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Zhu W, Zhang Z, Chen J, Chen X, Huang L, Zhang X, Huang X, Ma N, Xu W, Yi X, Lu X, Fu X, Li S, Mo G, Wang Y, Yuan G, Zang M, Li Q, Jiang X, He Y, Wu S, He Y, Li Y, Hou J. A novel engineered IL-21 receptor arms T-cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T cells) against hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:101. [PMID: 38643203 PMCID: PMC11032311 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Strategies to improve T cell therapy efficacy in solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are urgently needed. The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) family cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 play fundamental roles in T cell development, differentiation and effector phases. This study aims to determine the combination effects of IL-21 in T cell therapy against HCC and investigate optimized strategies to utilize the effect of IL-21 signal in T cell therapy. The antitumor function of AFP-specific T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T) was augmented by exogenous IL-21 in vitro and in vivo. IL-21 enhanced proliferation capacity, promoted memory differentiation, downregulated PD-1 expression and alleviated apoptosis in TCR-T after activation. A novel engineered IL-21 receptor was established, and TCR-T armed with the novel engineered IL-21 receptors (IL-21R-TCR-T) showed upregulated phosphorylated STAT3 expression without exogenous IL-21 ligand. IL-21R-TCR-T showed better proliferation upon activation and superior antitumor function in vitro and in vivo. IL-21R-TCR-T exhibited a less differentiated, exhausted and apoptotic phenotype than conventional TCR-T upon repetitive tumor antigen stimulation. The novel IL-21 receptor in our study programs powerful TCR-T and can avoid side effects induced by IL-21 systemic utilization. The novel IL-21 receptor creates new opportunities for next-generation TCR-T against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle, UK
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoheng Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukai He
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Shrivastav G, Borkotoky S, Dey D, Singh B, Malhotra N, Azad K, Jayaram B, Agarwal M, Banerjee M. Structure and energetics guide dynamic behaviour in a T = 3 icosahedral virus capsid. Biophys Chem 2024; 305:107152. [PMID: 38113782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Although virus capsids appear as rigid, symmetric particles in experimentally determined structures; biochemical studies suggest a significant degree of structural flexibility in the particles. We carried out all-atom simulations on the icosahedral capsid of an insect virus, Flock House Virus, which show intriguing differences in the degree of flexibility of quasi-equivalent capsid subunits consistent with previously described biological behaviour. The flexibility of all the β and γ subunits of the protein and RNA fragments is analysed and compared. Both γA subunit and RNA fragment exhibit higher flexibility than the γB and γC subunits. The capsid shell is permeable to the bidirectional movement of water molecules, and the movement is heavily influenced by the geometry of the capsid shell along specific symmetry axes. In comparison to the symmetry axes along I5 and I3, the I2 axis exhibits a slightly higher water content. This enriched water environment along I2 could play a pivotal role in facilitating the structural transitions necessary for RNA release, shedding some light on the intricate and dynamic processes underlying the viral life cycle. Our study suggests that the physical characterization of whole virus capsids is the key to identifying biologically relevant transition states in the virus life cycle and understanding the basis of virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Shrivastav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Subhomoi Borkotoky
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Debajit Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bhumika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kimi Azad
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - B Jayaram
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manish Agarwal
- Computer Services Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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3
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Abstract
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss ranging from patches on the scalp to complete hair loss involving the entire body. Disease onset is hypothesized to follow the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle, which results in an increase in self-peptide/MHC expression along the follicular epithelium. Hair loss is associated with infiltration of the hair follicle with putatively self-reactive T cells. This process is thought to skew the hair follicle microenvironment away from a typically homeostatic immune state towards one of active inflammation. This imbalance is mediated in part by the dominating presence of specific cytokines. While interferon-γ (IFNγ) has been identified as the key player in AA pathogenesis, many other cytokines have also been shown to play pivotal roles. Mechanistic studies in animal models have highlighted the contribution of common gamma chain (γc) cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in augmenting disease. IFNγ and γc cytokines signal through pathways involving receptor activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Based on these findings, JAK/STAT pathways have been targeted for the purposes of therapeutic intervention in the clinical setting. Case reports and series have described use of small molecule JAK inhibitors leading to hair regrowth among AA patients. Furthermore, emerging clinical trial results show great promise and position JAK inhibitors as a treatment strategy for patients with severe or recalcitrant disease. Demonstrated efficacy from large-scale clinical trials of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib led to the first-in-disease FDA-approved treatment for AA in June of 2022. This review aims to highlight the JAK/STAT signaling pathways of various cytokines involved in AA and how targeting those pathways may impact disease outcomes in both laboratory and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Lensing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ali Jabbari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ali Jabbari,
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Park JY, Won HY, DiPalma DT, Hong C, Park JH. Protein abundance of the cytokine receptor γc controls the thymic generation of innate-like T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:17. [PMID: 34971407 PMCID: PMC8754256 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate-like T (iT) cells comprise a population of immunoregulatory T cells whose effector function is imposed during their development in the thymus to provide protective immunity prior to antigen encounter. The molecular mechanism that drives the generation of iT cells remains unclear. Here, we report that the cytokine receptor γc plays a previously unappreciated role for thymic iT cells by controlling their cellular abundance, lineage commitment, and subset differentiation. As such, γc overexpression on thymocytes dramatically altered iT cell generation in the thymus, as it skewed the subset composition of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and promoted the generation of IFNγ-producing innate CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, we found that the γc-STAT6 axis drives the differentiation of IL-4-producing iNKT cells, which in turn induced the generation of innate CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results reveal a cytokine-driven circuity of thymic iT cell differentiation that is controlled by the abundance of γc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehakno 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Devon T DiPalma
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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5
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Klopp A, Schreiber S, Kosinska AD, Pulé M, Protzer U, Wisskirchen K. Depletion of T cells via Inducible Caspase 9 Increases Safety of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy Against Chronic Hepatitis B. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734246. [PMID: 34691041 PMCID: PMC8527178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell therapy with T cells that are re-directed to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected cells by virus-specific receptors is a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and HBV-associated cancer. Due to the high number of target cells, however, side effects such as cytokine release syndrome or hepatotoxicity may limit safety. A safeguard mechanism, which allows depletion of transferred T cells on demand, would thus be an interesting means to increase confidence in this approach. In this study, T cells were generated by retroviral transduction to express either an HBV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (S-CAR) or T-cell receptor (TCR), and in addition either inducible caspase 9 (iC9) or herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) as a safety switch. Real-time cytotoxicity assays using HBV-replicating hepatoma cells as targets revealed that activation of both safety switches stopped cytotoxicity of S-CAR- or TCR-transduced T cells within less than one hour. In vivo, induction of iC9 led to a strong and rapid reduction of transferred S-CAR T cells adoptively transferred into AAV-HBV-infected immune incompetent mice. One to six hours after injection of the iC9 dimerizer, over 90% reduction of S-CAR T cells in the blood and the spleen and of over 99% in the liver was observed, thereby limiting hepatotoxicity and stopping cytokine secretion. Simultaneously, however, the antiviral effect of S-CAR T cells was diminished because remaining S-CAR T cells were mostly non-functional and could not be restimulated with HBsAg. A second induction of iC9 was only able to deplete T cells in the liver. In conclusion, T cells co-expressing iC9 and HBV-specific receptors efficiently recognize and kill HBV-replicating cells. Induction of T-cell death via iC9 proved to be an efficient means to deplete transferred T cells in vitro and in vivo containing unwanted hepatotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects
