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D'Agostino GD, Chaudhari SN, Devlin AS. Host-microbiome orchestration of the sulfated metabolome. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:410-421. [PMID: 38347214 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that metabolites produced by commensal bacteria causally influence health and disease. The sulfated metabolome is one class of molecules that has recently come to the forefront due to efforts to understand the role of these metabolites in host-microbiome interactions. Sulfated compounds have canonically been classified as waste products; however, studies have revealed a variety of physiological roles for these metabolites, including effects on host metabolism, immune response and neurological function. Moreover, recent research has revealed that commensal bacteria either chemically modify or synthesize a variety of sulfated compounds. In this Review, we explore how host-microbiome collaborative metabolism transforms the sulfated metabolome. We describe bacterial and mammalian enzymes that sulfonate and desulfate biologically relevant carbohydrates, amino acid derivatives and cholesterol-derived metabolites. We then discuss outstanding questions and future directions in the field, including potential roles of sulfated metabolites in disease detection, prevention and treatment. We hope that this Review inspires future research into sulfated compounds and their effects on physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Meyer MB, Bernal-Mizrachi C, Bikle DD, Biyani M, Campbell MJ, Chaudhari SN, Christakos S, Ingles SA, Knuth MM, Lee SM, Lisse TS, Liu ES, Piec I, Plum LA, Rao SD, Reynolds CJ, Thacher TD, White JH, Cantorna MT. Highlights from the 24th workshop on vitamin D in Austin, September 2022. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 228:106247. [PMID: 36639037 PMCID: PMC10006320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The 24th Workshop on Vitamin D was held September 7-9, 2022 in Austin, Texas and covered a wide diversity of research in the vitamin D field from across the globe. Here, we summarize the meeting, individual sessions, awards and presentations given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Medicine VA Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madhu Biyani
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) and Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Knuth
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Seong Min Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas S Lisse
- Department of Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Eva S Liu
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle Piec
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sudhaker D Rao
- Director, Bone & Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carmen J Reynolds
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tom D Thacher
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John H White
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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3
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Li DK, Chaudhari SN, Lee Y, Sojoodi M, Adhikari AA, Zukerberg L, Shroff S, Barrett SC, Tanabe K, Chung RT, Devlin AS. Inhibition of microbial deconjugation of micellar bile acids protects against intestinal permeability and liver injury. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo2794. [PMID: 36026454 PMCID: PMC9417178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Altered host-microbe interactions and increased intestinal permeability have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which intestinal microbes affect epithelial barrier integrity remain unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of bacterial metabolism of host-produced bile acid (BA) metabolites on epithelial barrier integrity. We observe that rats fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) exhibit reduced intestinal abundance of host-produced conjugated BAs at early time points, coinciding with increased gut permeability. We show that in vitro, conjugated BAs protect gut epithelial monolayers from damage caused by bacterially produced unconjugated BAs through micelle formation. We then demonstrate that inhibition of bacterial BA deconjugation with a small-molecule inhibitor prevents the development of pathologic intestinal permeability and hepatic inflammation in CDAHFD-fed rats. Our study identifies a signaling-independent, physicochemical mechanism for conjugated BA-mediated protection of epithelial barrier function and suggests that rational manipulation of microbial BA metabolism could be leveraged to regulate gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick K. Li
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Snehal N. Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arijit A. Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence Zukerberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuti Shroff
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Cole Barrett
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Tanabe
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Adhikari AA, Ramachandran D, Chaudhari SN, Powell CE, Li W, McCurry MD, Banks AS, Devlin AS. A Gut-Restricted Lithocholic Acid Analog as an Inhibitor of Gut Bacterial Bile Salt Hydrolases. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1401-1412. [PMID: 34279901 PMCID: PMC9013266 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids play crucial roles in host physiology by acting both as detergents that aid in digestion and as signaling molecules that bind to host receptors. Gut bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes perform the gateway reaction leading to the conversion of host-produced primary bile acids into bacterially modified secondary bile acids. Small molecule probes that target BSHs will help elucidate the causal roles of these metabolites in host physiology. We previously reported the development of a covalent BSH inhibitor with low gut permeability. Here, we build on our previous findings and describe the development of a second-generation gut-restricted BSH inhibitor with enhanced potency, reduced off-target effects, and durable in vivo efficacy. