51
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Secreto FJ, Li X, Smith AJ, Bruinsma ES, Perales-Clemente E, Oommen S, Hawse G, Hrstka SCL, Arendt BK, Brandt EB, Wigle DA, Nelson TJ. Quantification of Etoposide Hypersensitivity: A Sensitive, Functional Method for Assessing Pluripotent Stem Cell Quality. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1829-1839. [PMID: 28924979 PMCID: PMC6430057 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, translation of hiPSC technology depends upon a means of assessing hiPSC quality that is quantitative, high‐throughput, and can decipher malignant teratocarcinoma clones from normal cell lines. These attributes are lacking in current approaches such as detection of cell surface makers, RNA profiling, and/or teratoma formation assays. The latter remains the gold standard for assessing clone quality in hiPSCs, but is expensive, time‐consuming, and incompatible with high‐throughput platforms. Herein, we describe a novel method for determining hiPSC quality that exploits pluripotent cells’ documented hypersensitivity to the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide (CAS No. 33419‐42‐0). Based on a study of 115 unique hiPSC clones, we established that a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of <300 nM following 24 hours of exposure to etoposide demonstrated a positive correlation with RNA profiles and colony morphology metrics associated with high quality hiPSC clones. Moreover, our etoposide sensitivity assay (ESA) detected differences associated with culture maintenance, and successfully distinguished malignant from normal pluripotent clones independent of cellular morphology. Overall, the ESA provides a simple, straightforward method to establish hiPSC quality in a quantitative and functional assay capable of being incorporated into a generalized method for establishing a quality control standard for all types of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1829–1839
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Secreto
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyson J Smith
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Bruinsma
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ester Perales-Clemente
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Saji Oommen
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gresin Hawse
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sybil C L Hrstka
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bonnie K Arendt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma B Brandt
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dennis A Wigle
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine BioTrust, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome-Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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52
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Inak G, Lorenz C, Lisowski P, Zink A, Mlody B, Prigione A. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Drug Discovery for Mitochondrial Disease. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1655-1662. [PMID: 28544378 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High attrition rates and loss of capital plague the drug discovery process. This is particularly evident for mitochondrial disease that typically involves neurological manifestations and is caused by nuclear or mitochondrial DNA defects. This group of heterogeneous disorders is difficult to target because of the variability of the symptoms among individual patients and the lack of viable modeling systems. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) might significantly improve the search for effective therapies for mitochondrial disease. iPSCs can be used to generate patient-specific neural cell models in which innovative compounds can be identified or validated. Here we discuss the promises and challenges of iPSC-based drug discovery for mitochondrial disease with a specific focus on neurological conditions. We anticipate that a proper use of the potent iPSC technology will provide critical support for the development of innovative therapies against these untreatable and detrimental disorders. Stem Cells 2017;35:1655-1662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Inak
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Lorenz
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Department of Molecular Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Annika Zink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Mlody
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Mitochondrial and Cell Fate Reprogramming, Department of Neuroproteomics, Berlin, Germany
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53
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Hrstka SCL, Li X, Nelson TJ. NOTCH1-Dependent Nitric Oxide Signaling Deficiency in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Revealed Through Patient-Specific Phenotypes Detected in Bioengineered Cardiogenesis. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1106-1119. [PMID: 28142228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart defect (CHD) attributable to multifactorial molecular underpinnings. Multiple genetic loci have been implicated to increase the risk of disease, yet genotype-phenotype relationships remain poorly defined. Whole genome sequencing complemented by cardiac phenotype from five individuals in an HLHS-affected family enabled the identification of NOTCH1 as a prioritized candidate gene linked to CHD in three individuals with mutant allele burden significantly impairing Notch signaling in the HLHS-affected proband. To better understand a mechanistic basis through which NOTCH1 contributes to heart development, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were created from the HLHS-affected parent-proband triad and differentiated into cardiovascular cell lineages for molecular characterization. HLHS-affected hiPSCs exhibited a deficiency in Notch signaling pathway components and a diminished capacity to generate hiPSC-cardiomyocytes. Optimization of conditions to procure HLHS-hiPSC-cardiomyocytes led to an approach that compensated for dysregulated nitric oxide (NO)-dependent Notch signaling in the earliest specification stages. Augmentation of HLHS-hiPSCs with small molecules stimulating NO signaling in the first 4 days of differentiation provided a cardiomyocyte yield equivalent to the parental hiPSCs. No discernable differences in calcium dynamics were observed between the bioengineered cardiomyocytes derived from the proband and the parents. We conclude that in vitro modeling with HLHS-hiPSCs bearing NOTCH1 mutations facilitated the discovery of a NO-dependent signaling component essential for cardiovascular cell lineage specification. Potentiation of NO signaling with small therapeutic molecules restored cardiogenesis in vitro and may identify a potential therapeutic target for patients affected by functionally compromised NOTCH1 variants. Stem Cells 2017;35:1106-1119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil C L Hrstka
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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54
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Human iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitors Are an Effective Drug Discovery Model for Neurological mtDNA Disorders. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:659-674.e9. [PMID: 28132834 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations frequently cause neurological diseases. Modeling of these defects has been difficult because of the challenges associated with engineering mtDNA. We show here that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) retain the parental mtDNA profile and exhibit a metabolic switch toward oxidative phosphorylation. NPCs derived in this way from patients carrying a deleterious homoplasmic mutation in the mitochondrial gene MT-ATP6 (m.9185T>C) showed defective ATP production and abnormally high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), plus altered calcium homeostasis, which represents a potential cause of neural impairment. High-content screening of FDA-approved drugs using the MMP phenotype highlighted avanafil, which we found was able to partially rescue the calcium defect in patient NPCs and differentiated neurons. Overall, our results show that iPSC-derived NPCs provide an effective model for drug screening to target mtDNA disorders that affect the nervous system.
