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Muhammad G, Jablonska A, Rose L, Walczak P, Janowski M. Effect of MRI tags: SPIO nanoparticles and 19F nanoemulsion on various populations of mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2015; 75:144-59. [PMID: 26232992 PMCID: PMC4889457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of myriad human disorders, including several neurological diseases. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and fluorine nanoemulsion (19F) are characterized by low toxicity and good sensitivity, and, as such, are among the most frequently used cell-labeling agents. However, to date, their impact across the various populations of MSCs has not been comprehensively investigated. Thus, the impact of MRI tags (independent variable) has been set as a primary endpoint. The various populations of mouse MSCs in which the effect of tag was investigated consisted of (1) tissue of cell origin: bone marrow vs. Adipose tissue; (2) age of donor: young vs. old; (3) cell culture conditions: hypoxic vs. normal vs. normal + ascorbic acid (AA); (4) exposure to acidosis: yes vs. no. The impact of those populations has been also analyzed and considered as secondary endpoints. The experimental readouts (dependent variables) included: (1) cell viability; (2) cell size; (3) cell doubling time; (4) colony formation; (5) efficiency of labeling; and (6) cell migration. We did not identify any impact of cell labeling for these investigated populations in any of the readouts. In addition, we found that the harsh microenvironment of injured tissue modeled by a culture of cells in a highly acidic environment has a profound effect on all readouts, and both age of donor and cell origin tissue also have a substantial influence on most of the readouts, while oxygen tension in the cell culture conditions has a smaller impact on MSCs. A detailed characterization of the factors that influence the quality of MSCs is vital to the proper pursuit of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Muhammad
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Stem Cell Laboratory, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Rose
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kim JE, Kalimuthu S, Ahn BC. In vivo cell tracking with bioluminescence imaging. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 49:3-10. [PMID: 25774232 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-014-0309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a fast growing biomedical research that allows the visual representation, characterization and quantification of biological processes at the cellular and subcellular levels within intact living organisms. In vivo tracking of cells is an indispensable technology for development and optimization of cell therapy for replacement or renewal of damaged or diseased tissue using transplanted cells, often autologous cells. With outstanding advantages of bioluminescence imaging, the imaging approach is most commonly applied for in vivo monitoring of transplanted stem cells or immune cells in order to assess viability of administered cells with therapeutic efficacy in preclinical small animal models. In this review, a general overview of bioluminescence is provided and recent updates of in vivo cell tracking using the bioluminescence signal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea 700-721
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea 700-721
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea 700-721
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Saidi RF, Rajeshkumar B, Shariftabrizi A, Bogdanov AA, Zheng S, Dresser K, Walter O. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate liver ischemia-reperfusion injury and promote liver regeneration. Surgery 2014; 156:1225-31. [PMID: 25262218 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of the liver is a well-known cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. Effective treatment strategies aimed at decreasing hepatic IRI injury and accelerating liver regeneration could offer major benefits in liver transplantation, especially in the case of partial allografts. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSCs) are an attractive source for regenerative medicine because of their anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. We hypothesized that HADMSCs attenuate IRI and promote liver regeneration. METHODS Mice were subjected to 60 minutes of partial IRI with or without 70% partial hepatectomy. Animals were treated with HADMSCs. Liver IRI was evaluated with serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, serum interleukin-6, and histopathology. Liver samples were stained for specific markers of liver regeneration. RESULTS Histology, serum interleukin-6, and alanine aminotransferase release revealed that treatment with HADMSCs attenuated liver injury compared with control patients. Improved animal survival and increased number of regenerating cells were observed in HADMSC-treated animals who underwent IRI and partial hepatectomy compared with the control group. CONCLUSION HADMSC represents a potential therapeutic strategy to decrease IRI and promote regeneration in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza F Saidi
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
| | - Barur Rajeshkumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Ahmad Shariftabrizi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Shaokuan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Karen Dresser
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Otto Walter
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Modo M, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Nicholls F, Ling W, Wilhelm C, Debarge O, Gazeau F, Clement O. Considerations for the clinical use of contrast agents for cellular MRI in regenerative medicine. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 8:439-55. [PMID: 24375900 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in regenerative medicine are rapidly transforming healthcare. A cornerstone of regenerative medicine is the introduction of cells that were grown or manipulated in vitro. Key questions that arise after these cells are re-introduced are: whether these cells are localized in the appropriate site; whether cells survive; and whether these cells migrate. These questions predominantly relate to the safety of the therapeutic approach (i.e. tumorigenesis), but certain aspects can also influence the efficacy of the therapeutic approach (e.g. site of injection). The European Medicines Agency has indicated that suitable methods for stem cell tracking should be applied where these methods are available. We here discuss the European regulatory framework, as well as the scientific evidence, that should be considered to facilitate the potential clinical implementation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast media to track implanted/injected cells in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
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Janowski M, Walczak P, Kropiwnicki T, Jurkiewicz E, Domanska-Janik K, Bulte JWM, Lukomska B, Roszkowski M. Long-term MRI cell tracking after intraventricular delivery in a patient with global cerebral ischemia and prospects for magnetic navigation of stem cells within the CSF. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97631. [PMID: 24919061 PMCID: PMC4053317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to evaluate the long-term clinical tracking of magnetically labeled stem cells after intracerebroventricular transplantation as well as to investigate in vitro feasibility for magnetic guidance of cell therapy within large fluid compartments. METHOD After approval by our Institutional Review Board, an 18-month-old patient, diagnosed as being in a vegetative state due to global cerebral ischemia, underwent cell transplantation to the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, with umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agent. The patient was followed over 33 months with clinical examinations and MRI. To evaluate the forces governing the distribution of cells within the fluid compartment of the ventricular system in vivo, a gravity-driven sedimentation assay and a magnetic field-driven cell attraction assay were developed in vitro. RESULTS Twenty-four hours post-transplantation, MR imaging (MRI) was able to detect hypointense cells in the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle. The signal gradually decreased over 4 months and became undetectable at 33 months. In vitro, no significant difference in cell sedimentation between SPIO-labeled and unlabeled cells was observed (p = NS). An external magnet was effective in attracting cells over distances comparable to the size of human lateral ventricles. CONCLUSIONS MR imaging of SPIO-labeled cells allows monitoring of cells within lateral ventricles. While the initial biodistribution is governed by gravity-driven sedimentation, an external magnetic field may possibly be applied to further direct the distribution of labeled cells within large fluid compartments such as the ventricular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kropiwnicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Jurkiewicz
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Unit, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Domanska-Janik
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Roszkowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Cianciaruso C, Pagani A, Martelli C, Bacigaluppi M, Squadrito ML, Lo Dico A, De Palma M, Furlan R, Lucignani G, Falini A, Biffi A, Ottobrini L, Politi LS. Cellular magnetic resonance with iron oxide nanoparticles: long-term persistence of SPIO signal in the CNS after transplanted cell death. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1457-74. [PMID: 24823433 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the specificity of cellular MRI based on superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs), especially within the CNS. MATERIALS & METHODS A microglial cell line was engineered for the expression of a suicide gene, the receptor of diphtheria toxin (DT), and two reporter genes, green fluorescent protein and luciferase, in order to induce, in a controlled manner, cell death and test it through bioluminescence. SPIO-labeled DT-sensitive and control DT-insensitive cells were transplanted into the brains of mice, which underwent serial MRI and bioluminescence studies before and up to 90 days after DT-induced cell death. RESULTS No variations in SPIO signal voids were detected along longitudinal monitoring in brain hemispheres transplanted with DT-sensitive cells. Ex vivo analyses showed persistence of iron nanoparticle deposits at transplantation sites. CONCLUSION Due to the long-term persistence of signal after transplanted cell death, caution is advised when SPIOs are employed for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cianciaruso
- Neuroradiology Department & Neuroradiology Research Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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White matter tracts for the trafficking of neural progenitor cells characterized by cellular MRI and immunohistology: the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2073-85. [PMID: 24771246 PMCID: PMC4481304 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter tracts are important for the trafficking of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in both normal and pathological conditions, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. The directionality of white matter is advantageous for molecules or cells to distribute over a long distance, but this feature is unlikely solely responsible for efficient migration. The present study hypothesizes that the efficient migration of NPCs into white matter is under the influences of neurochemical attraction—CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, a major mechanism underlying the targeted migration of NPCs. To test this view, the present study investigated the effects of CXCL12 administration into the corpus callosum (CC) on the migratory behavior of transplanted NPCs. A living animal tracking platform based on MRI and a magnetic cell labeling technique was employed. The NPCs were magnetically labeled and then transplanted at the right end of the CC. CXCL12 was infused continuously at the left end. Migration of NPCs was monitored repeatedly over a 7-day course using 3D gradient echo T2*-weighted imaging. It was found that, CXCL12 induced NPCs to migrate up to 1,881 μm from the graft whereas the spontaneous migration was mere 200 μm. CXCL12 induced migration that was nine times as efficient in the speed. The results indicate that the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling may be a mechanism via which NPCs efficiently migrate along the white matter tracts. The study also presents a potential strategy for facilitating the targeted migration in NPC therapy for brain disorders.