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies focused on the bile acid core identified a compound, AAA-10, containing a C3-sulfonated lithocholic acid scaffold and an alpha-fluoromethyl ketone warhead as a potent pan-BSH inhibitor. This compound inhibits BSH activity in mouse and human fecal slurry, bacterial cultures, and purified BSH proteins and displays reduced toxicity against mammalian cells compared to first generation compounds. Oral administration of AAA-10 to wild-type mice for 5 days resulted in a decrease in the abundance of the secondary bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) in the mouse GI tract with low systemic exposure of AAA-10, demonstrating that AAA-10 is an effective tool for inhibiting BSH activity and modulating bile acid pool composition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit A. Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Deepti Ramachandran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Snehal N. Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chelsea E. Powell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Megan D. McCurry
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander S. Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - A. Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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5
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Chaudhari SN, Devlin AS. Intestinal Co-culture System to Study TGR5 Agonism and Gut Restriction. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3948. [PMID: 33855108 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5, also known as the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, GPBAR1) in enteroendocrine L-cells results in secretion of the anti-diabetic hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) into systemic circulation. Consequently, recent research has focused on identification and development of TGR5 agonists as type 2 diabetes therapeutics. However, the clinical application of TGR5 agonists has been hampered by side effects of these compounds that primarily result from their absorption into circulation. Here we describe an in vitro screening protocol to evaluate the TGR5 agonism, GLP-1 secretion, and gut-restricted properties of small molecules. The protocol involves differentiating gut epithelial and endocrine cells together in transwells to assess both the pharmacodynamics of TGR5 agonists and the toxicity of compounds to the intestinal monolayer. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the use of the protocol in evaluating properties of naturally occurring bile acid metabolites that are potent TGR5 agonists. This protocol is adapted from Chaudhari et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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6
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Chaudhari SN, Luo JN, Harris DA, Aliakbarian H, Yao L, Paik D, Subramaniam R, Adhikari AA, Vernon AH, Kiliç A, Weiss ST, Huh JR, Sheu EG, Devlin AS. A microbial metabolite remodels the gut-liver axis following bariatric surgery. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:408-424.e7. [PMID: 33434516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for type 2 diabetes and is associated with changes in gut metabolites. Previous work uncovered a gut-restricted TGR5 agonist with anti-diabetic properties-cholic acid-7-sulfate (CA7S)-that is elevated following sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Here, we elucidate a microbiome-dependent pathway by which SG increases CA7S production. We show that a microbial metabolite, lithocholic acid (LCA), is increased in murine portal veins post-SG and by activating the vitamin D receptor, induces hepatic mSult2A1/hSULT2A expression to drive CA7S production. An SG-induced shift in the microbiome increases gut expression of the bile acid transporters Asbt and Ostα, which in turn facilitate selective transport of LCA across the gut epithelium. Cecal microbiota transplant from SG animals is sufficient to recreate the pathway in germ-free (GF) animals. Activation of this gut-liver pathway leads to CA7S synthesis and GLP-1 secretion, causally connecting a microbial metabolite with the improvement of diabetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James N Luo
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Harris
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Aliakbarian
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lina Yao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donggi Paik
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arijit A Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashley H Vernon
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayse Kiliç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Molecular Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric G Sheu
- Laboratory for Surgical and Metabolic Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Chaudhari SN, Harris DA, Aliakbarian H, Luo JN, Henke MT, Subramaniam R, Vernon AH, Tavakkoli A, Sheu EG, Devlin AS. Bariatric surgery reveals a gut-restricted TGR5 agonist with anti-diabetic effects. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 17:20-29. [PMID: 32747812 PMCID: PMC7891870 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, the most effective treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes, is associated with increased levels of the incretin hormone GLP-1 and changes in levels of circulating bile acids. The levels of individual bile acids in the GI tract following surgery, however, have remained largely unstudied. Using UPLC-MS-based quantification, we observed an increase in an endogenous bile acid, cholic acid-7-sulfate (CA7S), in the GI tract of both mice and humans after sleeve gastrectomy. We show that CA7S is a TGR5 agonist that increases Tgr5 expression and induces GLP-1 secretion. Further, CA7S administration increases glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant mice in a TGR5-dependent manner. CA7S remains gut-restricted, minimizing off-target effects previously observed for TGR5 agonists absorbed into circulation. By studying changes in individual metabolites following surgery, this study has revealed a naturally occurring TGR5 agonist that exerts systemic glucoregulatory effects while remaining confined to the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hassan Aliakbarian
