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Efficacy of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase, identified as a potent Th1 stimulatory protein, for its immunogenicity and prophylactic potential against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:851-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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52
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Figuera L, Gómez-Arreaza A, Avilán L. Parasitism in optima forma: exploiting the host fibrinolytic system for invasion. Acta Trop 2013; 128:116-23. [PMID: 23850506 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pathogenic bacteria with the host fibrinolytic system through the plasminogen molecule has been well documented. It has been shown, using animal models, to be important in invasion into the host and establishment of the infection. From a number of recent observations with parasitic protists and helminths, emerges evidence that also in these organisms the interaction with plasminogen may be important for infection and virulence. A group of molecules that act as plasminogen receptors have been identified in parasites. This group comprises the glycolytic enzymes enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase, in common with the plasminogen receptors known in prokaryotic pathogens. The interaction with the fibrinolytic system may arm the parasites with the host protease plasmin, thus helping them to migrate and cross barriers, infect cells and avoid clot formation. In this context, plasminogen receptors on the parasite surface or as secreted molecules, may be considered virulence factors. A possible evolutionary scenario for the recruitment of glycolytic enzymes as plasminogen receptors by widely different pathogens is discussed.
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53
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Matrangolo FS, Liarte DB, Andrade LC, de Melo MF, Andrade JM, Ferreira RF, Santiago AS, Pirovani CP, Silva-Pereira RA, Murta SM. Comparative proteomic analysis of antimony-resistant and -susceptible Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum chagasi lines. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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54
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Proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins in macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis or Leishmania major. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:579-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Bayer-Santos E, Aguilar-Bonavides C, Rodrigues SP, Cordero EM, Marques AF, Varela-Ramirez A, Choi H, Yoshida N, da Silveira JF, Almeida IC. Proteomic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Secretome: Characterization of Two Populations of Extracellular Vesicles and Soluble Proteins. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:883-97. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300947g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Clemente Aguilar-Bonavides
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Computational Science Program,
The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Silas Pessini Rodrigues
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Esteban Maurício Cordero
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Marques
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public
Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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56
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Unresponsiveness of Mycobacterium w vaccine in managing acute and chronic Leishmania donovani infections in mouse and hamster. Parasitology 2012; 140:435-44. [PMID: 23253783 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of Mycobacterium w (Mw) vaccine as an immunomodulator and immunoprophylactant in the treatment of mycobacterial diseases (leprosy and pulmonary tuberculosis) is well established. The fact that it shares common antigens with leishmanial parasites prompted its assessment as an immunostimulant and as an adjunct to known anti-leishmanials that may help in stimulating the suppressed immune status of Leishmania donovani-infected individuals. The efficacy of Mw vaccine was assessed as an immunomodulator, prophylactically either alone or in combination with anti-leishmanial vaccine, as well as therapeutically as an adjunct to anti-leishmanial treatment in L. donovani-infected hamsters, representing a chronic human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) model. Similarly, its efficacy was also evaluated in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice, representing an acute VL model. The preliminary studies revealed that Mw was ineffective as an immunostimulant and/or immunoprophylactant in hamsters infected with L. donovani, as estimated by T-cell immunological responses. However, in the BALB/c mice-VL model it appeared as an effective immunostimulant but a futile prophylactic agent. It is therefore inferred that, contrary to its role in managing tuberculosis and leprosy infections, Mw vaccine has not been successful in controlling VL infection, emphasizing the need to find detailed explanations for the failure of this vaccine against the disease.