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55
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Yokota M, Hatakeyama H, Ono Y, Kanazawa M, Goto YI. Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction disturbs neuronal and cardiac lineage commitment of human iPSCs. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2551. [PMID: 28079893 PMCID: PMC5386384 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are genetically heterogeneous and present a broad clinical spectrum among patients; in most cases, genetic determinants of mitochondrial diseases are heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. However, it is uncertain whether and how heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations affect particular cellular fate-determination processes, which are closely associated with the cell-type-specific pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases. In this study, we established two isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines each carrying different proportions of a heteroplasmic m.3243A>G mutation from the same patient; one exhibited apparently normal and the other showed most likely impaired mitochondrial respiratory function. Low proportions of m.3243A>G exhibited no apparent molecular pathogenic influence on directed differentiation into neurons and cardiomyocytes, whereas high proportions of m.3243A>G showed both induced neuronal cell death and inhibited cardiac lineage commitment. Such neuronal and cardiac maturation defects were also confirmed using another patient-derived iPSC line carrying quite high proportion of m.3243A>G. In conclusion, mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction strongly inhibits maturation and survival of iPSC-derived neurons and cardiomyocytes; our presenting data also suggest that appropriate mitochondrial maturation actually contributes to cellular fate-determination processes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yasuha Ono
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kanazawa
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
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56
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Hatakeyama H, Goto YI. Respiratory Chain Complex Disorganization Impairs Mitochondrial and Cellular Integrity: Phenotypic Variation in Cytochrome c Oxidase Deficiency. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:110-121. [PMID: 27855277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between the molecular abnormalities in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and their negative contributions to mitochondrial and cellular functions have been proved to be essential for better understandings in mitochondrial medicine. Herein, we established the method to identify disease phenotypic differences among patients with muscle histopathological cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency, as one of the representative clinical features in mitochondrial diseases, by using patients' myoblasts that are derived from biopsied skeletal muscle tissues. We identified two obviously different severities in molecular diagnostic criteria of COX deficiency among patients: structurally stable, but functionally mild/moderate defect and severe functional defect with the disrupted COX holoenzyme structure. COX holoenzyme disorganization actually triggered several mitochondrial dysfunctions, including the decreased ATP level, the increased oxidative stress level, and the damaged membrane potential level, all of which lead to the deteriorated cellular growth, the accelerated cellular senescence, and the induced apoptotic cell death. Our cell-based in vitro diagnostic approaches would be widely applicable to understanding patient-specific pathomechanism in various types of mitochondrial diseases, including other respiratory chain complex deficiencies and other mitochondrial metabolic enzyme deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
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57
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Cellular Metabolism and Induced Pluripotency. Cell 2016; 166:1371-1385. [PMID: 27610564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) a decade ago, which we are celebrating in this issue of Cell, represents a landmark discovery in biomedical research. Together with somatic cell nuclear transfer, iPSC generation reveals the remarkable plasticity associated with differentiated cells and provides an unprecedented means for modeling diseases using patient samples. In addition to transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling, cellular reprogramming to pluripotency is also accompanied by a rewiring of metabolic pathways, which ultimately leads to changes in cell identities.
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58
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Lorenz C, Prigione A. Aging vs. rejuvenation: reprogramming to iPSCs does not turn back the clock for somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:43. [PMID: 27668250 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lorenz
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany;; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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59
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Perales-Clemente E, Cook AN, Evans JM, Roellinger S, Secreto F, Emmanuele V, Oglesbee D, Mootha VK, Hirano M, Schon EA, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Natural underlying mtDNA heteroplasmy as a potential source of intra-person hiPSC variability. EMBO J 2016; 35:1979-90. [PMID: 27436875 PMCID: PMC5282833 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional variability among human clones of induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remains a limitation in assembling high-quality biorepositories. Beyond inter-person variability, the root cause of intra-person variability remains unknown. Mitochondria guide the required transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism in nuclear reprogramming. Moreover, mitochondria have their own genome (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). Herein, we performed mtDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) on 84 hiPSC clones derived from a cohort of 19 individuals, including mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial patients. The analysis of mtDNA variants showed that low levels of potentially pathogenic mutations in the original fibroblasts are revealed through nuclear reprogramming, generating mutant hiPSCs with a detrimental effect in their differentiated progeny. Specifically, hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with expanded mtDNA mutations non-related with any described human disease, showed impaired mitochondrial respiration, being a potential cause of intra-person hiPSC variability. We propose mtDNA NGS as a new selection criterion to ensure hiPSC quality for drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Perales-Clemente
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra N Cook
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jared M Evans
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Roellinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Frank Secreto
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medical Genetics, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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60
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Lax NZ, Gorman GS, Turnbull DM. Review: Central nervous system involvement in mitochondrial disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:102-118. [PMID: 27287935 PMCID: PMC5363248 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects are an important cause of inherited disorders affecting approximately 1 in 5000 people in the UK population. Collectively these disorders are termed ‘mitochondrial diseases’ and they result from either mitochondrial DNA mutations or defects in nuclear DNA. Although they are frequently multisystem disorders, neurological deficits are particularly common, wide‐ranging and disabling for patients. This review details the manifold neurological impairments associated with mitochondrial disease, and describes the efforts to understand how they arise and progressively worsen in patients with mitochondrial disease. We describe advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis through detailed neuropathological studies and how this has spurred the development of cellular and animal models of disease. We underscore the importance of continued clinical, molecular genetic, neuropathological and animal model studies to fully characterize mitochondrial diseases and understand mechanisms of neurodegeneration. These studies are instrumental for the next phase of mitochondrial research that has a particular emphasis on finding novel ways to treat mitochondrial disease to improve patient care and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Lax
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G S Gorman
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D M Turnbull
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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61
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Hämäläinen RH. Mitochondria and mtDNA integrity in stem cell function and differentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:83-89. [PMID: 27219871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells require tight control of energy metabolism to maintain homeostasis. They possess few immature mitochondria, repress mitochondrial respiration and instead use glycolysis to produce energy, yet mitochondrial defects can lead to severe stem cell dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial mass, function and integrity are tightly controlled in stem cells and the integrity of the mitochondrial genome is equally important to nuclear genome integrity for proper stem cell homeostasis. Mitochondria are now considered central in regulating stem cell function and governing cellular fate choices. This review will summarize recent advances highlighting the importance of mitochondrial integrity in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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62
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Evaluating cell reprogramming, differentiation and conversion technologies in neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:424-37. [PMID: 27194476 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of live human brain cells for experimental access has for a long time limited our ability to study complex human neurological disorders and elucidate basic neuroscientific mechanisms. A decade ago, the development of methods to reprogramme somatic human cells into induced pluripotent stem cells enabled the in vitro generation of a wide range of neural cells from virtually any human individual. The growth of methods to generate more robust and defined neural cell types through reprogramming and direct conversion into induced neurons has led to the establishment of various human reprogramming-based neural disease models.
