and the integration of current '-omics' technologies with tools established in natural product discovery in order to identify and characterize uncharacterized small molecules in the effort towards diagnostic modeling of the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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70
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Tokunaga T, Okamoto M, Tanaka K, Tode C, Sugiura M. Chiral Liquid Chromatography−Circular Dichroism−NMR for Estimating Separation Conditions of Chiral HPLC without Authentic Samples. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4293-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tokunaga
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okamoto
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Chisato Tode
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Sugiura
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Abstract
Metabolomics approaches provide an analysis of changing metabolite levels in biological samples. In the past decade, technical advances have spurred the application of metabolomics in a variety of diverse research areas spanning basic, biomedical, and clinical sciences. In particular, improvements in instrumentation, data analysis software, and the development of metabolite databases have accelerated the measurement and identification of metabolites. Metabolomics approaches have been applied to a number of important problems, which include the discovery of biomarkers as well as mechanistic studies aimed at discovering metabolites or metabolic pathways that regulate cellular and physiological processes. By providing access to a portion of biomolecular space not covered by other profiling approaches (e.g., proteomics and genomics), metabolomics offers unique insights into small molecule regulation and signaling in biology. In the following review, we look at the integration of metabolomics approaches in different areas of basic and biomedical research, and try to point out the areas in which these approaches have enriched our understanding of cellular and physiological biology, especially within the context of pathways linked to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin A. Homan
- Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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72
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Li J, Ma C, Wang H, Wang Y, Wu L, Wang Y. On-line identification of 4''-isovalerylspiramycin I in the genetic engineered strain of S. spiramyceticus F21 by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, ultraviolet absorbance detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1419-24. [PMID: 20060537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
LC-hyphenated techniques were applied to the on-line identification of isovalerylspiramycin I (isp I), a spiramycin-like macrolide in the crude extract of fermentation broth from a genetically engineered strain of S. spiramyceticus F21. In the structural characterization of the large molecular secondary metabolite of isp I, LC-DAD-UV-ESI-MS(n) analysis played a crucial role, and stop-flow LC-(1)H NMR measurement, with bitespiramycin used as reference, was a valuable complement approach. This rational approach proved to be an efficient means for the rapid and accurate structural determination of known microbial secondary metabolites, by which targeted isolation of component(s) of interest can be subsequently performed for further biological and pharmacological studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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73
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Grevenstuk T, van der Hooft JJ, Vervoort J, de Waard P, Romano A. Iridoid and caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides of the endangered carnivorous plant Pinguicula lusitanica L. (Lentibulariaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peng L, Cai S, Fu R, Ye C, Chen Z. Harmonic peaks in 1D NMR spectra induced by radiation damping fields. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Goulas V, Exarchou V, Troganis AN, Psomiadou E, Fotsis T, Briasoulis E, Gerothanassis IP. Phytochemicals in olive-leaf extracts and their antiproliferative activity against cancer and endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:600-8. [PMID: 19194970 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil compounds is a dynamic research area because Mediterranean diet has been shown to protect against cardiovascular disease and cancer. Olive leaves, an easily available natural material of low cost, share possibly a similar wealth of health benefiting bioactive phytochemicals. In this work, we investigated the antioxidant potency and antiproliferative activity against cancer and endothelial cells of water and methanol olive leaves extracts and analyzed their content in phytochemicals using LC-MS and LC-UV-SPE-NMR hyphenated techniques. Olive-leaf crude extracts were found to inhibit cell proliferation of human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human urinary bladder carcinoma (T-24) and bovine brain capillary endothelial (BBCE). The dominant compound of the extracts was oleuropein; phenols and flavonoids were also identified. These phytochemicals demonstrated strong antioxidant potency and inhibited cancer and endothelial cell proliferation at low micromolar concentrations, which is significant considering their high abundance in fruits and vegetables. The antiproliferative activity of crude extracts and phytochemicals against the cell lines used in this study is demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlassios Goulas
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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76
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Plazonić A, Bucar F, Maleš Ž, Mornar A, Nigović B, Kujundžić N. Identification and quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Molecules 2009; 14:2466-90. [PMID: 19633617 PMCID: PMC6255260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14072466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive method coupling high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) was optimized for the separation and identification of phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones in the extract of burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.). Fragmentation behavior of flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids were investigated using ion trap mass spectrometry in negative electrospray ionization. The MS, MS(n) and UV data together with HPLC retention time (T(R)) of phenolic acids and flavonoids allowed structural characterization of these compounds. Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) isomers, p-coumaroyl-quinic acids (p-CoQA), feruloylquinic acids (FQA), dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQA), luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside as well as isolated chrysoeriol-7-O-rutinoside have been identified as constituents of C. platycarpos for the first time. An accurate, precise and sensitive LC-DAD method for quantification of four phenolic acids (3-O-caffeoylquinic, caffeic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric acid), four flavonoid glycosides (luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), and three flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol) in C. platycarpos extract was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision and accuracy. 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid was the predominant phenolic acid and luteolin-7-O-glucoside was the predominant flavonoid glycoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Plazonić
- Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Ksaverska cesta 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Franz Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Željan Maleš
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Nigović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Kujundžić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kim KB, Lee BM. Metabolomics, a New Promising Technology for Toxicological Research. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:59-69. [PMID: 32038821 PMCID: PMC7006259 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.2.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics which deals with the biological metabolite profile produced in the body and its relation to disease state is a relatively recent research area for drug discovery and biological sciences including toxicology and pharmacology. Metabolomics, based on analytical method and multivariate analysis, has been considered a promising technology because of its advantage over other toxicogenomic and toxicoproteomic approaches. The application of metabolomics includes the development of biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, alternative toxicity tests, high-throughput screening (HTS), and risk assessment, allowing the simultaneous acquisition of multiple biochemical parameters in biological samples. The metabolic profile of urine, in particular, often shows changes in response to exposure to xenobiotics or disease-induced stress, because of the biological system's attempt to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances and applications of metabolomics in toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Bong Kim
- 11National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, 122-704 Korea
| | - Byung Mu Lee
- 21Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-dong 300, Changan-ku, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 Korea
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78
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Identification of reaction products between drug substances and excipients by HPLC–SPE–NMR: Ester and amide formation between citric acid and 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:839-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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79
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New Approaches to Identification and Direct Isolation of Novel Bioactive Compounds from Natural Products. Chin J Nat Med 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2008.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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80
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Moco S, Schneider B, Vervoort J. Plant Micrometabolomics: The Analysis of Endogenous Metabolites Present in a Plant Cell or Tissue. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1694-703. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800973r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, and Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, and Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, and Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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81
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Application of microscale-preparative multidimensional gas chromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for identification of pure methylnaphthalenes from crude oils. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1215:168-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Identification of the transformation products of 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol by mass spectrometry and other instrumental techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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83
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Walker GS, O'Connell TN. Comparison of LC-NMR and conventional NMR for structure elucidation in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1295-305. [PMID: 18798699 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.10.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) has proven to be a useful technique for the structure elucidation of novel metabolites from pharmaceutical compounds. Proponents of LC-NMR tout the advantage of eliminating the step of a separate chromatographic isolation. However, the advantages of directly coupling NMR and HPLC instrumentation must be weighed against compromises in performance made to each technique to achieve a hyphenated system. While significant advances have been made in LC-NMR technology, a strong case can be made that HPLC purification of metabolites followed by conventional tube NMR is equally useful. It is relatively rare that one approach will be successful and the other not. The fundamental consideration is whether there is sufficient chromatographic expertise in the NMR laboratory to adequately design and execute appropriate experiments such that a pure chromatographic peak will be produced in the hyphenated system. Due to speed and sensitivity differences between NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) continues to be the front-line approach for the structure elucidation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Inc., Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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84
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Nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with an incompleted separation strategy for identifying the natural products in crude extract. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 632:221-8. [PMID: 19110097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NMR and LC-MS combined with an incompleted separation strategy were proposed to the simultaneous structure identification of natural products in crude extracts, and a novel method termed as NMR/LC-MS parallel dynamic spectroscopy (NMR/LC-MS PDS) was developed to discover the intrinsic correlation between retention time (Rt), mass/charge (m/z) and chemical shift (delta) data of the same constituent from mixture spectra by the co-analysis of parallelly visualized multispectroscopic datasets from LC-MS and (1)H NMR. The extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) and (1)H NMR signals deriving from the same individual constituent were correlated through fraction ranges and intensity changing profiles in NMR/LC-MS PDS spectrum due to the signal amplitude co-variation resulted from the concentration variation of constituents in a series of incompletely separated fractions. NMR/LC-MS PDS was applied to identify 12 constituents in an active herbal extract including flavonol glycosides, which was separated into a series of fractions by flash column chromatography. The complementary spectral information of the same individual constituent in the crude extract was discovered simultaneously from mixture spectra. Especially, two groups of co-eluted isomers were identified successfully. The results demonstrated that NMR/LC-MS PDS combined with the incompleted separation strategy achieved the similar function of on-line LC-NMR-MS analysis in off-line mode and had the potential for simplifying and accelerating the analytical routes for structure identification of constituents in herbs or their active extracts.