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57
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Kushawaha PK, Gupta R, Tripathi CDP, Khare P, Jaiswal AK, Sundar S, Dube A. Leishmania donovani triose phosphate isomerase: a potential vaccine target against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45766. [PMID: 23049855 PMCID: PMC3454378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases with approximately 350 million people at risk. Due to the non availability of an ideal drug, development of a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine could be a solution for control and prevention of this disease. In this study, a potential Th1 stimulatory protein- Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), a glycolytic enzyme, identified through proteomics from a fraction of Leishmania donovani soluble antigen ranging from 89.9–97.1 kDa, was assessed for its potential as a suitable vaccine candidate. The protein- L. donovani TPI (LdTPI) was cloned, expressed and purified which exhibited the homology of 99% with L. infantum TPI. The rLdTPI was further evaluated for its immunogenicity by lymphoproliferative response (LTT), nitric oxide (NO) production and estimation of cytokines in cured Leishmania patients/hamster. It elicited strong LTT response in cured patients as well as NO production in cured hamsters and stimulated remarkable Th1-type cellular responses including IFN-ã and IL-12 with extremely lower level of IL-10 in Leishmania-infected cured/exposed patients PBMCs in vitro. Vaccination with LdTPI-DNA construct protected naive golden hamsters from virulent L. donovani challenge unambiguously (∼90%). The vaccinated hamsters demonstrated a surge in IFN-ã, TNF-á and IL-12 levels but extreme down-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4 along with profound delayed type hypersensitivity and increased levels of Leishmania-specific IgG2 antibody. Thus, the results are suggestive of the protein having the potential of a strong candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reema Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Prashant Khare
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Abánades DR, Arruda LV, Arruda ES, Pinto JRAS, Palma MS, Aquino D, Caldas AJ, Soto M, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Immunodominant antigens of Leishmania chagasi associated with protection against human visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1687. [PMID: 22724032 PMCID: PMC3378602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection and recovery from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been associated with cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, whereas no protective role has been attributed to humoral responses against specific parasitic antigens. In this report, we compared carefully selected groups of individuals with distinct responses to Leishmania chagasi to explore antigen-recognizing IgG present in resistant individuals. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS VL patients with negative delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) were classified into the susceptible group. Individuals who had recovered from VL and converted to a DTH+ response, as well as asymptomatic infected individuals (DTH+), were categorized into the resistant group. Sera from these groups were used to detect antigens from L. chagasi by conventional and 2D Western blot assays. Despite an overall reduction in the reactivity of several proteins after DTH conversion, a specific group of proteins (approximately 110-130 kDa) consistently reacted with sera from DTH converters. Other antigens that specifically reacted with sera from DTH+ individuals were isolated and tandem mass spectrometry followed by database query with the protein search engine MASCO were used to identify antigens. The serological properties of recombinant version of the selected antigens were tested by ELISA. Sera from asymptomatic infected people (DTH+) reacted more strongly with a mixture of selected recombinant antigens than with total soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), with less cross-reactivity against Chagas disease patients' sera. SIGNIFICANCE Our results are the first evidence of leishmania proteins that are specifically recognized by sera from individuals who are putatively resistant to VL. In addition, these data highlight the possibility of using specific proteins in serological tests for the identification of asymptomatic infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Abánades
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo V. Arruda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elaine S. Arruda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Roberto A. S. Pinto
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Department of Biology, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario S. Palma
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Department of Biology, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dorlene Aquino
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Arlene J. Caldas
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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59