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58
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Ribot EJ, Gaudet JM, Chen Y, Gilbert KM, Foster PJ. In vivo MR detection of fluorine-labeled human MSC using the bSSFP sequence. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1731-9. [PMID: 24748787 PMCID: PMC3986292 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are used to restore deteriorated cell environments. There is a need to specifically track these cells following transplantation in order to evaluate different methods of implantation, to follow their migration within the body, and to quantify their accumulation at the target. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using fluorine-based nanoemulsions is a great means to detect these transplanted cells in vivo because of the high specificity for fluorine detection and the capability for precise quantification. This technique, however, has low sensitivity, necessitating improvement in MR sequences. To counteract this issue, the balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging sequence can be of great interest due to the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, it can be applied to obtain 3D images within short acquisition times. In this paper, bSSFP provided accurate quantification of samples of the perfluorocarbon Cell Sense-labeled cells in vitro. Cell Sense was internalized by human MSC (hMSC) without adverse alterations in cell viability or differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes. The bSSFP sequence was applied in vivo to track and quantify the signals from both Cell Sense-labeled and iron-labeled hMSC after intramuscular implantation. The fluorine signal was observed to decrease faster and more significantly than the volume of iron-associated voids, which points to the advantage of quantifying the fluorine signal and the complexity of quantifying signal loss due to iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline J Ribot
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle M Gilbert
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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59
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Molecular imaging in stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:759514. [PMID: 24701583 PMCID: PMC3950476 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disease of the center nervous system (CNS). It is a devastating injury with sudden loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function distal to the level of trauma and produces great personal and societal costs. Currently, there are no remarkable effective therapies for the treatment of SCI. Compared to traditional treatment methods, stem cell transplantation therapy holds potential for repair and functional plasticity after SCI. However, the mechanism of stem cell therapy for SCI remains largely unknown and obscure partly due to the lack of efficient stem cell trafficking methods. Molecular imaging technology including positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging (i.e., bioluminescence imaging (BLI)) gives the hope to complete the knowledge concerning basic stem cell biology survival, migration, differentiation, and integration in real time when transplanted into damaged spinal cord. In this paper, we mainly review the molecular imaging technology in stem cell therapy for SCI.
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60
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Sibov TT, Pavon LF, Miyaki LA, Mamani JB, Nucci LP, Alvarim LT, Silveira PH, Marti LC, Gamarra L. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells labeled with multimodal iron oxide nanoparticles with fluorescent and magnetic properties: application for in vivo cell tracking. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:337-50. [PMID: 24531365 PMCID: PMC3891565 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s53299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe multimodal iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to Rhodamine-B (MION-Rh), their stability in culture medium, and subsequent validation of an in vitro protocol to label mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood (UC-MSC) with MION-Rh. These cells showed robust labeling in vitro without impairment of their functional properties, the viability of which were evaluated by proliferation kinetic and ultrastructural analyzes. Thus, labeled cells were infused into striatum of adult male rats of animal model that mimic late onset of Parkinson’s disease and, after 15 days, it was observed that cells migrated along the medial forebrain bundle to the substantia nigra as hypointense spots in T2 magnetic resonance imaging. These data were supported by short-term magnetic resonance imaging. Studies were performed in vivo, which showed that about 5 × 105 cells could be efficiently detected in the short term following infusion. Our results indicate that these labeled cells can be efficiently tracked in a neurodegenerative disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana T Sibov
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil ; Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena F Pavon
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil ; Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liza A Miyaki
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leopoldo P Nucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil ; Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa T Alvarim
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil ; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lf Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil ; Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Boehm-Sturm P, Aswendt M, Minassian A, Michalk S, Mengler L, Adamczak J, Mezzanotte L, Löwik C, Hoehn M. A multi-modality platform to image stem cell graft survival in the naïve and stroke-damaged mouse brain. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2218-26. [PMID: 24355489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell implantations have been extensively investigated for treatment of brain diseases such as stroke. In order to follow the localization and functional status of cells after implantation noninvasive imaging is essential. Therefore, we developed a comprehensive multi-modality platform for in vivo imaging of graft localization, density, and survival using 19F magnetic resonance imaging in combination with bioluminescence imaging. We quantitatively analyzed cell graft survival over the first 4 weeks after transplantation in both healthy and stroke-damaged mouse brain and correlated our findings of graft vitality with the host innate immune response. The multi-modality imaging platform will help to improve cell therapy also in context other than stroke and to gain indispensable information for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Aswendt
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anuka Minassian
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Michalk
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luam Mengler
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna Adamczak
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-Vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Hachani R, Lowdell M, Birchall M, Thanh NTK. Tracking stem cells in tissue-engineered organs using magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11362-11373. [PMID: 24108444 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of human stem cells (SCs) in tissue engineering holds promise in revolutionising the treatment of numerous diseases. There is a pressing need to comprehend the distribution, movement and role of SCs once implanted onto scaffolds. Nanotechnology has provided a platform to investigate this through the development of inorganic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs can be used to label and track SCs by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) since this clinically available imaging modality has high spatial resolution. In this review, we highlight recent applications of iron oxide and gadolinium based MNPs in SC labelling and MRI; and offer novel considerations for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Hachani
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Shen WB, Plachez C, Chan A, Yarnell D, Puche AC, Fishman PS, Yarowsky P. Human neural progenitor cells retain viability, phenotype, proliferation, and lineage differentiation when labeled with a novel iron oxide nanoparticle, Molday ION Rhodamine B. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4593-600. [PMID: 24348036 PMCID: PMC3849141 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s53012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide particles (USPIOs) loaded into stem cells have been suggested as a way to track stem cell transplantation with magnetic resonance imaging, but the labeling, and post-labeling proliferation, viability, differentiation, and retention of USPIOs within the stem cells have yet to be determined for each type of stem cell and for each type of USPIO. Molday ION Rhodamine B™ (BioPAL, Worcester, MA, USA) (MIRB) has been shown to be a USPIO labeling agent for mesenchymal stem cells, glial progenitor cells, and stem cell lines. In this study, we have evaluated MIRB labeling in human neuroprogenitor cells and found that human neuroprogenitor cells are effectively labeled with MIRB without use of transfection reagents. Viability, proliferation, and differentiation properties are unchanged between MIRB-labeled neuroprogenitors cells and unlabeled cells. Moreover, MIRB-labeled human neuroprogenitor cells can be frozen, thawed, and replated without loss of MIRB or even without loss of their intrinsic biology. Overall, those results show that MIRB has advantageous properties that can be used for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Shen
- Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celine Plachez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Chan
- Notre Dame of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Yarnell
- Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam C Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Yarowsky
- Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Liu CH, Ren J, Liu CM, Liu PK. Intracellular gene transcription factor protein-guided MRI by DNA aptamers in vivo. FASEB J 2013; 28:464-73. [PMID: 24115049 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which transcription factor (TF) protein AP-1 modulates amphetamine's effects on gene transcription in living brains are unclear. We describe here the first part of our studies to investigate these mechanisms, specifically, our efforts to develop and validate aptamers containing the binding sequence of TF AP-1 (5ECdsAP1), in order to elucidate its mechanism of action in living brains. This AP-1-targeting aptamer, as well as a random sequence aptamer with no target (5ECdsRan) as a control, was partially phosphorothioate modified and tagged with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), gold, or fluorescein isothiothianate contrast agent for imaging. Optical and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that 5ECdsAP1 is taken up by endocytosis and is localized in the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum. The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with SPION-5ECdsAP1 revealed that neuronal AP-1 TF protein levels were elevated in neurons of live male C57black6 mice after amphetamine exposure; however, pretreatment with SCH23390, a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, suppressed this elevation. As studies in transgenic mice with neuronal dominant-negative A-FOS mutant protein, which has no binding affinity for the AP-1 sequence, showed a completely null MRI signal in the striatum, we can conclude that the MR signal reflects specific binding between the 5ECdsAP1 aptamer and endogenous AP-1 protein. Together, these data lend support to the application of 5ECdsAP1 aptamer for intracellular protein-guided imaging and modulation of gene transcription, which will thus allow investigation of the mechanisms of signal transduction in living brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Liu
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital, CNY149 (2301) Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Barczewska M, Wojtkiewicz J, Habich A, Janowski M, Adamiak Z, Holak P, Matyjasik H, Bulte JWM, Maksymowicz W, Walczak P. MR monitoring of minimally invasive delivery of mesenchymal stem cells into the porcine intervertebral disc. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74658. [PMID: 24058619 PMCID: PMC3772957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bone marrow stem cell therapy is a new, attractive therapeutic approach for treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration; however, leakage and backflow of transplanted cells into the structures surrounding the disc may lead to the formation of undesirable osteophytes. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for minimally invasive and accurate delivery of stem cells. Methods Porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO, Molday ION rhodamine) and first injected into the explanted swine lumbar IVD, followed by ex vivo 3T MRI. After having determined sufficient sensitivity, IVD degeneration was then induced in swine (n=3) by laser-evaporation. 3 x 106 SPIO-labeled cells embedded within hydrogel were injected in 2 doses using a transcutaneous cannula and an epidural anesthesia catheter. T2-weighted MR images were obtained at 3T before and immediately after cell infusion. Two weeks after injection, histological examination was performed for detection of transplanted cells. Results MSCs were efficiently labeled with Molday ION rhodamine. Cells could be readily detected in the injected vertebral tissue explants as distinct hypointensities with sufficient sensitivity. MR monitoring indicated that the MSCs were successfully delivered into the IVD invivo, which was confirmed by iron-positive Prussian Blue staining of the tissue within the IVD. Conclusion We have developed a technique for non-invasive monitoring of minimally invasive stem delivery into the IVD at 3T. By using a large animal model mimicking the anatomy of IVD in humans, the present results indicate that this procedure may be clinically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Barczewska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Habich
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of NeuroRepair, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamiak
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Holak
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hubert Matyjasik
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim H, Walczak P, Kerr C, Galpoththawela C, Gilad AA, Muja N, Bulte JWM. Immunomodulation by transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendroglial progenitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2820-9. [PMID: 22949039 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives can lead to amelioration of the disease symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Oligodendroglial progenitors (OPs), derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC, HES-1), were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide and transduced with luciferase. At 7 days following induction of EAE in C57/BL6 mice, 1 × 10(6) cells were transplanted in the ventricles of C57/BL6 mice and noninvasively monitored by magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging. Cells were found to remain within the cerebroventricular system and did not survive for more than 10 days. However, EAE mice that received hESC-OPs showed a significant improvement in neurological disability scores (0.9 ± 0.2; n = 12) compared to that of control animals (3.3 ± 0.4; n = 12) at day 15 post-transplantation. Histopathologically, transplanted hESC-OPs generated TREM2-positive CD45 cells, increased TIMP-1 expression, confined inflammatory cells within the subarachnoid space, and gave rise to higher numbers of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in the spinal cord and spleen. Our results suggest that transplantation of hESC-OPs can alter the pathogenesis of EAE through immunomodulation, potentially providing new avenues for stem cell-based treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
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Liang Y, Ågren L, Lyczek A, Walczak P, Bulte JW. Neural progenitor cell survival in mouse brain can be improved by co-transplantation of helper cells expressing bFGF under doxycycline control. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:73-9. [PMID: 23570903 PMCID: PMC3742733 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy of neurological disorders is hampered by poor survival of grafted neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We hypothesized that it is possible to enhance the survival of human NPCs (ReNcells) by co-transplantation of helper cells expressing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under control of doxycycline (Dox). 293 cells or C17.2 cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the fluorescent reporter mCherry and bFGF under tetracycline-regulated transgene expression (Tet-ON). The bFGF secretion level in the engineered helper cells was positively correlated with the dose of Dox (Pearson correlation test; r=0.95 and 0.99 for 293 and C17.2 cells, respectively). Using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as readout for firefly luciferase-transduced NPC survival, the addition of both 293-bFGF and C17.2-bFGF helper cells was found to significantly improve cell survival up to 6-fold in vitro, while wild-type (WT, non-transduced) helper cells had no effect. Following co-transplantation of 293-bFGF or C17.2-bFGF cells in the striatum of Rag2(-/-) immunodeficient mice, in vivo human NPC survival could be significantly improved as compared to no helper cells or co-transplantation of WT cells for the first two days after co-transplantation. This enhancement of survival in C17.2-bFGF group was not achieved without Dox administration, indicating that the neuroprotective effect was specific for bFGF. The present results warrant further studies on the use of engineered helper cells, including those expressing other growth factors injected as mixed cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Louise Ågren
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Agatha Lyczek
