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Varela-Martínez E, Bilbao-Arribas M, Abendaño N, Asín J, Pérez M, de Andrés D, Luján L, Jugo BM. Whole transcriptome approach to evaluate the effect of aluminium hydroxide in ovine encephalon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15240. [PMID: 32943671 PMCID: PMC7498608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium hydroxide adjuvants are crucial for livestock and human vaccines. Few studies have analysed their effect on the central nervous system in vivo. In this work, lambs received three different treatments of parallel subcutaneous inoculations during 16 months with aluminium-containing commercial vaccines, an equivalent dose of aluminium hydroxide or mock injections. Brain samples were sequenced by RNA-seq and miRNA-seq for the expression analysis of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs and three expression comparisons were made. Although few differentially expressed genes were identified, some dysregulated genes by aluminium hydroxide alone were linked to neurological functions, the lncRNA TUNA among them, or were enriched in mitochondrial energy metabolism related functions. In the same way, the miRNA expression was mainly disrupted by the adjuvant alone treatment. Some differentially expressed miRNAs had been previously linked to neurological diseases, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In brief, in this study aluminium hydroxide alone altered the transcriptome of the encephalon to a higher degree than commercial vaccines that present a milder effect. The expression changes in the animals inoculated with aluminium hydroxide suggest mitochondrial disfunction. Further research is needed to elucidate to which extent these changes could have pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endika Varela-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Martin Bilbao-Arribas
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Naiara Abendaño
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Gov. Navarra), Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Begoña M Jugo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
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Kinoshita C, Okamoto Y, Aoyama K, Nakaki T. MicroRNA: A Key Player for the Interplay of Circadian Rhythm Abnormalities, Sleep Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:282-307. [PMID: 33089205 PMCID: PMC7573810 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24-h oscillators that regulate the sleep/wake cycles and the timing of biological systems to optimize physiology and behavior for the environmental day/night cycles. The systems are basically generated by transcription-translation feedback loops combined with post-transcriptional and post-translational modification. Recently, evidence is emerging that additional non-coding RNA-based mechanisms are also required to maintain proper clock function. MicroRNA is an especially important factor that plays critical roles in regulating circadian rhythm as well as many other physiological functions. Circadian misalignment not only disturbs the sleep/wake cycle and rhythmic physiological activity but also contributes to the development of various diseases, such as sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The patient with neurodegenerative diseases often experiences profound disruptions in their circadian rhythms and/or sleep/wake cycles. In addition, a growing body of recent evidence implicates sleep disorders as an early symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, and also suggests that abnormalities in the circadian system lead to the onset and expression of neurodegenerative diseases. The genetic mutations which cause the pathogenesis of familial neurodegenerative diseases have been well studied; however, with the exception of Huntington's disease, the majority of neurodegenerative diseases are sporadic. Interestingly, the dysfunction of microRNA is increasingly recognized as a cause of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases through the deregulated genes related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, some of which are the causative genes of familial neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the interplay of circadian rhythm disruption, sleep disorders and neurodegenerative disease, and its relation to microRNA, a key regulator of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Yayoi Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.); (K.A.)
- Teikyo University Support Center for Women Physicians and Researchers, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.); (K.A.)
| | - Toshio Nakaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.); (K.A.)
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Extracellular vesicles and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from misfolded protein vehicles to promising clinical biomarkers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:561-572. [PMID: 32803397 PMCID: PMC7872995 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small reservoirs of different molecules and important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. As putative vehicles of misfolded protein propagation between cells, they have drawn substantial attention in the field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, exosome-mediated non-coding RNA delivery may play a crucial role in ALS, given the relevance of RNA homeostasis in disease pathogenesis. Since EVs can enter the systemic circulation and are easily detectable in patients’ biological fluids, they have generated broad interest both as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as valuable tools in understanding disease pathogenesis. Here, after a brief introduction on biogenesis and functions of EVs, we aim to investigate their role in neurodegenerative disorders, especially ALS. Specifically, we focus on the main findings supporting EV-mediated protein and RNA transmission in ALS in vitro and in vivo models. Then, we provide an overview of clinical applications of EVs, summarizing the most relevant studies able to detect EVs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients, underlying their potential use in aiding diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we explore the therapeutic applications of EVs in ALS, either as targets or as vehicles of proteins, nucleic acids and molecular drugs.
