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Ferrati S, McConnell KI, Mack AC, Sirisaengtaksin N, Diaz R, Bean AJ, Ferrari M, Serda RE. Cellular communication via nanoparticle-transporting biovesicles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:581-592. [PMID: 23731456 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial cells are dynamic cells tasked with selective transport of cargo from blood vessels to tissues. Here we demonstrate the potential for nanoparticle transport across endothelial cells in membrane-bound vesicles. MATERIALS & METHODS Cell-free endothelial-derived biovesicles were characterized for cellular and nanoparticle content by electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate biovesicles for organelle-specific proteins, and to monitor biovesicle engulfment by naive cells. RESULTS Nanoparticle-laden biovesicles containing low-density polyethyleneimine nanoparticles appear to be predominately of endosomal origin, combining features of multivesicular bodies, lysosomes and autophagosomes. Conversely, high-density polyethyleneimine nanoparticles stimulate the formation of biovesicles associated with cellular apoptotic breakdown. Secreted LAMP-1-positive biovesicles are internalized by recipient cells, either of the same origin or of novel phenotype. CONCLUSION Cellular biovesicles, rich in cellular signals, present an important mode of cell-to-cell communication either locally or through broadcasting of biological messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrati
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kellie I McConnell
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron C Mack
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, R7-414, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Xu R, Huang Y, Mai J, Zhang G, Guo X, Xia X, Koay EJ, Li Q, Liu X, Ferrari M, Shen H. Multistage vectored siRNA targeting ataxia-telangiectasia mutated for breast cancer therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1799-808. [PMID: 23293085 PMCID: PMC3842236 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays a central role in DNA damage response and cell cycle checkpoints, and may be a promising target for cancer therapy if normal tissue toxicity could be avoided. The strategy presented here to target ATM for breast cancer therapy involves the use of liposomal-encapsulated, gene-specific ATM siRNA delivered with a well-characterized porous silicon-based multistage vector (MSV) delivery system (MSV/ATM). Biweekly treatment of MSV/ATM suppressed ATM expression in tumor tissues, and consequently inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 orthotopic tumor in nude mice. At the therapeutic dosage, neither free liposomal ATM siRNA nor MSV/ATM triggered an acute immune response in BALB/c mice, including changes in serum cytokines, chemokines or colony-stimulating factors. Weekly treatments of mice with free liposomal ATM siRNA or MSV/ATM for 4 weeks did not cause significant changes in body weight, hematology, blood biochemistry, or major organ histology. These results indicate that MSV/ATM is biocompatible and efficacious in inhibiting tumor growth, and that further preclinical evaluation is warranted for the development of MSV/ATM as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Junhua Mai
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA & Department of Breast Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA & Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Qingpo Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA & Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA & Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Martinez JO, Parodi A, Liu X, Kolonin MG, Ferrari M, Tasciotti E. Evaluation of cell function upon nanovector internalization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1696-702. [PMID: 23166049 PMCID: PMC3733230 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In vitro toxicity assays based on the evaluation and retention of advanced and specific cellular functions are proposed to investigate mesoporous silicon nanovectors. This approach provides greater insight compared to simple cellular viability and toxicity assays. Electron microscopy images demonstrate internalized nanovectors altering the curvature of the nuclear envelope with minimal effect on viability or biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. MS R7-414 Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. MS R7-414 Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. MS R7-414 Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. MS R7-414 Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. MS R7-414 Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
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Fine D, Grattoni A, Goodall R, Bansal SS, Chiappini C, Hosali S, van de Ven AL, Srinivasan S, Liu X, Godin B, Brousseau L, Yazdi IK, Fernandez-Moure J, Tasciotti E, Wu HJ, Hu Y, Klemm S, Ferrari M. Silicon micro- and nanofabrication for medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:632-66. [PMID: 23584841 PMCID: PMC3777663 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript constitutes a review of several innovative biomedical technologies fabricated using the precision and accuracy of silicon micro- and nanofabrication. The technologies to be reviewed are subcutaneous nanochannel drug delivery implants for the continuous tunable zero-order release of therapeutics, multi-stage logic embedded vectors for the targeted systemic distribution of both therapeutic and imaging contrast agents, silicon and porous silicon nanowires for investigating cellular interactions and processes as well as for molecular and drug delivery applications, porous silicon (pSi) as inclusions into biocomposites for tissue engineering, especially as it applies to bone repair and regrowth, and porous silica chips for proteomic