- Animals
- Caspase 9/biosynthesis
- Caspase 9/genetics
- Cell Death
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Hepatitis B Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Simplexvirus/enzymology
- Simplexvirus/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Thymidine Kinase/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Klopp
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schreiber
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Pulé
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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Zhang L, Ge J, Zheng Y, Sun Z, Wang C, Peng Z, Wu B, Fang M, Furuya K, Ma X, Shao Y, Ohkohchi N, Oda T, Fan J, Pan G, Li D, Hui L. Survival-Assured Liver Injury Preconditioning (SALIC) Enables Robust Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in Fah -/- Rag2 -/- IL2rg -/- Rats. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101188. [PMID: 34382351 PMCID: PMC8498896 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although liver-humanized animals are desirable tools for drug development and expansion of human hepatocytes in large quantities, their development is restricted to mice. In animals larger than mice, a precondition for efficient liver humanization remains preliminary because of different xeno-repopulation kinetics in livers of larger sizes. Since rats are ten times larger than mice and widely used in pharmacological studies, liver-humanized rats are more preferable. Here, Fah-/- Rag2-/- IL2rg-/- (FRG) rats are generated by CRISPR/Cas9, showing accelerated liver failure and lagged liver xeno-repopulation compared to FRG mice. A survival-assured liver injury preconditioning (SALIC) protocol, which consists of retrorsine pretreatment and cycling 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) administration by defined concentrations and time intervals, is developed to reduce the mortality of FRG rats and induce a regenerative microenvironment for xeno-repopulation. Human hepatocyte repopulation is boosted to 31 ± 4% in rat livers at 7 months after transplantation, equivalent to approximately a 1200-fold expansion. Human liver features of transcriptome and zonation are reproduced in humanized rats. Remarkably, they provide sufficient samples for the pharmacokinetic profiling of human-specific metabolites. This model is thus preferred for pharmacological studies and human hepatocyte production. SALIC may also be informative to hepatocyte transplantation in other large-sized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Jian‐Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
| | - Yun‐Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
- Institute of Regenerative MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212001China
- Yokohama City University School of MedicineYokohamaKanagawa234‐0006Japan
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Chenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Zhaoliang Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Baihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Mei Fang
- Institute of Regenerative MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212001China
| | - Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Yanjiao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate School of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiShimokatoYamanashi409‐3898Japan
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou310024China
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Bio‐Research Innovation CenterShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologySuzhouJiangsu215121China
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7
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Frohna PA, Ratnayake A, Doerr N, Basheer A, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Kim WJ, Zapata JC, Wu X, Waldmann TA, Azimi N, Tagaya Y. Results From a First-in-Human Study of BNZ-1, a Selective Multicytokine Inhibitor Targeting Members of the Common Gamma (γc) Family of Cytokines. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 60:264-273. [PMID: 31465127 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic roles of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-9, and IL-15, have been implicated in multiple T-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. BNZ-1 is a selective and simultaneous inhibitor of IL-2, IL-9, and IL-15, which targets the common gamma chain signaling receptor subunit. In this first-in-human study, 18 healthy adults (n = 3/cohort) received an intravenous dose of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 mg/kg infused over ≤5 minutes on day 1 and were followed for 30 days for safety and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic sample collection. No dose-limiting toxicities, infusion reactions, or serious or severe treatment-emergent adverse events were observed. Headache was the only treatment-emergent adverse event in >1 subject (n = 3). Peak and total BNZ-1 exposure was generally dose proportional, with a terminal elimination half-life of ∼5 days. Pharmacodynamic effects of BNZ-1 on regulatory T cells (Tregs, IL-2), natural killer (NK) cells (IL-15) and CD8 central memory T cells (Tcm, IL-15) were measured by flow cytometry and used to demonstrate target engagement. For Tregs, 0.2 mg/kg was an inactive dose, while a maximum ∼50% to 60% decrease from baseline was observed on day 4 after doses of 0.4 to 1.6 mg/kg, and higher doses produced an 80% to 93% decrease from baseline on day 15. Similar pharmacodynamic trends were observed for natural killer cells and CD8 Tcm, although decreases in CD8 Tcm were more prolonged. These subpopulations returned to/toward baseline by day 31. T cells (total, CD4, and CD8), B cells, and monocytes were unchanged throughout. These preliminary results suggest that BNZ-1 safely and selectively inhibits IL-2 and IL-15, which results in robust, reversible immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nick Doerr
- Bioniz Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - Woo Jae Kim
- Bioniz Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California, USA
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazli Azimi
- Bioniz Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Cho HS, Reboldi A, Hall JA, Berg LJ. The Tec kinase ITK is essential for ILC2 survival and epithelial integrity in the intestine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:784. [PMID: 30770814 PMCID: PMC6377622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are lymphocytes that lack an antigen-specific receptor and are preferentially localized in non-lymphoid tissues, such as mucosal barriers. In these locations ILC respond to tissue perturbations by producing factors that promote tissue repair and improve barrier integrity. We show that mice lacking the Tec kinase ITK have impaired intestinal tissue integrity, and a reduced ability to restore homeostasis after tissue damage. This defect is associated with a substantial loss of Type 2 ILC (ILC2) in the intestinal lamina propria. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow ILC2 precursors confirms a cell-intrinsic role for ITK. Intestinal ILC2 numbers in Itk-/- mice are restored by the administration of IL-2 complexes, also leading to improved intestinal tissue damage repair. Reduced Bcl-2 expression in intestinal Itk-/- ILC2 is also restored to WT levels after IL-2 complex treatment, indicating a tissue-specific role for ITK in ILC2 survival in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Soo Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jason A Hall
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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9
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Afrin F, Fernandez CP, Flores RA, Kim WH, Jeong J, Chang HH, Kim S, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Downregulation of common cytokine receptor γ chain inhibits inflammatory responses in macrophages stimulated with Riemerella anatipestifer. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 81:225-234. [PMID: 29241952 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17-cell-mediated inflammation is affected by the soluble form of common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc). We previously suggested that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A are associated with Riemerella anatipestifer infection, which a harmful bacterial pathogen in ducks. Here, the expression profiles of membrane-associated γc (duγc-a) and soluble γc (duγc-b) in R. anatipestifer-stimulated splenic lymphocytes and macrophages, and in the spleens and livers of R. anatipestifer-infected ducks, were investigated. In vitro and in vivo results indicated that the expression levels of both forms of γc were increased, showing that marked increases were detected in the expression of the duγc-b form rather than the duγc-a form. Treatment with γc-specific siRNA downregulated mRNA expression of Th17-related cytokines, including IL-17A and IL-17F, in duck splenic macrophages stimulated with R. anatipestifer, whereas the expressions of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 were enhanced. The results showed that the upregulation of γc, especially the duγc-b form, was associated with expression of Th17-related cytokines during R. anatipestifer infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Afrin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Rochelle A Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hong H Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea.
