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Kostereva NV, Wang Y, Fletcher DR, Unadkat JV, Schnider JT, Komatsu C, Yang Y, Stolz DB, Davis MR, Plock JA, Gorantla VS. IGF-1 and Chondroitinase ABC Augment Nerve Regeneration after Vascularized Composite Limb Allotransplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156149. [PMID: 27272754 PMCID: PMC4896437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired nerve regeneration and inadequate recovery of motor and sensory function following peripheral nerve repair remain the most significant hurdles to optimal functional and quality of life outcomes in vascularized tissue allotransplantation (VCA). Neurotherapeutics such as Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and chondroitinase ABC (CH) have shown promise in augmenting or accelerating nerve regeneration in experimental models and may have potential in VCA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of low dose IGF-1, CH or their combination (IGF-1+CH) on nerve regeneration following VCA. We used an allogeneic rat hind limb VCA model maintained on low-dose FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy to prevent rejection. Experimental animals received neurotherapeutics administered intra-operatively as multiple intraneural injections. The IGF-1 and IGF-1+CH groups received daily IGF-1 (intramuscular and intraneural injections). Histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate outcomes at five weeks. Overall, compared to controls, all experimental groups showed improvements in nerve and muscle (gastrocnemius) histomorphometry. The IGF-1 group demonstrated superior distal regeneration as confirmed by Schwann cell (SC) immunohistochemistry as well as some degree of extrafascicular regeneration. IGF-1 and CH effectively promote nerve regeneration after VCA as confirmed by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya V. Kostereva
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Trauma Surgery, East Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Derek R. Fletcher
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jignesh V. Unadkat
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonas T. Schnider
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chiaki Komatsu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Davis
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3698 Chambers Road, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan A. Plock
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vijay S. Gorantla
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Growth Hormone Therapy Accelerates Axonal Regeneration, Promotes Motor Reinnervation, and Reduces Muscle Atrophy following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:1771-1780. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tuffaha SH, Singh P, Budihardjo JD, Means KR, Higgins JP, Shores JT, Salvatori R, Höke A, Lee WPA, Brandacher G. Therapeutic augmentation of the growth hormone axis to improve outcomes following peripheral nerve injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1259-65. [PMID: 27192539 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1188079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve injuries often result in debilitating motor and sensory deficits. There are currently no therapeutic agents that are clinically available to enhance the regenerative process. Following surgical repair, axons often must regenerate long distances to reach and reinnervate distal targets. Progressive atrophy of denervated muscle and Schwann cells (SCs) prior to reinnervation contributes to poor outcomes. Growth hormone (GH)-based therapies have the potential to accelerate axonal regeneration while at the same time limiting atrophy of muscle and the distal regenerative pathway prior to reinnervation. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which GH-based therapies act on the multiple tissue types involved in peripheral nerve regeneration to ultimately enhance outcomes, and review the pertinent mechanistic and translational studies that have been performed. We also address potential secondary benefits of GH-based therapies pertaining to improved bone, tendon and wound healing in the setting of peripheral nerve injury. EXPERT OPINION GH-based therapies carry great promise for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, given the multi-modal mechanism of action not seen with other experimental therapies. A number of FDA-approved drugs that augment the GH axis are currently available, which may facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami H Tuffaha
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Prateush Singh
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Joshua D Budihardjo
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Jaimie T Shores
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- c Department of Medicine , Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- d Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - W P Andrew Lee
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Ham TR, Lee RT, Han S, Haque S, Vodovotz Y, Gu J, Burnett LR, Tomblyn S, Saul JM. Tunable Keratin Hydrogels for Controlled Erosion and Growth Factor Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:225-36. [PMID: 26636618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tunable erosion of polymeric materials is an important aspect of tissue engineering for reasons that include cell infiltration, controlled release of therapeutic agents, and ultimately to tissue healing. In general, the biological response to proteinaceous polymeric hydrogels is favorable (e.g., minimal inflammatory response). However, unlike synthetic polymers, achieving tunable erosion with natural materials is a challenge. Keratins are a class of intermediate filament proteins that can be obtained from several sources, including human hair, and have gained increasing levels of use in tissue engineering applications. An important characteristic of keratin proteins is the presence of a large number of cysteine residues. Two classes of keratins with different chemical properties can be obtained by varying the extraction techniques: (1) keratose by oxidative extraction and (2) kerateine by reductive extraction. Cysteine residues of keratose are "capped" by sulfonic acid and are unable to form covalent cross-links upon hydration, whereas cysteine residues of kerateine remain as sulfhydryl groups and spontaneously form covalent disulfide cross-links. Here, we describe a straightforward approach to fabricate keratin hydrogels with tunable rates of erosion by mixing keratose and kerateine. SEM imaging and mechanical testing of freeze-dried materials showed similar pore diameters and compressive moduli, respectively, for each keratose-kerateine mixture formulation (∼1200 kPa for freeze-dried materials and ∼1.5 kPa for hydrogels). However, the elastic modulus (G') determined by rheology varied in proportion with the keratose-kerateine ratios, as did the rate of hydrogel erosion and the release rate of thiol from the hydrogels. The variation in keratose-kerateine ratios also led to tunable control over release rates of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron , Auburn Science and Engineering Center 275, West Tower, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ryan T Lee
