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Wang LV, Yao J. A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences. Nat Methods 2016; 13:627-38. [PMID: 27467726 PMCID: PMC4980387 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The life sciences can benefit greatly from imaging technologies that connect microscopic discoveries with macroscopic observations. One technology uniquely positioned to provide such benefits is photoacoustic tomography (PAT), a sensitive modality for imaging optical absorption contrast over a range of spatial scales at high speed. In PAT, endogenous contrast reveals a tissue's anatomical, functional, metabolic, and histologic properties, and exogenous contrast provides molecular and cellular specificity. The spatial scale of PAT covers organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and small animals. Consequently, PAT is complementary to other imaging modalities in contrast mechanism, penetration, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution. We review the fundamentals of PAT and provide practical guidelines for matching PAT systems with research needs. We also summarize the most promising biomedical applications of PAT, discuss related challenges, and envision PAT's potential to lead to further breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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He J, Wang N, Tsurui H, Kato M, Iida M, Kobayashi T. Noninvasive, label-free, three-dimensional imaging of melanoma with confocal photothermal microscopy: Differentiate malignant melanoma from benign tumor tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30209. [PMID: 27445171 PMCID: PMC4957150 DOI: 10.1038/srep30209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers. Melanoma accounts for less than 2% of skin cancer cases but causes a large majority of skin cancer deaths. Early detection of malignant melanoma remains the key factor in saving lives. However, the melanoma diagnosis is still clinically challenging. Here, we developed a confocal photothermal microscope for noninvasive, label-free, three-dimensional imaging of melanoma. The axial resolution of confocal photothermal microscope is ~3 times higher than that of commonly used photothermal microscope. Three-dimensional microscopic distribution of melanin in pigmented lesions of mouse skin is obtained directly with this setup. Classic morphometric and fractal analysis of sixteen 3D images (eight for benign melanoma and eight for malignant) showed a capability of pathology of melanoma: melanin density and size become larger during the melanoma growth, and the melanin distribution also becomes more chaotic and unregulated. The results suggested new options for monitoring the melanoma growth and also for the melanoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping He
- National Astronomical Observatories/Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 188 Bancang Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Nan Wang
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tsurui
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Machiko Iida
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsinchu Rd., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Insitute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2–6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0971, Japan
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53
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Ding TX, Hou L, Meer HVD, Alivisatos AP, Orrit M. Hundreds-fold Sensitivity Enhancement of Photothermal Microscopy in Near-Critical Xenon. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2524-9. [PMID: 27295542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal absorption microscopy of single Au nanoparticles was conducted at temperatures and pressures near the critical point of Xenon (Tc = 16.583 °C, Pc = 5.842 MPa). The divergence of the thermal expansion coefficient at the critical point makes the refractive index highly sensitive to changes in temperature, which directly translates to a large enhancement of the photothermal signal. We find that measurements taken near the critical point of Xe give a signal enhancement factor of up to 440 ± 130 over those taken in glycerol. The highest sensitivity recorded here corresponds to power dissipation of 64 pW, achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of 9.4 for 5 nm Au nanoparticles with an integration time of 50 ms, making this the most sensitive of any absorption microscopy technique reported to date. Enhancing the sensitivity of absorption microscopy lowers the operating heating power, allowing the technique to be more compatible with absorbers with absorption coefficient and photochemical stability lower than that of Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina X Ding
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lei Hou
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen van der Meer
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michel Orrit
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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54
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Langer G, Buchegger B, Jacak J, Klar TA, Berer T. Frequency domain photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2692-702. [PMID: 27446698 PMCID: PMC4948622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on simultaneous frequency domain optical-resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy with sub-µm lateral resolution. With the help of a blood smear, we show that photoacoustic and fluorescence images provide complementary information. Furthermore, we compare theoretically predicted signal-to-noise ratios of sinusoidal modulation in frequency domain with pulsed excitation in time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Langer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Bianca Buchegger
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Applied Health & Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Berer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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55
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Dashtabi MM, Massudi R. Nonlinear optical microscopy improvement by focal-point axial modulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:56006. [PMID: 27228504 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.056006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the most important challenges of microscopy—even more important than the resolution enhancement, especially in biological and neuroscience applications—is noninvasive and label-free imaging deeper into live scattering samples. However, the fundamental limitation on imaging depth is the signal-to-background ratio in scattering biological tissues. Here, using a vibrating microscope objective in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier, we demonstrate the background cancellation in imaging the samples surrounded by turbid and scattering media, which leads to more clear images deeper into the samples. Furthermore, this technique offers the localization and resolution enhancement as well as resolves ambiguities in signal interpretation, using a single-color laser. This technique is applicable to most nonlinear as well as some linear point-scanning optical microscopies.