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Das A, Ali N. Vaccine Development Against Leishmania donovani. Front Immunol 2012; 3:99. [PMID: 22615707 PMCID: PMC3351671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum/chagasi represents the second most challenging infectious disease worldwide, leading to nearly 500,000 new cases and 60,000 deaths annually. Zoonotic VL caused by L. infantum is a re-emergent canid zoonoses which represents a complex epidemiological cycle in the New world where domestic dogs serve as a reservoir host responsible for potentially fatal human infection and where dog culling is the only measure for reservoir control. Life-long immunity to VL has motivated development of prophylactic vaccines against the disease but very few have progressed beyond the experimental stage. No licensed vaccine is available till date against any form of leishmaniasis. High toxicity and increasing resistance to the current chemotherapeutic regimens have further complicated the situation in VL endemic regions of the world. Advances in vaccinology, including recombinant proteins, novel antigen-delivery systems/adjuvants, heterologous prime-boost regimens and strategies for intracellular antigen presentation, have contributed to recent advances in vaccine development against VL. Attempts to develop an effective vaccine for use in domestic dogs in areas of canine VL should be pursued for preventing human infection. Studies in animal models and human patients have revealed the pathogenic mechanisms of disease progression and features of protective immunity. This review will summarize the accumulated knowledge of pathogenesis, immune response, and prerequisites for protective immunity against human VL. Authors will discuss promising vaccine candidates, their developmental status and future prospects in a quest for rational vaccine development against the disease. In addition, several challenges such as safety issues, renewed and coordinated commitment to basic research, preclinical studies and trial design will be addressed to overcome the problems faced in developing prophylactic strategies for protection against this lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, India
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60
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Gupta R, Kushawaha PK, Tripathi CDP, Sundar S, Dube A. A novel recombinant Leishmania donovani p45, a partial coding region of methionine aminopeptidase, generates protective immunity by inducing a Th1 stimulatory response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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61
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Evaluation of Leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase as a potential immunogenic protein/vaccine candidate against visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35670. [PMID: 22539989 PMCID: PMC3335089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Leishmania species, Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) - a redox chaperone, is reported to be involved in its virulence and survival. This protein has also been identified, through proteomics, as a Th1 stimulatory protein in the soluble lysate of a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani (LdPDI). In the present study, the molecular characterization of LdPDI was carried out and the immunogenicity of recombinant LdPDI (rLdPDI) was assessed by lymphocyte proliferation assay (LTT), nitric oxide (NO) production, estimation of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) as well as IL-10 in PBMCs of cured/endemic/infected Leishmania patients and cured L. donovani infected hamsters. A significantly higher proliferative response against rLdPDI as well as elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were observed. The level of IL-10 was found to be highly down regulated in response to rLdPDI. A significant increase in the level of NO production in stimulated hamster macrophages as well as IgG2 antibody and a low level of IgG1 in cured patient's serum was observed. Higher level of IgG2 antibody indicated its Th1 stimulatory potential. The efficacy of pcDNA-LdPDI construct was further evaluated for its prophylactic potential. Vaccination with this construct conferred remarkably good prophylactic efficacy (∼90%) and generated a robust cellular immune response with significant increases in the levels of iNOS transcript as well as TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines. This was further supported by the high level of IgG2 antibody in vaccinated animals. The in vitro as well as in vivo results thus indicate that LdPDI may be exploited as a potential vaccine candidate against visceral Leishmaniasis (VL).
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62
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Kushawaha PK, Gupta R, Sundar S, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Dube A. Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein ofLeishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-γ and IL-12 Response in CuredLeishmania-Infected Patients/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters againstLeishmaniaChallenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6417-27. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stolf BS, Smyrnias I, Lopes LR, Vendramin A, Goto H, Laurindo FRM, Shah AM, Santos CXC. Protein disulfide isomerase and host-pathogen interaction. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1749-61. [PMID: 22125433 PMCID: PMC3201685 DOI: 10.1100/2011/289182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by immunological cells is known to cause damage to pathogens. Increasing evidence accumulated in the last decade has shown, however, that ROS (and redox signals) functionally regulate different cellular pathways in the host-pathogen interaction. These especially affect (i) pathogen entry through protein redox switches and redox modification (i.e., intra- and interdisulfide and cysteine oxidation) and (ii) phagocytic ROS production via Nox family NADPH oxidase enzyme and the control of phagolysosome function with key implications for antigen processing. The protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of redox chaperones is closely involved in both processes and is also implicated in protein unfolding and trafficking across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and towards the cytosol, a thiol-based redox locus for antigen processing. Here, we summarise examples of the cellular association of host PDI with different pathogens and explore the possible roles of pathogen PDIs in infection. A better understanding of these complex regulatory steps will provide insightful information on the redox role and coevolutional biological process, and assist the development of more specific therapeutic strategies in pathogen-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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64