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10
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Charych D, Khalili S, Dixit V, Kirk P, Chang T, Langowski J, Rubas W, Doberstein SK, Eldon M, Hoch U, Zalevsky J. Modeling the receptor pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of NKTR-214, a kinetically-controlled interleukin-2 (IL2) receptor agonist for cancer immunotherapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179431. [PMID: 28678791 PMCID: PMC5497954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent immune modulating agents but are not ideal medicines in their natural form due to their short half-life and pleiotropic systemic effects. NKTR-214 is a clinical-stage biologic that comprises interleukin-2 (IL2) protein bound by multiple releasable polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains. In this highly PEG-bound form, the IL2 is inactive; therefore, NKTR-214 is a biologic prodrug. When administered in vivo, the PEG chains slowly release, creating a cascade of increasingly active IL2 protein conjugates bound by fewer PEG chains. The 1-PEG-IL2 and 2-PEG-IL2 species derived from NKTR-214 are the most active conjugated-IL2 species. Free-IL2 protein is undetectable in vivo as it is eliminated faster than formed. The PEG chains on NKTR-214 are located at the region of IL2 that contacts the alpha (α) subunit of the heterotrimeric IL2 receptor complex, IL2Rαβγ, reducing its ability to bind and activate the heterotrimer. The IL2Rαβγ complex is constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs). Therefore, without the use of mutations, PEGylation reduces the affinity for IL2Rαβγ to a greater extent than for IL2Rβγ, the receptor complex predominant on CD8 T cells. NKTR-214 treatment in vivo favors activation of CD8 T cells over Tregs in the tumor microenvironment to provide anti-tumor efficacy in multiple syngeneic models. Mechanistic modeling based on in vitro and in vivo kinetic data provides insight into the mechanism of NKTR-214 pharmacology. The model reveals that conjugated-IL2 protein derived from NKTR-214 occupy IL-2Rβγ to a greater extent compared to free-IL2 protein. The model accurately describes the sustained in vivo signaling observed after a single dose of NKTR-214 and explains how the properties of NKTR-214 impart a unique kinetically-controlled immunological mechanism of action.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Liberation
- Female
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/analogs & derivatives
- Interleukin-2/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Theoretical
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics
- Prodrugs/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charych
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Samira Khalili
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vidula Dixit
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Kirk
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Chang
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Langowski
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Werner Rubas
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Eldon
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Hoch
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Zalevsky
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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11
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Lee B, Ko E, Lee J, Jo Y, Hwang H, Goh TS, Joo M, Hong C. Soluble common gamma chain exacerbates COPD progress through the regulation of inflammatory T cell response in mice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:817-827. [PMID: 28331303 PMCID: PMC5352154 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major cause of considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing lung cancer and COPD. COPD, a smoking-related disorder, is closely related to the alteration of immune system and inflammatory processes that are specifically mediated by T cells. Soluble common gamma chain (sγc) has recently been identified as a critical regulator of the development and differentiation of T cells. We examined the effects of sγc in a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) mouse model. The sγc level in CSE mice serum is significantly downregulated, and the cellularity of lymph node (LN) is systemically reduced in the CSE group. Overexpression of sγc enhances the cellularity and IFNγ production of CD8 T cells in LN and also enhances Th1 and Th17 differentiation of CD4 T cells in the respiratory tract. Mechanistically, the downregulation of sγc expression mediated by CSE is required to prevent excessive inflammatory T cell responses. Therefore, our data suggest that sγc may be one of the target molecules for the control of immunopathogenic progresses in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyuk Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine
| | - Eunhee Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan
| | - Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine
| | - Hyunju Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine
| | - Tae Sik Goh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pusan National University School of Medicine
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12
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Ponce LF, García-Martínez K, León K. Quantitative Contribution of IL2Rγ to the Dynamic Formation of IL2-IL2R Complexes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155684. [PMID: 27195783 PMCID: PMC4873224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL2) is a growth factor for several immune cells and its function depends on its binding to IL2Rs in the cell membrane. The most accepted model for the assembling of IL2-IL2R complexes in the cell membrane is the Affinity Conversion Model (ACM). This model postulates that IL2R receptor association is sequential and dependent on ligand binding. Most likely free IL2 binds first to IL2Rα, and then this complex binds to IL2Rβ, and finally to IL2Rγ (γc). However, in previous mathematical models representing this process, the binding of γc has not been taken into account. In this work, the quantitative contribution of the number of IL2Rγ chain to the IL2-IL2R apparent binding affinity and signaling is studied. A mathematical model of the affinity conversion process including the γ chain in the dynamic, has been formulated. The model was calibrated by fitting it to experimental data, specifically, Scatchard plots obtained using human cell lines. This paper demonstrates how the model correctly explains available experimental observations. It was estimated, for the first time, the value of the kinetic coefficients of IL2-IL2R complexes interaction in the cell membrane. Moreover, the number of IL2R components in different cell lines was also estimated. It was obtained a variable distribution in the number of IL2R components depending on the cell type and the activation state. Of most significance, the study predicts that not only the number of IL2Rα and IL2Rβ, but also the number of γc determine the capacity of the cell to capture and retain IL2 in signalling complexes. Moreover, it is also showed that different cells might use different pathways to bind IL2 as consequence of its IL2R components distribution in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Ponce
- Center of Molecular Immunology, System Biology Department, Habana, 11600, Cuba
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kalet León
- Center of Molecular Immunology, System Biology Department, Habana, 11600, Cuba
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13
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Furlow PW, Zhang S, Soong TD, Halberg N, Goodarzi H, Mangrum C, Wu YG, Elemento O, Tavazoie SF. Mechanosensitive pannexin-1 channels mediate microvascular metastatic cell survival. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:943-52. [PMID: 26098574 PMCID: PMC5310712 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During metastatic progression, circulating cancer cells become lodged within the microvasculature of end organs, where most die from mechanical deformation. Although this phenomenon was first described over a half-century ago, the mechanisms enabling certain cells to survive this metastasis-suppressive barrier remain unknown. By applying whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing technology to isogenic cancer cells of differing metastatic capacities, we identified a mutation encoding a truncated form of the pannexin-1 (PANX1) channel, PANX1(1-89), as recurrently enriched in highly metastatic breast cancer cells. PANX1(1-89) functions to permit metastatic cell survival during traumatic deformation in the microvasculature by augmenting ATP release from mechanosensitive PANX1 channels activated by membrane stretch. PANX1-mediated ATP release acts as an autocrine suppressor of deformation-induced apoptosis through P2Y-purinergic receptors. Finally, small-molecule therapeutic inhibition of PANX1 channels is found to reduce the efficiency of breast cancer metastasis. These data suggest a molecular basis for metastatic cell survival on microvasculature-induced biomechanical trauma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Connexins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA Interference
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Transcriptome
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Furlow
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steven Zhang
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - T. David Soong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Nils Halberg