profiling. In the case of the biocomposites, the specifically designed pSi inclusions not only add to the structural robustness, but can also promote tissue and bone regrowth, fight infection, and reduce pain by releasing stimulating factors and other therapeutic agents stored within their porous network. The common material thread throughout all of these constructs, silicon and its associated dielectrics (silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, etc.), can be precisely and accurately machined using the same scalable micro- and nanofabrication protocols that are ubiquitous within the semiconductor industry. These techniques lend themselves to the high throughput production of exquisitely defined and monodispersed nanoscale features that should eliminate architectural randomness as a source of experimental variation thereby potentially leading to more rapid clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fine
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Elevated understanding and respect for the relevance of the immune system in cancer development and therapy has led to increased development of immunotherapeutic regimens that target existing cancer cells and provide long-term immune surveillance and protection from cancer recurrence. This review discusses using particles as immune adjuvants to create vaccines and to augment the anticancer effects of conventional chemotherapeutics. Several particle prototypes are presented, including liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and porous silicon microparticles, the latter existing as either single- or multiparticle platforms. The benefits of using particles include immune-cell targeting, codelivery of antigens and immunomodulatory agents, and sustained release of the therapeutic payload. Nanotherapeutic-based activation of the immune system is dependent on both intrinsic particle characteristics and on the immunomodulatory cargo, which may include danger signals known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cytokines for effector-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Elena Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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56
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Fan J, Fang G, Zeng F, Wang X, Wu S. Water-dispersible fullerene aggregates as a targeted anticancer prodrug with both chemo- and photodynamic therapeutic actions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:613-621. [PMID: 23117954 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prodrug therapy is one strategy to deliver anticancer drugs in a less reactive manner to reduce nonspecific cytotoxicity. A new multifunctional anticancer prodrug system based on water-dispersible fullerene (C60) aggregates is introduced; this prodrug system demonstrates active targeting, pH-responsive chemotherapy, and photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) properties. Incorporating (via a cleavable bond) an anticancer drug, which is doxorubicin (DOX) in this study, and a targeting ligand (folic acid) onto fullerene while maintaining an overall size of approximately 135 nm produces a more specific anticancer prodrug. This prodrug can enter folate receptor (FR)-positive cancer cells and kill the cells via intracellular release of the active drug form. Moreover, the fullerene aggregate carrier exhibits PDT action; the cytotoxicity of the system towards FR-positive cancer cells is increased in response to light irradiation. As the DOX drug molecules are conjugated onto fullerene, the DOX fluorescence is significantly quenched by the strong electron-accepting capability of fullerene. The fluorescence restores upon release from fullerene, so this fluorescence quenching-restoring feature can be used to track intracellular DOX release. The combined effect of chemotherapy and PDT increases the therapeutic efficacy of the DOX-fullerene aggregate prodrug. This study provides useful insights into designing and improving the applicability of fullerene for other targeted cancer prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Fan
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent, Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Shen H, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Xu R, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Mai J, Huang Y, Zhang G, Guo X, Bai L, Qin G, Deng X, Li Q, Erm DR, Aslan B, Liu X, Sakamoto J, Chavez-Reyes A, Han HD, Sood AK, Ferrari M, Lopez-Berestein G. Enhancing chemotherapy response with sustained EphA2 silencing using multistage vector delivery. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1806-15. [PMID: 23386691 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE RNA interference has the potential to specifically knockdown the expression of target genes and thereby transform cancer therapy. However, lack of effective delivery of siRNA has dramatically limited its in vivo applications. We have developed a multistage vector (MSV) system, composed of discoidal porous silicon particles loaded with nanotherapeutics, that directs effective delivery and sustained release of siRNA in tumor tissues. In this study, we evaluated therapeutic efficacy of MSV-loaded EphA2 siRNA (MSV/EphA2) with murine orthotopic models of metastatic ovarian cancers as a first step toward development of a new class of nanotherapeutics for the treatment of ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor accumulation of MSV/EphA2 and sustained release of siRNA from MSV were analyzed after intravenous administration of MSV/siRNA. Nude mice with metastatic SKOV3ip2 tumors were treated with MSV/EphA2 and paclitaxel, and therapeutic efficacy was assessed. Mice with chemotherapy-resistant HeyA8 ovarian tumors were treated with a combination of MSV/EphA2 and docetaxel, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS Treatment of SKOV3ip2 tumor mice with MSV/EphA2 biweekly for 6 weeks resulted in dose-dependent (5, 10, and 15 μg/mice) reduction of tumor weight (36%, 64%, and 83%) and number of tumor nodules compared with the control groups. In addition, tumor growth was completely inhibited when mice were treated with MSV/EphA2 in combination with paclitaxel. Furthermore, combination treatment with MSV/EphA2 and docetaxel inhibited growth of HeyA8-MDR tumors, which were otherwise resistant to docetaxel treatment. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that MSV/EphA2 merits further development as a novel therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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58