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63
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Abstract
Human mitochondria produce ATP and metabolites to support development and maintain cellular homeostasis. Mitochondria harbor multiple copies of a maternally inherited, non-nuclear genome (mtDNA) that encodes for 13 subunit proteins of the respiratory chain. Mutations in mtDNA occur mainly in the 24 non-coding genes, with specific mutations implicated in early death, neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. A significant barrier to new insights in mitochondrial biology and clinical applications for mtDNA disorders is our general inability to manipulate the mtDNA sequence. Microinjection, cytoplasmic fusion, nucleic acid import strategies, targeted endonucleases, and newer approaches, which include the transfer of genomic DNA, somatic cell reprogramming, and a photothermal nanoblade, attempt to change the mtDNA sequence in target cells with varying efficiencies and limitations. Here, we discuss the current state of manipulating mammalian mtDNA and provide an outlook for mitochondrial reverse genetics, which could further enable mitochondrial research and therapies for mtDNA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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64
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Yang S, Ding S, Jiang X, Sun B, Xu Q. Establishment and adipocyte differentiation of polycystic ovary syndrome-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:352-61. [PMID: 27108524 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a new biological cell model and approach to mimic abnormal lipid metabolism of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epithelial cells from PCOS patients were reprogrammed to pluripotency by retroviral transduction using defined factors. Morphology, growth characteristics, karyotype, gene expression and differentiation in vitro and in vivo were detected by identification protocol of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). PCOS-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were then induced to differentiate into adipocytes. Ability of the adipocytes for glucose consumption was compared with those from non-PCOS-iPSCs. RESULTS iPSCs were successfully generated from PCOS patients' adult cells. Formed iPSC clones had the same characteristics of human ESCs. PCOS-iPSCs were induced to differentiation into normal karyotype adipocytes. Compared to non-PCOS-iPSCs, PCOS-iPSCs had more glucose consumption ability during adipocyte differentiation and development in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This protocol provides a new biological cell model and approach for studying pathogenesis of PCOS and discovering potential drugs to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- The Human Assisted Reproduction Center, Nanchang Institute of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shufang Ding
- The Human Assisted Reproduction Center, Nanchang Institute of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xianglong Jiang
- The Human Sperm Bank of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Institute of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bolan Sun
- The Reproduction Medical Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianhua Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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65
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Sabapathy V, Kumar S. hiPSC-derived iMSCs: NextGen MSCs as an advanced therapeutically active cell resource for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1571-88. [PMID: 27097531 PMCID: PMC4956943 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being assessed for ameliorating the severity of graft‐versus‐host disease, autoimmune conditions, musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular diseases. While most of these clinical therapeutic applications require substantial cell quantities, the number of MSCs that can be obtained initially from a single donor remains limited. The utility of MSCs derived from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been shown in recent pre‐clinical studies. Since adult MSCs have limited capability regarding proliferation, the quantum of bioactive factor secretion and immunomodulation ability may be constrained. Hence, the alternate source of MSCs is being considered to replace the commonly used adult tissue‐derived MSCs. The MSCs have been obtained from various adult and foetal tissues. The hiPSC‐derived MSCs (iMSCs) are transpiring as an attractive source of MSCs because during reprogramming process, cells undergo rejuvination, exhibiting better cellular vitality such as survival, proliferation and differentiations potentials. The autologous iMSCs could be considered as an inexhaustible source of MSCs that could be used to meet the unmet clinical needs. Human‐induced PSC‐derived MSCs are reported to be superior when compared to the adult MSCs regarding cell proliferation, immunomodulation, cytokines profiles, microenvironment modulating exosomes and bioactive paracrine factors secretion. Strategies such as derivation and propagation of iMSCs in chemically defined culture conditions and use of footprint‐free safer reprogramming strategies have contributed towards the development of clinically relevant cell types. In this review, the role of iPSC‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) as an alternate source of therapeutically active MSCs has been described. Additionally, we also describe the role of iMSCs in regenerative medical applications, the necessary strategies, and the regulatory policies that have to be enforced to render iMSC's effectiveness in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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66
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Kang E, Wang X, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, Folmes CDL, Gutierrez NM, Lee Y, Van Dyken C, Ahmed R, Li Y, Koski A, Hayama T, Luo S, Harding CO, Amato P, Jensen J, Battaglia D, Lee D, Wu D, Terzic A, Wolf DP, Huang T, Mitalipov S. Age-Related Accumulation of Somatic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Adult-Derived Human iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:625-36. [PMID: 27151456 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic integrity of iPSCs is an important consideration for therapeutic application. In this study, we examine the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations in skin fibroblasts, blood, and iPSCs derived from young and elderly subjects (24-72 years). We found that pooled skin and blood mtDNA contained low heteroplasmic point mutations, but a panel of ten individual iPSC lines from each tissue or clonally expanded fibroblasts carried an elevated load of heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations, suggesting that somatic mutations randomly arise within individual cells but are not detectable in whole tissues. The frequency of mtDNA defects in iPSCs increased with age, and many mutations were non-synonymous or resided in RNA coding genes and thus can lead to respiratory defects. Our results highlight a need to monitor mtDNA mutations in iPSCs, especially those generated from older patients, and to examine the metabolic status of iPSCs destined for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kang
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Xinjian Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rebecca Tippner-Hedges
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Riffat Ahmed
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Jensen
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Battaglia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Lee
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Diana Wu
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Don P Wolf
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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67
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Haig D. Intracellular evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the tragedy of the cytoplasmic commons. Bioessays 2016; 38:549-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
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68
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Galera T, Zurita-Díaz F, Garesse R, Gallardo ME. iPSCs, a Future Tool for Therapeutic Intervention in Mitochondrial Disorders: Pros and Cons. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2317-8. [PMID: 27018482 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders, although individually are rare, taken together constitute a big group of diseases that share a defect in the oxidative phosphorylation system. Up to now, the development of therapies for these diseases is very slow and ineffective due in part to the lack of appropriate disease models. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new therapeutic interventions. Regarding this, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new expectations in the regenerative medicine field. However, special cares and considerations must be taken into account previous to a replacement therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2317-2318, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Galera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Zurita-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Garesse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Esther Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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69
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Mlody B, Lorenz C, Inak G, Prigione A. Energy metabolism in neuronal/glial induction and in iPSC models of brain disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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Chou SJ, Tseng WL, Chen CT, Lai YF, Chien CS, Chang YL, Lee HC, Wei YH, Chiou SH. Impaired ROS Scavenging System in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Patients with MERRF Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23661. [PMID: 27025901 PMCID: PMC4812254 DOI: 10.1038/srep23661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by myoclonus epilepsy, generalized seizures, ataxia and myopathy. MERRF syndrome is primarily due to an A to G mutation at mtDNA 8344 that disrupts the mitochondrial gene for tRNA(Lys). However, the detailed mechanism by which this tRNA(Lys) mutation causes mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes or neurons remains unclear. In this study, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that carry the A8344G genetic mutation from patients with MERRF syndrome. Compared with mutation-free isogenic hiPSCs, MERRF-specific hiPSCs (MERRF-hiPSCs) exhibited reduced oxygen consumption, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced growth, and fragmented mitochondrial morphology. We sought to investigate the induction ability and mitochondrial function of cardiomyocyte-like cells differentiated from MERRF-hiPSCs. Our data demonstrate that that cardiomyocyte-like cells (MERRF-CMs) or neural progenitor cells (MERRF-NPCs) differentiated from MERRF-iPSCs also exhibited increased ROS levels and altered antioxidant gene expression. Furthermore, MERRF-CMs or -NPCs contained fragmented mitochondria, as evidenced by MitoTracker Red staining and transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, these findings showed that MERRF-hiPSCs and MERRF-CM or –NPC harboring the A8344G genetic mutation displayed contained mitochondria with an abnormal ultrastructure, produced increased ROS levels, and expressed upregulated antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Lien Tseng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tsun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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71
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Mitochondria in pluripotent stem cells: stemness regulators and disease targets. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:1-7. [PMID: 26953561 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their canonical role in efficient ATP production through oxidative metabolism, mitochondria are increasingly recognized as critical in defining stem cell function and fate. Implicating a fundamental interplay within the epigenetics of eukaryotic cell systems, the integrity of mitochondria is found vital across the developmental/differentiation spectrum from securing pluripotency maintenance to informing organotypic decisions. This overview will discuss recent progress on examining the plasticity of mitochondria in enabling the execution of programming and reprogramming regimens, as well as the application of nuclear reprogramming and somatic cell nuclear transfer as rescue techniques to generate genetically and functionally corrected pluripotent stem cells from patients with mitochondrial DNA-based disease.