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Vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1464-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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65
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Paape D, Aebischer T. Contribution of proteomics of Leishmania spp. to the understanding of differentiation, drug resistance mechanisms, vaccine and drug development. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1614-24. [PMID: 21621022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp., protozoan parasites with a digenetic life cycle, cause a spectrum of diseases in humans. Recently several Leishmania spp. have been sequenced which significantly boosted the number and quality of proteomic studies conducted. Here a historic review will summarize work of the pre-genomic era and then focus on studies after genome information became available. Firstly works comparing the different life cycle stages, in order to identify stage specific proteins, will be discussed. Identifying post-translational modifications by proteomics especially phosphorylation events will be discussed. Further the contribution of proteomics to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of drug resistance and the investigation of immunogenic proteins for the identification of vaccine candidates will be summarized. Approaches of how potentially secreted proteins were identified are discussed. So far 30-35% of the total predicted proteome of Leishmania spp. have been identified. This comprises mainly the abundant proteins, therefore the last section will look into technological approaches on how this coverage may be increased and what the gel-free and gel-based proteomics have to offer will be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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66
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Kunjachan S, Gupta S, Dwivedi AK, Dube A, Chourasia MK. Chitosan-based macrophage-mediated drug targeting for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:301-10. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.559281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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67
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Faridi U, Sisodia BS, Shukla AK, Shukla RK, Darokar MP, Dwivedi UN, Shasany AK. Proteomics indicates modulation of tubulin polymerization by L-menthol inhibiting human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation. Proteomics 2011; 11:2115-9. [PMID: 21472860 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a naturally occurring cyclic monoterpene used in oral hygiene products, confectionary, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, pesticides, and as a flavoring agent. In the present study, we analyzed the differentially expressing proteome in L-menthol-treated Caco-2 cell line as it was found to inhibit cell proliferation. Interestingly, free tubulin proteins were observed to be limited after menthol treatment. Semiquantitative RT-PCR with α-tubulin primers showed no change in the level of RNA expression in menthol-treated cell line. However, tubulin polymerization assay with menthol indicated a trend similar to taxol in promoting microtubule assembly. Further, physical counting of apoptotic nuclei and active caspase-3 assays confirmed onset of apoptosis though the rate was slower as compared with that of taxol treatment. This study is the first report of a monoterpene L-menthol modulating tubulin polymerization and apoptosis to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Faridi
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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68
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Identification of the cross-reactive and species-specific antigens between Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites by a proteomics approach. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:899-911. [PMID: 21461729 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the cross-reactive and species-specific antigens of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii is important in the exploration to determine the common mechanisms of parasite-host interaction and to improve the serological diagnosis; it is also useful for the selection of the cross-reactive antigens that could be used in the development of vaccines or drugs for controlling the diseases caused by these two parasites. In this study, cross-reactive and species-specific antigens between N. caninum and T. gondii tachyzoites were comprehensively investigated using a proteomics approach with the application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblot analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis. Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that at least 42 individual protein spots of N. caninum were reacted with the anti-N. caninum serum, among which at least 18 protein spots were cross-reacted with the anti-T. gondii serum. Moreover, at least 31 protein spots of T. gondii were reacted with the anti-T. gondii serum, among which at least 19 protein spots were cross-reacted with the anti-N. caninum serum. Furthermore, some new specific proteins were also identified in the N. caninum protein profile by searching Toxoplasma sequences or sequences from other organisms. This study substantiates the usefulness of proteomics in the immunoscreening of the cross-reactive or species-specific antigens of both parasites. In addition, the present study showed that there was significant homology in the antigenic proteome profiles between the two parasites. These observations have implications for the design of multicomponent common vaccines against both parasite infections.