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54
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Rzeszutek I, Singh A. Small RNAs, Big Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5699. [PMID: 32784829 PMCID: PMC7460979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen extensive research done to pinpoint the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) that have led to discovering thousands of miRNAs in humans. It is not, therefore, surprising to see many of them implicated in a number of common as well as rare human diseases. In this review article, we summarize the progress in our understanding of miRNA-related research in conjunction with different types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their potential in generating more reliable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rzeszutek
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aditi Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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55
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Banack SA, Dunlop RA, Cox PA. An miRNA fingerprint using neural-enriched extracellular vesicles from blood plasma: towards a biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Open Biol 2020; 10:200116. [PMID: 32574550 PMCID: PMC7333885 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) are currently not clinically available for disease diagnosis or analysis of disease progression. If identified, biomarkers could improve patient outcomes by enabling early intervention and assist in the determination of treatment efficacy. We hypothesized that neural-enriched extracellular vesicles could provide microRNA (miRNA) fingerprints with unequivocal signatures of neurodegeneration. Using blood plasma from ALS/MND patients and controls, we extracted neural-enriched extracellular vesicle fractions and conducted next-generation sequencing and qPCR of miRNA components of the transcriptome. We here report eight miRNA sequences which significantly distinguish ALS/MND patients from controls in a replicated experiment using a second cohort of patients and controls. miRNA sequences from patient blood samples using neural-enriched extracellular vesicles may yield unique insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration and assist in early diagnosis of ALS/MND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, PO Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - Rachael Anne Dunlop
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, PO Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, PO Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
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56
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MicroRNA-5572 Is a Novel MicroRNA-Regulating SLC30A3 in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124482. [PMID: 32599739 PMCID: PMC7350020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degenerative disease caused by the loss of motor neurons. Although the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS (sALS) remains unclear, it has recently been suggested that disorders of microRNA (miRNA) may be involved in neurodegenerative conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate miRNA levels in sALS and the target genes of miRNA. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed significantly-decreased levels of miR-139-5p and significantly increased levels of miR-5572 in the spinal cords of sALS patients compared with those in controls. We then focused on miR-5572, which has not been reported in ALS, and determined its target gene. By using TargetScan, we predicted SLC30A3 as the candidate target gene of miR-5572. In a previous study, we found decreased SLC30A3 levels in the spinal cords of sALS patients. We revealed that SLC30A3 was regulated by miR-5572. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the level of novel miRNA miR-5572 is increased in sALS and that SLC30A3 is one of the target genes regulated by miR-5572.
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Pham J, Keon M, Brennan S, Saksena N. Connecting RNA-Modifying Similarities of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 with MicroRNA Dysregulation Amidst A Renewed Network Perspective of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Proteinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103464. [PMID: 32422969 PMCID: PMC7278980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond traditional approaches in understanding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple recent studies in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)-including transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS)-have instigated an interest in their function and prion-like properties. Given their prominence as hallmarks of a highly heterogeneous disease, this prompts a re-examination of the specific functional interrelationships between these proteins, especially as pathological SOD1-a non-RBP commonly associated with familial ALS (fALS)-exhibits similar properties to these RBPs including potential RNA-regulatory capabilities. Moreover, the cytoplasmic mislocalization, aggregation, and co-aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 can be identified as proteinopathies akin to other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), eliciting strong ties to disrupted RNA splicing, transport, and stability. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been increasingly implicated in the disease, and are of greater significance as they are the master regulators of RNA metabolism in disease pathology. However, little is known about the role of these proteins and how they are regulated by miRNA, which would provide mechanistic insights into ALS pathogenesis. This review seeks to discuss current developments across TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 to build a detailed snapshot of the network pathophysiology underlying ALS while aiming to highlight possible novel therapeutic targets to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia;
| | - Matt Keon
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Samuel Brennan
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Nitin Saksena
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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58