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72
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Engelstad K, Sklerov M, Kriger J, Sanford A, Grier J, Ash D, Egli D, DiMauro S, Thompson JLP, Sauer MV, Hirano M. Attitudes toward prevention of mtDNA-related diseases through oocyte mitochondrial replacement therapy. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1058-65. [PMID: 26936885 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Among women who carry pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations and healthy oocyte donors, what are the levels of support for developing oocyte mitochondrial replacement therapy (OMRT) to prevent transmission of mtDNA mutations? SUMMARY ANSWER The majority of mtDNA carriers and oocyte donors support the development of OMRT techniques to prevent transmission of mtDNA diseases. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Point mutations of mtDNA cause a variety of maternally inherited human diseases that are frequently disabling and often fatal. Recent developments in (OMRT) as well as pronuclear transfer between embryos offer new potential options to prevent transmission of mtDNA disease. However, it is unclear whether the non-scientific community will approve of embryos that contain DNA from three people. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Between 1 June 2012 through 12 February 2015, we administered surveys in cross-sectional studies of 92 female carriers of mtDNA point mutations and 112 healthy oocyte donors. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The OMRT carrier survey was completed by 92 female carriers of an mtDNA point mutation. Carriers were recruited through the North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC), the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (UMDF), patient support groups, research and private patients followed at the Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) and patients' referrals of maternal relatives. The OMRT donor survey was completed by 112 women who had donated oocytes through a major ITALIC! in vitro fertilization clinic. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All carriers surveyed were aware that they could transmit the mutation to their offspring, with 78% (35/45) of women, who were of childbearing age, indicating that the risk was sufficient to consider not having children, and 95% (87/92) of all carriers designating that the development of this technique was important and worthwhile. Of the 21 surveyed female carriers considering childbearing, 20 (95%) considered having their own biological offspring somewhat or very important and 16 of the 21 respondents (76%) were willing to donate oocytes for research and development. Of 112 healthy oocyte donors who completed the OMRT donor survey, 97 (87%) indicated that they would donate oocytes for generating a viable embryo through OMRT. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Many of the participants were either patients or relatives of patients who were already enrolled in a research-oriented database, or who sought care in a tertiary research university setting, indicating a potential sampling bias. The survey was administered to a select group of individuals, who carry, or are at risk for carrying, mtDNA point mutations. These individuals are more likely to have been affected by the mutation or have witnessed first-hand the devastating effects of these mutations. It has not been established whether the general public would be supportive of this work. This survey did not explicitly address alternatives to OMRT. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study indicating a high level of interest in the development of these methods among women affected by the diseases or who are at risk of carrying mtDNA mutations as well as willingness of most donors to provide oocytes for the development of OMRT. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was conducted under the auspices of the NAMDC (Study Protocol 7404). NAMDC (U54NS078059) is part of the NCATS Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). RDCRN is an initiative of the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) and NCATS. NAMDC is funded through a collaboration between NCATS, NINDS, NICHD and NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. The work was also supported by the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Fund and the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF). Dr Hirano has received research support from Santhera Pharmaceuticals and Edison Pharmaceuticals for studies unrelated to this work. None of the other authors have conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Engelstad
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Miriam Sklerov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Kriger
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra Sanford
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johnston Grier
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Ash
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John L P Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark V Sauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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73
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Wyles SP, Faustino RS, Li X, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Systems-based technologies in profiling the stem cell molecular framework for cardioregenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:501-10. [PMID: 25218144 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, advancements in stem cell biology have yielded a variety of sources for stem cell-based cardiovascular investigation. Stem cell behavior, whether to maintain its stable state of pluripotency or to prime toward the cardiovascular lineage is governed by a set of coordinated interactions between epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational mechanisms. The science of incorporating genes (genomics), RNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics) data in a specific biological sample is known as systems biology. Integrating systems biology in progression with stem cell biologics can contribute to our knowledge of mechanisms that underlie pluripotency maintenance and guarantee fidelity of cardiac lineage specification. This review provides a brief summarization of OMICS-based strategies including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics used to understand stem cell fate and to outline molecular processes involved in heart development. Additionally, current efforts in cardioregeneration based on the "one-size-fits-all" principle limit the potential of individualized therapy in regenerative medicine. Here, we summarize recent studies that introduced systems biology into cardiovascular clinical outcomes analysis, allowing for predictive assessment for disease recurrence and patient-specific therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
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74
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Hatakeyama H, Goto YI. Concise Review: Heteroplasmic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Mitochondrial Diseases: Toward iPSC-Based Disease Modeling, Drug Discovery, and Regenerative Therapeutics. Stem Cells 2016; 34:801-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yu-ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
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75
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Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming in induced pluripotent stem cells and mitochondrial disease modeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:686-93. [PMID: 26779594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear reprogramming with pluripotency factors enables somatic cells to gain the properties of embryonic stem cells. Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming are suggested to be key early events in the induction of human skin fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). SCOPE OF REVIEW We review recent advances in the study of the molecular basis for mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of the formation of iPSCs. In particular, the recent progress in using iPSCs for mitochondrial disease modeling was discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS iPSCs rely on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation as a major supply of energy. Mitochondrial resetting and metabolic reprogramming thus play crucial roles in the process of generation of iPSCs from somatic cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurons, myocytes, and cardiomyocytes are cells containing abundant mitochondria in the human body, which can be differentiated from iPSCs or trans-differentiated from fibroblasts. Generating these cells from iPSCs derived from skin fibroblasts of patients with mitochondrial diseases or by trans-differentiation with cell-specific transcription factors will provide valuable insights into the role of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in mitochondrial disease modeling and serves as a novel platform for screening of drugs to treat patients with mitochondrial diseases.