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Creed Mangrum
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Y. Gloria Wu
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Sohail F. Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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14
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Ivanisevic J, Epstein A, Kurczy ME, Benton HP, Uritboonthai W, Fox HS, Boska MD, Gendelman HE, Siuzdak G. Brain region mapping using global metabolomics. Chem Biol 2014; 21:1575-84. [PMID: 25457182 PMCID: PMC4304924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, studies of brain metabolism have been based on targeted analyses of a limited number of metabolites. Here we present an untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomic strategy that has successfully uncovered differences in a broad array of metabolites across anatomical regions of the mouse brain. The NSG immunodeficient mouse model was chosen because of its ability to undergo humanization leading to numerous applications in oncology and infectious disease research. Metabolic phenotyping by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry revealed both water-soluble and lipid metabolite patterns across brain regions. Neurochemical differences in metabolic phenotypes were mainly defined by various phospholipids and several intriguing metabolites including carnosine, cholesterol sulfate, lipoamino acids, uric acid, and sialic acid, whose physiological roles in brain metabolism are poorly understood. This study helps define regional homeostasis for the normal mouse brain to give context to the reaction to pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijana Ivanisevic
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Adrian Epstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - H. Paul Benton
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Winnie Uritboonthai
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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15
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Yun S, Lee SU, Kim JM, Lee HJ, Song HY, Kim YK, Jung H, Park YJ, Yoon SR, Oh SR, Kim TD, Choi I. Integrated mRNA-microRNA profiling of human NK cell differentiation identifies MiR-583 as a negative regulator of IL2Rγ expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108913. [PMID: 25313504 PMCID: PMC4196775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effector cells that protect against cancer and some viral infections. Until recently, most studies have investigated the molecular signatures of human or mouse NK cells to identify genes that are specifically expressed during NK cell development. However, the mechanism regulating NK cell development remains unclear. Here, we report a regulatory network of potential interactions during in vitro differentiation of human NK cells, identified using genome-wide mRNA and miRNA databases through hierarchical clustering analysis, gene ontology analysis and a miRNA target prediction program. The microRNA (miR)-583, which demonstrated the largest ratio change in mature NK cells, was highly correlated with IL2 receptor gamma (IL2Rγ) expression. The overexpression of miR-583 had an inhibitory effect on NK cell differentiation. In a reporter assay, the suppressive effect of miR-583 was ablated by mutating the putative miR-583 binding site of the IL2Rγ 3′ UTR. Therefore, we show that miR-583 acts as a negative regulator of NK cell differentiation by silencing IL2Rγ. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive database of genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression during human NK cell differentiation, offering a better understanding of basic human NK cell biology for the application of human NK cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Yun
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- NAR Center, Inc., Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Song
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyeung Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TDK); (IC)
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TDK); (IC)
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16
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Maykel J, Liu JH, Li H, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Houghton J. NOD-scidIl2rg (tm1Wjl) and NOD-Rag1 (null) Il2rg (tm1Wjl) : a model for stromal cell-tumor cell interaction for human colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1169-79. [PMID: 24798995 PMCID: PMC4032472 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Stromal cells and the extracellular environment are vital to human tumors, influencing growth and response to therapy. Human tumor cell lines lack stroma and transplantation into immunodeficient mice does not allow meaningful analyses of the effects of stroma on tumor cell growth. Studies of xenografts of primary human tumor fragments in nude mice and in early scid mouse models were constrained by poor tumor growth accompanied by host-versus-graft reactivity, dramatically altering tumor architecture and tumor microenvironment. In contrast, severely immunodeficient NOD-scid and NOD-Rag1 (null) strains carrying the IL2rg (null) mutation (NSG and NRG) support the growth of many types of human primary tumors. METHODS/RESULTS We compared the take rate, growth and architectural preservation of 10 clinically distinct primary human colon cancers in NOD-scid, NOD-Rag1 (null) , NSG and NRG mice and determined the contribution of mouse and human cells to the stroma during tumor proliferation and expansion in secondary hosts and tumor response to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). NSG and NRG mice more readily support growth of human primary colon tumor fragments than do NOD-scid, NOD-Rag1 (null) mice and maintain tumor architectural integrity in the primary recipient and through subsequent transplant generations. The human colon tumors were responsive to treatment with 5-FU. Human stromal cells in the primary graft were replaced by mouse-derived fibroblasts in a dynamic process during subsequent passages. CONCLUSION Human colon cancer xenografts propagated in NSG and NRG mice maintain structural fidelity while replacing human stromal cells with murine stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maykel
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, UMass Memorial Health Care System, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jian Hua Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
| | - Hanchen Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - JeanMarie Houghton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, LRB Second Floor-209, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01635 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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17
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Kolomin T, Morozova M, Volkova A, Shadrina M, Andreeva L, Slominsky P, Limborska S, Myasoedov N. The temporary dynamics of inflammation-related genes expression under tuftsin analog Selank action. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:50-5. [PMID: 24291245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that synthetic tuftsin analogue Selank and its fragments cause a number of alterations in the expression of certain genes involved in inflammation in mouse spleen. In this work we studied the effect of Selank and its short fragment Gly-Pro on the temporary dynamics of C3, Casp1, Il2rg, and Xcr1 genes expression in mouse spleen after single intraperitoneal injection (100 μg/kg) of peptides using real-time PCR method. We found a significant 3-fold decrease in the C3 mRNA level just 30 min after Selank injection and similar alteration this gene mRNA level after Gly-Pro administration. A wave-like alteration in the Casp1 mRNA level was observed after Selank injection. We found a significant alteration in the mRNA level of the Il2rg gene at early time points after Selank and Gly-Pro administration and an almost equal reduction in the Xcr1 mRNA level 90 min after the administration of Selank and its fragment. Our results showed that, Selank and its short fragment Gly-Pro influence the expression of genes that mediate different types of immune responses, thereby maintaining the balance of the immune system. It should be noted that in most cases, there was a coincidence in the expression profiles of the studied genes after Selank and Gly-Pro administration. This might indicate an active contribution of the dipeptide to the final effect of Selank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Kolomin
- The Department of Molecular Basis of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Marina Morozova
- The Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Organic Synthesis, Lomonosov Moscow University of Fine Chemical Technology, 86 Vernadskogo Av, Moscow 119571, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya Volkova
- The Department of Molecular Basis of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Maria Shadrina
- The Department of Molecular Basis of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila Andreeva
- The Department of Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Petr Slominsky
- The Department of Molecular Basis of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Limborska
- The Department of Molecular Basis of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
| | - Nikolay Myasoedov
- The Department of Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds, Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow 123182, Russia.