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Souron JB, Petiet A, Decup F, Tran XV, Lesieur J, Poliard A, Le Guludec D, Letourneur D, Chaussain C, Rouzet F, Opsahl Vital S. Pulp cell tracking by radionuclide imaging for dental tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:188-97. [PMID: 23789732 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulp engineering with dental mesenchymal stem cells is a promising therapy for injured teeth. An important point is to determine the fate of implanted cells in the pulp over time and particularly during the early phase following implantation. Indeed, the potential engraftment of the implanted cells in other organs has to be assessed, in particular, to evaluate the risk of inducing ectopic mineralization. In this study, our aim was to follow by nuclear imaging the radiolabeled pulp cells after implantation in the rat emptied pulp chamber. For that purpose, indium-111-oxine (¹¹¹In-oxine)-labeled rat pulp cells were added to polymerizing type I collagen hydrogel to obtain a pulp equivalent. This scaffold was implanted in the emptied pulp chamber space in the upper first rat molar. Labeled cells were then tracked during 3 weeks by helical single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography performed on a dual modality dedicated small animal camera. Negative controls were performed using lysed radiolabeled cells obtained in a hypotonic solution. In vitro data indicated that ¹¹¹In-oxine labeling did not affect cell viability and proliferation. In vivo experiments allowed a noninvasive longitudinal follow-up of implanted living cells for at least 3 weeks and indicated that SPECT signal intensity was related to implanted cell integrity. Notably, there was no detectable systemic release of implanted cells from the tooth. In addition, histological analysis of the samples showed mitotically active fibroblastic cells as well as neoangiogenesis and nervous fibers in pulp equivalents seeded with entire cells, whereas pulp equivalents prepared from lysed cells were devoid of cell colonization. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that efficient labeling of pulp cells can be achieved and, for the first time, that these cells can be followed up after implantation in the tooth by nuclear imaging. Furthermore, it appears that grafted cells retained the label and are viable to follow the repair process. This technique is expected to be of major interest for monitoring implanted cells in innovative therapies for injured teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Souron
- 1 EA2496, Dental School, University Paris Descartes PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité , Montrouge, France
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69
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Liu H, Cao J, Zhang H, Qin S, Yu M, Zhang X, Wang X, Gao Y, Wilson JX, Huang G. Folic acid stimulates proliferation of transplanted neural stem cells after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1817-22. [PMID: 23850087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) stimulates neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation in vitro and enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The effect of FA supplementation on exogenous NSCs transplanted in MCAO rats was observed to determine if FA can stimulate NSC replacement after focal cerebral ischemia. Rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: MCAO; MCAO and exogenous NSC transplantation (MCAO+NSCs); and MCAO, NSC transplantation and FA (MCAO+NSCs+FA). FA (0.8 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by gavage daily for 28 days before MCAO and 23 days afterward. NSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prior to transplantation into the striatum, contralateral to the ischemic zone, at 2 days post-MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging tracking and fluorescent immunohistochemistry, as well as measurement of serum folate concentration, were performed at intervals up to 21 days after transplantation. FA supplementation caused sustained increases of 400-600% in serum folate concentration. Magnetic resonance images indicated that SPIO-labeled NSCs were more abundant at the transplantation and ischemic brain sites in MCAO+NSCs+FA rats than in MCAO+NSCs rats. Similarly, immunohistochemistry showed that the numbers of Sox-2/BrdU double positive cells at the transplantation and ischemic sites were higher in the rats that received FA. In conclusion, after focal cerebral ischemia, FA supplementation stimulates transplanted NSCs to proliferate and migrate to ischemic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Noad J, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Broughton HC, McFadden C, Chen Y, Hess DA, Foster PJ. MRI tracking of transplanted iron-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells in an immune-compromised mouse model of critical limb ischemia. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:458-467. [PMID: 23165968 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease is a clinical problem in which mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation may offer substantial benefit by promoting the generation of new blood vessels and improving limb ischemia and wound healing via their potent paracrine activities. MRI allows for the noninvasive tracking of cells over time using iron oxide contrast agents to label cells before they are injected or transplanted. However, a major limitation of the tracking of iron oxide-labeled cells with MRI is the possibility that dead or dying cells will transfer the iron oxide label to local bystander macrophages, making it very difficult to distinguish between viable transplanted cells and endogenous macrophages in the images. In this study, a severely immune-compromised mouse, with limited macrophage activity, was investigated to examine cell tracking in a system in which bystander cell uptake of dead, iron-labeled cells or free iron particles was minimized. MRI was used to track the fate of MSCs over 21 days after their intramuscular transplantation in mice with a femoral artery ligation. In all mice, a region of signal loss was observed at the injection site and the volume of signal hypointensity diminished over time. Fluorescence and light microscopy showed that iron-positive MSCs persisted at the transplant site and often appeared to be integrated in perivascular niches. This was compared with MSC transplantation in immune-competent mice with femoral artery ligation. In these mice, the regions of signal loss caused by iron-labeled MSC cleared more slowly, and histology revealed iron particles trapped at the site of cell transplantation and associated with areas of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Noad
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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71
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Turtzo LC, Budde MD, Gold EM, Lewis BK, Janes L, Yarnell A, Grunberg NE, Watson W, Frank JA. The evolution of traumatic brain injury in a rat focal contusion model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:468-479. [PMID: 23225324 PMCID: PMC3596464 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Serial MRI facilitates the in vivo analysis of the intra- and intersubject evolution of traumatic brain injury lesions. Despite the availability of MRI, the natural history of experimental focal contusion lesions in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) rat model has not been well described. We performed CCI on rats and MRI during the acute to chronic stages of cerebral injury to investigate the time course of changes in the brain. Female Wistar rats underwent CCI of their left motor cortex with a flat impact tip driven by an electromagnetic piston. In vivo MRI was performed at 7 T serially over 6 weeks post-CCI. The appearances of CCI-induced lesions and lesion-associated cortical volumes were variable on MRI, with the percentage change in cortical volume of the CCI ipsilateral side relative to the contralateral side ranging from 18% within 2 h of injury on day 0 to a peak of 35% on day 1, and a trough of -28% by week 5/6, with an average standard deviation of ± 14% at any given time point. In contrast, the percentage change in cortical volume of the ipsilateral side relative to the contralateral side in control rats was not significant (1 ± 2%). Hemorrhagic conversion within and surrounding the CCI lesion occurred between days 2 and 9 in 45% of rats, with no hemorrhage noted on the initial scan. Furthermore, hemorrhage and hemosiderin within the lesion were positive for Prussian blue and highly autofluorescent on histological examination. Although some variation in injuries may be technique related, the divergence of similar lesions between initial and final scans demonstrates the inherent biological variability of the CCI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Christine Turtzo
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Budde
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric M. Gold
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bobbi K. Lewis
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Janes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Yarnell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil E. Grunberg
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Watson
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A. Frank
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Suffredini G, East JE, Levy LM. New applications of nanotechnology for neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 35:1246-53. [PMID: 23538408 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Advances in nanotechnology have the potential to dramatically enhance the detection of neurologic diseases with targeted contrast agents and to facilitate the delivery of focused therapies to the central nervous system. We present the physicochemical rationale for their use, applications in animal models, and ongoing clinical trials using these approaches. We highlight advances in the use of nanoparticles applied to brain tumor imaging, tumor angiogenesis, neurodegeneration, grafted stem cells, and neuroprogenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Suffredini
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (G.S.), Washington, DC
| | - J E East
- Howard University School of Medicine (J.E.E.), Washington, DC
| | - L M Levy
- Department of Radiology (L.M.L.), George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC.