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James N Luo
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Henke
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley H Vernon
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric G Sheu
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Adhikari AA, Seegar TCM, Ficarro SB, McCurry MD, Ramachandran D, Yao L, Chaudhari SN, Ndousse-Fetter S, Banks AS, Marto JA, Blacklow SC, Devlin AS. Development of a covalent inhibitor of gut bacterial bile salt hydrolases. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:318-326. [PMID: 32042200 PMCID: PMC7036035 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes are widely expressed by human gut bacteria and catalyze the gateway reaction leading to secondary bile acid formation. Bile acids regulate key metabolic and immune processes by binding to host receptors. There is an unmet need for a potent tool to inhibit BSHs across all gut bacteria in order to study the effects of bile acids on host physiology. Here, we report the development of a covalent pan-inhibitor of gut bacterial BSH. From a rationally designed candidate library, we identified a lead compound bearing an alpha-fluoromethyl ketone warhead that modifies BSH at the catalytic cysteine residue. Strikingly, this inhibitor abolished BSH activity in conventional mouse feces. Mice gavaged with a single dose of this compound displayed decreased BSH activity and decreased deconjugated bile acid levels in feces. Our studies demonstrate the potential of a covalent BSH inhibitor to modulate bile acid composition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit A Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tom C M Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan D McCurry
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepti Ramachandran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lina Yao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sula Ndousse-Fetter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Chaudhari SN, Kipreos ET. The Energy Maintenance Theory of Aging: Maintaining Energy Metabolism to Allow Longevity. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800005. [PMID: 29901833 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fused, elongated mitochondria are more efficient in generating ATP than fragmented mitochondria. In diverse C. elegans longevity pathways, increased levels of fused mitochondria are associated with lifespan extension. Blocking mitochondrial fusion in these animals abolishes their extended longevity. The long-lived C. elegans vhl-1 mutant is an exception that does not have increased fused mitochondria, and is not dependent on fusion for longevity. Loss of mammalian VHL upregulates alternate energy generating pathways. This suggests that mitochondrial fusion facilitates longevity in C. elegans by increasing energy metabolism. In diverse animals, ATP levels broadly decreases with age. Substantial evidence supports the theory that increasing or maintaining energy metabolism promotes the survival of older animals. Increased ATP levels in older animals allow energy-intensive repair and homeostatic mechanisms such as proteostasis that act to prevent cellular aging. These observations support the emerging paradigm that maintaining energy metabolism promotes the survival of older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Edward T Kipreos
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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10
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Chaudhari SN, Kipreos ET. Increased mitochondrial fusion allows the survival of older animals in diverse C. elegans longevity pathways. Nat Commun 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28769038 PMCID: PMC5541002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fusion and fission events. Mitochondrial dynamics are required for mitochondrial viability and for responses to changes in bioenergetic status. Here we describe an insulin-signaling and SCFLIN-23-regulated pathway that controls mitochondrial fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans by repressing the expression of the mitochondrial proteases SPG-7 and PPGN-1. This pathway is required for mitochondrial fusion in response to physical exertion, and for the associated extension in lifespan. We show that diverse longevity pathways exhibit increased levels of elongated mitochondria. The increased mitochondrial fusion is essential for longevity in the diverse longevity pathways, as inhibiting mitochondrial fusion reduces their lifespans to wild-type levels. Our results suggest that increased mitochondrial fusion is not a major driver of longevity, but rather is essential to allow the survival of older animals beyond their normal lifespan in diverse longevity pathways. Mitochondria can undergo shape changes as a result of fusion and fission events. Here the authors describe how insulin signalling regulates mitochondrial fusion in C. elegans, and show that mitochondrial fusion is necessary, but not sufficient, for longevity of worms with mutations that increase lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Edward T Kipreos
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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11
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Chaudhari SN, Mukherjee M, Vagasi AS, Bi G, Rahman MM, Nguyen CQ, Paul L, Selhub J, Kipreos ET. Bacterial Folates Provide an Exogenous Signal for C. elegans Germline Stem Cell Proliferation. Dev Cell 2017; 38:33-46. [PMID: 27404357 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe an in vitro primary culture system for Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells. This culture system was used to identify a bacterial folate as a positive regulator of germ cell proliferation. Folates are a family of B-complex vitamins that function in one-carbon metabolism to allow the de novo synthesis of amino acids and nucleosides. We show that germ cell proliferation is stimulated by the folate 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate-Glun both in vitro and in animals. Other folates that can act as vitamins to rescue folate deficiency lack this germ cell stimulatory activity. The bacterial folate precursor dihydropteroate also promotes germ cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, despite its inability to promote one-carbon metabolism. The folate receptor homolog FOLR-1 is required for the stimulation of germ cells by 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate-Glun and dihydropteroate. This work defines a folate and folate-related compound as exogenous signals to modulate germ cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Alexandra S Vagasi