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18
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Moreno D, Balasiddaiah A, Lamas O, Duret C, Neri L, Guembe L, Galarraga M, Larrea E, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Muntane J, Maurel P, Riezu JI, Prieto J, Aldabe R. Usage of adenovirus expressing thymidine kinase mediated hepatocellular damage for enabling mouse liver repopulation with allogenic or xenogenic hepatocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74948. [PMID: 24086405 PMCID: PMC3782477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the liver of immunodeficient mice can be efficiently repopulated with human hepatocytes when subjected to chronic hepatocellular damage. Mice with such chimeric livers represent useful reagents for medical and clinical studies. However all previously reported models of humanized livers are difficult to implement as they involve cross-breeding of immunodeficient mice with mice exhibiting genetic alterations causing sustained hepatic injury. In this paper we attempted to create chimeric livers by inducing persistent hepatocellular damage in immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice using an adenovirus encoding herpes virus thymidine kinase (AdTk) and two consecutive doses of ganciclovir (GCV). We found that this treatment resulted in hepatocellular damage persisting for at least 10 weeks and enabled efficient engraftment and proliferation within the liver of either human or allogenic hepatocytes. Interestingly, while the nodules generated from the transplanted mouse hepatocytes were well vascularized, the human hepatocytes experienced progressive depolarization and exhibited reduced numbers of murine endothelial cells inside the nodules. In conclusion, AdTk/GCV-induced liver damage licenses the liver of immunodeficient mice for allogenic and xenogenic hepatocyte repopulation. This approach represents a simple alternative strategy for chimeric liver generation using immunodeficient mice without additional genetic manipulation of the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anangi Balasiddaiah
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oscar Lamas
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cedric Duret
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Leire Neri
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Guembe
- Department of Morphology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Galarraga
- Department of Imaging, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Muntane
- Liver Research Unit, Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER-EHD, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patrick Maurel
- Institut National de la Sante et de la recherche Medicale, U1040, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, UMR-S1040, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biotherapie, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose Ignacio Riezu
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER-EHD, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Liver Unit, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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19
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Noad J, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Broughton HC, McFadden C, Chen Y, Hess DA, Foster PJ. MRI tracking of transplanted iron-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells in an immune-compromised mouse model of critical limb ischemia. NMR Biomed 2013; 26:458-467. [PMID: 23165968 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease is a clinical problem in which mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation may offer substantial benefit by promoting the generation of new blood vessels and improving limb ischemia and wound healing via their potent paracrine activities. MRI allows for the noninvasive tracking of cells over time using iron oxide contrast agents to label cells before they are injected or transplanted. However, a major limitation of the tracking of iron oxide-labeled cells with MRI is the possibility that dead or dying cells will transfer the iron oxide label to local bystander macrophages, making it very difficult to distinguish between viable transplanted cells and endogenous macrophages in the images. In this study, a severely immune-compromised mouse, with limited macrophage activity, was investigated to examine cell tracking in a system in which bystander cell uptake of dead, iron-labeled cells or free iron particles was minimized. MRI was used to track the fate of MSCs over 21 days after their intramuscular transplantation in mice with a femoral artery ligation. In all mice, a region of signal loss was observed at the injection site and the volume of signal hypointensity diminished over time. Fluorescence and light microscopy showed that iron-positive MSCs persisted at the transplant site and often appeared to be integrated in perivascular niches. This was compared with MSC transplantation in immune-competent mice with femoral artery ligation. In these mice, the regions of signal loss caused by iron-labeled MSC cleared more slowly, and histology revealed iron particles trapped at the site of cell transplantation and associated with areas of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Noad
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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20
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Mitiushova EV, Shatrova AN, Zenin VV, Aksenov ND, Marakhova II. [The STAT5 signaling in the expression of alpha-subunit of interleukin-2 receptor in human blood lymphocytes]. Tsitologiia 2013; 55:421-429. [PMID: 25509109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The comparative study of the STAT3 and STAT5 activity (as assessed by tyrosine phosphorylation level) and the expression of a α-subunit of interleukin-2 receptor (as examined by cytophotometric evaluation of the number of CD25+ cells) during the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of human blood lymphocytes (HBL) have been made. It has been revealed that the level of STAT3 phosphorylation is high in both res ting and competent HBL and remains unchanged in the presence of PHA or interleukin-2 (IL-2). In contrast to STAT3, phosphorylation of STAT5 was not seen in both resting and competent HBL. We observed phosphorylation of STAT5 no earlier than 5 h after PHA stimulation and the maximum phosphorylation was detected following 24 h. Exogenous IL-2 induced high level of STAT5 phosphorylation in the competent HBL as early as at 30 min and this level of STAT5 phosphorylation kept in the next 24-48 h. The correlation between alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation level of STAT5 and the expression of CD25 has been established. WHI-P131, an inhibitor of JAK3 kinase, prevents STAT5 activation, cell surface expression of CD25 and lymphocyte proliferation. It has been concluded that JAK3/STAT5 signaling via IL-2 receptor is necessary to maintain the long-term expression of the high-affinity αβγ(c)-receptor of IL-2 and optimal proliferation of HBL.
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21
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Mashimo T, Takizawa A, Kobayashi J, Kunihiro Y, Yoshimi K, Ishida S, Tanabe K, Yanagi A, Tachibana A, Hirose J, Yomoda JI, Morimoto S, Kuramoto T, Voigt B, Watanabe T, Hiai H, Tateno C, Komatsu K, Serikawa T. Generation and characterization of severe combined immunodeficiency rats. Cell Rep 2012; 2:685-94. [PMID: 22981234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, the most widely used animal model of DNA-PKcs (Prkdc) deficiency, have contributed enormously to our understanding of immunodeficiency, lymphocyte development, and DNA-repair mechanisms, and they are ideal hosts for allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue transplantation. Here, we use zinc-finger nucleases to generate rats that lack either the Prkdc gene (SCID) or the Prkdc and Il2rg genes (referred to as F344-scid gamma [FSG] rats). SCID rats show several phenotypic differences from SCID mice, including growth retardation, premature senescence, and a more severe immunodeficiency without "leaky" phenotypes. Double-knockout FSG rats show an even more immunocompromised phenotype, such as the abolishment of natural killer cells. Finally, xenotransplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cells, ovarian cancer cells, and hepatocytes shows that SCID and FSG rats can act as hosts for xenogeneic tissue grafts and stem cell transplantation and may be useful for preclinical testing of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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22
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Ganbold A, Andersen S, Tay SS, Cunningham E, Ilie V, Krishnan S, Wang C, McCaughan GW, Sharland AF, Bishop GA. Expression of common gamma chain signalling cytokines and their receptors distinguishes rejection from tolerance in a rat organ transplant model. Transpl Immunol 2012; 27:89-94. [PMID: 22917677 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signalling through the cytokine common γ chain (γc) is crucial for survival of activated T cells. In its absence, severe combined immunodeficiency ensues and transplanted tissues are not rejected. METHODS To determine whether differences in the availability of γc signalling cytokines correlate with rejection or acceptance, we examined expression of all γc signalling components in organs transplanted between PVG donors and DA recipients. In this combination hearts or kidneys are rejected in <10 days while livers survive >100 days. Expression of the γc cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21 and their receptors γc, IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ/IL-15Rβ, IL-4Rα, IL-7Rα, IL-9Rα, IL-15Rα and IL-21Rα was determined by real-time PCR pre-transplant and on days 3, 5 and 7 after transplantation. RESULTS Most increased after transplantation, although there were significantly lower levels of IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-4 and IL-15Rα in tolerant livers compared to rejecting hearts or kidneys. IL-9 was only expressed in normal kidneys and decreased during rejection. IL-15 was constitutively expressed and did not change after transplantation. IL-21 and IL-21R increased in all transplanted organs to a similar extent. IL-7Rα in liver was considerably increased compared with heart or kidney, consistent with its known inverse relationship to global levels of γc signalling. CONCLUSIONS In transplanted livers, acceptance is associated with low levels of all γc cytokines or receptors except IL-21. This is consistent with "dilution" of γc cytokines from a finite clone size of alloreactive T cells in livers, which are ten times larger than kidneys or hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anar Ganbold
- Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Australia
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23
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Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by activation and infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells and a dysregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines. While known as a key regulator of immune natural killer (NK) cell function and development, we have recently demonstrated that reduced expression of the cytokine Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is closely linked with increased body weight and adiposity in mice and humans. Previously, we and others have shown that obese individuals have lower circulating levels of IL-15 and NK cells. Lean IL-15 overexpressing (IL-15 tg) mice had an accumulation in adipose NK cells compared to wildtype and NK cell deficient obese IL-15−/− mice. Since IL-15 induces weight loss in IL-15−/− and diet induced obese mice and has effects on various lymphocytes, the aim of this paper was to determine if lymphocytes, particularly NK cells, play a role in IL-15 mediated weight loss. Acute IL-15 treatment resulted in an increased accumulation of NK, NKT, and CD3+ T cells in adipose tissue of B6 mice. Mice depleted of NK and NKT cells had similar weight loss comparable to controls treated with IL-15. Finally, IL-15 treatment induces significant weight loss in lymphocyte deficient RAG2−/−γc−/− mice independent of food intake. Fat pad cross-sections show decreased pad size with cytokine treatment is due to adipocyte shrinkage. These results clearly suggest that IL-15 mediates weight loss independent of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Barra
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne V. Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Reid
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Żelazowska-Rutkowska B, Wysocka J, Ratomski K, Kasprzycka E, Skotnicka B. Increased percentage of T cells with the expression of CD127 and CD132 in hypertrophic adenoid in children with otitis media with effusion. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 269:1821-5. [PMID: 22382400 PMCID: PMC3365238 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-1977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypertrophic adenoid may promote chronic suppurative otitis media in children as it fulfills its immune function. The number of lymphocytes in the adenoid and their cooperation in the immune response depend of on their proliferation and migration to the effector sites. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is essential for the normal development and function lymphocytes. IL-7 plays pivotal role for activation and proliferation of T and B cells. The heterodimeric interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) is composed of the IL-7Rα (127) and the common cytokine receptor γc (CD132). The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of lymphocytes T (CD4+ and CD8+) with IL-7R (CD127 and CD132) expression in hypertrophic adenoid in children suffering with otitis media with effusion for a duration of 3 months. Adenoid excised due to hypertrophy with or without chronic otitis media with effusion was used as study material. CD4+ CD127+, CD4+132+, CD8+CD127+ and CD8+CD132+ cell subpopulations were identified using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with CD127 receptor expression in hypertrophic adenoid of children with otitis media with effusion was statistically significantly higher than in hypertrophic adenoid group. The percentage of CD4+ T cells with CD132 expression in the study group was statistically significantly higher than in the reference group. The percentage of CD8+ T cells with CD132+ expression was not statistically different in both groups. The increased percentage of T lymphocytes with IL-7R expression (CD127 and CD132) in hypertrophic adenoid seems to influence the quantity of lymphocytes and upset the immunological function of tonsils which can influence the course of otitis media with effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żelazowska-Rutkowska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland.
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25
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Giron-Michel J, Azzi S, Khawam K, Mortier E, Caignard A, Devocelle A, Ferrini S, Croce M, François H, Lecru L, Charpentier B, Chouaib S, Azzarone B, Eid P. Interleukin-15 plays a central role in human kidney physiology and cancer through the γc signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31624. [PMID: 22363690 PMCID: PMC3283658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to activate many immune antitumor mechanisms renders the cytokine a good candidate for the therapy of solid tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma. Although IL-15 is being currently used in clinical trials, the function of the cytokine on kidney's components has not been extensively studied; we thus investigated the role of IL-15 on normal and tumor renal epithelial cells. Herein, we analyzed the expression and the biological functions of IL-15 in normal renal proximal tubuli (RPTEC) and in their neoplastic counterparts, the renal clear cell carcinomas (RCC). This study shows that RPTEC express a functional heterotrimeric IL-15Rαβγc complex whose stimulation with physiologic concentrations of rhIL-15 is sufficient to inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) commitment preserving E-cadherin expression. Indeed, IL-15 is not only a survival factor for epithelial cells, but it can also preserve the renal epithelial phenotype through the γc-signaling pathway, demonstrating that the cytokine possess a wide range of action in epithelial homeostasis. In contrast, in RCC in vitro and in vivo studies reveal a defect in the expression of γc-receptor and JAK3 associated kinase, which strongly impacts IL-15 signaling. Indeed, in the absence of the γc/JAK3 couple we demonstrate the assembly of an unprecedented functional high affinity IL-15Rαβ heterodimer, that in response to physiologic concentrations of IL-15, triggers an unbalanced signal causing the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin, favoring RCC EMT process. Remarkably, the rescue of IL-15/γc-dependent signaling (STAT5), by co-transfecting γc and JAK3 in RCC, inhibits EMT reversion. In conclusion, these data highlight the central role of IL-15 and γc-receptor signaling in renal homeostasis through the control of E-cadherin expression and preservation of epithelial phenotype both in RPTEC (up-regulation) and RCC (down-regulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Giron-Michel
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Sandy Azzi
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Krystel Khawam
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- INSERM UMRS 892, Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes (IRT UN), Nantes, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Devocelle
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Instituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Croce
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Instituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Hélène François
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Lola Lecru
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Charpentier
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 753, Université de Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BA); (PE)
| | - Pierre Eid
- INSERM UMR 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud P11, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BA); (PE)
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26
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Sammicheli S, Dang Vu Phuong L, Ruffin N, Pham Hong T, Lantto R, Vivar N, Chiodi F, Rethi B. IL-7 promotes CD95-induced apoptosis in B cells via the IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28629. [PMID: 22194871 PMCID: PMC3237470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) concentrations are increased in the blood of CD4+ T cell depleted individuals, including HIV-1 infected patients. High IL-7 levels might stimulate T cell activation and, as we have shown earlier, IL-7 can prime resting T cell to CD95 induced apoptosis as well. HIV-1 infection leads to B cell abnormalities including increased apoptosis via the CD95 (Fas) death receptor pathway and loss of memory B cells. Peripheral B cells are not sensitive for IL-7, due to the lack of IL-7Ra expression on their surface; however, here we demonstrate that high IL-7 concentration can prime resting B cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis via an indirect mechanism. T cells cultured with IL-7 induced high CD95 expression on resting B cells together with an increased sensitivity to CD95 mediated apoptosis. As the mediator molecule responsible for B cell priming to CD95 mediated apoptosis we identified the cytokine IFN-γ that T cells secreted in high amounts in response to IL-7. These results suggest that the lymphopenia induced cytokine IL-7 can contribute to the increased B cell apoptosis observed in HIV-1 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sammicheli