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Khurana A, Nejadnik H, Chapelin F, Lenkov O, Gawande R, Lee S, Gupta SN, Aflakian N, Derugin N, Messing S, Lin G, Lue TF, Pisani L, Daldrup-Link HE. Ferumoxytol: a new, clinically applicable label for stem-cell tracking in arthritic joints with MRI. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1969-83. [PMID: 23534832 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a clinically applicable MRI technique for tracking stem cells in matrix-associated stem-cell implants, using the US FDA-approved iron supplement ferumoxytol. MATERIALS & METHODS Ferumoxytol-labeling of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was optimized in vitro. A total of 11 rats with osteochondral defects of both femurs were implanted with ferumoxytol- or ferumoxides-labeled or unlabeled ADSCs, and underwent MRI up to 4 weeks post matrix-associated stem-cell implant. The signal-to-noise ratio of different matrix-associated stem-cell implant was compared with t-tests and correlated with histopathology. RESULTS An incubation concentration of 500 µg iron/ml ferumoxytol and 10 µg/ml protamine sulfate led to significant cellular iron uptake, T2 signal effects and unimpaired ADSC viability. In vivo, ferumoxytol- and ferumoxides-labeled ADSCs demonstrated significantly lower signal-to-noise ratio values compared with unlabeled controls (p < 0.01). Histopathology confirmed engraftment of labeled ADSCs, with slow dilution of the iron label over time. CONCLUSION Ferumoxytol can be used for in vivo tracking of stem cells with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology & Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Li XX, Li KA, Qin JB, Ye KC, Yang XR, Li WM, Xie QS, Jiang ME, Zhang GX, Lu XW. In vivo MRI tracking of iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells in limb ischemia. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1063-73. [PMID: 23515426 PMCID: PMC3598527 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell transplantation has been investigated for repairing damaged tissues in various injury models. Monitoring the safety and fate of transplanted cells using noninvasive methods is important to advance this technique into clinical applications. Methods In this study, lower-limb ischemia models were generated in nude mice by femoral artery ligation. As negative-contrast agents, positively charged magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (aminopropyltriethoxysilane-coated Fe2O3) were investigated in terms of in vitro labeling efficiency, effects on human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) proliferation, and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization. Ultimately, the mice were sacrificed for histological analysis three weeks after transplantation. Results With efficient labeling, aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (APTS-MNPs) did not significantly affect hMSC proliferation. In vivo, APTS-MNP-labeled hMSCs could be monitored by clinical 3 Tesla MRI for at least three weeks. Histological examination detected numerous migrated Prussian blue-positive cells, which was consistent with the magnetic resonance images. Some migrated Prussian blue-positive cells were positive for mature endothelial cell markers of von Willebrand factor and anti-human proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In the test groups, Prussian blue-positive nanoparticles, which could not be found in other organs, were detected in the spleen. Conclusion APTS-MNPs could efficiently label hMSCs, and clinical 3 Tesla MRI could monitor the labeled stem cells in vivo, which may provide a new approach for the in vivo monitoring of implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
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Iron oxide nanoparticle-micelles (ION-micelles) for sensitive (molecular) magnetic particle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57335. [PMID: 23437371 PMCID: PMC3577714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are a promising nanoplatform for contrast-enhanced MRI. Recently, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) was introduced as a new imaging modality, which is able to directly visualize magnetic particles and could serve as a more sensitive and quantitative alternative to MRI. However, MPI requires magnetic particles with specific magnetic properties for optimal use. Current commercially available iron oxide formulations perform suboptimal in MPI, which is triggering research into optimized synthesis strategies. Most synthesis procedures aim at size control of iron oxide nanoparticles rather than control over the magnetic properties. In this study, we report on the synthesis, characterization and application of a novel ION platform for sensitive MPI and MRI. Methods and Results IONs were synthesized using a thermal-decomposition method and subsequently phase-transferred by encapsulation into lipidic micelles (ION-Micelles). Next, the material and magnetic properties of the ION-Micelles were analyzed. Most notably, vibrating sample magnetometry measurements showed that the effective magnetic core size of the IONs is 16 nm. In addition, magnetic particle spectrometry (MPS) measurements were performed. MPS is essentially zero-dimensional MPI and therefore allows to probe the potential of iron oxide formulations for MPI. ION-Micelles induced up to 200 times higher signal in MPS measurements than commercially available iron oxide formulations (Endorem, Resovist and Sinerem) and thus likely allow for significantly more sensitive MPI. In addition, the potential of the ION-Micelle platform for molecular MPI and MRI was showcased by MPS and MRI measurements of fibrin-binding peptide functionalized ION-Micelles (FibPep-ION-Micelles) bound to blood clots. Conclusions The presented data underlines the potential of the ION-Micelle nanoplatform for sensitive (molecular) MPI and warrants further investigation of the FibPep-ION-Micelle platform for in vivo, non-invasive imaging of fibrin in preclinical disease models of thrombus-related pathologies and atherosclerosis.
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76
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Riou A, Chauveau F, Cho TH, Marinescu M, Nataf S, Nighoghossian N, Berthezène Y, Wiart M. MRI assessment of the intra-carotid route for macrophage delivery after transient cerebral ischemia. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:115-123. [PMID: 22730167 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The broad aim underlying the present research was to investigate the distribution and homing of bone marrow-derived macrophages in a rodent model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion using MRI and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) to magnetically label bone marrow-derived macrophages. The specific aim was to assess the intra-carotid infusion route for bone marrow-derived macrophage delivery at reperfusion. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats sustained 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion. USPIO-labeled bone marrow-derived macrophages were slowly injected for 5 min immediately after reperfusion in ischemic animals (n=7), 1 h after the end of surgery in sham animals (n=5) and very shortly after anesthesia in healthy animals (n=3). Multiparametric MRI was performed at day 0, just after cell administration, and repeated at day 1. Immunohistological analysis included Prussian blue for iron detection and rat endothelial cell antigen-1 for endothelium visualization. Intra-carotid cell delivery brought a large number of cells to the ipsilateral hemisphere of the brain, as seen on both MRI and immunohistology. However, it was associated with high mortality (50%). The study of sham animals demonstrated that intra-carotid cell delivery could induce ischemic lesions and may thus favor additional brain damage. The present study highlights severe drawbacks to the intra-carotid delivery of macrophages at the time of reperfusion in this rodent model of transient cerebral ischemia. Multiparametric MRI appears to be a method of choice to monitor longitudinally the effects of cell infusion, allowing the assessment of both cell fate with the help of magnetic labeling and of potential tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Riou
- Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5220, INSERM U1044, INSA de Lyon, Creatis, Bron, France
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Li J, Lepski G. Cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:786475. [PMID: 23484157 PMCID: PMC3581246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/786475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation, as a therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury (SCI), has been extensively studied by researchers in recent years. A number of different kinds of stem cells, neural progenitors, and glial cells have been tested in basic research, and most have been excluded from clinical studies because of a variety of reasons, including safety and efficacy. The signaling pathways, protein interactions, cellular behavior, and the differentiated fates of experimental cells have been studied in vitro in detail. Furthermore, the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effects on promoting functional recovery of transplanted cells have also been examined in different animal SCI models. However, despite significant progress, a "bench to bedside" gap still exists. In this paper, we comprehensively cover publications in the field from the last years. The most commonly utilized cell lineages were covered in this paper and specific areas covered include survival of grafted cells, axonal regeneration and remyelination, sensory and motor functional recovery, and electrophysiological improvements. Finally we also review the literature on the in vivo tracking techniques for transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avnida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Janowski M, Engels C, Gorelik M, Lyczek A, Bernard S, Bulte JWM, Walczak P. Survival of neural progenitors allografted into the CNS of immunocompetent recipients is highly dependent on transplantation site. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:253-62. [PMID: 23294627 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x661328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allografts continue to be used in clinical neurotransplantation studies; hence, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that govern allograft tolerance. We investigated the impact of transplantation site within the brain on graft survival. Mouse [Friend leukemia virus, strain B (FVB)] glial precursors, transfected with luciferase, were injected (3 × 10(5)) into the forceps minor (FM) or striatum (STR). Immunodeficient rag2(-/-) and immunocompetent BALB/c mice were used as recipients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed that cells were precisely deposited at the selected coordinates. The graft viability was assessed noninvasively with bioluminescent imaging (BLI) for a period of 16 days. Regardless of implantation site, all grafts (n = 10) deposited in immunodeficient animals revealed excellent survival. In contrast, immunocompetent animals only accepted grafts at the STR site (n = 10), whereas all the FM grafts were rejected (n = 10). To investigate the factors that led to rejection of FM grafts, with acceptance of STR grafts, another group of animals (n = 19) was sacrificed during the prerejection period, on day 5. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging with IRDye 800CW-polyethylene glycol probe displayed similar blood-brain barrier disruption at both graft locations. The morphological distribution of FM grafts was cylindrical, parallel to the needle track, whereas cells transplanted into the STR accumulated along the border between the STR and the corpus callosum. There was significantly less infiltration by both innate and adaptive immune cells in the STR grafts, especially along the calloso-striatal border. With allograft survival being dependent on the transplantation site, the anatomical coordinates of the graft target should always be taken into account as it may determine the success or failure of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Guenoun J, Ruggiero A, Doeswijk G, Janssens RC, Koning GA, Kotek G, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. In vivoquantitative assessment of cell viability of gadolinium or iron-labeled cells using MRI and bioluminescence imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 8:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Guenoun
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. Janssens
- Department of Genetics; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A. Koning
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gyula Kotek
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P. Krestin
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Liu CH, Yang J, Ren JQ, Liu CM, You Z, Liu PK. MRI reveals differential effects of amphetamine exposure on neuroglia in vivo. FASEB J 2012; 27:712-24. [PMID: 23150521 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
How amphetamine affects the neuroglia in living brains is not well understood. In an effort to elucidate this effect, we investigated neuroglia in response to amphetamine exposure using antisense (AS) or sense (S) phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxynucleotide (sODN) sequences that correspond to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA (AS-gfap or S-gfap, respectively) expression. The control is a random-sequence sODN (Ran). Using cyanine 5.5-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (Cy5.5-SPION) labeling and fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrated that living neural progenitor cells (PC-12.1), as well as the cells in fresh brain slices and intact brains of male C57BL6 mice, exhibited universal uptake of all of the sODNs but rapidly excluded all sODN-Ran and most S-gfap. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed electron-dense nanoparticles only in the neuroglia of normal or transgenic mice [B6;DBA-Tg(Fos-tTA, Fos-EGFP*)1MmayTg(tetO-lacZ,tTA*)1Mmay/J] that had been administered AS-gfap or Cy5.5-SPION-gfap. Subtraction R2* maps from mice with acute and chronic amphetamine exposure demonstrated, validated by postmortem immunohistochemistry, a reduction in striatal neuroglia, with gliogenesis in the subventricular zone and the somatosensory cortex in vivo. The sensitivity of our unique gene transcript targeted MRI was illustrated by a positive linear correlation (r(2)=1.0) between in vivo MRI signal changes and GFAP mRNA copy numbers determined by ex vivo quantitative RT-PCR. The study provides direct evidence for targeting neuroglia by antisense DNA-based SPION-gfap that enables in vivo MRI of inaccessible tissue with PCR sensitivity. The results enable us to conclude that amphetamine induces toxicity to neuroglia in vivo, which may cause remodeling or reconnectivity of neuroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Personalized nanomedicine advancements for stem cell tracking. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1488-507. [PMID: 22820528 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological developments in biomedicine have facilitated the generation of data on the anatomical, physiological and molecular level for individual patients and thus introduces opportunity for therapy to be personalized in an unprecedented fashion. Generation of patient-specific stem cells exemplifies the efforts toward this new approach. Cell-based therapy is a highly promising treatment paradigm; however, due to the lack of consistent and unbiased data about the fate of stem cells in vivo, interpretation of therapeutic effects remains challenging hampering the progress in this field. The advent of nanotechnology with a wide palette of inorganic and organic nanostructures has expanded the arsenal of methods for tracking transplanted stem cells. The diversity of nanomaterials has revolutionized personalized nanomedicine and enables individualized tailoring of stem cell labeling materials for the specific needs of each patient. The successful implementation of stem cell tracking will likely be a significant driving force that will contribute to the further development of nanotheranostics. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the role of cell tracking using currently available nanoparticles.
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Gorelik M, Orukari I, Wang J, Galpoththawela S, Kim H, Levy M, Gilad AA, Bar-Shir A, Kerr DA, Levchenko A, Bulte JWM, Walczak P. Use of MR cell tracking to evaluate targeting of glial precursor cells to inflammatory tissue by exploiting the very late antigen-4 docking receptor. Radiology 2012; 265:175-85. [PMID: 22923719 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if glial precursor cells can be targeted to inflamed brain through overexpression of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and whether this docking process can be monitored with magnetic resonance (MR) cell tracking after intraarterial injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experimental procedures were performed between August 2010 and February 2012 and were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Human glial precursor cells (hGPs) were transfected with VLA-4 and labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide that contained rhodamine. A microfluidic adhesion assay was used for assessing VLA-4 receptor-mediated cell docking in vitro. A rat model of global lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated brain inflammation was used to induce global vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. hGPs were infused into the carotid artery in four animal cohorts (consisting of three rats each): rats that received VLA-4-naive hGPs but did not receive LPS, rats that received VLA-4-expressing hGPs but not LPS, rats that received VLA-4-naive hGPs and LPS, and rats that received VLA-4-expressing hGPs and LPS. MR imaging was performed at 9.4 T before and 1, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection. Brain tissue was processed for histologic examination. Quantification of low-signal-intensity pixels was performed with pixel-by-pixel analysis for MR images obtained before and after cell injection. RESULTS With use of the microfluidic adhesion assay, cell binding to activated brain endothelium significantly increased compared with VLA-4-naive control cells (71.5 cells per field of view±11.7 vs 36.4 cells per field of view±3.3, respectively; P<.05). Real-time quantitative in vivo MR cell tracking revealed that VLA-4-expressing cells docked exclusively within the vascular bed of the ipsilateral carotid artery and that VLA-4-expressing cells exhibited significantly enhanced homing as compared with VLA-4-naive cells (1448 significant pixels±366.5 vs 113.3 significant pixels±19.88, respectively; P<.05). Furthermore, MR cell tracking was crucial for correct cell delivery and proper ligation of specific arteries. CONCLUSION Targeted intraarterial delivery and homing of VLA-4-expressing hGPs to inflamed endothelium is feasible and can be monitored in real time by using MR imaging in a quantitative, dynamic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gorelik
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Broadway Research Building, Room 649, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of ferumoxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage defects: in vitro and in vivo investigations. Mol Imaging 2012; 11:197-209. [PMID: 22554484 PMCID: PMC3727234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (1) compare three different techniques for ferumoxide labeling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), (2) evaluate if ferumoxide labeling allows in vivo tracking of matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASIs) in an animal model, and (3) compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of ferumoxide-labeled viable and apoptotic MSCs. MSCs labeled with ferumoxide by simple incubation, protamine transfection, or Lipofectin transfection were evaluated with MRI and histopathology. Ferumoxide-labeled and unlabeled viable and apoptotic MSCs in osteochondral defects of rat knee joints were evaluated over 12 weeks with MRI. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of viable and apoptotic labeled MASIs were tested for significant differences using t-tests. A simple incubation labeling protocol demonstrated the best compromise between significant magnetic resonance signal effects and preserved cell viability and potential for immediate clinical translation. Labeled viable and apoptotic MASIs did not show significant differences in SNR. Labeled viable but not apoptotic MSCs demonstrated an increasing area of T2 signal loss over time, which correlated to stem cell proliferation at the transplantation site. Histopathology confirmed successful engraftment of viable MSCs. The engraftment of iron oxide-labeled MASIs by simple incubation can be monitored over several weeks with MRI. Viable and apoptotic MASIs can be distinguished via imaging signs of cell proliferation at the transplantation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Henning
- Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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84
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Henning TD, Gawande R, Khurana A, Tavri S, Mandrussow L, Golovko D, Horvai A, Sennino B, McDonald D, Meier R, Wendland M, Derugin N, Link TM, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ferumoxide-Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Defects: In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D. Henning
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rakhee Gawande
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aman Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sidhartha Tavri
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lydia Mandrussow
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel Golovko
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Horvai
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Donald McDonald
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Reinhard Meier
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael Wendland
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Departments of Pathology, Anatomy, and Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Kim H, Walczak P, Muja N, Campanelli JT, Bulte JWM. ICV-transplanted human glial precursor cells are short-lived yet exert immunomodulatory effects in mice with EAE. Glia 2012; 60:1117-29. [PMID: 22499166 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human glial precursor cells (hGPs) have potential for remyelinating lesions and are an attractive cell source for cell therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate whether transplanted hGPs can affect the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of transplanted hGPs together with the in vivo fate of these cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). At 14 days post-EAE induction, mice (n = 19) were intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injected with 5 × 10(5) hGPs that were magnetically labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles as MR contrast agent and transduced with firefly luciferase for BLI of cell survival. Control mice (n = 18) received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) vehicle only. The severity of EAE clinical disability in the hGP-transplanted group was significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) with concomitant inhibition of ConA and MOG-specific T cell proliferation in the spleen. Astrogliosis was reduced and a lower activity of macrophages and/or microglia was observed in the spinal cord (P < 0.05). On MRI, SPIO signal was detected within the lateral ventricle from 1 day post-transplantation and remained there for up to 34 days. BLI indicated that most cells did not survive beyond 5-10 days, consistent with the lack of detectable migration into the brain parenchyma and the histological presence of an abundance of apoptotic cells. Transplanted hGPs could not be detected in the spleen. We conclude that ICV transplantation of short-lived hGPs can have a remote therapeutic effect through immunomodulation from within the ventricle, without cells directly participating in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
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Gorelik M, Janowski M, Galpoththawela C, Rifkin R, Levy M, Lukomska B, Kerr DA, Bulte JWM, Walczak P. Noninvasive monitoring of immunosuppressive drug efficacy to prevent rejection of intracerebral glial precursor allografts. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2149-57. [PMID: 22508097 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x636911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cell-based therapies opens up new avenues for treating a myriad of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). While significant effort is being directed toward development of patient-specific, autologous transplantable cells, at present, the majority of cell transplantation studies performed clinically utilize allografts. In this context, the issue of graft rejection and immunoprotection is of key importance. In this study, we transplanted mouse glial-restricted progenitors into immunodeficient, immunocompetent, and immunosuppressed mice and monitored their survival noninvasively using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). With the use of serial BLI, we evaluated both the prevalence and dynamics of cell rejection. We demonstrate that allografts in immunocompetent mice were rejected at a rate of 69.2% (n = 13) indicating that graft tolerance is possible even without immunosuppression. Immunosuppression using a combination of rapamycin and FK506 or cyclosporin failed to fully protect the grafts. FK506 and rapamycin treatment resulted in a slight improvement of immunoprotection (22.2% rejected, n = 9) compared to cyclosporin A (55.6% rejected, n = 9); however, the difference was not significant. Notably, immunohistochemistry revealed leukocytes infiltrating the graft area in both rejecting and nonrejecting immunocompetent animals, but not in immunodeficient animals. The induction of an inflammatory process, even in surviving allografts, has implications for their long-term survival and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gorelik
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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87
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Taylor A, Wilson KM, Murray P, Fernig DG, Lévy R. Long-term tracking of cells using inorganic nanoparticles as contrast agents: are we there yet? Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2707-17. [PMID: 22362426 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of inorganic nanoparticles as probes to label and track cells in vivo is already a reality. While superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been the subject of clinical studies involving magnetic resonance imaging, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles are starting to be explored for similar goals in pre-clinical studies involving fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Although exciting results have been obtained from in vivo investigations, there appears to be a general lack of understanding on the effects of physicochemical properties on the labelling efficiency and toxicity of those nanoparticles, as well as on their stability in the intracellular microenvironment; essential requirements for using them as probes for cellular tracking. In this tutorial review, we look at what the current literature can teach us in respect to cell interactions with these nanoparticles, with the perspective of using them as probes for cell labelling. We also examine the findings obtained in pre-clinical studies that expose potential misinterpretation that can occur when using inorganic nanoparticles for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Taylor
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 3BX, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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88
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Liang Y, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Comparison of red-shifted firefly luciferase Ppy RE9 and conventional Luc2 as bioluminescence imaging reporter genes for in vivo imaging of stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:016004. [PMID: 22352654 PMCID: PMC3380811 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
One critical issue for noninvasive imaging of transplanted bioluminescent cells is the large amount of light absorption in tissue when emission wavelengths below 600 nm are used. Luciferase with a red-shifted spectrum can potentially bypass this limitation. We assessed and compared a mutant of firefly luciferase (Ppy RE9, PRE9) against the yellow luciferase luc2 gene for use in cell transplantation studies. C17.2 neural stem cells expressing PRE9-Venus and luc2-Venus were sorted by flow cytometry and assessed for bioluminescence in vitro in culture and in vivo after transplantation into the brain of immunodeficient Rag2-/- mice. We found that the luminescence from PRE9 was stable, with a peak emission at 620 nm, shifted to the red compared to that of luc2. The emission peak for PRE9 was pH-independent, in contrast to luc2, and much less affected by tissue absorbance compared to that of luc2. However, the total emitted light radiance from PRE9 was substantially lower than that of luc2, both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that PRE9 has favorable properties as compared to luc2 in terms of pH independence, red-shifted spectrum, tissue light penetration, and signal quantification, justifying further optimization of protein expression and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Address all correspondence to: Jeff W. M. Bulte, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Building 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195. Tel: +443 287 0996; Fax: +443 287 7945; E-mail:
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89