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85
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Lin Y, Schiavo S, Orjala J, Vouros P, Kautz R. Microscale LC-MS-NMR platform applied to the identification of active cyanobacterial metabolites. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8045-54. [PMID: 18834150 PMCID: PMC2709599 DOI: 10.1021/ac801049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS-NMR platform is demonstrated, which combines two innovations in microscale analysis, nanoSplitter LC-MS and microdroplet NMR, for the identification of unknown compounds found at low concentrations in complex sample matrixes as frequently encountered in metabolomics or natural products discovery. The nanoSplitter provides the high sensitivity of nanoelectrospray MS while allowing 98% of the HPLC effluent from a large-bore LC column to be collected and concentrated for NMR. Microdroplet NMR is a droplet microfluidic NMR loading method providing severalfold higher sample efficiency than conventional flow injection methods. Performing NMR offline from LC-UV-MS accommodates the disparity between MS and NMR in their sample mass and time requirements, as well as allowing NMR spectra to be requested retrospectively, after review of the LC-MS data. Interpretable 1D NMR spectra were obtained from analytes at the 200-ng level, in 1 h/well automated NMR data acquisitions. The system also showed excellent intra- and interdetector reproducibility with retention time RSD values less than 2% and sample recovery on the order of 93%. When applied to a cyanobacterial extract showing antibacterial activity, the platform recognized several previously known metabolites, down to the 1% level, in a single 30-mug injection, and prioritized one unknown for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger Kautz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 617−373−8211. Fax: 617−373−2855. E-mail:
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86
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Crockford DJ, Maher AD, Ahmadi KR, Barrett A, Plumb RS, Wilson ID, Nicholson JK. 1H NMR and UPLC-MS(E) statistical heterospectroscopy: characterization of drug metabolites (xenometabolome) in epidemiological studies. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6835-44. [PMID: 18700783 DOI: 10.1021/ac801075m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Statistical HeterospectroscopY (SHY) is a statistical strategy for the coanalysis of multiple spectroscopic data sets acquired in parallel on the same samples. This method operates through the analysis of the intrinsic covariance between signal intensities in the same and related molecular fingerprints measured by multiple spectroscopic techniques across cohorts of samples. Here, the method is applied to 600-MHz (1)H NMR and UPLC-TOF-MS (E) data obtained from human urine samples ( n = 86) from a subset of an epidemiological population unselected for any relevant phenotype or disease factor. We show that direct cross-correlation of spectral parameters, viz. chemical shifts from NMR and m/ z data from MS, together with fragment analysis from MS (E) scans, leads not only to the detection of numerous endogenous urinary metabolites but also the identification of drug metabolites that are part of the latent use of drugs by the population. We show previously unreported positive mode ions of ibuprofen metabolites with their NMR correlates and suggest the detection of new metabolites of disopyramide in the population samples. This approach is of great potential value in the description of population xenometabolomes and in population pharmacology studies, and indeed for drug metabolism studies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Crockford
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Medicine and Anaesthetics, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, UK.