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Christoforidou E, Joilin G, Hafezparast M. Potential of activated microglia as a source of dysregulated extracellular microRNAs contributing to neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:135. [PMID: 32345319 PMCID: PMC7187511 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron degeneration in adults, and several mechanisms underlying the disease pathology have been proposed. It has been shown that glia communicate with other cells by releasing extracellular vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which play a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNAs is commonly observed in ALS patients, together with inflammation and an altered microglial phenotype. However, the role of miRNA-containing vesicles in microglia-to-neuron communication in the context of ALS has not been explored in depth. This review summarises the evidence for the presence of inflammation, pro-inflammatory microglia and dysregulated miRNAs in ALS, then explores how microglia may potentially be responsible for this miRNA dysregulation. The possibility of pro-inflammatory ALS microglia releasing miRNAs which may then enter neuronal cells to contribute to degeneration is also explored. Based on the literature reviewed here, microglia are a likely source of dysregulated miRNAs and potential mediators of neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, dysregulated miRNAs may be promising candidates for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greig Joilin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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59
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Wang L, Zhang L. Circulating MicroRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Motor Neuron Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:354. [PMID: 32372911 PMCID: PMC7177050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a kind of neurodegenerative disease that selectively invades spinal cord anterior horn cells, brainstem motor neurons, cortical pyramidal cells and the pyramidal tract. The main clinical features are the symptoms and signs of impaired upper and lower motor neurons, manifested as muscle weakness, atrophy and pyramidal tract signs. Histopathology has shown the disappearance of pyramidal cells in the motor cortex, loss of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and brainstem, and degeneration of the corticospinal tract. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis is generally poor, so it is of great significance to confirm the diagnosis early by various means. However, the current diagnosis of MND mainly relies on the combination of clinical manifestations and neurophysiological examinations, lacking effective means of early diagnosis. Circulating microRNA (CmiRNA) is a kind of stable miRNA molecule in serum, plasma and other body fluids, which has the characteristics of distinct differential expression, sensitive detection and convenient sample collection. As a possible new biomarker of MND, CmiRNA can not only reveal the pathophysiological process of MND, but also monitor disease progression and response to drug therapy. With the development of miRNA detection technology, more and more CmiRNAs as biomarkers with potential diagnostic value have been investigated. In this review, we explored the possibility of circulating samples as different sources of biomarkers for the diagnosis of MND, analyzing the progress of CmiRNA detection techniques, and presenting potential diagnostic MND biomarkers that have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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60
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De Luna N, Turon-Sans J, Cortes-Vicente E, Carrasco-Rozas A, Illán-Gala I, Dols-Icardo O, Clarimón J, Lleó A, Gallardo E, Illa I, Rojas-García R. Downregulation of miR-335-5P in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Can Contribute to Neuronal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4308. [PMID: 32152380 PMCID: PMC7062873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease for which the pathophysiological mechanisms of motor neuron loss are not precisely clarified. Environmental and epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNAs (miRNAs) could have a role in disease progression. We studied the expression pattern of miRNAs in ALS serum from 60 patients and 29 healthy controls. We also analyzed how deregulated miRNAs found in serum affected cellular pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy and mitochondrial physiology in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that miR-335-5p was downregulated in ALS serum. SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with a specific inhibitor of miR-335-5p and showed abnormal mitochondrial morphology, with an increment of reactive species of oxygen and superoxide dismutase activity. Pro-apoptotic caspases-3 and 7 also showed an increased activity in transfected cells. The downregulation of miR-335-5p, which has an effect on mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells could have a role in the motor neuron loss observed in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi De Luna
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory - Biomedical Research Institute SantPau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joana Turon-Sans
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Cortes-Vicente
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Carrasco-Rozas
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory - Biomedical Research Institute SantPau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory - Biomedical Research Institute SantPau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Illa
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory - Biomedical Research Institute SantPau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojas-García
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory - Biomedical Research Institute SantPau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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61
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Ravnik-Glavač M, Glavač D. Circulating RNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051714. [PMID: 32138249 PMCID: PMC7084402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex multi-system neurodegenerative disorder with currently limited diagnostic and no therapeutic options. Despite the intense efforts no clinically applicable biomarkers for ALS are yet established. Most current research is thus focused, in particular, in identifying potential non-invasive circulating biomarkers for more rapid and accurate diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. In this review, we have focused on messenger RNA (mRNA), non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNA (circRNAs) as potential biomarkers for ALS in peripheral blood serum, plasma and cells. The most promising miRNAs include miR-206, miR-133b, miR-27a, mi-338-3p, miR-183, miR-451, let-7 and miR-125b. To test clinical potential of this miRNA panel, a useful approach may be to perform such analysis on larger multi-center scale using similar experimental design. However, other types of RNAs (lncRNAs, circRNAs and mRNAs) that, together with miRNAs, represent RNA networks, have not been yet extensively studied in blood samples of patients with ALS. Additional research has to be done in order to find robust circulating biomarkers and therapeutic targets that will distinguish key RNA interactions in specific ALS-types to facilitate diagnosis, predict progression and design therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Ravnik-Glavač
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (M.R.-G.); (D.G.)
| | - Damjan Glavač
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (M.R.-G.); (D.G.)