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Wang PC, Shan L. Essential Elements to Consider for MRI Cell Tracking Studies with Iron Oxide-based Labeling Agents. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2012; 1:1-6. [PMID: 24159426 PMCID: PMC3805053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Personalized diagnosis and treatment with allogenic or autologous cells have been intensively investigated over the past decade. Despite the promising findings in preclinical studies, the clinical results to date have been largely disappointing. Some critical issues remain to be solved, such as how to monitor the migration, homing, survival, and function of the transplanted cells in vivo. In the past years, imaging techniques have been introduced to solve these issues based on a concept that cells can be transformed to a cellular imaging agent following labeling of the cells with an imaging agent. For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is so far the first choice imaging modality and iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the most frequently applied labeling agents. However, most MRI cell tracking studies are currently still limited in in vivo visualization of the labeled cells, some critical elements for cell tracking studies are often incompletely characterized, which makes it difficult to validate and meta-analyze the data generated from different studies. Incomplete information on preclinical studies also slows the transition of the findings to clinical practice. A robust protocol of MRI cell tracking studies is apparently critical to deal with these issues. In this review, we first briefly discuss the limitations of MRI cell tracking based on iron oxide nanoparticles and then recommend a minimum set of essential elements that should be considered in MRI cell tracking studies at preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington DC
| | - Liang Shan
- Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agents Database, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MD
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90
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Xu C, Mu L, Roes I, Miranda-Nieves D, Nahrendorf M, Ankrum JA, Zhao W, Karp JM. Nanoparticle-based monitoring of cell therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:494001. [PMID: 22101191 PMCID: PMC3334527 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous cell therapy aims to replace/repair diseased or dysfunctional cells and promises to revolutionize medicine by restoring tissue and organ function. To develop effective cell therapy, the location, distribution and long-term persistence of transplanted cells must be evaluated. Nanoparticle (NP) based imaging technologies have the potential to track transplanted cells non-invasively. Here we summarize the most recent advances in NP-based cell tracking with emphasis on (1) the design criteria for cell tracking NPs, (2) protocols for cell labeling, (3) a comparison of available imaging modalities and their corresponding contrast agents, (4) a summary of preclinical studies on NP-based cell tracking and finally (5) perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luye Mu
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isaac Roes
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Miranda-Nieves
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Sharma HS, Sharma A. Nanowired drug delivery for neuroprotection in central nervous system injuries: modulation by environmental temperature, intoxication of nanoparticles, and comorbidity factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:184-203. [PMID: 22162425 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanomedicine resulted in targeted drug delivery of active compounds into the central nervous system (CNS) either through encapsulated material or attached to nanowires. Nanodrug delivery by any means is supposed to enhance neuroprotection due to rapid accumulation of drugs within the target area and a slow metabolism of the compound. These two factors enhance neuroprotection than the conventions drug delivery. However, this is still uncertain whether nanodrug delivery could alter the pharmacokinetics of compounds making it more effective or just longer exposure of the compound for extended period of time is primarily responsible for enhanced effects of the drugs. Our laboratory is engaged in understanding of the nanodrug delivery using TiO(2) nanowires in CNS injuries models, for example, spinal cord injury (SCI), hyperthermia and/or intoxication of nanoparticles with or without other comorbidity factors, that is, diabetes or hypertension in rat models. Our observations suggest that nanowired drug delivery is effective under normal situation of SCI and hyperthermia as evidenced by significant reduction in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, brain edema formation, cognitive disturbances, neuronal damages, and brain pathologies. However, when the pathophysiology of these CNS injuries is aggravated by nanoparticles intoxication or comorbidity factors, adjustment in dosage of nanodrug delivery is needed. This indicates that further research in nanomedicine is needed to explore suitable strategies in achieving greater neuroprotection in CNS injury in combination with nanoparticles intoxication or other comorbidity factors for better clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Castaneda RT, Boddington S, Henning TD, Wendland M, Mandrussow L, Liu S, Daldrup-Link H. Labeling human embryonic stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes for tracking with MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1384-92. [PMID: 21594541 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can generate cardiomyocytes (CM), which offer promising treatments for cardiomyopathies in children. However, challenges for clinical translation result from loss of transplanted cell from target sites and high cell death. An imaging technique that noninvasively and repetitively monitors transplanted hESC-CM could guide improvements in transplantation techniques and advance therapies. OBJECTIVE To develop a clinically applicable labeling technique for hESC-CM with FDA-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) by examining labeling before and after CM differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Triplicates of hESC were labeled by simple incubation with 50 μg/ml of ferumoxides before or after differentiation into CM, then imaged on a 7T MR scanner using a T2-weighted multi-echo spin-echo sequence. Viability, iron uptake and T2-relaxation times were compared between groups using t-tests. RESULTS hESC-CM labeled before differentiation demonstrated significant MR effects, iron uptake and preserved function. hESC-CM labeled after differentiation showed no significant iron uptake or change in MR signal (P < 0.05). Morphology, differentiation and viability were consistent between experimental groups. CONCLUSION hESC-CM should be labeled prior to CM differentiation to achieve a significant MR signal. This technique permits monitoring delivery and engraftment of hESC-CM for potential advancements of stem cell-based therapies in the reconstitution of damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda T Castaneda
- Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5654, USA.
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93
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MRI assessment of blood outgrowth endothelial cell homing using cationic magnetoliposomes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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94
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Abstract
There are a range of definitions for nanomaterials and a range of length scales that are considered nano, but one thing is consistent among fields: nanomaterials are small and special. Nanomaterials have the potential to have tremendous impact on medical treatments. In one example, nanomaterials are permitting the tracking of cells via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of cellular therapies. In a second example, nanomaterials are acting as drug delivery vehicles for the targeted delivery of therapies to increase efficacy and to reduce side effects. However, there are distinct challenges that must be considered in the development and application of these materials, including careful analysis of the distribution and clearance of nanomaterials and their potential off-target effects. By carefully assessing materials early in their development at the bench, one may be able to move successful approaches through to the clinic more rapidly, which is indeed the goal of the field. For far too many conditions and diseases, the tools we have are less than adequate, and nanomaterials have the potential to fill that void. To realize this potential, investigators must be willing to invest time and resources to develop and to translate these technologies to the point where the risk is low enough that they have real commercial possibilities. Working collaboratively and leveraging resources and experience play important roles in moving technologies through preclinical and clinical testing. It requires incredible dedication of teams of researchers, but the result is new treatments and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lavik
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
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95
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Cromer Berman SM, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Tracking stem cells using magnetic nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:343-55. [PMID: 21472999 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer great promise for many diseases, especially those without current effective treatments. It is believed that noninvasive imaging techniques, which offer the ability to track the status of cells after transplantation, will expedite progress in this field and help to achieve maximized therapeutic effect. Today's biomedical imaging technology allows for real-time, noninvasive monitoring of grafted stem cells including their biodistribution, migration, survival, and differentiation, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of nanoparticle-labeled cells being one of the most commonly used techniques. Among the advantages of MR cell tracking are its high spatial resolution, no exposure to ionizing radiation, and clinical applicability. In order to track cells by MRI, the cells need to be labeled with magnetic nanoparticles, for which many types exist. There are several cellular labeling techniques available, including simple incubation, use of transfection agents, magnetoelectroporation, and magnetosonoporation. In this overview article, we will review the use of different magnetic nanoparticles and discuss how these particles can be used to track the distribution of transplanted cells in different organ systems. Caveats and limitations inherent to the tracking of nanoparticle-labeled stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Cromer Berman
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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