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Sangheon Han
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Salma Haque
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University , 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Junnan Gu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University , 2015 Fyffe Court, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Luke R Burnett
- KeraNetics, LLC , 200 East First Street, Box 4, Suite 102, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Seth Tomblyn
- KeraNetics, LLC , 200 East First Street, Box 4, Suite 102, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Justin M Saul
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION: CELL THERAPY AND NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 46:643-9. [PMID: 27027067 PMCID: PMC4799329 DOI: 10.1016/s2255-4971(15)30319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve trauma results in functional loss in the innervated organ, and recovery without surgical intervention is rare. Many surgical techniques can be used for nerve repair. Among these, the tubulization technique can be highlighted: this allows regenerative factors to be introduced into the chamber. Cell therapy and tissue engineering have arisen as an alternative for stimulating and aiding peripheral nerve regeneration. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide a survey and analysis on the results from experimental and clinical studies that used cell therapy and tissue engineering as tools for optimizing the regeneration process. The articles used came from the LILACS, Medline and SciELO scientific databases. Articles on the use of stem cells, Schwann cells, growth factors, collagen, laminin and platelet-rich plasma for peripheral nerve repair were summarized over the course of the review. Based on these studies, it could be concluded that the use of stem cells derived from different sources presents promising results relating to nerve regeneration, because these cells have a capacity for neuronal differentiation, thus demonstrating effective functional results. The use of tubes containing bioactive elements with controlled release also optimizes the nerve repair, thus promoting greater myelination and axonal growth of peripheral nerves. Another promising treatment is the use of platelet-rich plasma, which not only releases growth factors that are important in nerve repair, but also serves as a carrier for exogenous factors, thereby stimulating the proliferation of specific cells for peripheral nerve repair.
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Willoughby CL, Fleuriet J, Walton MM, Mustari MJ, McLoon LK. Adaptability of the Immature Ocular Motor Control System: Unilateral IGF-1 Medial Rectus Treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3484-96. [PMID: 26030103 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Unilateral treatment with sustained release IGF-1 to one medial rectus muscle in infant monkeys was performed to test the hypothesis that strabismus would develop as a result of changes in extraocular muscles during the critical period of development of binocularity. METHODS Sustained release IGF-1 pellets were implanted unilaterally on one medial rectus muscle in normal infant monkeys during the first 2 weeks of life. Eye position was monitored using standard photographic methods. After 3 months of treatment, myofiber and neuromuscular size, myosin composition, and innervation density were quantified in all rectus muscles and compared to those in age-matched controls. RESULTS Sustained unilateral IGF-1 treatments resulted in strabismus for all treated subjects; 3 of the 4 subjects had a clinically significant strabismus of more than 10°. Both the treated medial rectus and the untreated ipsilateral antagonist lateral rectus muscles had significantly larger myofibers. No adaptation in myofiber size occurred in the contralateral functionally yoked lateral rectus or in myosin composition, neuromuscular junction size, or nerve density. CONCLUSIONS Sustained unilateral IGF-1 treatment to extraocular muscles during the sensitive period of development of orthotropic eye alignment and binocularity was sufficient to disturb ocular motor development, resulting in strabismus in infant monkeys. This could be due to altering fusion of gaze during the early sensitive period. Serial measurements of eye alignment suggested the IGF-1-treated infants received insufficient coordinated binocular experience, preventing the establishment of normal eye alignment. Our results uniquely suggest that abnormal signaling by the extraocular muscles may be a cause of strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Willoughby
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jérome Fleuriet
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Mark M Walton
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Michael J Mustari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Han S, Ham TR, Haque S, Sparks JL, Saul JM. Alkylation of human hair keratin for tunable hydrogel erosion and drug delivery in tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2015; 23:201-213. [PMID: 25997587 PMCID: PMC4522204 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials that provide a matrix for cell attachment and proliferation while achieving delivery of therapeutic agents are an important component of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies. Keratins are a class of proteins that have received attention for numerous tissue engineering applications because, like other natural polymers, they promote favorable cell interactions and have non-toxic degradation products. Keratins can be extracted from various sources including human hair, and they are characterized by a high percentage of cysteine residues. Thiol groups on reductively extracted keratin (kerateine) form disulfide bonds, providing a more stable cross-linked hydrogel network than oxidatively extracted keratin (keratose) that cannot form disulfide crosslinks. We hypothesized that an iodoacetamide alkylation (or "capping") of cysteine thiol groups on the kerateine form of keratin could be used as a simple method to modulate the levels of disulfide crosslinking in keratin hydrogels, providing tunable rates of gel erosion and therapeutic agent release. After alkylation, the alkylated kerateines still formed hydrogels and the alkylation led to changes in the mechanical and visco-elastic properties of the materials consistent with loss of disulfide crosslinking. The alkylated kerateines did not lead to toxicity in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. These cells adhered to keratin at levels comparable to fibronectin and greater than collagen. Alkylated kerateine gels eroded more rapidly than non-alkylated kerateine and this control over erosion led to tunable rates of delivery of rhBMP-2, rhIGF-1, and ciprofloxacin. These results demonstrate that alkylation of kerateine cysteine residues provides a cell-compatible approach to tune rates of hydrogel erosion and therapeutic agent release within the context of a naturally-derived polymeric system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangheon Han