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56
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Ding C, Wei J. Far-field optical imaging with subdiffraction resolution enabled by nonlinear saturation absorption. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18845. [PMID: 26727415 PMCID: PMC4698740 DOI: 10.1038/srep18845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of far-field optical imaging is required to improve beyond the Abbe limit to the subdiffraction or even the nanoscale. In this work, inspired by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) imaging, in which carbon (or Au) thin films are usually required to be coated on the sample surface before imaging to remove the charging effect while imaging by electrons. We propose a saturation-absorption-induced far-field super-resolution optical imaging method (SAI-SRIM). In the SAI-SRIM, the carbon (or Au) layers in SEM imaging are replaced by nonlinear-saturation-absorption (NSA) thin films, which are directly coated onto the sample surfaces using advanced thin film deposition techniques. The surface fluctuant morphologies are replicated to the NSA thin films, accordingly. The coated sample surfaces are then imaged using conventional laser scanning microscopy. Consequently, the imaging resolution is greatly improved, and subdiffraction-resolved optical images are obtained theoretically and experimentally. The SAI-SRIM provides an effective and easy way to achieve far-field super-resolution optical imaging for sample surfaces with geometric fluctuant morphology characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines rich optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound at depths in tissue. The high scalability of PAT has enabled anatomical imaging of biological structures ranging from organelles to organs. The inherent functional and molecular imaging capabilities of PAT have further allowed it to measure important physiological parameters and track critical cellular activities. Integration of PAT with other imaging technologies provides complementary capabilities and can potentially accelerate the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto KAZAMA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Akihide HIBARA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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59
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Chen Z, Shan X, Guan Y, Wang S, Zhu JJ, Tao N. Imaging Local Heating and Thermal Diffusion of Nanomaterials with Plasmonic Thermal Microscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11574-81. [PMID: 26435320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measuring local heat generation and dissipation in nanomaterials is critical for understanding the basic properties and developing applications of nanomaterials, including photothermal therapy and joule heating of nanoelectronics. Several technologies have been developed to probe local temperature distributions in nanomaterials, but a sensitive thermal imaging technology with high temporal and spatial resolution is still lacking. Here, we describe plasmonic thermal microscopy (PTM) to image local heat generation and diffusion from nanostructures in biologically relevant aqueous solutions. We demonstrate that PTM can detect local temperature change as small as 6 mK with temporal resolution of 10 μs and spatial resolution of submicrons (diffraction limit). With PTM, we have successfully imaged photothermal generation from single nanoparticles and graphene pieces, studied spatiotemporal distribution of temperature surrounding a heated nanoparticle, and observed heating at defect sites in graphene. We further show that the PTM images are in quantitative agreement with theoretical simulations based on heat transport theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yan Guan
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Nongjian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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60
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Tzang O, Cheshnovsky O. New modes in label-free super resolution based on photo-modulated reflectivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:20926-20932. [PMID: 26367945 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in far-field super-resolution (SR) microscopy rely on, and therefore are limited by the ability to control the fluorescence of label molecules. We demonstrated a far field label-free SR methodology that relies on the nonlinear response of the reflectance to photo-modulation by a pump laser. Here we extend our approach in two directions. We show that the method can be further simplified and improved by using a single beam rather than a pump and probe or by adding spatial probe modulation to improve resolution. Additionally, we demonstrate SR in sectioning and further investigate the dynamics of non-linearity in photo-modulated reflectance. These new modalities of nonlinear photo-modulated reflectivity (NPMR) enhance its applicability using lower orders of nonlinear response.