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76
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, Folmes CD, Wang X, Lanza IR, Schaible NS, Salisbury JL, Nair KS, Terzic A, Sieck GC, Kumar R. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Dynamics in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1514-28. [PMID: 26601949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness and myopathy are observed in vitamin D deficiency and chronic renal failure, where concentrations of the active vitamin D3 metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), are low. To evaluate the mechanism of action of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in skeletal muscle, we examined mitochondrial oxygen consumption, dynamics, and biogenesis and changes in expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in human skeletal muscle cells following treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells. Vitamin D3 metabolites lacking a 1α-hydroxyl group (vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) decreased or failed to increase OCR. 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 did not increase OCR. In 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells, mitochondrial volume and branching and expression of the pro-fusion protein OPA1 (optic atrophy 1) increased, whereas expression of the pro-fission proteins Fis1 (fission 1) and Drp1 (dynamin 1-like) decreased. Phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) (Ser-293) and PDH kinase 4 (PDK4) decreased in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells. There was a trend to increased PDH activity in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells (p = 0.09). 83 nuclear mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins were changed following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment; notably, PDK4 mRNA decreased, and PDP2 mRNA increased. MYC, MAPK13, and EPAS1 mRNAs, which encode proteins that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, were increased following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Vitamin D receptor-dependent changes in the expression of 1947 mRNAs encoding proteins involved in muscle contraction, focal adhesion, integrin, JAK/STAT, MAPK, growth factor, and p53 signaling pathways were observed following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Five micro-RNAs were induced or repressed by 1α,25(OH)2D3. 1α,25(OH)2D3 regulates mitochondrial function, dynamics, and enzyme function, which are likely to influence muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | | | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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77
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Wyles SP, Li X, Hrstka SC, Reyes S, Oommen S, Beraldi R, Edwards J, Terzic A, Olson TM, Nelson TJ. Modeling structural and functional deficiencies of RBM20 familial dilated cardiomyopathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:254-65. [PMID: 26604136 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of heart failure. In families with autosomal-dominant DCM, heterozygous missense mutations were identified in RNA-binding motif protein 20 (RBM20), a spliceosome protein induced during early cardiogenesis. Dermal fibroblasts from two unrelated patients harboring an RBM20 R636S missense mutation were reprogrammed to human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and differentiated to beating cardiomyocytes (CMs). Stage-specific transcriptome profiling identified differentially expressed genes ranging from angiogenesis regulator to embryonic heart transcription factor as initial molecular aberrations. Furthermore, gene expression analysis for RBM20-dependent splice variants affected sarcomeric (TTN and LDB3) and calcium (Ca(2+)) handling (CAMK2D and CACNA1C) genes. Indeed, RBM20 hiPSC-CMs exhibited increased sarcomeric length (RBM20: 1.747 ± 0.238 µm versus control: 1.404 ± 0.194 µm; P < 0.0001) and decreased sarcomeric width (RBM20: 0.791 ± 0.609 µm versus control: 0.943 ± 0.166 µm; P < 0.0001). Additionally, CMs showed defective Ca(2+) handling machinery with prolonged Ca(2+) levels in the cytoplasm as measured by greater area under the curve (RBM20: 814.718 ± 94.343 AU versus control: 206.941 ± 22.417 AU; P < 0.05) and higher Ca(2+) spike amplitude (RBM20: 35.281 ± 4.060 AU versus control:18.484 ± 1.518 AU; P < 0.05). β-adrenergic stress induced with 10 µm norepinephrine demonstrated increased susceptibility to sarcomeric disorganization (RBM20: 86 ± 10.5% versus control: 40 ± 7%; P < 0.001). This study features the first hiPSC model of RBM20 familial DCM. By monitoring human cardiac disease according to stage-specific cardiogenesis, this study demonstrates RBM20 familial DCM is a developmental disorder initiated by molecular defects that pattern maladaptive cellular mechanisms of pathological cardiac remodeling. Indeed, hiPSC-CMs recapitulate RBM20 familial DCM phenotype in a dish and establish a tool to dissect disease-relevant defects in RBM20 splicing as a global regulator of heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | | | | | - Saji Oommen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Rosanna Beraldi
- Children's Hospital Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics
| | - Timothy M Olson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory and
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA and
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Cellular Heterogeneity in the Level of mtDNA Heteroplasmy in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1304-1309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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79
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Im I, Jang MJ, Park SJ, Lee SH, Choi JH, Yoo HW, Kim S, Han YM. Mitochondrial Respiratory Defect Causes Dysfunctional Lactate Turnover via AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29493-505. [PMID: 26491018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A defective mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (DMRC) causes various metabolic disorders in humans. However, the pathophysiology of DMRC in the liver remains unclear. To understand DMRC pathophysiology in vitro, DMRC-induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from dermal fibroblasts of a DMRC patient who had a homoplasmic mutation (m.3398T→C) in the mitochondrion-encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 (MTND1) gene and that differentiated into hepatocytes (DMRC hepatocytes) in vitro. DMRC hepatocytes showed abnormalities in mitochondrial characteristics, the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, the glycogen storage level, the lactate turnover rate, and AMPK activity. Intriguingly, low glycogen storage and transcription of lactate turnover-related genes in DMRC hepatocytes were recovered by inhibition of AMPK activity. Thus, AMPK activation led to metabolic changes in terms of glycogen storage and lactate turnover in DMRC hepatocytes. These data demonstrate for the first time that energy depletion may lead to lactic acidosis in the DMRC patient by reduction of lactate uptake via AMPK in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkyun Im
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
| | - Mi-Jin Jang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
| | | | - Sang-Hee Lee
- BioMedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141 and
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Differentiation, and
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80
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Unrevealed mosaicism in the next-generation sequencing era. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:513-30. [PMID: 26481646 PMCID: PMC4819561 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosaicism refers to the presence in an individual of normal and abnormal cells that are genotypically distinct and are derived from a single zygote. The incidence of mosaicism events in the human body is underestimated as the genotypes in the mosaic ratio, especially in the low-grade mosaicism, stay unrevealed. This review summarizes various research outcomes and diagnostic questions in relation to different types of mosaicism. The impact of both tested biological material and applied method on the mosaicism detection rate is especially highlighted. As next-generation sequencing technologies constitute a promising methodological solution in mosaicism detection in the coming years, revisions in current diagnostic protocols are necessary to increase the detection rate of the unrevealed mosaicism events. Since mosaicism identification is a complex process, numerous examples of multistep mosaicism investigations are presented and discussed.