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Trevor R Ham
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Auburn Science and Engineering Center 275, West Tower, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Salma Haque
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Justin M Saul
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Polyclonal neural cell adhesion molecule antibody prolongs the effective duration time of botulinum toxin in decreasing muscle strength. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:2019-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Struzyna LA, Harris JP, Katiyar KS, Chen HI, Cullen DK. Restoring nervous system structure and function using tissue engineered living scaffolds. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:679-85. [PMID: 26109930 PMCID: PMC4468747 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.156943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering is premised on the integration of engineered living tissue with the host nervous system to directly restore lost function or to augment regenerative capacity following nervous system injury or neurodegenerative disease. Disconnection of axon pathways – the long-distance fibers connecting specialized regions of the central nervous system or relaying peripheral signals – is a common feature of many neurological disorders and injury. However, functional axonal regeneration rarely occurs due to extreme distances to targets, absence of directed guidance, and the presence of inhibitory factors in the central nervous system, resulting in devastating effects on cognitive and sensorimotor function. To address this need, we are pursuing multiple strategies using tissue engineered “living scaffolds”, which are preformed three-dimensional constructs consisting of living neural cells in a defined, often anisotropic architecture. Living scaffolds are designed to restore function by serving as a living labeled pathway for targeted axonal regeneration – mimicking key developmental mechanisms– or by restoring lost neural circuitry via direct replacement of neurons and axonal tracts. We are currently utilizing preformed living scaffolds consisting of neuronal clusters spanned by long axonal tracts as regenerative bridges to facilitate long-distance axonal regeneration and for targeted neurosurgical reconstruction of local circuits in the brain. Although there are formidable challenges in preclinical and clinical advancement, these living tissue engineered constructs represent a promising strategy to facilitate nervous system repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P Harris
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kritika S Katiyar
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fingolimod induces the transition to a nerve regeneration promoting Schwann cell phenotype. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:25-35. [PMID: 25957629 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Successful regeneration of injured peripheral nerves is mainly attributed to the plastic behavior of Schwann cells. Upon loss of axons, these cells trans-differentiate into regeneration promoting repair cells which provide trophic support to regrowing axons. Among others, activation of cJun was revealed to be involved in this process, initiating the stereotypic pattern of Schwann cell phenotype alterations during Wallerian degeneration. Nevertheless, the ability of Schwann cells to adapt and therefore the nerve's potential to regenerate can be limited in particular after long term denervation or in neuropathies leading to incomplete regeneration only and thus emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Here we stimulated primary neonatal and adult rat Schwann cells with Fingolimod/FTY720P and investigated its impact on the regeneration promoting phenotype. FTY720P activated a number of de-differentiation markers including cJun and interfered with maturation marker and myelin expression. Functionally, FTY720P treated Schwann cells upregulated growth factor expression and these cells enhanced dorsal root ganglion neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates. Our results therefore provide strong evidence that FTY720P application supports the generation of a repair promoting cellular phenotype and suggest that Fingolimod could be used as treatment for peripheral nerve injuries and diseases.
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The effects of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 on motor system form and function. Exp Gerontol 2015; 64:81-6. [PMID: 25681641 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we review the effects of selected anabolic hormones on the motoric system and speculate on the role these hormones may have on influencing muscle and physical function via their impact on the nervous system. Both muscle strength and anabolic hormone levels decline around middle age into old age over a similar time period, and several animal and human studies indicate that exogenously increasing anabolic hormones (e.g., testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) in aged subjects is positively associated with improved muscle strength. While most studies in humans have focused on the effects of anabolic hormones on muscle growth, few have considered the impact these hormones have on the motoric system. However, data from animals demonstrate that administering either testosterone or IGF-1 to cells of the central and peripheral motor system can increase cell excitability, attenuate atrophic changes, and improve regenerative capacity of motor neurons. While these studies do not directly indicate that changes in anabolic hormones contribute to reduced human performance in the elderly (e.g., muscle weakness and physical limitations), they do suggest that additional research is warranted along these lines.