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61
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Nedosekin DA, Foster S, Nima ZA, Biris AS, Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Photothermal confocal multicolor microscopy of nanoparticles and nanodrugs in live cells. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:346-55. [PMID: 26133539 PMCID: PMC5841921 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1058818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing biomedical applications of non-fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) for molecular imaging, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and theranostics require new tools for real-time detection of nanomaterials, drug nano-carriers, and NP-drug conjugates (nanodrugs) in complex biological environments without additional labeling. Photothermal (PT) microscopy (PTM) has enormous potential for absorption-based identification and quantification of non-fluorescent molecules and NPs at a single molecule and 1.4 nm gold NP level. Recently, we have developed confocal PTM providing three-dimensional (3D) mapping and spectral identification of multiple chromophores and fluorophores in live cells. Here, we summarize recent advances in the application of confocal multicolor PTM for 3D visualization of single and clustered NPs, alone and in individual cells. In particular, we demonstrate identification of functionalized magnetic and gold-silver NPs, as well as graphene and carbon nanotubes in cancer cells and among blood cells. The potential to use PTM for super-resolution imaging (down to 50 nm), real-time NP tracking, guidance of PT nanotherapy, and multiplex cancer markers targeting, as well as analysis of non-linear PT phenomena and amplification of nanodrug efficacy through NP clustering and nano-bubble formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Stephen Foster
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
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62
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Ge J, Jia Q, Liu W, Guo L, Liu Q, Lan M, Zhang H, Meng X, Wang P. Red-Emissive Carbon Dots for Fluorescent, Photoacoustic, and Thermal Theranostics in Living Mice. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4169-77. [PMID: 26045099 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, P. R. China
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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63
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Tzang O, Azoury D, Cheshnovsky O. Super resolution methodology based on temperature dependent Raman scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17929-17940. [PMID: 26191853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in far-field super-resolution (SR) microscopy rely on, and therefore are limited by the ability to control the fluorescence of label molecules. We suggest a new, label-free, far-field SR microscopy based on temperature dependence of Raman scattering. Here, we present simulation and experimental characterization of the method. In an ultrafast pump-probe scheme, a spatial temperature profile is optically excited throughout the diffraction-limited spot; the Raman spectrum is probed with an overlapping laser. Thermally induced shifts, recorded in a specific spectral region of interest (ROI), enable spatial discrimination between areas of different temperature. Our simulations show spatial resolution that surpasses the diffraction limit by more than a factor of 2. Our method is compatible with material characterization in ambient, vacuum and liquid, thin and thick samples alike.
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64
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Yorulmaz M, Nizzero S, Hoggard A, Wang LY, Cai YY, Su MN, Chang WS, Link S. Single-particle absorption spectroscopy by photothermal contrast. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3041-7. [PMID: 25849105 DOI: 10.1021/nl504992h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Removing effects of sample heterogeneity through single-molecule and single-particle techniques has advanced many fields. While background free luminescence and scattering spectroscopy is widely used, recording the absorption spectrum only is rather difficult. Here we present an approach capable of recording pure absorption spectra of individual nanostructures. We demonstrate the implementation of single-particle absorption spectroscopy on strongly scattering plasmonic nanoparticles by combining photothermal microscopy with a supercontinuum laser and an innovative calibration procedure that accounts for chromatic aberrations and wavelength-dependent excitation powers. Comparison of the absorption spectra to the scattering spectra of the same individual gold nanoparticles reveals the blueshift of the absorption spectra, as predicted by Mie theory but previously not detectable in extinction measurements that measure the sum of absorption and scattering. By covering a wavelength range of 300 nm, we are furthermore able to record absorption spectra of single gold nanorods with different aspect ratios. We find that the spectral shift between absorption and scattering for the longitudinal plasmon resonance decreases as a function of nanorod aspect ratio, which is in agreement with simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yorulmaz
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sara Nizzero
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anneli Hoggard
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lin-Yung Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Cai
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Man-Nung Su
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei-Shun Chang
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- †Department of Chemistry, ‡Applied Physics Graduate Program, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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65
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Seto K, Tsukada T, Okuda Y, Tokunaga E, Kobayashi T. Noise cancellation with phase-detection technique for pump-probe measurement and application to stimulated Raman imaging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:809-821. [PMID: 26366905 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intensity noise on a probe beam is a serious obstacle to highly sensitive and high-speed pump-probe microscopy. In this report, a reference beam of the probe is prepared and delayed. The intensity modulation by the sample is measured as the phase modulation of the superposition of detected electrical signals of the probe and reference beams, and the intensity noise is canceled. We evaluate performance of the noise cancellation using the super-continuum light from a piece of photonic crystal fiber, and find that the noise is canceled by ∼26 dB. We then apply the method to a stimulated Raman microscope. This method contributes to highly sensitive and high-speed pump-probe imaging with various light sources.