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69
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Costa MM, Andrade HM, Bartholomeu DC, Freitas LM, Pires SF, Chapeaurouge AD, Perales J, Ferreira AT, Giusta MS, Melo MN, Gazzinelli RT. Analysis of Leishmania chagasi by 2-D Difference Gel Eletrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and Immunoproteomic: Identification of Novel Candidate Antigens for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccine. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2172-84. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101286y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Míriam M. Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Hélida M. Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Daniella C. Bartholomeu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leandro M. Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Simone F. Pires
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexander D. Chapeaurouge
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - André T. Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, 21040360 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário S. Giusta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria N. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, 31279-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou−Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester 01605-2324, Massachusetts, United States
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Reddy PJ, Jain R, Paik YK, Downey R, Ptolemy AS, Ozdemir V, Srivastava S. Personalized Medicine in the Age of Pharmacoproteomics: A Close up on India and Need for Social Science Engagement for Responsible Innovation in Post-Proteomic Biology. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 9:67-75. [PMID: 22279515 PMCID: PMC3264661 DOI: 10.2174/187569211794728850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Rekha Jain
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Young-Ki Paik
- Yonsei Proteome Research Center, Biomedical Proteome Research Center, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, World Class University Program, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Adam S. Ptolemy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vural Ozdemir
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Brotherton MC, Racine G, Foucher AL, Drummelsmith J, Papadopoulou B, Ouellette M. Analysis of Stage-Specific Expression of Basic Proteins in Leishmania infantum. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3842-53. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100048m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Brotherton
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Aude L. Foucher
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolyne Drummelsmith
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of Schistosoma japonicum enolase which is highly expressed at the schistosomulum stage. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:667-77. [PMID: 20512506 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Enolase is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway; recent studies have also shown that enolase is found on the surface of several parasites, where it acts as a plasminogen-binding protein. In the present study, the enolase of Schistosoma japonicum has been cloned and expressed. In western blot analysis, the recombinant enolase from S. japonicum ( rSjENO) was recognized by rabbit sera directed against an antigen preparation from adult worms. Kinetic measurement revealed that rSjENO possesses good enzymatic activity. The real-time PCR showed that the enolase gene was highly expressed at 18-28 days of the life cycle. Immunofluorescence testing showed that SjENO was located mainly on the surface as well as in the inner tissues of the worms. Ligand-blotting analysis indicated that rSjENO could bind to human plasminogen as its receptor. In addition, a 24.28% reduction in the liver egg count and a reduction of 21.45% in the fecal egg count were observed in BALB/c mice vaccinated with rSjENO when compared with blank control mice. An ELISA assay suggested that high levels of specific IgG antibody could be induced by rSjENO in vaccinated mice.
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73
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Kumar A, Sen A, Das P. Microarray based gene expression: a novel approach for identification and development of potential drug and effective vaccine against visceral Leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5138/ijaps.2010.0976.1055.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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74
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Manful T, Mulindwa J, Frank FM, Clayton CE, Matovu E. A search for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense diagnostic antigens by proteomic screening and targeted cloning. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9630. [PMID: 20224787 PMCID: PMC2835760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The only available diagnostic method for East African trypanosomiasis is light microscopy of blood samples. A simple immunodiagnostic would greatly aid trypanosomiasis control. Methodology and Principal Findings To find trypanosome proteins that are specifically recognised by sera from human sleeping sickness patients, we have screened the Trypanosoma brucei brucei proteome by Western blotting. Using cytosolic, cytoskeletal and glycosomal fractions, we found that the vast majority of abundant trypanosome proteins is not specifically recognised by patient sera. We identified phosphoglycerate kinase (PGKC), heat shock protein (HSP70), and histones H2B and H3 as possible candidate diagnostic antigens. These proteins, plus paraflagellar rod protein 1, rhodesain (a cysteine protease), and an extracellular fragment of the Trypanosoma brucei nucleoside transporter TbNT10, were expressed in E. coli and tested for reactivity with patient and control sera. Only TbHSP70 was preferentially recognized by patient sera, but the sensitivity and specificity were insufficient for use of TbHSP70 alone as a diagnostic. Immunoprecipitation using a native protein extract revealed no specifically reacting proteins. Conclusions No abundant T. brucei soluble, glycosomal or cytoskeletal protein is likely to be useful in diagnosis. To find useful diagnostic antigens it will therefore be necessary to use more sophisticated proteomic methods, or to test a very large panel of candidate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Manful