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Sakai S, Suzuki M, Tashiro Y, Tanaka K, Takeda S, Aizawa K, Hirata M, Yogo K, Endo K. Vitamin D receptor signaling enhances locomotive ability in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:128-36. [PMID: 25043694 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone fractures markedly reduce quality of life and life expectancy in elderly people. Although osteoporosis increases bone fragility, fractures frequently occur in patients with normal bone mineral density. Because most fractures occur on falling, preventing falls is another focus for reducing bone fractures. In this study, we investigated the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling in locomotive ability. In the rotarod test, physical exercise enhanced locomotive ability of wild-type (WT) mice by 1.6-fold, whereas exercise did not enhance locomotive ability of VDR knockout (KO) mice. Compared with WT mice, VDR KO mice had smaller peripheral nerve axonal diameter and disordered AChR morphology on the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Eldecalcitol (ED-71, ELD), an analog of 1,25(OH)2 D3 , administered to rotarod-trained C57BL/6 mice enhanced locomotor performance compared with vehicle-treated nontrained mice. The area of AChR cluster on the extensor digitorum longus was greater in ELD-treated mice than in vehicle-treated mice. ELD and 1,25(OH)2 D3 enhanced expression of IGF-1, myelin basic protein, and VDR in rat primary Schwann cells. VDR signaling regulates neuromuscular maintenance and enhances locomotive ability after physical exercise. Further investigation is required, but Schwann cells and the neuromuscular junction are targets of vitamin D3 signaling in locomotive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaoki Sakai
- Product Research Department, Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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Struzyna LA, Katiyar K, Cullen DK. Living scaffolds for neuroregeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2014; 18:308-318. [PMID: 28736499 PMCID: PMC5520662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineers are exploiting key mechanisms responsible for neural cell migration and axonal path finding during embryonic development to create living scaffolds for neuroregeneration following injury and disease. These mechanisms involve the combined use of haptotactic, chemotactic, and mechanical cues to direct cell movement and re-growth. Living scaffolds provide these cues through the use of cells engineered in a predefined architecture, generally in combination with biomaterial strategies. Although several hurdles exist in the implementation of living regenerative scaffolds, there are considerable therapeutic advantages to using living cells in conjunction with biomaterials. The leading contemporary living scaffolds for neurorepair are utilizing aligned glial cells and neuronal/axonal tracts to direct regenerating axons across damaged tissue to appropriate targets, and in some cases to directly replace the function of lost cells. Future advances in technology, including the use of exogenous stimulation and genetically engineered stem cells, will further the potential of living scaffolds and drive a new era of personalized medicine for neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kritika Katiyar
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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64
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Stemkowski PL, Zamponi GW. The tao of IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor receptor activation increases pain by enhancing T-type calcium channel activity. Sci Signal 2014; 7:pe23. [PMID: 25292211 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are important players in the transmission of pain signals in the primary afferent pathway. Indeed, inhibiting or depleting T-type calcium channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons mediates analgesia. Conversely, nerve injury or peripheral inflammation have been shown to induce T-type calcium channel activity in DRG neurons, and this in turn has been linked to the development of chronic pain states. The mechanisms that underlie this enhancement of T-type channels remain incompletely understood and may include changes in channel stability in the plasma membrane or alterations in channel function. In this issue of Science Signaling, Zhang and colleagues identify a cell signaling pathway that potently regulates T-type calcium channel activity in afferent neurons and link this process to pain hypersensitivity. Specifically, they show that insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors in DRG neurons mediate a protein kinase C α (PKCα)-dependent enhancement of T-type calcium currents and that interfering with this pathway reduces both mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity in rodents. Targeting this process offers a new avenue for developing pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Stemkowski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Gonzalez-Freire M, de Cabo R, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. The Neuromuscular Junction: Aging at the Crossroad between Nerves and Muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:208. [PMID: 25157231 PMCID: PMC4127816 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength and a decline in neurophysiological functions. Age-related neuromuscular junction (NMJ) plays a key role in musculoskeletal impairment that occurs with aging. However, whether changes in the NMJ precede or follow the decline of muscle mass and strength remains unresolved. Many factors such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, changes in the innervation of muscle fibers, and mechanical properties of the motor units probably perform an important role in NMJ degeneration and muscle mass and strength decline in late life. This review addresses the primary events that might lead to NMJ dysfunction with aging, including studies on biomarkers, signaling pathways, and animal models. Interventions such as caloric restriction and exercise may positively affect the NMJ through this mechanism and attenuate the age-related progressive impairment in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