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81
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Hatakeyama H, Katayama A, Komaki H, Nishino I, Goto YI. Molecular pathomechanisms and cell-type-specific disease phenotypes of MELAS caused by mutant mitochondrial tRNA(Trp). Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:52. [PMID: 26297375 PMCID: PMC4546323 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous pathogenic mutations responsible for mitochondrial diseases have been identified in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded tRNA genes. In most cases, however, the detailed molecular pathomechanisms and cellular pathophysiology of these mtDNA mutations —how such genetic defects determine the variation and the severity of clinical symptoms in affected individuals— remain unclear. To investigate the molecular pathomechanisms and to realize in vitro recapitulation of mitochondrial diseases, intracellular mutant mtDNA proportions must always be considered. Results We found a disease-causative mutation, m.5541C>T heteroplasmy in MT-TW gene, in a patient exhibiting mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) with multiple organ involvement. We identified the intrinsic molecular pathomechanisms of m.5541C>T. This mutation firstly disturbed the translation machinery of mitochondrial tRNATrp and induced mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, followed by severely injured mitochondrial homeostasis. We also demonstrated cell-type-specific disease phenotypes using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying ~100 % mutant m.5541C>T. Significant loss of terminally differentiated iPSC-derived neurons, but not their stem/progenitor cells, was detected most likely due to serious mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by m.5541C>T; in contrast, m.5541C>T did not apparently affect skeletal muscle development. Conclusions Our iPSC-based disease models would be widely available for understanding the "definite" genotype-phenotype relationship of affected tissues and organs in various mitochondrial diseases caused by heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations, as well as for further drug discovery applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0227-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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82
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Ma H, Folmes CDL, Wu J, Morey R, Mora-Castilla S, Ocampo A, Ma L, Poulton J, Wang X, Ahmed R, Kang E, Lee Y, Hayama T, Li Y, Van Dyken C, Gutierrez NM, Tippner-Hedges R, Koski A, Mitalipov N, Amato P, Wolf DP, Huang T, Terzic A, Laurent LC, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Mitalipov S. Metabolic rescue in pluripotent cells from patients with mtDNA disease. Nature 2015; 524:234-8. [PMID: 26176921 DOI: 10.1038/nature14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a major role in energy production via oxidative phosphorylation, which is dependent on the expression of critical genes encoded by mitochondrial (mt)DNA. Mutations in mtDNA can cause fatal or severely debilitating disorders with limited treatment options. Clinical manifestations vary based on mutation type and heteroplasmy (that is, the relative levels of mutant and wild-type mtDNA within each cell). Here we generated genetically corrected pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from patients with mtDNA disease. Multiple induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines were derived from patients with common heteroplasmic mutations including 3243A>G, causing mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and 8993T>G and 13513G>A, implicated in Leigh syndrome. Isogenic MELAS and Leigh syndrome iPS cell lines were generated containing exclusively wild-type or mutant mtDNA through spontaneous segregation of heteroplasmic mtDNA in proliferating fibroblasts. Furthermore, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enabled replacement of mutant mtDNA from homoplasmic 8993T>G fibroblasts to generate corrected Leigh-NT1 PSCs. Although Leigh-NT1 PSCs contained donor oocyte wild-type mtDNA (human haplotype D4a) that differed from Leigh syndrome patient haplotype (F1a) at a total of 47 nucleotide sites, Leigh-NT1 cells displayed transcriptomic profiles similar to those in embryo-derived PSCs carrying wild-type mtDNA, indicative of normal nuclear-to-mitochondrial interactions. Moreover, genetically rescued patient PSCs displayed normal metabolic function compared to impaired oxygen consumption and ATP production observed in mutant cells. We conclude that both reprogramming approaches offer complementary strategies for derivation of PSCs containing exclusively wild-type mtDNA, through spontaneous segregation of heteroplasmic mtDNA in individual iPS cell lines or mitochondrial replacement by SCNT in homoplasmic mtDNA-based disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert Morey
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sergio Mora-Castilla
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Xinjian Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Riffat Ahmed
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Eunju Kang
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Ying Li
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Rebecca Tippner-Hedges
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Nargiz Mitalipov
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Don P Wolf
- Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- 1] Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Yokota M, Hatakeyama H, Okabe S, Ono Y, Goto YI. Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction caused by a heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutation blocks cellular reprogramming. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4698-709. [PMID: 26025377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes emerges only when mutant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) proportions exceed intrinsic pathogenic thresholds; however, little is known about the actual proportions of mutant mtDNA that can affect particular cellular lineage-determining processes. Here, we mainly focused on the effects of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction caused by m.3243A>G heteroplasmy in MT-TL1 gene on cellular reprogramming. We found that generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was drastically depressed only by high proportions of mutant mtDNA (≥ 90% m.3243A>G), and these proportions were strongly associated with the degree of induced mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction. Nevertheless, all established iPSCs, even those carrying ∼ 100% m.3243A>G, exhibited an embryonic stem cell-like pluripotent state. Therefore, our findings clearly demonstrate that loss of physiological integrity in mitochondria triggered by mutant mtDNA constitute a roadblock to cellular rejuvenation, but do not affect the maintenance of the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Saki Okabe
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuha Ono
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yu-ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan and AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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84
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mtDNA Mutagenesis Disrupts Pluripotent Stem Cell Function by Altering Redox Signaling. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1614-24. [PMID: 26027936 PMCID: PMC4509707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
mtDNA mutagenesis in somatic stem cells leads to their dysfunction and to progeria in mouse. The mechanism was proposed to involve modification of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox signaling. We studied the effect of mtDNA mutagenesis on reprogramming and stemness of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and show that PSCs select against specific mtDNA mutations, mimicking germline and promoting mtDNA integrity despite their glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, mtDNA mutagenesis is associated with an increase in mitochondrial H2O2, reduced PSC reprogramming efficiency, and self-renewal. Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone, MitoQ, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine efficiently rescued these defects, indicating that both reprogramming efficiency and stemness are modified by mitochondrial ROS. The redox sensitivity, however, rendered PSCs and especially neural stem cells sensitive to MitoQ toxicity. Our results imply that stem cell compartment warrants special attention when the safety of new antioxidants is assessed and point to an essential role for mitochondrial redox signaling in maintaining normal stem cell function. mtDNA mutagenesis affects reprogramming and stemness through redox signaling Altered redox signaling can be pharmacologically rescued by NAC or MitoQ Stem cells are sensitive to mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone toxicity Pluripotent stem cells show active selection against mtDNA mutations
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85
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Kodaira M, Hatakeyama H, Yuasa S, Seki T, Egashira T, Tohyama S, Kuroda Y, Tanaka A, Okata S, Hashimoto H, Kusumoto D, Kunitomi A, Takei M, Kashimura S, Suzuki T, Yozu G, Shimojima M, Motoda C, Hayashiji N, Saito Y, Goto YI, Fukuda K. Impaired respiratory function in MELAS-induced pluripotent stem cells with high heteroplasmy levels. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:219-25. [PMID: 25853038 PMCID: PMC4383791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We modeled the mitochondrial disease MELAS by generating patient-specific iPS cells. MELAS-iPS cells show a wide variety of heteroplasmy levels. MELAS-iPS cells with high heteroplasmy levels showed impaired complex I activity.