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linh Dang Vu Phuong
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thang Pham Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lantto
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy Vivar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Rethi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Yu Y, Zitzner JR, Houlihan J, Herrera N, Xu L, Miller J, Mathew JM, Tambur AR, Luo X. Common gamma chain cytokines promote rapid in vitro expansion of allo-specific human CD8+ suppressor T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28948. [PMID: 22194954 PMCID: PMC3237561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD8+ regulatory T cells, particularly the CD8+CD28− T suppressor cells, have emerged as an important modulator of alloimmunity. Understanding the conditions under which these cells are induced and/or expanded would greatly facilitate their application in future clinical trials. In the current study, we develop a novel strategy that combines common gamma chain (γc) cytokines IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 and donor antigen presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate full HLA-mismatched allogeneic human CD8+ T cells which results in significant expansions of donor-specific CD8+CD28− T suppressor cells in vitro. The expanded CD8+CD28− T cells exhibit increased expressions of CTLA-4, FoxP3, and CD25, while down-regulate expressions of CD56, CD57, CD127, and perforin. Furthermore, these cells suppress proliferation of CD4+ T cells in a contact-dependent and cytokine-independent manner. Interestingly, the specificity of suppression is restricted by the donor HLA class I antigens but promiscuous to HLA class II antigens, providing a potential mechanism for linked suppression. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role for common γc cytokines in combination with donor APCs in the expansion of donor-specific CD8+CD28− T suppressor cells, and represent a robust strategy for in vitro generation of such cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yu
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jennifer R. Zitzner
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josetta Houlihan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nancy Herrera
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luting Xu
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joshua Miller
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James M. Mathew
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anat R. Tambur
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou Q, Chang S, Lin XG, Xiang FL, Chen ZH. Combination of donor splenocyte transfusion with blockade of γc signal synergizes to inhibit alloreactive T-cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124:2874-2878. [PMID: 22040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common γ chain (γc) plays a critical role in regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of peripheral T-cells. It was previously confirmed that blocking the γc signal can successfully induce transplant tolerance in a murine model. Here we investigated the potential mechanism. METHODS Splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice were transfused into T-cell deficient Balb/c nude mice that were reconstituted with syngeneic wild-type T-cells labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). After 24 hours, recipients received i.p. injection of mixture of anti-γc mAbs, or with isotype control IgG2a. The labeled T-cells were harvested from recipient spleens after 12 and 48 hours. T-cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS T-cell proliferation was markedly inhibited and apoptotic T cells could be detected at 12 hours after the mAbs injection. Proliferation was inhibited at 48 hours, but the proportion of apoptotic T-cells was not more than at 12 hours. In the control group, however, T-cells actively proliferated and no significant apoptosis was detected at either time point. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that blockade of γc signals can synergize with donor splenocyte transfusion and lead to inhibition of antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and induction of apoptotic T-cell death. This protocol may develop a novel approach to induce donor-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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Danner R, Chaudhari SN, Rosenberger J, Surls J, Richie TL, Brumeanu TD, Casares S. Expression of HLA class II molecules in humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO mice is critical for development and function of human T and B cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19826. [PMID: 21611197 PMCID: PMC3096643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized mice able to reconstitute a surrogate human immune system (HIS) can be used for studies on human immunology and may provide a predictive preclinical model for human vaccines prior to clinical trials. However, current humanized mouse models show sub-optimal human T cell reconstitution and limited ability to support immunoglobulin class switching by human B cells. This limitation has been attributed to the lack of expression of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) molecules in mouse lymphoid organs. Recently, humanized mice expressing HLA class I molecules have been generated but showed little improvement in human T cell reconstitution and function of T and B cells. METHODS We have generated NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RγcKO mice expressing HLA class II (HLA-DR4) molecules under the I-E(d) promoter that were infused as adults with HLA-DR-matched human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Littermates lacking expression of HLA-DR4 molecules were used as control. RESULTS HSC-infused HLA-DR4.NOD.Rag1KO.IL-2RγcKO mice developed a very high reconstitution rate (>90%) with long-lived and functional human T and B cells. Unlike previous humanized mouse models reported in the literature and our control mice, the HLA-DR4 expressing mice reconstituted serum levels (natural antibodies) of human IgM, IgG (all four subclasses), IgA, and IgE comparable to humans, and elicited high titers of specific human IgG antibodies upon tetanus toxoid vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the critical role of HLA class II molecules for development of functional human T cells able to support immunoglobulin class switching and efficiently respond to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Danner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Snehal N. Chaudhari
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Rosenberger
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Surls
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teodor-Doru Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Awad O, Yustein JT, Shah P, Gul N, Katuri V, O'Neill A, Kong Y, Brown ML, Toretsky JA, Loeb DM. High ALDH activity identifies chemotherapy-resistant Ewing's sarcoma stem cells that retain sensitivity to EWS-FLI1 inhibition. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13943. [PMID: 21085683 PMCID: PMC2978678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells are a chemotherapy-resistant population capable of self-renewal and of regenerating the bulk tumor, thereby causing relapse and patient death. Ewing's sarcoma, the second most common form of bone tumor in adolescents and young adults, follows a clinical pattern consistent with the Cancer Stem Cell model - remission is easily achieved, even for patients with metastatic disease, but relapse remains frequent and is usually fatal. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have isolated a subpopulation of Ewing's sarcoma cells, from both human cell lines and human xenografts grown in immune deficient mice, which express high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH(high)) activity and are enriched for clonogenicity, sphere-formation, and tumor initiation. The ALDH(high) cells are resistant to chemotherapy in vitro, but this can be overcome by the ATP binding cassette transport protein inhibitor, verapamil. Importantly, these cells are not resistant to YK-4-279, a small molecule inhibitor of EWS-FLI1 that is selectively toxic to Ewing's sarcoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Ewing's sarcoma contains an ALDH(high) stem-like population of chemotherapy-resistant cells that retain sensitivity to EWS-FLI1 inhibition. Inhibiting the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein may prove to be an effective means of improving patient outcomes by targeting Ewing's sarcoma stem cells that survive standard chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Awad
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Yustein
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Preeti Shah
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naheed Gul
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Varalakshmi Katuri
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Yali Kong
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - David M. Loeb
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Marino JH, Tan C, Taylor AA, Bentley C, Van De Wiele CJ, Ranne R, Paliotta M, Broughan TA, Teague TK. Differential IL-7 responses in developing human thymocytes. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:329-33. [PMID: 20074604 PMCID: PMC2896073 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is a factor essential for mouse and human thymopoiesis. Mouse thymocytes have altered sensitivities to IL-7 at different developmental stages. CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) mouse thymocytes are shielded from the influence of IL-7 because of loss of CD127 (IL-7Ralpha). In this study, we assessed IL-7 receptor expression and IL-7 signaling in human thymocytes. We found human DP cells to be severely limited in their ability to phosphorylate STAT-5 in response to IL-7. The relative expression levels of the IL-7-inducible proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were also lower in human DP cells, consistent with a stage-specific decrease in IL-7 responsiveness. IL-7 responses were restored in a subset of cells that matured past the DP stage. Unlike the regulation of IL-7 signaling in mouse thymocytes, loss of IL-7 signaling in human DP cells was not due to absence of CD127, but instead correlated with downregulation of CD132 (common gamma chain).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Child, Preschool