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66
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Yakunin AN, Avetisyan YA, Tuchin VV. Quantification of laser local hyperthermia induced by gold plasmonic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:051030. [PMID: 25629389 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses one of the key problems of laser-induced tissue/cell hyperthermia mediated by gold nanoparticles, namely, quantifying and precise prediction of the light exposure to provide a controllable local heating impact on living organisms. The distributions of such parameters as an efficiency factor of absorption, differential and integral absorbing power of a nanoparticle, temperature increment, and Arrhenius damage integral were used to quantify nanoparticle effectiveness in the two-dimensional coordinate space “laser wavelength (λ) × radius of gold nanoparticles (R).” It was found that the fulfillment of required spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature fields in the vicinity of nanoparticle determines the optimal λ and R. As a result, the area in the space (λ × R) with a minimal criticality to alterations of the local hyperthermia may be significantly displaced from the position of the plasmonic resonance. The aspects of generalization of the proposed methodology for the analysis of local hyperthermia using nanoparticles of different shapes (nanoshells, nanorods, nanostars) and short pulse laser radiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Yakunin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, RussiabN.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Yuri A Avetisyan
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, RussiabN.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, RussiabN.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
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67
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He J, Miyazaki J, Wang N, Tsurui H, Kobayashi T. Biological imaging with nonlinear photothermal microscopy using a compact supercontinuum fiber laser source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:9762-71. [PMID: 25969015 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear photothermal microscopy is applied in the imaging of biological tissues stained with chlorophyll and hematoxylin. Experimental results show that this type of organic molecules, which absorb light but transform dominant part of the absorbed energy into heat, may be ideal probes for photothermal imaging without photochemical toxicity. Picosecond pump and probe pulses, with central wavelengths of 488 and 632 nm, respectively, are spectrally filtered from a compact supercontinuum fiber laser source. Based on the light source, a compact and sensitive super-resolution imaging system is constructed. Further more, the imaging system is much less affected by thermal blurring than photothermal microscopes with continuous-wave light sources. The spatial resolution of nonlinear photothermal microscopy is ~ 188 nm. It is ~ 23% higher than commonly utilized linear photothermal microscopy experimentally and ~43% than conventional optical microscopy theoretically. The nonlinear photothermal imaging technology can be used in the evaluation of biological tissues with high-resolution and contrast.