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Bonanno S, Marcuzzo S, Malacarne C, Giagnorio E, Masson R, Zanin R, Arnoldi MT, Andreetta F, Simoncini O, Venerando A, Gellera C, Pantaleoni C, Mantegazza R, Bernasconi P, Baranello G, Maggi L. Circulating MyomiRs as Potential Biomarkers to Monitor Response to Nusinersen in Pediatric SMA Patients. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020021. [PMID: 31991852 PMCID: PMC7168147 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene, resulting in a truncated SMN protein responsible for degeneration of brain stem and spinal motor neurons. The paralogous SMN2 gene partially compensates full-length SMN protein production, mitigating the phenotype. Antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen (Spinraza®) enhances SMN2 gene expression. SMN is involved in RNA metabolism and biogenesis of microRNA (miRNA), key gene expression modulators, whose dysregulation contributes to neuromuscular diseases. They are stable in body fluids and may reflect distinct pathophysiological states, thus acting as promising biomarkers. Muscle-specific miRNAs (myomiRs) as biomarkers for clinical use in SMA have not been investigated yet. Here, we analyzed the expression of miR-133a, -133b, -206 and -1, in serum of 21 infantile SMA patients at baseline and after 6 months of nusinersen treatment, and correlated molecular data with response to therapy evaluated by the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE). Our results demonstrate that myomiR serological levels decrease over disease course upon nusinersen treatment. Notably, miR-133a reduction predicted patients’ response to therapy. Our findings identify myomiRs as potential biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapeutic response in SMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonanno
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-02-2394-2284 (S.B.); +39-02-2394-4651 (S.M.); Fax: +39-02-70633874 (S.B. & S.M.)
| | - Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.M.); Tel.: +39-02-2394-2284 (S.B.); +39-02-2394-4651 (S.M.); Fax: +39-02-70633874 (S.B. & S.M.)
| | - Claudia Malacarne
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giagnorio
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masson
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (R.Z.); (M.T.A.); (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Riccardo Zanin
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (R.Z.); (M.T.A.); (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Arnoldi
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (R.Z.); (M.T.A.); (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Andreetta
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Ornella Simoncini
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Anna Venerando
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (R.Z.); (M.T.A.); (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Giovanni Baranello
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (R.Z.); (M.T.A.); (C.P.); (G.B.)
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neurology IV–Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.); (F.A.); (O.S.); (P.B.); (L.M.)
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63
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Ravanidis S, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Maniati M, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bozi M, Pachi I, Stamelou M, Paraskevas GP, Kapaki E, Moraitou M, Michelakakis H, Stefanis L, Doxakis E. Circulating Brain-enriched MicroRNAs for detection and discrimination of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 35:457-467. [PMID: 31799764 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minimally invasive test for early detection and monitoring of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly unmet need for drug development and planning of patient care. Blood plasma represents an attractive source of biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved noncoding RNA molecules that serve as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. As opposed to ubiquitously expressed miRNAs that control house-keeping processes, brain-enriched miRNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuron development and function. These include neuron-subtype specification, axonal growth, dendritic morphogenesis, and spine density. Backed by a large number of studies, we now know that the differential expression of neuron-enriched miRNAs leads to brain dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The aim was to identify subsets of brain-enriched miRNAs with diagnostic potential for familial and idiopathic PD as well as specify the molecular pathways deregulated in PD. METHODS Initially, brain-enriched miRNAs were selected based on literature review and validation studies in human tissues. Subsequently, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed in the plasma of 100 healthy controls and 99 idiopathic and 53 genetic (26 alpha-synucleinA53T and 27 glucocerebrosidase) patients. Statistical and bioinformatics analyses were carried out to pinpoint the diagnostic biomarkers and deregulated pathways, respectively. RESULTS An explicit molecular fingerprint for each of the 3 PD cohorts was generated. Although the idiopathic PD fingerprint was different from that of genetic PD, the molecular pathways deregulated converged between all PD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a group of brain-enriched miRNAs that may be used for the detection and differentiation of PD subtypes. It has also identified the molecular pathways deregulated in PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Ravanidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Paraskevas
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Moraitou
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Michelakakis
- Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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64
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Extracellular RNAs as Biomarkers of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133148. [PMID: 31252669 PMCID: PMC6651127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the research for underlying mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has led to the development of potentially effective treatment, and hence increased the need for useful biomarkers that may enable early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. The deposition of abnormal proteins is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, including β-amyloid in AD, α-synuclein in PD, and the transactive response DNA/RNA binding protein of 43kDa (TDP-43) in ALS. Furthermore, progression of the disease process accompanies the spreading of abnormal proteins. Extracellular proteins and RNAs, including mRNA, micro RNA, and circular RNA, which are present as a composite of exosomes or other forms, play a role in cell–cell communication, and the role of extracellular molecules in the cell-to-cell spreading of pathological processes in neurodegenerative diseases is now in the spotlight. Therefore, extracellular proteins and RNAs are considered potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular ALS, in which RNA dysregulation has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis. Here, we review extracellular proteins and RNAs that have been scrutinized as potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss the possibility of extracellular RNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring biomarkers of sporadic ALS.