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Gupta B, Zhu Y, Guan B, Reece PJ, Gooding JJ. Functionalised porous silicon as a biosensor: emphasis on monitoring cells in vivo and in vitro. Analyst 2013; 138:3593-615. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jaganathan H, Godin B. Biocompatibility assessment of Si-based nano- and micro-particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1800-19. [PMID: 22634160 PMCID: PMC3465530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is one of the most abundant chemical elements found on the Earth. Due to its unique chemical and physical properties, silicon based materials and their oxides (e.g. silica) have been used in several industries such as building and construction, electronics, food industry, consumer products and biomedical engineering/medicine. This review summarizes studies on effects of silicon and silica nano- and micro-particles on cells and organs following four main exposure routes, namely, intravenous, pulmonary, dermal and oral. Further, possible genotoxic effects of silica based nanoparticles are discussed. The review concludes with an outlook on improving and standardizing biocompatibility assessment for nano- and micro-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsa Jaganathan
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX
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61
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Martinez JO, Brown BS, Quattrocchi N, Evangelopoulos M, Ferrari M, Tasciotti E. Multifunctional to multistage delivery systems: The evolution of nanoparticles for biomedical applications. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012; 57:3961-3971. [PMID: 24587616 PMCID: PMC3938208 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are advancing in several directions with significant progress being achieved with respect to their synthesis, functionalization and biomedical application. In this review, we will describe several classes of prototypical nanocarriers, such as liposomes, silicon particles, and gold nanoshells, in terms of their individual function as well as their synergistic use. Active and passive targeting, photothermal ablation, and drug controlled release constitute some of the crucial functions identified to achieve a medical purpose. Current limitations in targeting, slow clearance, and systemic as well as local toxicity are addressed in reference to the recent studies that attempted to comprehend and solve these issues. The demand for a more sophisticated understanding of the impact of nanomaterialson the body and of their potential immune response underlies this discussion. Combined components are then discussed in the setting of multifunctional nanocarriers, a class of drug delivery systems we envisioned, proposed, and evolved in the last 5 years. In particular, our third generation of nanocarriers, the multistage vectors, usher in the new field of nanomedicine by combining several components onto multifunctional nanocarriers characterized by emerging properties and able to achieve synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon S. Brown
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicoletta Quattrocchi
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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62
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Godin B, Chiappini C, Srinivasan S, Alexander JF, Yokoi K, Ferrari M, Decuzzi P, Liu X. Discoidal Porous Silicon Particles: Fabrication and Biodistribution in Breast Cancer Bearing Mice. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2012; 22:4225-4235. [PMID: 23227000 PMCID: PMC3516182 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (pSi) is emerging as a promising material in the development of nanovectors for the systemic delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. The integration of photolithographic patterning, typical of the semiconductor industry, with electrochemical silicon etching provides a highly flexible strategy to fabricate monodisperse and precisely tailored nanovectors. Here, a microfabrication strategy for direct lithographic patterning of discoidal pSi particles is presented that enables precise and independent control over particle size, shape, and porous structure. Discoidal pSi nanovectors with diameters ranging from 500 to 2600 nm, heights from 200 to 700 nm, pore sizes from 5 to 150 nm, and porosities from 40 to 90% are demonstrated. The degradation in serum, interaction with immune and endothelial cells in vitro, and biodistribution in mice bearing breast tumors are assessed for two discoidal nanovectors with sizes of 600 nm × 400 nm and 1000 nm × 400 nm. It is shown that both particle types are degraded after 24 h of continuous gentle agitation in serum, do not stimulate cytokine release from macrophages or affect endothelial cell viability, and accumulate up to about 10% of the injected dose per gram tissue in orthotopic murine models of breast cancer. The accumulation of the discoidal pSi nanovectors into the breast tumor mass is found to be up to five times higher than for spherical silica beads with similar diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srimeenakshi Srinivasan