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fernanda M. Frank
- Cátedra de Inmunología IDEHU (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christine E. Clayton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Enock Matovu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Cuervo P, Domont GB, De Jesus JB. Proteomics of trypanosomatids of human medical importance. J Proteomics 2010; 73:845-67. [PMID: 20056176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of fatal human diseases around the world. Recent completion of the genomic sequencing of these parasites has enormous relevance to the study of their biology and the pathogenesis of the diseases they cause because it opens the door to high-throughput proteomic technologies. This review encompasses studies using diverse proteomic approaches with these organisms to describe and catalogue global protein profiles, reveal changes in protein expression during development, elucidate the subcellular localisation of gene products, and evaluate host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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76
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Oladiran A, Belosevic M. Trypanosoma carassii hsp70 increases expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:1128-1136. [PMID: 19527750 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the cloning and characterization of Trypanosoma carassii 70 KDa heat shock protein (hsp70). T. carassii hsp70 was secreted/excreted into culture medium in vitro and was recognized by sera from infected fish. Recombinant hsp70 (rhsp70) activated goldfish macrophages and stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon gamma (IFNgamma), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, (IL)-12 and chemokines CCL-1 and CXCL-8 (IL-8). T. carassii hsp70-induced cytokine expression was abrogated by pronase treatment of macrophages confirming the existence of receptor(s) on goldfish macrophage surface that recognize parasite molecule. Parasite hsp70 also up-regulated the expression inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) isoforms A and B and induced a strong nitric oxide response of goldfish macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Oladiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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77
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Bhowmick S, Ali N. Identification of novel Leishmania donovani antigens that help define correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5820. [PMID: 19503834 PMCID: PMC2686101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani is a major public health problem in the developing world. But there is no effective and safe vaccine approved for clinical use against any form of leishmaniasis. Through reactivity with kala-azar patient and cured sera, polypeptides ranging from 91 to 31-kDa from L. donovani promastigotes were previously identified as potential protective vaccine candidates. In this study four polypeptides 91(LD91), 72 (LD72), 51(LD51) and 31 (LD31)-kDa were purified using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroelution. We compared the vaccine efficacy of these antigens encapsulated in cationic liposomes in BALB/c mice against challenge infection with L. donovani. Our results demonstrated that liposomal LD31 (74%-77%) and LD51 (72%-75%) vaccination reduced parasite burden to the greatest degree followed by liposomal LD72 (65%-67%) and LD91 (46%-49%). Analysis of the cytokine responses in immunized mice revealed that all the vaccinated groups produced prechallenge interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and interleukin-4. Interestingly, the degree of reduction in parasite load could be predicted by the magnitude of the cytokine responses which correlated inversely with the parasite burden both in liver and spleen. The 31, 51 and 72-kDa bands were identified as ATP synthase alpha chain, beta-tubulin and heat shock 70-related protein 1 precursor of L. major, respectively using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. These three leishmanial antigens have not been described before as successful vaccine candidates examined against in vivo VL model. Thus, these antigens can be potential components of future antileishmaniasis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhowmick
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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78
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Vaidyanathan R, Kodukula K. Using a systems biology approach to dissect parasite-host interactions. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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79
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Soto M, Ramírez L, Pineda MA, González VM, Entringer PF, de Oliveira CI, Nascimento IP, Souza AP, Corvo L, Alonso C, Bonay P, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Searching Genes Encoding Leishmania Antigens for Diagnosis and Protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3814/2009/173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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80