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87
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Eyres GT, Urban S, Morrison PD, Dufour JP, Marriott PJ. Method for Small-Molecule Discovery Based on Microscale-Preparative Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Isolation with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6293-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8007847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham T. Eyres
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and Marine And Terrestrial Natural Product (MATNAP) Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia, and Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sylvia Urban
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and Marine And Terrestrial Natural Product (MATNAP) Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia, and Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Paul D. Morrison
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and Marine And Terrestrial Natural Product (MATNAP) Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia, and Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Pierre Dufour
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and Marine And Terrestrial Natural Product (MATNAP) Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia, and Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and Marine And Terrestrial Natural Product (MATNAP) Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia, and Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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88
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Chemical Shift Correlations from Hyperpolarized NMR by Off-Resonance Decoupling. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5794-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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89
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Graça G, Duarte IF, J Goodfellow B, Carreira IM, Couceiro AB, Domingues MDR, Spraul M, Tseng LH, Gil AM. Metabolite profiling of human amniotic fluid by hyphenated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6085-92. [PMID: 18564856 DOI: 10.1021/ac800907f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic profiling of human amniotic fluid (HAF) is of potential interest for the diagnosis of disorders in the mother or the fetus. In order to build a comprehensive metabolite database for HAF, hyphenated NMR has been used, for the first time, for systematic HAF profiling. Experiments were carried out using reverse-phase (RP) and ion-exchange liquid chromatography (LC), in order to detect less and more polar compounds, respectively. RP-LC conditions achieved good separation of amino acids, some sugars, and xanthines. Subsequent NMR and MS analysis enabled the rapid identification of 30 compounds, including 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and 4-aminohippurate identified in HAF for the first time, to our knowledge. Under ion-exchange LC conditions, a different set of 30 compounds was detected, including sugars, organic acids, several derivatives of organic acids, and amino acids. In this experiment, five compounds were identified for the first time in HAF: D-xylitol, amino acid derivatives (N-acetylalanine, N-acetylglycine, 2-oxoleucine), and isovalerate. The nonendogenous nature of some metabolites (caffeine, paraxanthine, D-xylitol, sorbitol) is discussed. Hyphenated NMR has allowed the rapid detection of approximately 60 metabolites in HAF, some of which are not detectable by standard NMR due to low abundance (microM) and signal overlap thus enabling an extended metabolite database to be built for HAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Graça
- CICECO-Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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90
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Multi-channel counter-current chromatography for high-throughput fractionation of natural products for drug discovery. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1180:99-107. [PMID: 18166193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A multi-channel counter-current chromatography (CCC) method has been designed and fabricated for the high-throughput fractionation of natural products without complications sometimes encountered with other conventional chromatographic systems, such as irreversible adsorptive constituent losses and deactivation, tailing of solute peaks and contamination. It has multiple independent CCC channels and each channel connects independent separation column(s) by parallel flow tubes, and thus the multi-channel CCC apparatus can achieve simultaneously two or more independent chromatographic processes. Furthermore, a high-throughput CCC fractionation method for natural products has been developed by a combination of a new three-channel CCC apparatus and conventional parallel chromatographic devices including pumps, sample injectors, effluent detectors and collectors, and its performance has been displayed on the fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts of three natural materials Solidago canadensis, Suillus placidus, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, which are found to be potent cytotoxic to tumor cell lines in the course of screening the antitumor candidates. By combination of biological screening programs and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, 22.8 mg 6 beta-angeloyloxykolavenic acid and 29.4 mg 6 beta-tigloyloxykolavenic acid for S. canadensis, 25.3mg suillin for S. placidus, and 6.8 mg 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B for T. Kirilowii as their major cytotoxic principles were isolated from each 1000 mg crude ethyl acetate extract. Their chemical structures were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. The overall results indicate the multi-channel CCC is very useful for high-throughput fractionation of natural products for drug discovery in spite of the solvent balancing requirement and the lower resolution of the shorter CCC columns.
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91
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Ibuprofen metabolite profiling using a combination of SPE/column-trapping and HPLC-micro-coil NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 47:328-34. [PMID: 18276099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction and column-trapping preconcentration are combined to enhance HPLC-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NMR) and applied to metabolite profiling in biological samples. Combining the two signal enhancement techniques improved the NMR signal substantially such that we were able to identify 2-hydroxyibuprofen, carboxyibuprofen, and unmetabolized ibuprofen molecules from a small urine sample after a therapeutic dose of ibuprofen. The hyphenated SPE/column-trapping method resulted in an excellent overall signal enhancement of up to 90-fold.