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65
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Vijayakumar UG, Milla V, Cynthia Stafford MY, Bjourson AJ, Duddy W, Duguez SMR. A Systematic Review of Suggested Molecular Strata, Biomarkers and Their Tissue Sources in ALS. Front Neurol 2019; 10:400. [PMID: 31139131 PMCID: PMC6527847 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease, is an incurable neurodegenerative condition, characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. It affects 1-1.8/100,000 individuals worldwide, and the number of cases is projected to increase as the population ages. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify both therapeutic targets and disease-specific biomarkers-biomarkers that would be useful to diagnose and stratify patients into different sub-groups for therapeutic strategies, as well as biomarkers to follow the efficacy of any treatment tested during clinical trials. There is a lack of knowledge about pathogenesis and many hypotheses. Numerous "omics" studies have been conducted on ALS in the past decade to identify a disease-signature in tissues and circulating biomarkers. The first goal of the present review was to group the molecular pathways that have been implicated in monogenic forms of ALS, to enable the description of patient strata corresponding to each pathway grouping. This strategy allowed us to suggest 14 strata, each potentially targetable by different pharmacological strategies. The second goal of this review was to identify diagnostic/prognostic biomarker candidates consistently observed across the literature. For this purpose, we explore previous biomarker-relevant "omics" studies of ALS and summarize their findings, focusing on potential circulating biomarker candidates. We systematically review 118 papers on biomarkers published during the last decade. Several candidate markers were consistently shared across the results of different studies in either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood (leukocyte or serum/plasma). Although these candidates still need to be validated in a systematic manner, we suggest the use of combinations of biomarkers that would likely reflect the "health status" of different tissues, including motor neuron health (e.g., pNFH and NF-L, cystatin C, Transthyretin), inflammation status (e.g., MCP-1, miR451), muscle health (miR-338-3p, miR-206) and metabolism (homocysteine, glutamate, cholesterol). In light of these studies and because ALS is increasingly perceived as a multi-system disease, the identification of a panel of biomarkers that accurately reflect features of pathology is a priority, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for prognostic or predictive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Marie-Rose Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
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66
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Brennan S, Keon M, Liu B, Su Z, Saksena NK. Panoramic Visualization of Circulating MicroRNAs Across Neurodegenerative Diseases in Humans. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7380-7407. [PMID: 31037649 PMCID: PMC6815273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia pose one of the greatest health challenges this century. Although these NDs have been looked at as single entities, the underlying molecular mechanisms have never been collectively visualized to date. With the advent of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies, we now have the opportunity to visualize these diseases in a whole new perspective, which will provide a clear understanding of the primary and secondary events vital in achieving the final resolution of these diseases guiding us to new treatment strategies to possibly treat these diseases together. We created a knowledge base of all microRNAs known to be differentially expressed in various body fluids of ND patients. We then used several bioinformatic methods to understand the functional intersections and differences between AD, PD, ALS, and MS. These results provide a unique panoramic view of possible functional intersections between AD, PD, MS, and ALS at the level of microRNA and their cognate genes and pathways, along with the entities that unify and separate them. While the microRNA signatures were apparent for each ND, the unique observation in our study was that hsa-miR-30b-5p overlapped between all four NDS, and has significant functional roles described across NDs. Furthermore, our results also show the evidence of functional convergence of miRNAs which was associated with the regulation of their cognate genes represented in pathways that included fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, ECM receptor interactions, prion diseases, and several signaling pathways critical to neuron differentiation and survival, underpinning their relevance in NDs. Envisioning this group of NDs together has allowed us to propose new ways of utilizing circulating miRNAs as biomarkers and in visualizing diverse NDs more holistically . The critical molecular insights gained through the discovery of ND-associated miRNAs, overlapping miRNAs, and the functional convergence of microRNAs on vital pathways strongly implicated in neurodegenerative processes can prove immensely valuable in the identifying new generation of biomarkers, along with the development of miRNAs into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brennan
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Keon
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zheng Su
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin K. Saksena
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
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67