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66
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Kuffler DP. An assessment of current techniques for inducing axon regeneration and neurological recovery following peripheral nerve trauma. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bagriyanik H, Ersoy N, Cetinkaya C, Ikizoglu E, Kutri D, Ozcana T, Kamanga L, Kiray M. The effects of resveratrol on chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 561:123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wu YN, Wu CC, Sheu MT, Chen KC, Ho HO, Chiang HS. Optimization of platelet-rich plasma and its effects on the recovery of erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E294-E304. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-No Wu
- PhD Programme in Nutrition and Food Science; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy; Taipei Medical University; Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Wu
- Department of Urology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taiwan
| | | | - Kuo-Chiang Chen
- PhD Programme in Nutrition and Food Science; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Urology; Cathay General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- School of Pharmacy; Taipei Medical University; Taiwan
| | - Han-Sun Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Urology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taiwan
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García Medrano B, Barrio Sanz P, Simón Pérez C, León Andrino A, Garrosa García M, Martín Ferrero MA, Gayoso Rodríguez MJ. [Regeneration of critical injuries of the peripheral nerve with growth factors]. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2013; 57:162-9. [PMID: 23746913 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This project aims to study the regeneration of non-repairable lesions of peripheral nerve by muscle grafts enhanced with growth factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was carried out in two phases. The first one compared direct suture of a critical defect in the sciatic nerve of ten rats, with the interposition of autologous muscle graft, denatured by heat, in another ten. The second phase compared ten rats with nerve repair using an acellular muscle graft, with injection of 2cc of IGF-1 (10mg/ml mecasermin, Injectable solution) into the acellular graft of another ten. A clinical and functional follow-up was carried out including, ambulation, footprint measurement, and "grasping test". . The animals were sacrificed at 90-100 days, and samples obtained for macro- and microscopic studies with toluidine blue, haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. RESULTS The first experiment showed the characteristic findings of nerve tissue in muscle graft level sections. The second was an enhancement of the results: post-surgical clinical improvement, early ambulation, decrease in the rate of pressure ulcers in toes, recovery of the footprint, and increasing the percentage of nerve endings in distal sciatic regeneration (47-62%). CONCLUSIONS In this study the experimental and clinical possibilities of nerve defect repair by denatured muscle are demonstrated, confirming the suitability of the technique. Furthermore, it confirms our hypothesis with clinical and cellular determinations enriched by the addition of growth factors that promote nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García Medrano
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Kilic A, Ojo B, Rajfer RA, Konopka G, Hagg D, Jang E, Akelina Y, Mao JJ, Rosenwasser MP, Tang P. Effect of white adipose tissue flap and insulin-like growth factor-1 on nerve regeneration in rats. Microsurgery 2013; 33:367-75. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Kilic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Bukola Ojo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | | | - Geoffrey Konopka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Daniel Hagg
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Columbia University College of Dental Medicine; New York NY
| | - Eugene Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Yelena Akelina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Columbia University College of Dental Medicine; New York NY
| | | | - Peter Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
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Regeneration of critical injuries of the peripheral nerve with growth factors. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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IGF-1 antibody prolongs the effective duration time of botulinum toxin in decreasing muscle strength. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9051-61. [PMID: 23698763 PMCID: PMC3676772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type-A (Btx-A), a powerful therapeutic tool in various medical specialties, requires repeated injections to maintain its effect. Therefore, novel methods to prolong the effective duration time of Btx-A are highly needed. Rats were assigned to three major groups: control group (n = 30), Btx-A group (n = 30), and IGF-1 Ab groups. IGF-1 Ab groups were composed by sub-groups A1-A5 (each has 25 rats) for the subsequent IGF-1Ab dose-effect study. Muscle strength was determined by a survey system for rat lower limbs nerve and muscle function. Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP5), and growth-associated protein, 43-kDa (GAP43) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and Western blot. We found that Btx-A decreased the muscle strength, with a paralysis maintained for 70 days. IGF-1Ab prolonged the effective duration time of Btx-A. Real-time PCRs and Western blot showed that IGF-1Ab delayed the increase of MuSK and IGFBP5 after Btx-A injection, without affecting GAP43. These results indicate that IGF-1Ab might prolong the effective duration time of Btx-A on muscle strength through delaying the increase of MuSK. It would be interesting to determine whether IGF-1Ab can be used as an auxiliary measure to the Btx-A treatment in the future.