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92
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Koehn FE. High impact technologies for natural products screening. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 65:175, 177-210. [PMID: 18084916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery. However, natural products have been de-emphasized as high throughput screening resources in the recent past, in part because of difficulties in obtaining high quality natural products screening libraries, or in applying modern screening assays to these libraries. In addition, natural products programs based on screening of extract libraries, bioassay-guided isolation, structure elucidation and subsequent production scale-up are challenged to meet the rapid cycle times that are characteristic of the modern HTS approach. Fortunately, new technologies in mass spectrometry, NMR and other spectroscopic techniques can greatly facilitate the first components of the process - namely the efficient creation of high-quality natural products libraries, bimolecular target or cell-based screening, and early hit characterization. The success of any high throughput screening campaign is dependent on the quality of the chemical library. The construction and maintenance of a high quality natural products library, whether based on microbial, plant, marine or other sources is a costly endeavor. The library itself may be composed of samples that are themselves mixtures - such as crude extracts, semi-pure mixtures or single purified natural products. Each of these library designs carries with it distinctive advantages and disadvantages. Crude extract libraries have lower resource requirements for sample preparation, but high requirements for identification of the bioactive constituents. Pre-fractionated libraries can be an effective strategy to alleviate interferences encountered with crude libraries, and may shorten the time needed to identify the active principle. Purified natural product libraries require substantial resources for preparation, but offer the advantage that the hit detection process is reduced to that of synthetic single component libraries. Whether the natural products library consists of crude or partially fractionated mixtures, the library contents should be profiled to identify the known components present - a process known as dereplication. The use of mass spectrometry and HPLC-mass spectrometry together with spectral databases is a powerful tool in the chemometric profiling of bio-sources for natural product production. High throughput, high sensitivity flow NMR is an emerging tool in this area as well. Whether by cell based or biomolecular target based assays, screening of natural product extract libraries continues to furnish novel lead molecules for further drug development, despite challenges in the analysis and prioritization of natural products hits. Spectroscopic techniques are now being used to directly screen natural product and synthetic libraries. Mass spectrometry in the form of methods such as ESI-ICRFTMS, and FACS-MS as well as NMR methods such as SAR by NMR and STD-NMR have been utilized to effectively screen molecular libraries. Overall, emerging advances in mass spectrometry, NMR and other technologies are making it possible to overcome the challenges encountered in screening natural products libraries in today's drug discovery environment. As we apply these technologies and develop them even further, we can look forward to increased impact of natural products in the HTS based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Koehn
- Natural Products Discovery Research - Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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93
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1H NMR determination of hypericin and pseudohypericin in complex natural mixtures by the use of strongly deshielded OH groups. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 607:219-26. [PMID: 18190811 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The (1)H NMR spectra of the commercially available compounds hypericin and its derivative pseudohypericin in CD(3)OH solutions indicate significantly deshielded signals in the region of 14-15 ppm. These resonances are attributed to the peri hydroxyl protons OH(6), OH(8) and OH(1), OH(13) of hypericins which participate in a strong six-membered ring intramolecular hydrogen bond with CO(7) and CO(14), respectively, and therefore, they are strongly deshielded. In the present work, we demonstrate that one-dimensional (1)H NMR spectra of hypericin and pseudohypericin, in Hypericum perforatum extracts show important differences in the chemical shifts of the hydroxyl groups with excellent resolution in the region of 14-15 ppm. The facile identification and quantification of hypericin and its derivative compound pseudohypericin was achieved, without prior HPLC separation, for two H. perforatum extracts from Greek cultivars and two commercial extracts: a dietary supplement, and an antidepressant medicine. The results were compared with those obtained from UV-vis and LC/MS measurements.
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94
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95
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Harvey AL. Natural products as a screening resource. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:480-4. [PMID: 17884696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been the most productive source of leads for new drugs, but they are currently out of fashion with the pharmaceutical industry. New approaches to sourcing novel compounds from untapped areas of biodiversity coupled with the technical advances in analytical techniques (such as microcoil NMR and linked LC-MS-NMR) have removed many of the difficulties in using natural products in screening campaigns. As the 'chemical space' occupied by natural products is both more varied and more drug-like than that of combinatorial chemical collections, synthetic and biosynthetic methods are being developed to produce screening libraries of natural product-like compounds. A renaissance of drug discovery inspired by natural products can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Harvey
- Strathclyde Institute for Drug Research, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK.