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Watson CN, Belli A, Di Pietro V. Small Non-coding RNAs: New Class of Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:364. [PMID: 31080456 PMCID: PMC6497742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in the world, with an aging population. In the last few decades, due to the devastating nature of these diseases, the research of biomarkers has become crucial to enable adequate treatments and to monitor the progress of disease. Currently, gene mutations, CSF and blood protein markers together with the neuroimaging techniques are the most used diagnostic approaches. However, despite the efforts in the research, conflicting data still exist, highlighting the need to explore new classes of biomarkers, particularly at early stages. Small non-coding RNAs (MicroRNA, Small nuclear RNA, Small nucleolar RNA, tRNA derived small RNA and Piwi-interacting RNA) can be considered a "relatively" new class of molecule that have already proved to be differentially regulated in many NDs, hence they represent a new potential class of biomarkers to be explored. In addition, understanding their involvement in disease development could depict the underlying pathogenesis of particular NDs, so novel treatment methods that act earlier in disease progression can be developed. This review aims to describe the involvement of small non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of NDs and their potential role in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum N. Watson
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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68
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Verber NS, Shepheard SR, Sassani M, McDonough HE, Moore SA, Alix JJP, Wilkinson ID, Jenkins TM, Shaw PJ. Biomarkers in Motor Neuron Disease: A State of the Art Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 31001186 PMCID: PMC6456669 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron disease can be viewed as an umbrella term describing a heterogeneous group of conditions, all of which are relentlessly progressive and ultimately fatal. The average life expectancy is 2 years, but with a broad range of months to decades. Biomarker research deepens disease understanding through exploration of pathophysiological mechanisms which, in turn, highlights targets for novel therapies. It also allows differentiation of the disease population into sub-groups, which serves two general purposes: (a) provides clinicians with information to better guide their patients in terms of disease progression, and (b) guides clinical trial design so that an intervention may be shown to be effective if population variation is controlled for. Biomarkers also have the potential to provide monitoring during clinical trials to ensure target engagement. This review highlights biomarkers that have emerged from the fields of systemic measurements including biochemistry (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine analysis); imaging and electrophysiology, and gives examples of how a combinatorial approach may yield the best results. We emphasize the importance of systematic sample collection and analysis, and the need to correlate biomarker findings with detailed phenotype and genotype data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Verber
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie R Shepheard
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Harry E McDonough
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James J P Alix
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain D Wilkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M Jenkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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69
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Chipika RH, Finegan E, Li Hi Shing S, Hardiman O, Bede P. Tracking a Fast-Moving Disease: Longitudinal Markers, Monitoring, and Clinical Trial Endpoints in ALS. Front Neurol 2019; 10:229. [PMID: 30941088 PMCID: PMC6433752 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of phenotypes with different progression rates, varying degree of extra-motor involvement and divergent progression patterns. The natural history of ALS is increasingly evaluated by large, multi-time point longitudinal studies, many of which now incorporate presymptomatic and post-mortem assessments. These studies not only have the potential to characterize patterns of anatomical propagation, molecular mechanisms of disease spread, but also to identify pragmatic monitoring markers. Sensitive markers of progressive neurodegenerative change are indispensable for clinical trials and individualized patient care. Biofluid markers, neuroimaging indices, electrophysiological markers, rating scales, questionnaires, and other disease-specific instruments have divergent sensitivity profiles. The discussion of candidate monitoring markers in ALS has a dual academic and clinical relevance, and is particularly timely given the increasing number of pharmacological trials. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and critical review of longitudinal studies in ALS, focusing on the sensitivity profile of established and emerging monitoring markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eoin Finegan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stacey Li Hi Shing
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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70
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Benmoussa A, Provost P. Milk MicroRNAs in Health and Disease. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:703-722. [PMID: 33336926 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs responsible for regulating 40% to 60% of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The discovery of circulating microRNAs in several biological fluids opened the path for their study as biomarkers and long-range cell-to-cell communication mediators. Their transfer between individuals in the case of blood transfusion, for example, and their high enrichment in milk have sparked the interest for microRNA transfer through diet, especially from mothers to infants during breastfeeding. The extension of such paradigm led to the study of milk microRNAs in the case of cow or goat milk consumption in adults. Here we provide a comprehensive critical review of the key findings surrounding milk microRNAs in human, cow, and goat milk among other species. We discuss the data on their biological properties, their use as disease biomarkers, their transfer between individuals or species, and their putative or verified functions in health and disease of infants and adult consumers. This work is based on all the literature available and integrates all the results, theories, debates, and validation studies available so far on milk microRNAs and related areas of investigations. We critically discuss the limitations and outline future aspects and avenues to explore in this rapidly growing field of research that could impact public health through infant milk formulations or new therapies. We hope that this comprehensive review of the literature will provide insight for all teams investigating milk RNAs' biological activities and help ensure the quality of future reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Dept. of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Dept. of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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71