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Ben Ammar A, Soltanzadeh P, Bauché S, Richard P, Goillot E, Herbst R, Gaudon K, Huzé C, Schaeffer L, Yamanashi Y, Higuchi O, Taly A, Koenig J, Leroy JP, Hentati F, Najmabadi H, Kahrizi K, Ilkhani M, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Hantaï D. A mutation causes MuSK reduced sensitivity to agrin and congenital myasthenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53826. [PMID: 23326516 PMCID: PMC3541344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting neuromuscular transmission. The agrin/muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) pathway is critical for proper development and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We report here an Iranian patient in whom CMS was diagnosed since he presented with congenital and fluctuating bilateral symmetric ptosis, upward gaze palsy and slowly progressive muscle weakness leading to loss of ambulation. Genetic analysis of the patient revealed a homozygous missense mutation c.2503A>G in the coding sequence of MUSK leading to the p.Met835Val substitution. The mutation was inherited from the two parents who were heterozygous according to the notion of consanguinity. Immunocytochemical and electron microscopy studies of biopsied deltoid muscle showed dramatic changes in pre- and post-synaptic elements of the NMJs. These changes induced a process of denervation/reinnervation in native NMJs and the formation, by an adaptive mechanism, of newly formed and ectopic NMJs. Aberrant axonal outgrowth, decreased nerve terminal ramification and nodal axonal sprouting were also noted. In vivo electroporation of the mutated MuSK in a mouse model showed disorganized NMJs and aberrant axonal growth reproducing a phenotype similar to that observed in the patient's biopsy specimen. In vitro experiments showed that the mutation alters agrin-dependent acetylcholine receptor aggregation, causes a constitutive activation of MuSK and a decrease in its agrin- and Dok-7-dependent phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Agrin/metabolism
- Animals
- Child
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/genetics
- Muscle Weakness/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/physiopathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Mutation, Missense
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/genetics
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/metabolism
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/physiopathology
- Neuromuscular Junction/genetics
- Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Junction/physiopathology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ben Ammar
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Neuropathologie, Institut National de Neurologie, Université Tunis El Manar, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Payam Soltanzadeh
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bauché
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Richard
- APHP, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Goillot
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen Gaudon
- APHP, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Huzé
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Higuchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jeanine Koenig
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Leroy
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fayçal Hentati
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Neuropathologie, Institut National de Neurologie, Université Tunis El Manar, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Manouchehr Ilkhani
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Michel Fardeau
- Unité de Morphologie Neuromusculaire, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- APHP, Centre de Référence en Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hantaï
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- APHP, Centre de Référence en Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Tsai SW, Tung YT, Chen HL, Shen CJ, Chuang CH, Tang TY, Chen CM. Treadmill running upregulates the expression of acetylcholine receptor in rat gastrocnemius following botulinum toxin A injection. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:125-31. [PMID: 22733692 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Treadmill running is a commonly used training method for patients with spasticity to improve functional performance. Botulinum toxin has been widely used therapeutically to reduce contraction force of spastic muscle. However, the effects of treadmill running in neuromuscular junction expression and motor unit physiology on muscle following botulinum toxin injection are not well established. To assess the effects of treadmill running on neuromuscular recovery of gastrocnemius following botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection, we observed changes in gene expression. We hypothesized that the expression of acetylcholine receptor (AChR), myogenesis, and nerve plasticity could be enhanced. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats received botulinum toxin injection in right gastrocnemius and were then randomly assigned into untrained control and treadmill running groups. The rats assigned to the treadmill running group were trained on a treadmill 3 times/week with a running speed of 15 m/min for 8 weeks. The duration of training was 20 min per session. Muscle strength and gene expression of AChR subunit (α, β, δ, γ, and ε), MyoD, Myf-5, MRF4, myogenin, p21, IGF-1, GAP43, were analyzed. Treadmill running had no influence on gastrocnemius mass, but improved the maximal contraction force of the gastrocnemius in the treadmill running group (p < 0.05). Upregulation of GAP-43, IGF-1, Myo-D, Myf-5, myogenin, and AChR subunits α and β were found following treadmill running. The expression of genes associated with neurite and AChR regeneration following treadmill exercise was upregulated, which may have contributed to enhanced recovery of gastrocnemius strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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75
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Wu C, Wu Y, Ho H, Chen K, Sheu M, Chiang H. The Neuroprotective Effect of Platelet‐rich Plasma on Erectile Function in Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury Rat Model. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2838-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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76
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Specificity of peripheral nerve regeneration: interactions at the axon level. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:16-37. [PMID: 22609046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves injuries result in paralysis, anesthesia and lack of autonomic control of the affected body areas. After injury, axons distal to the lesion are disconnected from the neuronal body and degenerate, leading to denervation of the peripheral organs. Wallerian degeneration creates a microenvironment distal to the injury site that supports axonal regrowth, while the neuron body changes in phenotype to promote axonal regeneration. The significance of axonal regeneration is to replace the degenerated distal nerve segment, and achieve reinnervation of target organs and restitution of their functions. However, axonal regeneration does not always allows for adequate functional recovery, so that after a peripheral nerve injury, patients do not recover normal motor control and fine sensibility. The lack of specificity of nerve regeneration, in terms of motor and sensory axons regrowth, pathfinding and target reinnervation, is one the main shortcomings for recovery. Key factors for successful axonal regeneration include the intrinsic changes that neurons suffer to switch their transmitter state to a pro-regenerative state and the environment that the axons find distal to the lesion site. The molecular mechanisms implicated in axonal regeneration and pathfinding after injury are complex, and take into account the cross-talk between axons and glial cells, neurotrophic factors, extracellular matrix molecules and their receptors. The aim of this review is to look at those interactions, trying to understand if some of these molecular factors are specific for motor and sensory neuron growth, and provide the basic knowledge for potential strategies to enhance and guide axonal regeneration and reinnervation of adequate target organs.