Mitochondrial diseases are heterogeneous disorders, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are not regulated solely by nuclear genomic DNA but by mitochondrial DNA. It is difficult to develop effective therapies for mitochondrial disease because of the lack of mitochondrial disease models. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is one of the major mitochondrial diseases. The aim of this study was to generate MELAS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and to demonstrate that MELAS-iPSCs can be models for mitochondrial disease. We successfully established iPSCs from the primary MELAS-fibroblasts carrying 77.7% of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy. MELAS-iPSC lines ranged from 3.6% to 99.4% of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy levels. The enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes indicated that MELAS-iPSC-derived fibroblasts with high heteroplasmy levels showed a deficiency of complex I activity but MELAS-iPSC-derived fibroblasts with low heteroplasmy levels showed normal complex I activity. Our data indicate that MELAS-iPSCs can be models for MELAS but we should carefully select MELAS-iPSCs with appropriate heteroplasmy levels and respiratory functions for mitochondrial disease modeling.
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Key Words
- Disease modeling
- EB, embryoid body
- ES, embryonic stem
- KSR, Knock-out Serum Replacement
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MELAS
- MELAS, mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
- Mitochondrial disease
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation system
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- iPS cell
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kodaira
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Tel.: +81 3 5363 3373; fax: +81 3 5363 3875.
| | - Tomohisa Seki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Egashira
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okata
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Kusumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kunitomi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takei
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kashimura
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gakuto Yozu
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Shimojima
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikaaki Motoda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hayashiji
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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86
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Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a frequent cause of genetic disease, with a minimum prevalence of 1 in 5,000 individuals. These disorders often present with neurological features, exhibit high clinical variability, and lack effective treatments. Viable disease models would be critical to elucidate the genotype/phenotype relationship and improve disease management. However, the peculiarities of mitochondrial genetics have hampered the generation of animal models, and current cellular models do not carry the nuclear background of the patients and do not exhibit the features of differentiated cells such as postmitotic neurons. Hence, the development of innovative modeling systems is highly needed in order to correctly address the interplay between the nuclear and mitochondrial genome within the appropriate human target cell types. The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients affected by mtDNA disorders thus appears as a promising approach. Patient-derived iPSCs would contain both the original nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the patients and would be capable of differentiating into any cell type of the body, including postmitotic neurons. Here we discuss the potential advantages and critical challenges for the application of the iPSC technology for modeling debilitating mtDNA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin-Buch, Germany,
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87
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Wahlestedt M, Ameur A, Moraghebi R, Norddahl GL, Sten G, Woods NB, Bryder D. Somatic cells with a heavy mitochondrial DNA mutational load render induced pluripotent stem cells with distinct differentiation defects. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1173-82. [PMID: 24446123 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that several age-associated pathologies associate with mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Experimental modeling of such events has revealed that acquisition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can impair respiratory function and, as a consequence, can lead to widespread decline in cellular function. This includes premature aging syndromes. By taking advantage of a mutator mouse model with an error-prone mtDNA polymerase, we here investigated the impact of an established mtDNA mutational load with regards to the generation, maintenance, and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We demonstrate that somatic cells with a heavy mtDNA mutation burden were amenable for reprogramming into iPS cells. However, mutator iPS cells displayed delayed proliferation kinetics and harbored extensive differentiation defects. While mutator iPS cells had normal ATP levels and glycolytic activity, the induction of differentiation coincided with drastic decreases in ATP production and a hyperactive glycolysis. These data demonstrate the differential requirements of mitochondrial integrity for pluripotent stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation and highlight the relevance of assessing the mitochondrial genome when aiming to generate iPS cells with robust differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wahlestedt
- Medical Faculty, Institution for Experimental Medical Science, Immunology Section, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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88
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Abstract
Recent studies link changes in energy metabolism with the fate of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Safe use of PSC derivatives in regenerative medicine requires an enhanced understanding and control of factors that optimize in vitro reprogramming and differentiation protocols. Relative shifts in metabolism from naïve through "primed" pluripotent states to lineage-directed differentiation place variable demands on mitochondrial biogenesis and function for cell types with distinct energetic and biosynthetic requirements. In this context, mitochondrial respiration, network dynamics, TCA cycle function, and turnover all have the potential to influence reprogramming and differentiation outcomes. Shifts in cellular metabolism affect enzymes that control epigenetic configuration, which impacts chromatin reorganization and gene expression changes during reprogramming and differentiation. Induced PSCs (iPSCs) may have utility for modeling metabolic diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA, for which few disease models exist. Here, we explore key features of PSC energy metabolism research in mice and man and the impact this work is starting to have on our understanding of early development, disease modeling, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Teslaa
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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89
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A diagnostic approach for cerebral palsy in the genomic era. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:821-44. [PMID: 25280894 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing challenge in children presenting with motor delay/impairment early in life is to identify neurogenetic disorders with a clinical phenotype, which can be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy (CP). To help distinguish patients in these two groups, conventional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain has been of great benefit in "unmasking" many of these genetic etiologies and has provided important clues to differential diagnosis in others. Recent advances in molecular genetics such as chromosomal microarray and next-generation sequencing have further revolutionized the understanding of etiology by more precisely classifying these disorders with a molecular cause. In this paper, we present a review of neurogenetic disorders masquerading as cerebral palsy evaluated at one institution. We have included representative case examples children presenting with dyskinetic, spastic, and ataxic phenotypes, with the intent to highlight the time-honored approach of using clinical tools of history and examination to focus the subsequent etiologic search with advanced neuroimaging modalities and molecular genetic tools. A precise diagnosis of these masqueraders and their differentiation from CP is important in terms of therapy, prognosis, and family counseling. In summary, this review serves as a continued call to remain vigilant for current and other to-be-discovered neurogenetic masqueraders of cerebral palsy, thereby optimizing care for patients and their families.