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Joilin G, Leigh PN, Newbury SF, Hafezparast M. An Overview of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of ALS. Front Neurol 2019; 10:186. [PMID: 30899244 PMCID: PMC6416171 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; MND, motor neuron disease) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease affecting 4.5 per 100,000 people per year around the world. There is currently no cure for this disease, and its causes are relatively unknown. Diagnosis is based on a battery of clinical tests up to a year after symptom onset, with no robust markers of diagnosis or disease progression currently identified. A major thrust of current research is to identify potential non-invasive markers (“biomarkers”) in body fluids such as blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to use for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), are found at detectable and stable levels in blood and other bodily fluids. Specific ncRNAs can vary in levels between ALS patients and non-ALS controls without the disease. In this review, we will provide an overview of early findings, demonstrate the potential of this new class as biomarkers, and discuss future challenges and opportunities taking this forward to help patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Joilin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - P Nigel Leigh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F Newbury
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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72
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Identification of a circulating miRNA signature in extracellular vesicles collected from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Brain Res 2018; 1708:100-108. [PMID: 30552897 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the progressive death of motor neurons. Mean survival for a patient diagnosed with ALS is between 2 and 5 years. Early and efficient diagnosis of the various forms of ALS remains a significant challenge, resulting in a need to identify clinically-relevant biomarkers in readily accessible body fluids. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression that have received interest as disease biomarkers. This study was undertaken to identify an ALS-associated miRNA signature in extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the circulatory system, obtained from plasma samples of persons diagnosed and living with ALS (PALS). Next-generation sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs recovered from EVs of PALS and healthy controls. High-throughput sequencing data for select miRNA targets was subsequently validated by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). This approach revealed elevated levels of 5 miRNAs and reduced levels of 22 miRNAs in EVs collected from PALS as compared with healthy controls subjects. miRNAs with relevance to ALS were found to be deregulated, including miR-9-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-338-3p and miR-1246. MiR-15a-5p and miR-193a-5p were identified for their diagnostic potential of ALS and association with disability progression, respectively. Functional assessment of transcripts targeted by select ALS-associated miRNAs revealed processes such as transcriptional regulation and protein ubiquitination. These data identify an ALS-associated miRNAs signature in EVs of PALS and further strengthen the potential diagnostic relevance of these small molecules for this condition.
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Madadi S, Soleimani M. Study of serum microrna expression in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient: Challenge of selecting suitable internal control for normalization. Muscle Nerve 2018; 59:E2-E3. [PMID: 30383294 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Madadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110219. [PMID: 30463376 PMCID: PMC6262636 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable and fatal disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. Sporadic ALS form accounts for the majority of patients, but in 1–13.5% of cases the disease is inherited. The diagnosis of ALS is mainly based on clinical assessment and electrophysiological examinations with a history of symptom progression and is then made with a significant delay from symptom onset. Thus, the identification of biomarkers specific for ALS could be of a fundamental importance in the clinical practice. An ideal biomarker should display high specificity and sensitivity for discriminating ALS from control subjects and from ALS-mimics and other neurological diseases, and should then monitor disease progression within individual patients. microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered promising biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, since they are remarkably stable in human body fluids and can reflect physiological and pathological processes relevant for ALS. Here, we review the state of the art of miRNA biomarker identification for ALS in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and muscle tissue; we discuss advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, and underline the limits but also the great potential of this research for future practical applications.