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77
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Devesa P, Gelabert M, Gonźlez-Mosquera T, Gallego R, Relova JL, Devesa J, Arce VM. Growth hormone treatment enhances the functional recovery of sciatic nerves after transection and repair. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:385-92. [PMID: 22334173 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although nerves can spontaneously regenerate in the peripheral nervous system without treatment, functional recovery is generally poor, and thus there is a need for strategies to improve nerve regeneration. METHODS The left sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected and immediately repaired by epineurial sutures. Rats were then assigned to one of two experimental groups treated with either growth hormone (GH) or saline for 8 weeks. Sciatic nerve regeneration was estimated by histological evaluation, nerve conduction tests, and rotarod and treadmill performance. RESULTS GH-treated rats showed increased cellularity at the lesion site together with more abundant immunoreactive axons and Schwann cells. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude was also higher in these animals, and CMAP latency was significantly lower. Treadmill performance increased in rats receiving GH. CONCLUSION GH enhanced the functional recovery of the damaged nerves, thus supporting the use of GH treatment, alone or combined with other therapeutic approaches, in promoting nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco 1, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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78
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Aging profoundly delays functional recovery from gustatory nerve injury. Neuroscience 2012; 209:208-18. [PMID: 22387273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral taste system remains plastic during adulthood. Sectioning the chorda tympani (CT) nerve, which sends sensory information from the anterior tongue to the central nervous system, causes degeneration of distal fibers and target taste buds. However, taste function is restored after about 40 days in young adult rodents. We tested whether aging impacts the reappearance of neural responses after unilateral CT nerve injury. Taste bud regeneration was minimal at day 50-65 after denervation, and most aged animals died before functional recovery could be assessed. A subset (n=3/5) of old rats exhibited normal CT responses at day 85 postsectioning, suggesting the potential for efficient recovery. The aged taste system is fairly resilient to sensory receptor loss and major functional changes in normal aging. However, injury to the taste system reveals a surprising vulnerability in old rodents. The gustatory system provides an excellent model to study mechanisms underlying delayed recovery from peripheral nerve injury. Strategies to accelerate recovery and restore normal function will be of interest, as the elderly population continues to grow.
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79
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Sowa Y, Imura T, Numajiri T, Nishino K, Fushiki S. Adipose-derived stem cells produce factors enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration: influence of age and anatomic site of origin. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1852-62. [PMID: 22150084 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are attracting increased attention as a novel source in regenerative medicine. Transplantation of ADSCs promotes functional recovery in animal models of peripheral nerve injury, but the mechanism of enhanced nerve regeneration remains to be elucidated. In addition, it is important to examine whether the supportive functions of ADSCs are dependent on donor age or anatomic site of origin. In this study, we examined the effects of factors produced by mouse ADSCs on Schwann cells (SCs) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro and compared these effects among ADSCs from donors of different age and from different anatomic regions. ADSC-derived soluble factors supported survival and proliferation of SCs and promoted neurite outgrowth in DRG neurons. These beneficial effects were far superior to that of factors from 3T3-L1 cells and comparable to those of SC- and astrocyte (AC)-derived factors. ADSCs from different sources similarly retained their neurotrophic activity. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses demonstrated that ADSCs produced various growth factors, some of which were more abundant than in SCs and ACs. These results suggest that ADSCs promote peripheral nerve regeneration partly through paracrine secretion of trophic factors and regardless of donor age or anatomic site of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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80
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Hu W, Yang M, Chang J, Shen Z, Gu T, Deng A, Gu X. Laser doppler perfusion imaging of skin territory to reflect autonomic functional recovery following sciatic nerve autografting repair in rats. Microsurgery 2012; 32:136-43. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjian Chang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Shen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Gu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aidong Deng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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81
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Saceda J, Isla A, Santiago S, Morales C, Odene C, Hernández B, Deniz K. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on peripheral nerve regeneration: Experimental work on the ulnar nerve of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:146-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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82
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Laing AC, Cox R, Tetzlaff W, Oxland T. Effects of advanced age on the morphometry and degenerative state of the cervical spine in a rat model. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1326-36. [PMID: 21714115 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes changes in the geometry of the human cervical spine that may influence the tissue response to applied loads. Rat models are often used to study spinal cord injuries (SCI) and have the potential to enhance our understanding of the effect of age on SCI. The goal of this study was to characterize the morphometry and degenerative state of the cervical spine in Fisher 344 rats, and to determine the influence of age on these variables. Fifteen rats were split into three age groups: young adult (3 months of age), aged (12-18 months) and geriatric (30 months). Following tissue harvest we used a μCT scanner to image the cervical and upper thoracic spine from each specimen. Analysis software was used to measure variables including canal pinch diameter (the most rostral point on the dorsal aspect of a vertebral body to the most caudal aspect of the lamina on the immediately rostral vertebra), vertebral canal depth, width, and area, vertebral body height, depth, width, and area, and intervertebral disc thickness. Orthopaedic surgeons used midsagittal images to rate the degenerative state of the intervertebral discs. For all measures except disc thickness there was a significant increase (mean (SD) = 15.0 (9.7)%) for the aged compared to young specimens (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between the aged and geriatric specimens for only vertebral body depth (P = 0.016) and area (P = 0.020). Intervertebral disc degeneration was significantly greater on the ventral aspect of the spinal column (P < 0.001), with a trend toward increased degeneration in the geriatric specimens (P = 0.069). The results suggest that age-related morphometric differences may need to be accounted for in experimental aging models of SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Laing