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gaofeng Bi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mohammad M Rahman
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christine Q Nguyen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ligi Paul
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Edward T Kipreos
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line is an important model system for the study of germ stem cells. Wild-type C. elegans germ cells are syncytial and therefore cannot be isolated in in vitro cultures. In contrast, the germ cells from tumorous mutants can be fully cellularized and isolated intact from the mutant animals. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of germ cells from tumorous mutants that allows the germ cells to be maintained for extended periods in an in vitro primary culture. This protocol has been adapted from Chaudhari et al., 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward T Kipreos
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Thomas B, Wolstenholme A, Chaudhari SN, Kipreos ET, Kner P. Enhanced resolution through thick tissue with structured illumination and adaptive optics. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:26006. [PMID: 25714992 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.2.026006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy provides twice the linear resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy, but in thick samples, aberrations degrade the performance and limit the resolution. Here, we demonstrate structured illumination microscopy through 35 μm of tissue using adaptive optics (AO) to correct aberrations resulting in images with a resolution of 140 nm. We report a 60% minimum improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the structured illumination reconstruction through thick tissue by correction with AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thomas
- University of Georgia, College of Engineering, 101 Driftmier Engineering Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Adrian Wolstenholme
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Snehal N Chaudhari
- University of Georgia, Department of Cellular Biology, 724 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Edward T Kipreos
- University of Georgia, Department of Cellular Biology, 724 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Peter Kner
- University of Georgia, College of Engineering, 101 Driftmier Engineering Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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14
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Danner R, Chaudhari SN, Rosenberger J, Surls J, Richie TL, Brumeanu TD, Casares S. Expression of HLA class II molecules in humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO mice is critical for development and function of human T and B cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19826. [PMID: 21611197 PMCID: PMC3096643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized mice able to reconstitute a surrogate human immune system (HIS) can be used for studies on human immunology and may provide a predictive preclinical model for human vaccines prior to clinical trials. However, current humanized mouse models show sub-optimal human T cell reconstitution and limited ability to support immunoglobulin class switching by human B cells. This limitation has been attributed to the lack of expression of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) molecules in mouse lymphoid organs. Recently, humanized mice expressing HLA class I molecules have been generated but showed little improvement in human T cell reconstitution and function of T and B cells. METHODS We have generated NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RγcKO mice expressing HLA class II (HLA-DR4) molecules under the I-E(d) promoter that were infused as adults with HLA-DR-matched human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Littermates lacking expression of HLA-DR4 molecules were used as control. RESULTS HSC-infused HLA-DR4.NOD.Rag1KO.IL-2RγcKO mice developed a very high reconstitution rate (>90%) with long-lived and functional human T and B cells. Unlike previous humanized mouse models reported in the literature and our control mice, the HLA-DR4 expressing mice reconstituted serum levels (natural antibodies) of human IgM, IgG (all four subclasses), IgA, and IgE comparable to humans, and elicited high titers of specific human IgG antibodies upon tetanus toxoid vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the critical role of HLA class II molecules for development of functional human T cells able to support immunoglobulin class switching and efficiently respond to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Danner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Snehal N. Chaudhari
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Rosenberger
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Surls
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teodor-Doru Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Snider MT, Chaudhari SN, Richard RB, Whitcomb DR, Russell GB. Augmentation of CO2 transfer in membrane lungs by the infusion of a metabolizable organic acid. ASAIO Trans 1987; 33:345-51. [PMID: 3118914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Snider
- Department of Anesthesia, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, PA 17033
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