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenolyn F. Alexander
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenji Yokoi
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ferrati S, Shamsudeen S, Summers HD, Rees P, Abbey JVA, Schmulen J, Liu X, Wong STC, Bean AJ, Ferrari M, Serda RE. Inter-endothelial transport of microvectors using cellular shuttles and tunneling nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3151-3160. [PMID: 22930522 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New insights into the intra- and intercellular trafficking of drug delivery particles challenges the dogma of particles as static intracellular depots for sustained drug release. Recent discoveries in the cell-to-cell transfer of cellular constituents, including proteins, organelles, and microparticles sheds light on new ways to propagate signals and therapeutics. While beneficial for the dispersion of therapeutics at sites of pathologies, propagation of biological entities advancing disease states is less desirable. Mechanisms are presented for the transfer of porous silicon microparticles between cells. Direct cell-to-cell transfer of microparticles by means of membrane adhesion or using membrane extensions known as tunneling nanotubes is presented. Cellular relays, or shuttle cells, are also shown to mediate the transfer of microparticles between cells. These microparticle-transfer events appear to be stimulated by environmental cues, introducing a new paradigm of environmentally triggered propagation of cellular signals and rapid dispersion of particle-delivered therapeutics. The opportunity to use microparticles to study cellular transfer events and biological triggers that induce these events may aid in the discovery of therapeutics that limit the spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrati
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yokoi K, Godin B, Oborn CJ, Alexander JF, Liu X, Fidler IJ, Ferrari M. Porous silicon nanocarriers for dual targeting tumor associated endothelial cells and macrophages in stroma of orthotopic human pancreatic cancers. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:319-27. [PMID: 23000514 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly fatal disease characterized by a dominant stroma formation. Exploring new biological targets, specifically those overexpressed in stroma cells, holds significant potential for the design of specific nanocarriers to attain homing of therapeutic and imaging agents to the tumor. In clinical specimens of pancreatic cancer, we found increased expression of CD59 in tumor associated endothelial cells as well as infiltrating cells in the stroma as compared to uninvolved pancreas. We explored this dual targeting effect using orthotopic human pancreatic cancer in nude mice. By immunofluorescence analysis, we confirmed the increased expression of Ly6C, mouse homolog of CD59, in tumor associated endothelial cells as well as in macrophages within the stroma. We decorated the surface of porous silicon nanocarriers with Ly6C antibody. Targeted nanocarriers injected intravenously accumulated to tumor associated endothelial cells within 15min. At 4h after administration, 9.8±2.3% of injected dose/g tumor of the Ly6C targeting nanocarriers accumulated in the pancreatic tumors as opposed to 0.5±1.8% with non-targeted nanocarriers. These results suggest that Ly6C (or CD59) can serve as a novel dual target to deliver therapeutic agents to the stroma of pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yokoi
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
In this review, recent reports on the biocompatibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are reviewed, with special emphasis being paid to the correlations between MSNs' structural and compositional features and their biological effects on various cells and tissues. First, the different synthetic routes used to produce the most common types of MSNs and the various methods employed to functionalize their surfaces are discussed. This is, however, done only briefly because of the focus of the review being the biocompatibility of the materials. Similarly, the biological applications of MSNs in areas such as drug and gene delivery, biocatalysis, bioimaging, and biosensing are briefly introduced. Many examples have also been mentioned about the biological applications of MSNs while discussing the materials' biocompatibility. The cytotoxicity of different types of MSNs and the effects of their various structural characteristics on their biological activities, which are the focus of this review, are then described in detail. In addition, synthetic strategies developed to reduce or eliminate any possible negative biological effects associated with MSNs or to improve their biocompatibility, as necessary, are illustrated. At the same time, recent reports on the interactions between MSNs and various in vivo or in vitro biological systems, plus our opinions and remarks on what the future may hold for this field, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Meraz IM, Melendez B, Gu J, Wong STC, Liu X, Andersson HA, Serda RE. Activation of the inflammasome and enhanced migration of microparticle-stimulated dendritic cells to the draining lymph node. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2049-62. [PMID: 22680980 DOI: 10.1021/mp3001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon microparticles presenting pathogen-associated molecular patterns mimic pathogens, enhancing internalization of the microparticles and activation of antigen presenting dendritic cells. We demonstrate abundant uptake of microparticles bound by the TLR-4 ligands LPS and MPL by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Labeled microparticles induce concentration-dependent production of IL-1β, with inhibition by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK supporting activation of the NLRP3-dependent inflammasome. Inoculation of BALB/c mice with ligand-bound microparticles induces a significant increase in circulating levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Stimulation of BMDC with ligand-bound microparticles increases surface expression of costimulatory and MHC molecules, and enhances migration of BMDC to the draining lymph node. LPS-microparticles stimulate in vivo C57BL/6 BMDC and OT-1 transgenic T cell interactions in the presence of OVA SIINFEKL peptide in lymph nodes, with intact nodes imaged using two-photon microscopy. Formation of in vivo and in vitro immunological synapses between BMDC, loaded with OVA peptide and LPS-microparticles, and OT-1 T cells are presented, as well as elevated intracellular interferon gamma levels in CD8(+) T cells stimulated by BMDC carrying peptide-loaded microparticles. In short, ligand-bound microparticles enhance (1) phagocytosis of microparticles; (2) BMDC inflammasome activation and upregulation of costimulatory and MHC molecules; (3) cellular migration of BMDC to lymphatic tissue; and (4) cellular interactions leading to T cell activation in the presence of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M Meraz
- Department of Nanomedicine and §Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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67
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Abstract
RNA interference holds the promise to knock down expression of every cancer gene. Both academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have committed heavily on manpower and financial resources to develop small interfering RNA (siRNA) cancer therapeutics over the last decade. Although significant advances have been made in the design of siRNA therapeutics and mechanism of action on cancer cell killing, there are still many hurdles to overcome including effective delivery of therapeutics in vivo. Nanotechnology has had an important role in the development of delivery vectors so far. This article summarizes current nanovectors for siRNA delivery, discusses technical challenges in overcoming biological barriers, and introduces the multistage vector system for tumor-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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68
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Malatesta M, Giagnacovo M, Costanzo M, Conti B, Genta I, Dorati R, Galimberti V, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Diaminobenzidine photoconversion is a suitable tool for tracking the intracellular location of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles at transmission electron microscopy. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e20. [PMID: 22688301 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) deserve particular attention as suitable drug carriers in the field of pharmaceutics, since they are able to protect the encapsulated drugs and/or improve their efficacy by making them able to cross biological barriers (such as the blood-brain barrier) and reach their intracellular target sites. Understanding the intracellular location of NPs is crucial for designing drug delivery strategies. In this study, fluorescently-labelled chitosan NPs were administered in vitro to a neuronal cell line, and diaminobenzidine (DAB) photoconversion was applied to correlate fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to precisely describe the NPs intracellular fate. This technique allowed to demonstrate that chitosan NPs easily enter neuronal cells, predominantly by endocytosis; they were found both inside membrane-bounded vesicles and free in the cytosol, and were observed to accumulate around the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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69
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Malatesta M, Giagnacovo M, Costanzo M, Conti B, Genta I, Dorati R, Galimberti V, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Diaminobenzidine photoconversion is a suitable tool for tracking the intracellular location of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles at transmission electron microscopy. Eur J Histochem 2012. [PMID: 22688301 PMCID: PMC3428969 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) deserve particular attention as suitable drug carriers in the field of pharmaceutics, since they are able to protect the encapsulated drugs and/or improve their efficacy by making them able to cross biological barriers (such as the blood-brain barrier) and reach their intracellular target sites. Understanding the intracellular location of NPs is crucial for designing drug delivery strategies. In this study, fluorescently-labelled chitosan NPs were administered in vitro to a neuronal cell line, and diaminobenzidine (DAB) photoconversion was applied to correlate fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to precisely describe the NPs intracellular fate. This technique allowed to demonstrate that chitosan NPs easily enter neuronal cells, predominantly by endocytosis; they were found both inside membrane-bounded vesicles and free in the cytosol, and were observed to accumulate around the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Malatesta
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona
| | - M. Giagnacovo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Pavia
| | - M. Costanzo
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona
| | - B. Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - I. Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - R. Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - V. Galimberti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Pavia
| | - M. Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Pavia;,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Pavia, Italy
| | - C. Zancanaro