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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83
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Deschenes MR, Roby MA, Glass EK. Aging influences adaptations of the neuromuscular junction to endurance training. Neuroscience 2011; 190:56-66. [PMID: 21683772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This investigation sought to determine if aging affected adaptations of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to exercise training. Twenty young adult (8 months) and 20 aged (24 months) rats were assigned to either a program of treadmill exercise, or sedentary conditions. Following the 10-week experimental period, rats were euthanized, and soleus and plantaris muscles were removed and frozen. Longitudinal sections of the muscles were fluorescently stained to visualize pre-synaptic nerve terminals and post-synaptic endplates on both slow- and fast-twitch fibers. Images were collected with confocal microscopy and quantified. Muscle cross-sections were histochemically stained to assess muscle fiber profiles (size and fiber type). Our analysis of NMJs revealed a high degree of specificity and sensitivity to aging, exercise training, and their interaction. In the soleus, slow-twitch NMJs demonstrated significant (P ≤ 0.05) training-induced adaptations in young adult, but not aged rats. In the fast-twitch NMJs of the soleus, aging, but not training, was associated with remodeling. In the plantaris, aging, but not training, remodeled the predominant fast-twitch NMJs, but only pre-synaptically. In contrast, the slow-twitch NMJs of the plantaris displayed morphologic adaptations to both aging and exercise in pre- and post-synaptic components. Muscle fiber profiles indicated that changes in NMJ size were unrelated to adaptations of their fibers. Our data show that aging interferes with the ability of NMJs to adapt to exercise training. Results also reveal complexity in the coordination of synaptic responses among different muscles, and different fiber types within muscles, in their adaptation to aging and exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Deschenes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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84
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Yu W, Wang J, Yin J. Platelet-rich plasma: a promising product for treatment of peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:176-80. [PMID: 21244302 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.544432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nerve regeneration includes regrowth of injured axons as well as myelination, restoration of synaptic connections and recovery of physiological functions. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is prepared from the patient's own blood and contains growth factors that influence wound healing and used in various surgical fields including oral and maxillofacial surgery. When platelets are activated either ex vivo or in vivo, growth factors and proteins were released from platelets' alpha granules. Recent studies proved that PRP could promote regeneration of injured peripheral nerve. This review focuses on current trials using PRP to promote nerve regeneration and repairment, and proposes potential clinical application of PRP for nerve injury in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenJun Yu
- Division of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
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85
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Martínez de Albornoz P, Delgado PJ, Forriol F, Maffulli N. Non-surgical therapies for peripheral nerve injury. Br Med Bull 2011; 100:73-100. [PMID: 21429947 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-surgical approaches have been developed to enhance nerve recovery, which are complementary to surgery and are an adjunct to the reinnervation process. SOURCES OF DATA A search of PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, DH data and Embase databases was performed using the keywords 'peripheral nerve injury' and 'treatment'. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Most of the conservative therapies are focused to control neuropathic pain after nerve tissue damage. Only physical therapy modalities have been studied in humans and their effectiveness is not proved. GROWING POINTS Many modalities have been experimented with to promote nerve healing and restore function in animal models and in vitro studies. Despite this, none have been actually translated into clinical practice. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The hypotheses proved in animals and in vitro should be translated to human clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martínez de Albornoz
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, FREMAP Hospital, Ctra de Pozuelo 61, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Henriques A, Pitzer C, Schneider A. Neurotrophic growth factors for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: where do we stand? Front Neurosci 2010; 4:32. [PMID: 20592948 PMCID: PMC2902233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive loss of motoneurons, motor weakness and death within 3–5 years after disease onset. Therapeutic options remain limited despite substantial number of approaches that have been tested clinically. Many neurotrophic growth factors are known to promote the survival of neurons and foster regeneration in the central nervous system. Various neurotrophic factors have been investigated pre-clinically and clinically for the treatment of ALS. Although pre-clinical data appeared promising, no neurotrophic factors succeeded yet in a clinical phase III trial. In this review we discuss the rationale behind those factors, possible reasons for clinical failures, and argue for a renewal of hope in this powerful class of drugs for the treatment of ALS.
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