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Proskurnin MA, Volkov DS, Gor’kova TA, Bendrysheva SN, Smirnova AP, Nedosekin DA. Advances in thermal lens spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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69
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Tzang O, Pevzner A, Marvel RE, Haglund RF, Cheshnovsky O. Super-resolution in label-free photomodulated reflectivity. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1362-1367. [PMID: 25603405 DOI: 10.1021/nl504640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new, label-free, far-field super-resolution method based on an ultrafast pump-probe scheme oriented toward nanomaterial imaging. A focused pump laser excites a diffraction-limited spatial temperature profile, and the nonlinear changes in reflectance are probed. Enhanced spatial resolution is demonstrated with nanofabricated silicon and vanadium dioxide nanostructures. Using an air objective, resolution of 105 nm was achieved, well beyond the diffraction limit for the pump and probe beams and offering a novel kind of dedicated nanoscopy for materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Tzang
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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70
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Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography: principles and advances. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2015; 147:1-22. [PMID: 25642127 PMCID: PMC4311576 DOI: 10.2528/pier14032303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging imaging modality that shows great potential for preclinical research and clinical practice. As a hybrid technique, PAT is based on the acoustic detection of optical absorption from either endogenous chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin, or exogenous contrast agents, such as organic dyes and nanoparticles. Because ultrasound scatters much less than light in tissue, PAT generates high-resolution images in both the optical ballistic and diffusive regimes. Over the past decade, the photoacoustic technique has been evolving rapidly, leading to a variety of exciting discoveries and applications. This review covers the basic principles of PAT and its different implementations. Strengths of PAT are highlighted, along with the most recent imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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71
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Galanzha EI, Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Orza AI, Biris AS, Verkhusha VV, Zharov VP. Photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry using photoswitchable proteins and nanoparticles with ultrasharp resonances. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:81-93. [PMID: 24259123 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (PSFPs) with controllable spectral shifts in emission in response to light have led to breakthroughs in cell biology. Conventional photoswitching, however, is not applicable to weakly fluorescent proteins. As an alternative, photothermal (PT) and photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy have demonstrated a tremendous potential for studying absorbing nonfluorescent proteins and nanoparticles. However, little progress has been made in the development of switchable PT and PA probes with controllable spectral shifts in absorption. Here, we introduce the concept of photothermally switchable nanoparticles (PTSNs). To prove the concept, we demonstrated fast, reversible magnetic-PT switching of conventional and gold-coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters in cancer cells in vitro and PT switching of nonlinear ultrasharp plasmonic resonances in gold nanorods molecularly targeted to circulating cells in vivo. We showed that genetically encoded PSFPs with relatively slow switching can serve as triple-modal fluorescent, PT, and PA probes under static conditions, while PTSNs with ultrafast switching may provide higher PA sensitivity in the near-infrared window of tissue transparency under dynamic flow conditions. Application of nonlinear phenomena for super-resolution spectral PT and PA cytometry, microscopy, and spectral burning beyond the diffraction and spectral limits are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #543, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
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72
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Mertiri A, Altug H, Hong MK, Mehta P, Mertz J, Ziegler L, Erramilli S. Nonlinear Midinfrared Photothermal Spectroscopy Using Zharov Splitting and Quantum Cascade Lasers. ACS PHOTONICS 2014; 1:696-702. [PMID: 25541620 PMCID: PMC4270413 DOI: 10.1021/ph500114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report on the mid-infrared nonlinear photothermal spectrum of the neat liquid crystal 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) using a tunable Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL). The nonequilibrium steady state characterized by the nonlinear photothermal infrared response undergoes a supercritical bifurcation. The bifurcation, observed in heterodyne two-color pump-probe detection, leads to ultrasharp nonlinear infrared spectra similar to those reported in the visible region. A systematic study of the peak splitting as a function of absorbed infrared power shows the bifurcation has a critical exponent of 0.5. The observation of an apparently universal critical exponent in a nonequilibrium state is explained using an analytical model analogous of mean field theory. Apart from the intrinsic interest for nonequilibrium studies, nonlinear photothermal methods lead to a dramatic narrowing of spectral lines, giving rise to a potential new contrast mechanism for the rapidly emerging new field of mid-infrared microspectroscopy using QCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alket Mertiri
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hatice Altug
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of BioEngineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale
De Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mi K. Hong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lawrence
D. Ziegler
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Shyamsunder Erramilli
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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73