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90
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Wyles SP, Yamada S, Oommen S, Maleszewski JJ, Beraldi R, Martinez-Fernandez A, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II selectively reduces the threat of tumorigenicity following induced pluripotent stem cell-based myocardial therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2274-82. [PMID: 25036735 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology creates new opportunities for transplant-based therapeutic strategies. The potential for clinical translation is currently hindered by the risk of dysregulated cell growth. Pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed by three-factor (Sox2, Klf, and Oct4) and four-factor (Sox2, Klf, Oct4, and c-Myc) strategies result in the capacity for teratogenic growth from residual pluripotent progeny upon in vivo transplantation. However, these pluripotent stem cells also have a stage-specific hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that may allow separation of lineage-specific therapeutic subpopulation of cells. We aimed to demonstrate the selective effect of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, etoposide, in eliminating pluripotent cells in the early cardiac progenitor population thus decreasing the effect of teratoma formation. Immunodeficient murine hearts were infarcted and received implantation of a therapeutic dose of cardiac progenitors derived from partially differentiated iPSCs. Etoposide-treated cell implantation reduced mass formation in the intracardiac and extracardiac chest cavity compared with the same dose of iPSC-derived cardiac progenitors in the control untreated group. In vivo bioluminescence imaging confirmed the localization and engraftment of transplanted cells in the myocardium postinjection in both groups. Comparatively, the equivalent cell population without etoposide treatment demonstrated a greater incidence and size of teratoma formation. Hence, pretreatment with genotoxic etoposide significantly lowered the threat of teratogenicity by purging the contaminating pluripotent cells, establishing an adjunctive therapy to further harness the clinical value of iPSC-derived cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- 1 Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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91
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disease due to mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a common cause of human inherited disorders. Targeted modification of the mitochondrial genome has not succeeded with the current transgenic technologies. Furthermore, readily available cultured patient cells often do not manifest the disease phenotype. Therefore, pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders remain largely unknown, as the lack of model systems has hampered mechanistic studies. Stem cell technology has opened up new ways to use patient cells in research, through generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiation of these to disease-relevant cell types, including, for example, human neurons and cardiomyocytes. Here, we discuss the use of iPSC-derived models for disorders with mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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92
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Faustino RS, Arrell DK, Folmes CDL, Terzic A, Perez-Terzic C. Stem cell systems informatics for advanced clinical biodiagnostics: tracing molecular signatures from bench to bedside. Croat Med J 2013. [PMID: 23986272 PMCID: PMC3760656 DOI: 10.3325//cmj.2013.54.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of innovative high throughput technologies has enabled a variety of molecular landscapes to be interrogated with an unprecedented degree of detail. Emergence of next generation nucleotide sequencing methods, advanced proteomic techniques, and metabolic profiling approaches continue to produce a wealth of biological data that captures molecular frameworks underlying phenotype. The advent of these novel technologies has significant translational applications, as investigators can now explore molecular underpinnings of developmental states with a high degree of resolution. Application of these leading-edge techniques to patient samples has been successfully used to unmask nuanced molecular details of disease vs healthy tissue, which may provide novel targets for palliative intervention. To enhance such approaches, concomitant development of algorithms to reprogram differentiated cells in order to recapitulate pluripotent capacity offers a distinct advantage to advancing diagnostic methodology. Bioinformatic deconvolution of several “-omic” layers extracted from reprogrammed patient cells, could, in principle, provide a means by which the evolution of individual pathology can be developmentally monitored. Significant logistic challenges face current implementation of this novel paradigm of patient treatment and care, however, several of these limitations have been successfully addressed through continuous development of cutting edge in silico archiving and processing methods. Comprehensive elucidation of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic networks that define normal and pathological states, in combination with reprogrammed patient cells are thus poised to become high value resources in modern diagnosis and prognosis of patient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S Faustino
- C. Perez-Terzic, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA 55905,
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93
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Bukowiecki R, Adjaye J, Prigione A. Mitochondrial function in pluripotent stem cells and cellular reprogramming. Gerontology 2013; 60:174-82. [PMID: 24281332 DOI: 10.1159/000355050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles playing pivotal roles in a range of diverse cellular functions, from energy generation to redox homeostasis and apoptosis regulation. Their loss of functionality may indeed contribute to the development of aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, mitochondria have been shown to exhibit peculiar features in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Moreover, an extensive restructuring of mitochondria has been observed during the process of cellular reprogramming, i.e. the conversion of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These transformation events impact mitochondrial number, morphology, activity, cellular metabolism, and mtDNA integrity. PSCs retain the capability to self-renew indefinitely and to give rise to virtually any cell type of the body and thus hold great promise in medical research. Understanding the mitochondrial properties of PSCs, and how to modulate them, may thus help to shed light on the features of stemness and possibly increase our knowledge on cellular identity and differentiation pathways. Here, we review these recent findings and discuss their implications in the context of stem cell biology, aging research, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bukowiecki
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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95
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Xu X, Duan S, Yi F, Ocampo A, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Mitochondrial regulation in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metab 2013; 18:325-32. [PMID: 23850316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their fundamental role in energy production, mitochondria have been traditionally known as the powerhouse of the cell. Recent discoveries have suggested crucial roles of mitochondria in the maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation, and reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While glycolytic energy production is observed at pluripotent states, an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for cell differentiation. Consequently, a transition from somatic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to glycolysis seems to be required for successful reprogramming. Future research aiming to dissect the roles of mitochondria in the establishment and homeostasis of pluripotency, as well as combining cell reprogramming with gene editing technologies, may unearth novel insights into our understanding of mitochondrial diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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96
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Faustino RS, Arrell DK, Folmes CD, Terzic A, Perez-Terzic C. Stem cell systems informatics for advanced clinical biodiagnostics: tracing molecular signatures from bench to bedside. Croat Med J 2013; 54:319-29. [PMID: 23986272 PMCID: PMC3760656 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of innovative high throughput technologies has enabled a variety of molecular landscapes to be interrogated with an unprecedented degree of detail. Emergence of next generation nucleotide sequencing methods, advanced proteomic techniques, and metabolic profiling approaches continue to produce a wealth of biological data that captures molecular frameworks underlying phenotype. The advent of these novel technologies has significant translational applications, as investigators can now explore molecular underpinnings of developmental states with a high degree of resolution. Application of these leading-edge techniques to patient samples has been successfully used to unmask nuanced molecular details of disease vs healthy tissue, which may provide novel targets for palliative intervention. To enhance such approaches, concomitant development of algorithms to reprogram differentiated cells in order to recapitulate pluripotent capacity offers a distinct advantage to advancing diagnostic methodology. Bioinformatic deconvolution of several "-omic" layers extracted from reprogrammed patient cells, could, in principle, provide a means by which the evolution of individual pathology can be developmentally monitored. Significant logistic challenges face current implementation of this novel paradigm of patient treatment and care, however, several of these limitations have been successfully addressed through continuous development of cutting edge in silico archiving and processing methods. Comprehensive elucidation of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic networks that define normal and pathological states, in combination with reprogrammed patient cells are thus poised to become high value resources in modern diagnosis and prognosis of patient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S. Faustino
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D. Kent Arrell
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Clifford D.L. Folmes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carmen Perez-Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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