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Induction of Th1-type cellular responses in cured/exposed Leishmania-infected patients and hamsters against polyproteins of soluble Leishmania donovani promastigotes ranging from 89.9 to 97.1kDa. Vaccine 2008; 26:4813-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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Kumari S, Samant M, Misra P, Khare P, Sisodia B, Shasany AK, Dube A. Th1-stimulatory polyproteins of soluble Leishmania donovani promastigotes ranging from 89.9 to 97.1 kDa offers long-lasting protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2008; 26:5700-11. [PMID: 18762224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies identified a fraction (F2) of Leishmania donovani soluble promastigote antigen belonging to 97.4-68 kDa for its ability to stimulate Th1-type cellular responses in cured visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients as well as in cured hamsters. A further fractionation of F2-fraction into seven subfractions (F2.1-F2.7) and re-assessment for their immunostimulatory responses revealed that out of these, only four (F2.4-F2.7) belonging to 89.9-97.1 kDa, stimulated remarkable Th1-type cellular responses either individually or in a pooled form (P4-7). In this study these potential subfractions were further assessed for their prophylactic potential in combination with BCG against L. donovani challenge in hamsters. Optimum parasite inhibition ( approximately 99%) was obtained in hamsters vaccinated with pooled subfractions and they survived for 1 year. The protection was further supported by remarkable lymphoproliferative, IFN-gamma and IL-12 responses along with profound delayed type hypersensitivity and increased levels of Leishmania-specific IgG2 antibody as observed on days 45, 90 and 120 post-challenge suggesting that a successful subunit vaccine against VL may require multiple Th1-immunostimulatory proteins. MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis of these subfractions further revealed that of the 19 identified immunostimulatory proteins, Elongation factor-2, p45, Heat shock protein-70/83, Aldolase, Enolase, Triosephosphate isomerase, Disulfideisomerase and Calreticulin were the major ones in these subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Kumari
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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82
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Kinetoplastid genomics: the thin end of the wedge. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:901-6. [PMID: 18675383 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The completion of the genome sequencing projects for major pathogens Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major has enabled numerous studies that would have been difficult or impossible to perform otherwise. New technologies in sequencing and protein analyses promise further rapid expansion in our capabilities. The keys to successful use of these new tools are recognizing the power and limitations of studies performed thus far, grasping the unrealized potential of new and developing technologies, and creating access to a multidisciplinary set of skills that will facilitate research, particularly in the bioinformatic analysis of the reams of data that will be forthcoming. In this Discussion, we will provide an overview of kinetoplastid genomics studies with emphasis on studies advanced through genomic data, and a preview of what may come in the near future.
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83
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Bolten KE, Marsh AE, Reed SM, Dubey JP, Toribio RE, Saville WJA. Sarcocystis neurona: molecular characterization of enolase domain I region and a comparison to other protozoa. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:108-12. [PMID: 18625501 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis neurona causes protozoal myeloencephalitis and has the ability to infect a wide host range in contrast to other Sarcocystis species. In the current study, five S. neurona isolates from a variety of sources, three Sarcocystis falcatula, one Sarcocystis dasypi/S. neurona-like isolate, and one Besnoitia darlingi isolate were used to compare the enolase 2 gene segment containing the domain I region to previously sequenced enolase genes from Neospora caninum, Neospora hughesi, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma cruzi; enolase 2 segment containing domain I region is highly conserved amongst these parasites of veterinary and medical importance. Immunohistochemistry results indicates reactivity of T. gondii enolase 1 and 2 antibodies to S. neurona merozoites and metrocytes, but no reactivity of anti-enolase 1 to the S. neurona bradyzoite stage despite reactivity to T. gondii bradyzoites, suggesting expression differences between organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Bolten
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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84