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Danielli A, Maslov K, Garcia-Uribe A, Winkler AM, Li C, Wang L, Chen Y, Dorn GW, Wang LV. Label-free photoacoustic nanoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:086006. [PMID: 25104412 PMCID: PMC4125341 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy techniques - capable of overcoming the diffraction limit of light - have opened new opportunities to explore subcellular structures and dynamics not resolvable in conventional far-field microscopy. However, relying on staining with exogenous fluorescent markers, these techniques can sometimes introduce undesired artifacts to the image, mainly due to large tagging agent sizes and insufficient or variable labeling densities. By contrast, the use of endogenous pigments allows imaging of the intrinsic structures of biological samples with unaltered molecular constituents. Here, we report label-free photoacoustic (PA) nanoscopy, which is exquisitely sensitive to optical absorption, with an 88 nm resolution. At each scanning position, multiple PA signals are successively excited with increasing laser pulse energy. Because of optical saturation or nonlinear thermal expansion, the PA amplitude depends on the nonlinear incident optical fluence. The high-order dependence, quantified by polynomial fitting, provides super-resolution imaging with optical sectioning. PA nanoscopy is capable of super-resolution imaging of either fluorescent or nonfluorescent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Danielli
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Uribe
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Amy M. Winkler
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chiye Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lidai Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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74
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Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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75
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Circulating tumor cell identification by functionalized silver-gold nanorods with multicolor, super-enhanced SERS and photothermal resonances. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4752. [PMID: 24810323 PMCID: PMC4015134 DOI: 10.1038/srep04752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been extensively explored for cancer diagnostics. However, the specificity of current methods to identify simultaneously several cancer biomarkers is limited due to color overlapping of bio-conjugated nanoparticles. Here, we present a technique to increase both the molecular and spectral specificity of cancer diagnosis by using tunable silver-gold nanorods with narrow surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and high photothermal contrast. The silver-gold nanorods were functionalized with four Raman-active molecules and four antibodies specific to breast cancer markers and with leukocyte-specific CD45 marker. More than two orders of magnitude of SERS signal enhancement was observed from these hybrid nanosystems compared to conventional gold nanorods. Using an antibody rainbow cocktail, we demonstrated highly specific detection of single breast cancer cells in unprocessed human blood. By integrating multiplex targeting, multicolor coding, and multimodal detection, our approach has the potential to improve multispectral imaging of individual tumor cells in complex biological environments.
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76
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Yao J, Wang LV. Breakthrough in Photonics 2013: Photoacoustic Tomography in Biomedicine. IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL 2014; 6:0701006. [PMID: 25383143 PMCID: PMC4224294 DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2014.2310197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities in the last decade. Building on its high scalability and complementary imaging contrast to other mainstream modalities, PAT has gained substantial momentum in both preclinical and clinical studies. In 2013, PAT has grown markedly in both its technological capabilities and biomedical applications. In particular, breakthroughs have been made in super-resolution imaging, deep blood flow measurement, small animal resting state brain mapping, video rate functional human imaging, and human breast imaging. These breakthroughs have either successfully solved long-standing technical issues in PAT or significantly enhanced its imaging capability. This Review will summarize state-of-the-art developments in PAT and highlight a few representative achievements of the year 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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77
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Cassano CL, Mawatari K, Kitamori T, Fan ZH. Thermal lens microscopy as a detector in microdevices. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2279-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Cassano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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78
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Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Circulating Tumor Cell Detection and Capture by Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Vivo and ex Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1691-738. [PMID: 24335964 PMCID: PMC3875961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), existing assays still have low sensitivity (1-10 CTC/mL) due to the small volume of blood samples (5-10 mL). Consequently, they can miss up to 103-104 CTCs, resulting in the development of barely treatable metastasis. Here we analyze a new concept of in vivo CTC detection with enhanced sensitivity (up to 102-103 times) by the examination of the entire blood volume in vivo (5 L in adults). We focus on in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) of CTCs using label-free or targeted detection, photoswitchable nanoparticles with ultrasharp PA resonances, magnetic trapping with fiber-magnetic-PA probes, optical clearance, real-time spectral identification, nonlinear signal amplification, and the integration with PAFC in vitro. We demonstrate PAFC's capability to detect rare leukemia, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and bulk and stem breast CTCs and its clusters in preclinical animal models in blood, lymph, bone, and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the release of CTCs from primary tumors triggered by palpation, biopsy or surgery, increasing the risk of metastasis. CTC lifetime as a balance between intravasation and extravasation rates was in the range of 0.5-4 h depending on a CTC metastatic potential. We introduced theranostics of CTCs as an integration of nanobubble-enhanced PA diagnosis, photothermal therapy, and feedback through CTC counting. In vivo data were verified with in vitro PAFC demonstrating a higher sensitivity (1 CTC/40 mL) and throughput (up to 10 mL/min) than conventional assays. Further developments include detection of circulating cancer-associated microparticles, and super-rsesolution PAFC beyond the diffraction and spectral limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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