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Mice
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/drug effects
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Kwant-Mitchell A, Pek EA, Rosenthal KL, Ashkar AA. Development of functional human NK cells in an immunodeficient mouse model with the ability to provide protection against tumor challenge. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8379. [PMID: 20027308 PMCID: PMC2793015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human NK cells and their role in tumor suppression have largely been restricted to in vitro experiments which lack the complexity of whole organisms, or mouse models which differ significantly from humans. In this study we showed that, in contrast to C57BL/6 Rag2−/−/γc−/− and NOD/Scid mice, newborn BALB/c Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice can support the development of human NK cells and CD56+ T cells after intrahepatic injection with hematopoietic stem cells. The human CD56+ cells in BALB/c Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice were able to produce IFN-γ in response to human IL-15 and polyI:C. NK cells from reconstituted Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice were also able to kill and inhibit the growth of K562 cells in vitro and were able to produce IFN-γ in response to stimulation with K562 cells. In vivo, reconstituted Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice had higher survival rates after K562 challenge compared to non-reconstituted Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice and were able to control tumor burden in various organs. Reconstituted Rag2−/−/γc−/− mice represent a model in which functional human NK and CD56+ T cells can develop from stem cells and can thus be used to study human disease in a more clinically relevant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kwant-Mitchell
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elishka A. Pek
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth L. Rosenthal
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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33
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Chattopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya S, Saha B, Chakraborty J, Mohanty S, Sakib Hossain DM, Banerjee S, Das K, Sa G, Das T. Tumor-shed PGE(2) impairs IL2Rgammac-signaling to inhibit CD4 T cell survival: regulation by theaflavins. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7382. [PMID: 19812686 PMCID: PMC2753647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many tumors are associated with decreased cellular immunity and elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a known inhibitor of CD4+ T cell activation and inducer of type-2 cytokine bias. However, the role of this immunomodulator in the survival of T helper cells remained unclear. Since CD4+ T cells play critical roles in cell-mediated immunity, detail knowledge of the effect tumor-derived PGE2 might have on CD4+ T cell survival and the underlying mechanism may, therefore, help to overcome the overall immune deviation in cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings By culturing purified human peripheral CD4+ T cells or Jurkat cells with spent media of theaflavin- or celecoxib-pre-treated MCF-7 cells, we show that tumor-shed PGE2 severely impairs interleukin 2 receptor γc (IL2Rγc)-mediated survival signaling in CD4+ T cells. Indeed, tumor-shed PGE2 down-regulates IL2Rγc expression, reduces phosphorylation as well as activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak-3)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat-5) and decreases Bcl-2/Bax ratio thereby leading to activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Constitutively active Stat-5A (Stat-5A1*6) over-expression efficiently elevates Bcl-2 levels in CD4+ T cells and protects them from tumor-induced death while dominant-negative Stat-5A over-expression fails to do so, indicating the importance of Stat-5A-signaling in CD4+ T cell survival. Further support towards the involvement of PGE2 comes from the results that (a) purified synthetic PGE2 induces CD4+ T cell apoptosis, and (b) when knocked out by small interfering RNA, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-defective tumor cells fail to initiate death. Interestingly, the entire phenomena could be reverted back by theaflavins that restore cytokine-dependent IL2Rγc/Jak-3/Stat-5A signaling in CD4+ T cells thereby protecting them from tumor-shed PGE2-induced apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance These data strongly suggest that tumor-shed PGE2 is an important factor leading to CD4+ T cell apoptosis during cancer and raise the possibility that theaflavins may have the potential as an effective immunorestorer in cancer-bearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Baisakhi Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Juni Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Suchismita Mohanty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaushik Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Stonier SW, Schluns KS. Trans-presentation: a novel mechanism regulating IL-15 delivery and responses. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:85-92. [PMID: 19818367 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a cytokine that acts on a wide range of cell types but is most crucial for the development, homeostasis, and function of a specific group of immune cells that includes CD8 T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and CD8 alpha alpha intraepithelial lymphocytes. IL-15 signals are transmitted through the IL-2/15R beta and common gamma (gamma C) chains; however, it is the delivery of IL-15 to these signaling components that is quite unique. As opposed to other cytokines that are secreted, IL-15 primarily exists bound to the high affinity IL-15R alpha. When IL-15/IL-15R alpha complexes are shuttled to the cell surface, they can stimulate opposing cells through the beta/gamma C receptor complex. This novel mechanism of IL-15 delivery has been called trans-presentation. This review discusses how the theory of trans-presentation came to be, evidence that it is the major mechanism of action, the current understanding of the cell types thought to mediate trans-presentation, and possible alternatives for IL-15 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W Stonier
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Sirskyj D, Thèze J, Kumar A, Kryworuchko M. Disruption of the gamma c cytokine network in T cells during HIV infection. Cytokine 2008; 43:1-14. [PMID: 18417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common gamma chain (gammac)-sharing cytokines (IL's-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21) play a vital role in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. As such, disruption of their signaling pathways would be expected to have severe consequences on the integrity of the immune system. Indeed, it appears that the signaling network of these cytokines is both disrupted and exploited by HIV at various stages of infection. IL-2 secretion and signaling downstream of its receptor are impaired in T cells from chronically-infected HIV+ patients. Elevated plasma IL-7 levels and decreased IL-7Ralpha expression in patient T cells results in significantly decreased responsiveness to this critical cytokine. Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 are also able to render CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV infection through their influence on the activity of the APOBEC3G deaminase enzyme. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge on how the gammac cytokine network is affected during HIV infection, with a focus on how this impairs CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function while also benefiting the virus itself. We also address the use of cytokines as adjuncts to highly active antiretroviral therapy to bolster immune reconstitution in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Sirskyj
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)-Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Kiyoi H, Yamaji S, Kojima S, Naoe T. JAK3 mutations occur in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia both in Down syndrome children and non-Down syndrome adults. Leukemia 2007; 21:574-6. [PMID: 17252020 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Gene targeting by homologous recombination is a powerful method to manipulate the genome precisely and could be exploited to correct genetic defects. Zinc finger nucleases are designed proteins that fuse a zinc finger DNA binding domain to the nuclease domain from the FokI restriction endonuclease. Zinc finger nucleases were generated that stimulated gene targeting from half-site sequences from the human beta-globin gene and the human common gamma-chain gene. Zinc finger nucleases were also generated that stimulated gene targeting at full sites from the green fluorescent protein gene and the human CD8alpha gene. This work built on the prior zinc finger design work of others and in targeting these four genes had a 100% success rate at designing nucleases to the consensus half-site 5'-GNNGNNGNN-3' and the consensus full site 5'-NNCNNCNNCNNNNNNGNNGNNGNN-3', suggesting that zinc finger nucleases can be empirically designed to stimulate gene targeting in a large portion of the mammalian genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, 75390-9063, USA.
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