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Damodaran S, Wood TD, Nagarajan P, Rabin RA. Evaluating peptide mass fingerprinting-based protein identification. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2008; 5:152-7. [PMID: 18267296 PMCID: PMC5054195 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in proteomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Damodaran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Paape D, Lippuner C, Schmid M, Ackermann R, Barrios-Llerena ME, Zimny-Arndt U, Brinkmann V, Arndt B, Pleissner KP, Jungblut PR, Aebischer T. Transgenic, fluorescent Leishmania mexicana allow direct analysis of the proteome of intracellular amastigotes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1688-701. [PMID: 18474515 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700343-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the proteome of intracellular pathogens is often hampered by inadequate methodologies to purify the pathogen free of host cell material. This has also precluded direct proteome analysis of the intracellular, amastigote form of Leishmania spp., protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of diseases that affect some 12 million patients worldwide. Here a method is presented that combines classic, isopycnic density centrifugation with fluorescent particle sorting for purification by exploiting transgenic, fluorescent parasites to allow direct proteome analysis of the purified organisms. By this approach the proteome of intracellular Leishmania mexicana amastigotes was compared with that of extracellular promastigotes that are transmitted by insect vectors. In total, 509 different proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and database search. This number corresponds to approximately 6% of gene products predicted from the reference genome of Leishmania major. Intracellular amastigotes synthesized significantly more proteins with basic pI and showed a greater abundance of enzymes of fatty acid catabolism, which may reflect their living in acidic habitats and metabolic adaptation to nutrient availability, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses of the genes corresponding to the protein data sets produced clear evidence for skewed codon usage and translational bias in these organisms. Moreover analysis of the subset of genes whose products were more abundant in amastigotes revealed characteristic sequence motifs in 3'-untranslated regions that have been linked to translational control elements. This suggests that proteome data sets may be used to identify regulatory elements in mRNAs. Last but not least, at 6% coverage the proteome identified all vaccine antigens tested to date. Thus, the present data set provides a valuable resource for selection of candidate vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paape
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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Kumari S, Kumar A, Samant M, Sundar S, Singh N, Dube A. Proteomic approaches for discovery of new targets for vaccine and therapeutics against visceral leishmaniasis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:372-86. [PMID: 21136840 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most devastating type caused by Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania chagasi. The therapeutic mainstay is still based on the antiquated pentavalent antimonial against which resistance is now increasing. Unfortunately, due to the digenetic life cycle of parasite, there is significant antigenic diversity. There is an urgent need to develop novel drug/vaccine targets against VL for which the primary goal should be to identify and characterize the structural and functional proteins. Proteomics, being widely employed in the study of Leishmania seems to be a suitable strategy as the availability of annotated sequenced genome of Leishmania major has opened the door for dissection of both protein expression/regulation and function. Advances in clinical proteomic technologies have enable to enhance our mechanistic understanding of virulence/pathogenicity/host-pathogen interactions, drug resistance thereby defining novel therapeutic/vaccine targets. Expression proteomics exploits the differential expression of leishmanial proteins as biomarkers for application towards early diagnosis. Further using immunoproteomics efforts were also focused on evaluating responses to define parasite T-cell epitopes as vaccine/diagnostic targets. This review has highlighted some of the relevant developments in the rapidly emerging field of leishmanial proteomics and focus on its future applications in drug and vaccine discovery against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Kumari
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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87
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Pal-Bhowmick I, Mehta M, Coppens I, Sharma S, Jarori GK. Protective properties and surface localization of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5500-8. [PMID: 17785475 PMCID: PMC2168313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00551-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase protein of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum has recently been characterized. Apart from its glycolytic function, enolase has also been shown to possess antigenic properties and to be present on the cell wall of certain invasive organisms, such as Candida albicans. In order to assess whether enolase of P. falciparum is also antigenic, sera from residents of a region of Eastern India where malaria is endemic were tested against the recombinant P. falciparum enolase (r-Pfen) protein. About 96% of immune adult sera samples reacted with r-Pfen over and above the seronegative controls. Rabbit anti-r-Pfen antibodies inhibited the growth of in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. Mice immunized with r-Pfen showed protection against a challenge with the 17XL lethal strain of the mouse malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii. The antibodies raised against r-Pfen were specific for Plasmodium and did not react to the host tissues. Immunofluorescence as well as electron microscopic examinations revealed localization of the enolase protein on the merozoite cell surface. These observations establish malaria enolase to be a potential protective antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal-Bhowmick
- Department of Biological Sciences, TIFR, Homi Babha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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