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Liguori M, Nuzziello N, Introna A, Consiglio A, Licciulli F, D’Errico E, Scarafino A, Distaso E, Simone IL. Dysregulation of MicroRNAs and Target Genes Networks in Peripheral Blood of Patients With Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:288. [PMID: 30210287 PMCID: PMC6121079 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. While genetics and other factors contribute to ALS pathogenesis, critical knowledge is still missing and validated biomarkers for monitoring the disease activity have not yet been identified. To address those aspects we carried out this study with the primary aim of identifying possible miRNAs/mRNAs dysregulation associated with the sporadic form of the disease (sALS). Additionally, we explored miRNAs as modulating factors of the observed clinical features. Study included 56 sALS and 20 healthy controls (HCs). We analyzed the peripheral blood samples of sALS patients and HCs with a high-throughput next-generation sequencing followed by an integrated bioinformatics/biostatistics analysis. Results showed that 38 miRNAs (let-7a-5p, let-7d-5p, let-7f-5p, let-7g-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-106b-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-144-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-148b-3p, miR-15a-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-151a-5p, miR-151b, miR-16-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-186-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-23a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-28-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-451a, miR-532-5p, miR-550a-3p, miR-584-5p, miR-93-5p) were significantly downregulated in sALS. We also found that different miRNAs profiles characterized the bulbar/spinal onset and the progression rate. This observation supports the hypothesis that miRNAs may impact the phenotypic expression of the disease. Genes known to be associated with ALS (e.g., PARK7, C9orf72, ALS2, MATR3, SPG11, ATXN2) were confirmed to be dysregulated in our study. We also identified other potential candidate genes like LGALS3 (implicated in neuroinflammation) and PRKCD (activated in mitochondrial-induced apoptosis). Some of the downregulated genes are involved in molecular bindings to ions (i.e., metals, zinc, magnesium) and in ions-related functions. The genes that we found upregulated were involved in the immune response, oxidation-reduction, and apoptosis. These findings may have important implication for the monitoring, e.g., of sALS progression and therefore represent a significant advance in the elucidation of the disease's underlying molecular mechanisms. The extensive multidisciplinary approach we applied in this study was critically important for its success, especially in complex disorders such as sALS, wherein access to genetic background is a major limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Liguori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Nuzziello
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Introna
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Arianna Consiglio
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Licciulli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, Bari, Italy
| | - Eustachio D’Errico
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarafino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Distaso
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella L. Simone
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Regev K, Healy BC, Paul A, Diaz-Cruz C, Mazzola MA, Raheja R, Glanz BI, Kivisäkk P, Chitnis T, Jagodic M, Piehl F, Olsson T, Khademi M, Hauser S, Oksenberg J, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL, Gandhi R. Identification of MS-specific serum miRNAs in an international multicenter study. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e491. [PMID: 30175165 PMCID: PMC6117192 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) linked to disease, disease stage, and disability in MS across cohorts. Methods Samples were obtained from the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis (CLIMB, Boston, MA), EPIC (San Francisco, CA), AMIR (Beirut, Lebanon) as part of the SUMMIT consortium, and Stockholm Prospective Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (Stockholm, Sweden) cohorts. Serum miRNA expression was measured using locked nucleic acid–based quantitative PCR. Four groups were compared: (1) MS vs healthy control (HC), (2) relapsing-remitting (RR) vs HC, (3) secondary progressive (SP) vs HC, and (4) RR vs SP. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the comparisons. The association between each miRNA and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. For each comparison, the p values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the approach of Benjamini and Hochberg to control the false discovery rate. Results In the CLIMB cohort, 5 miRNAs (hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-486-5p, and hsa-miR-320c) showed a significant difference between patients with MS and healthy individuals; among these, miR-484 remained significant after accounting for multiple comparisons (p = 0.01). When comparing RRMS with HCs, hsa-miR-484 showed a significant difference (p = 0.004) between the groups after accounting for multiple group comparisons. When SP and HC were compared, 6 miRNAs (hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-320b, and hsa-miR-320c) remained significantly different after accounting for multiple comparisons. Disability correlation analysis with miRNA provided 4 miRNAs (hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-337-3p, hsa-miR-199a-5p, and hsa-miR-142-5p) that correlated with the EDSS during the internal reproducibility phase. Among these, hsa-miR-337-3p was the most statistically significant miRNA that negatively correlated with the EDSS in three of the MS cohorts tested. Conclusions These findings further confirm the use of circulating serum miRNAs as biomarkers to diagnose and monitor disease status in MS. Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that levels of circulating miRNAs identify patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Regev
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Brian C Healy
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Anu Paul
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Camilo Diaz-Cruz
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzola
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Radhika Raheja
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Bonnie I Glanz
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Stephen Hauser
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Jorge Oksenberg
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (K.R., B.C.H., A.P., M.A.M., R.R., P.K., T.C., H.L.W., R.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School (B.C.H., C.D.-C., B.I.G., T.C., H.L.W, R.G.), Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Biostatistics Center (B.C.H.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit (M.J., F.P., T.O., M.K.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (S.H., J.O.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
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Rad N, Weiss MD. MicroRNAS: Mapping out the road to
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:189-190. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Rad
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington USA
| | - Michael D. Weiss
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington USA
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