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona
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70
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van de Ven AL, Wu M, Lowengrub J, McDougall SR, Chaplain MAJ, Cristini V, Ferrari M, Frieboes HB. Integrated intravital microscopy and mathematical modeling to optimize nanotherapeutics delivery to tumors. AIP ADVANCES 2012; 2:11208. [PMID: 22489278 PMCID: PMC3321519 DOI: 10.1063/1.3699060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient vascularization hinders the optimal transport of cell nutrients, oxygen, and drugs to cancer cells in solid tumors. Gradients of these substances maintain a heterogeneous cell-scale microenvironment through which drugs and their carriers must travel, significantly limiting optimal drug exposure. In this study, we integrate intravital microscopy with a mathematical model of cancer to evaluate the behavior of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems designed to circumvent biophysical barriers. We simulate the effect of doxorubicin delivered via porous 1000 x 400 nm plateloid silicon particles to a solid tumor characterized by a realistic vasculature, and vary the parameters to determine how much drug per particle and how many particles need to be released within the vasculature in order to achieve remission of the tumor. We envision that this work will contribute to the development of quantitative measures of nanoparticle design and drug loading in order to optimize cancer treatment via nanotherapeutics.
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71
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Dudu V, Rotari V, Vazquez M. Sendai virus-based liposomes enable targeted cytosolic delivery of nanoparticles in brain tumor-derived cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:9. [PMID: 22339792 PMCID: PMC3352066 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanotechnology-based bioassays that detect the presence and/or absence of a combination of cell markers are increasingly used to identify stem or progenitor cells, assess cell heterogeneity, and evaluate tumor malignancy and/or chemoresistance. Delivery methods that enable nanoparticles to rapidly detect emerging, intracellular markers within cell clusters of biopsies will greatly aid in tumor characterization, analysis of functional state and development of treatment regimens. Results Experiments utilized the Sendai virus to achieve in vitro, cytosolic delivery of Quantum dots in cells cultured from Human brain tumors. Using fluorescence microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, in vitro experiments illustrated that these virus-based liposomes decreased the amount of non-specifically endocytosed nanoparticles by 50% in the Human glioblastoma and medulloblastoma samples studied. Significantly, virus-based liposome delivery also facilitated targeted binding of Quantum dots to cytosolic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor within cultured cells, focal to the early detection and characterization of malignant brain tumors. Conclusions These findings are the first to utilize the Sendai virus to achieve cytosolic, targeted intracellular binding of Qdots within Human brain tumor cells. The results are significant to the continued applicability of nanoparticles used for the molecular labeling of cancer cells to determine tumor heterogeneity, grade, and chemotherapeutic resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Dudu
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
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72
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Ohta S, Shen P, Inasawa S, Yamaguchi Y. Size- and surface chemistry-dependent intracellular localization of luminescent silicon quantum dot aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31112g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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73
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van de Ven AL, Mack A, Dunner K, Ferrari M, Serda R. Preparation, characterization, and cellular associations of silicon logic-embedded vectors. Methods Enzymol 2012; 508:1-16. [PMID: 22449918 PMCID: PMC3763508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391860-4.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Logic-embedded vectors (LEVs) have been introduced as a means to overcome sequential, biological barriers that prevent particle-based drug delivery systems from reaching their targets. In this chapter, we address the challenge of fabricating and optimizing LEVs to reach non-endosomal targets. We describe the general preparation, characterization, and cellular association of porous silicon-based LEVs. A specific example of LEV fabrication from start to finish, along with optimization and troubleshooting information, is presented to serve as a template for future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. van de Ven
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Aaron Mack
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kenneth Dunner
- High Resolution Microscopy Imaging Facility, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- President and CEO, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rita Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
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74