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96
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Clarkson C, Sibum M, Mensen R, Jaroszewski JW. Evaluation of on-line solid-phase extraction parameters for hyphenated, high-performance liquid chromatography–solid-phase extraction–nuclear magnetic resonance applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:1-9. [PMID: 17709113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The hyphenated technique HPLC-SPE-NMR is proving to be a useful analytical tool for structure elucidation of mixture components, particularly for mass-limited samples where traditional isolation procedures are either time consuming or challenging. In this work, we investigated SPE trapping performance of 25 model natural products within a format corresponding to that of HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenation. Six different silica-based bonded phases and two polymeric phases were evaluated. The trapping efficiency of polystyrene/divinylbenzene polymers was generally superior compared to silica bonded phases, which showed variable results and performed well only with hydrophobic analytes. Acetonitrile concentration in the loading solvent was critical for trapping on polymeric phase (Resin GP), as small changes of the organic solvent concentration (+/-3%) could alter the trapping efficiency significantly. Flow rate changes of the loading solvent within 0.8-5.0 mL/min did not affect trapping kinetics. Simulation of multiple trapping showed excellent performance of this approach for hydrophobic analytes, and moderate gain for more polar analytes that do not trap quantitatively in a single trapping step. Determination of 50% breakthrough levels by frontal chromatography analysis showed feasibility of accumulation of analyte amounts corresponding to about 0.5 micromol (10 mm x 2 mm i.d. Resin GP cartridge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailean Clarkson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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97
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Lam KS. New aspects of natural products in drug discovery. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:279-89. [PMID: 17433686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, most large pharmaceutical companies have decreased the screening of natural products for drug discovery in favor of synthetic compound libraries. Main reasons for this include the incompatibility of natural product libraries with high-throughput screening and the marginal improvement in core technologies for natural product screening in the late 1980s and early 1990 s. Recently, the development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products. Applying these technologies compensates for the inherent limitations of natural products and offers a unique opportunity to re-establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. Examples of these new advances and technologies are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin S Lam
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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98
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Lambert M, Wolfender JL, Staerk D, Christensen SB, Hostettmann K, Jaroszewski JW. Identification of natural products using HPLC-SPE combined with CapNMR. Anal Chem 2007; 79:727-35. [PMID: 17222043 DOI: 10.1021/ac0616963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two major development areas in HPLC-NMR hyphenation are postcolumn solid-phase extraction (HPLC-SPE-NMR) and capillary separations with NMR detection by means of solenoidal microcoils (CapNMR). These two techniques were combined off-line into HPLC-SPE-CapNMR, which combines the advantage of high loadability of normal-bore HPLC columns with high mass sensitivity of capillary NMR probes with an active volume of 1.5 microL. The technique was used for rapid identification of complex sesquiterpene lactones and esterified phenylpropanoids present in an essentially crude plant extract (toluene fraction of an ethanolic extract of Thapsia garganica fruits). Elution profiles of 10 x 1 mm i.d. SPE cartridges filled with poly(divinylbenzene) resin were found to be only marginally broader than those observed upon direct injection of 6-microL samples into the probe. Thus, the technique focuses analytes emerging in the HPLC elution bands of 0.5-1 mL into volumes of approximately 10 microL, compatible with the CapNMR probe. Using this technique, nine natural products (1-9) present in the plant extract in amounts varying from 0.1 to 20% were identified by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectra, supported by parallel HPLC-ESIMS measurements. Therefore, HPLC-SPE-CapNMR should be regarded as an attractive alternative to other applications of CapNMR for mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lambert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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99
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HPLC/MS and HPLC/NMR as hyphenated techniques for accelerated characterization of the main constituents in Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert). Eur Food Res Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-007-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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100
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Abstract
Isoflavonoids are found predominantly in subfamily Papilionoideae of the Leguminosae. This review describes more than 420 new examples of Leguminosae isoflavonoids, giving details of their source, identification, biological activity, synthesis, and ecological or chemosystematic significance. Other topics addressed include the application of hyphenated analytical techniques to the characterisation of legume-derived isoflavonoids, and advances made in biosynthetic studies. A checklist of new compounds by species is given, and 404 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Veitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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