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Fang CY, Vaijayanthimala V, Cheng CA, Yeh SH, Chang CF, Li CL, Chang HC. The exocytosis of fluorescent nanodiamond and its use as a long-term cell tracker. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3363-70. [PMID: 21997958 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) has excellent biocompatibility and photostability, making it well suited for long-term labeling and tracking of cancer and stem cells. To prove the concept, the exocytosis of FND particles (size ≈100 nm) from three cell lines--HeLa cervical cancer cells, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and 489-2.1 multipotent stromal cells--is studied in detail. FND labeling is performed by incubating the cells in a serum-free medium containing 80 μg mL(-1) FND for 4 h. No significant alteration in growth or proliferation of the FND-labeled cells, including the multipotent stromal cells, is observed for up to 8 days. Flow cytometric analysis, in combination with parallel cell doubling-time measurements, indicates that there is little (≈15% or less) excretion of the endocytosed FND particles after 6 days of labeling for both HeLa and 489-2.1 cells, but exocytosis occurs more readily (up to 30%) for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. A comparative experiment with FND and the widely used dye, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, demonstrates that the nanoparticle platform is a promising alternate probe for long-term cell labeling and tracking applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Fang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 106, Taiwan
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75
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Godin B, Tasciotti E, Liu X, Serda RE, Ferrari M. Multistage nanovectors: from concept to novel imaging contrast agents and therapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:979-89. [PMID: 21902173 DOI: 10.1021/ar200077p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades a great variety of nanotechnology based platforms have been synthesized and fabricated to improve the delivery of active compounds to a disease site. Nanoparticles currently used in the clinic, and the majority of nanotherapeutics/nanodiagnostics under investigation, accommodate single- or multiple- functionalities on the same entity. Because many heterogeneous biological barriers can prevent therapeutic and imaging agents from reaching their intended targets in sufficient concentrations, there is an emerging requirement to develop a multimodular nanoassembly, in which different components with individual specific functions act in a synergistic manner. The multistage nanovectors (MSVs) were introduced in 2008 as the first system of this type. It comprises several nanocomponents or "stages", each of which is designed to negotiate one or more biological barriers. Stage 1 mesoporous silicon particles (S1MPs) were rationally designed and fabricated in a nonspherical geometry to enable superior blood margination and to increase cell surface adhesion. The main task of S1MPs is to efficiently transport nanoparticles that are loaded into their porous structure and to protect them during transport from the administration site to the disease lesion. Semiconductor fabrication techniques including photolithography and electrochemical etching allow for the exquisite control and precise reproducibility of S1MP physical characteristics such as geometry and porosity. Furthermore, S1MPs can be chemically modified with negatively/positively charged groups, PEG and other polymers, fluorescent probes, contrast agents, and biologically active targeting moieties including antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and phage. The payload nanoparticles, termed stage 2 nanoparticles (S2NPs), can be any currently available nanoparticles such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic/metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon structures, within the approximate size range of 5-100 nm in diameter. Depending upon the physicochemical features of the S1MP (geometry, porosity, and surface modifications), a variety of S2NPs or nanoparticle "cocktails" can be loaded and efficiently delivered to the disease site. As demonstrated in the studies reviewed here, once the S2NPs are loaded into the S1MPs, a variety of novel properties emerge, which enable the design of new and improved imaging contrast agents and therapeutics. For example, the loading of the MRI Gd-based contrast agents onto hemispherical and discoidal S1MPs significantly increased the longitudal relaxivity (r1) to values of up to 50 times larger than those of clinically available gadolinium-based agents (~4 mM(-1) s(-1)/Gd(3+) ion). Furthermore, administration of a single dose of MSVs loaded with neutral nanoliposomes containing small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against the EphA2 oncoprotein enabled sustained EphA2 gene silencing for at least 21 days. As a result, the tumor burden was reduced in an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer. We envision that the versatility of the MSV platform and its emerging properties will enable the creation of personalized solutions with broad clinical implications within and beyond the realm of cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Rita E. Serda
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
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76
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Abstract
Large-scale cancer genomics, proteomics and RNA-sequencing efforts are currently mapping in fine detail the genetic and biochemical alterations that occur in cancer. However, it is becoming clear that it is difficult to integrate and interpret these data and to translate them into treatments. This difficulty is compounded by the recognition that cancer cells evolve, and that initiation, progression and metastasis are influenced by a wide variety of factors. To help tackle this challenge, the US National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences-Oncology Centers initiative is bringing together physicists, cancer biologists, chemists, mathematicians and engineers. How are we beginning to address cancer from the perspective of the physical sciences?
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. michor@jimmy. harvard.edu
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