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Gao S, Zhang P, Zhang C, Bao F, Li H, Chen L. Meroterpenoids from Ganoderma sinense protect hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress induced injuries. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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52
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Hu G, Zhai M, Niu R, Xu X, Liu Q, Jia J. Optimization of Culture Condition for Ganoderic Acid Production in Ganoderma lucidum Liquid Static Culture and Design of a Suitable Bioreactor. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102563. [PMID: 30297630 PMCID: PMC6222601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a famous medicinal mushroom used worldwide, is a rich source of triterpenoids which, together with polysaccharides, are believed to be the main effective constituents of G. lucidum. With the increase of market demand, the wild resource is facing serious limitations, and the quality of cultivated fruiting bodies can be seriously affected by the availability of wood resources and by cultivation management practices. In the present study, we aimed to develop an alternative way to produce useful triterpenoids from G. lucidum. We cultured the strain using a two-stage liquid culture strategy and investigated the effects of nitrogen limitation, carbon supply, static culture volume and air supply in the static culture stage on the accumulation of five triterpenoids (GA-P, GA-Q, GA-T, GA-S, GA-R). Our results showed that, under optimized condition, the total yield of the five triterpenoids reached 963 mg/L (as determined by HPLC). Among the five triterpenoids, GA-T accounted for about 75% of the total yield. Besides, a bioreactor suitable for fungal liquid static culture with a 10 L extensible plastic bag shaped culture unit was designed and in which the maximum total yield of the five GAs reached 856.8 mg/L, and the GAs content reached 5.99%. Our results demonstrate the potential of industrial application of G. lucidum culture for the production of triterpenoids, especially GA-T. Air supply significantly improved the accumulation of triterpenoids, and this will provide important clues to understand why more triterpenoids are produced in the mycelia mat under static liquid culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Manhuayun Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Rong Niu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jingming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M, Vanhanen H, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2325. [PMID: 30333807 PMCID: PMC6176074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most common diseases affecting people worldwide. New viruses emerge all the time and presently we have limited number of vaccines and only few antivirals to combat viral diseases. Fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could potentially be used as antivirals in the future. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of fungi as producers of antiviral compounds and discuss their potential applications. In particular, we have investigated how the antiviral action has been assessed and what is known about the molecular mechanisms and actual targets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of accurate fungal species identification on antiviral and other natural products studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pyry Veteli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri Vanhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zhu J, Jin J, Ding J, Li S, Cen P, Wang K, Wang H, Xia J. Ganoderic Acid A improves high fat diet-induced obesity, lipid accumulation and insulin sensitivity through regulating SREBP pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 290:77-87. [PMID: 29852127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its major co-morbidity, type 2 diabetes, have been an alarming epidemic prevalence without an effective treatment available. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are major transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol, fatty acid and triglyceride. Therefore, inhibition of SREBP pathway may be a useful strategy to treat obesity with type 2 diabetes. Here, we identify a small molecule, Ganoderic Acid A (GAA), inhibits the SREBP expression and decreases the cellular levels of cholesterol and fatty acid in vitro. GAA also ameliorates body weight gain and fat accumulation in liver or adipose tissues, and improves serum lipid levels and insulin sensitivity in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Consistently, GAA regulates SREBPs target genes and metabolism associated genes in liver or adipose tissues, which may directly contribute to the lower lipid level and improvement of insulin resistance. Taken together, GAA could be a potential leading compound for development of drugs for the prevention of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiexia Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panpan Cen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keyi Wang
- Central Laboratory, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 310012, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junbo Xia
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Liu YN, Lu XX, Ren A, Shi L, Zhu J, Jiang AL, Yu HS, Zhao MW. Conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4-phosphate (PI4P) and then to PI(4,5)P 2 is essential for the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration under heat stress in Ganoderma lucidum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2456-2468. [PMID: 29697195 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
How cells drive the phospholipid signal response to heat stress (HS) to maintain cellular homeostasis is a fundamental issue in biology, but the regulatory mechanism of this fundamental process is unclear. Previous quantitative analyses of lipids showed that phosphatidylinositol (PI) accumulates after HS in Ganoderma lucidum, implying the inositol phospholipid signal may be associated with HS signal transduction. Here, we found that the PI-4-kinase and PI-4-phosphate-5-kinase activities are activated and that their lipid products PI-4-phosphate and PI-4,5-bisphosphate are increased under HS. Further experimental results showed that the cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]c ) and ganoderic acid (GA) contents induced by HS were decreased when cells were pretreated with Li+ , an inhibitor of inositol monophosphatase, and this decrease could be rescued by PI and PI-4-phosphate. Furthermore, inhibition of PI-4-kinases resulted in a decrease in the Ca2+ and GA contents under HS that could be rescued by PI-4-phosphate but not PI. However, the decrease in the Ca2+ and GA contents by silencing of PI-4-phosphate-5-kinase could not be rescued by PI-4-phosphate. Taken together, our study reveals the essential role of the step converting PI to PI-4-phosphate and then to PI-4,5-bisphosphate in [Ca2+ ]c signalling and GA biosynthesis under HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Shou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Wang WF, Xiao H, Zhong JJ. Biosynthesis of a ganoderic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by expressing a cytochrome P450 gene from Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1842-1854. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Zhang G, Ren A, Shi L, Zhu J, Jiang A, Shi D, Zhao M. Functional analysis of an APSES transcription factor (GlSwi6) involved in fungal growth, fruiting body development and ganoderic-acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Res 2018; 207:280-288. [PMID: 29458864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The APSES transcription factors have been identified as key regulators of fungal development and other biological processes in fungi. In the present study, the function of Ganoderma lucidum GlSwi6, a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Swi6, was characterized. RNAi was used to examine the function of GlSwi6 in G. lucidum. Silencing GlSwi6 resulted in multiple developmental defects, including reduced fungal growth and increased hyphal branching, and the GlSwi6-silenced strains did not exhibit primordium or fruiting body formation. In addition, the H2O2 and ganoderic-acid (GA) levels of the GlSwi6-silenced strains decreased approximately 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with those of the WT strain. Furthermore, the addition of H2O2 led to the recovery of the GA levels of GlSwi6-silenced strains, implying that GlSwi6 might regulate GA biosynthesis by regulating the intracellular ROS levels. Taken together, these results indicate that GlSwi6 is involved in fungal growth, development and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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58
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59
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Gill BS, Navgeet, Mehra R, Kumar V, Kumar S. Ganoderic acid, lanostanoid triterpene: a key player in apoptosis. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:136-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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60
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Qu L, Li S, Zhuo Y, Chen J, Qin X, Guo G. Anticancer effect of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7467-7472. [PMID: 29344190 PMCID: PMC5755215 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, within the Polyporaceae family of Basidiomycota, is a popular traditional remedy medicine used in Asia to promote health and longevity. Compounds extracted from G. lucidum have revealed anticancer, antioxidant and liver protective effects. G. lucidum has been associated with prostate cancer cells. G. lucidum extracts contain numerous bioactive components; however, the exact functional monomer is unknown and the role of triterpenes from G. lucidum (GLT) in prostate cancer remain obscure. The present study investigated the effects of GLT on cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. The results demonstrated that a high dose (2 mg/ml) of GLT inhibits cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner by the regulation of matrix metalloproteases. Furthermore, GLT induced apoptosis of DU-145 cells. In general, GLT exerts its effect on cancer cells via numerous mechanisms and may have potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Zhuo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianfan Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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61
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Shi DK, Zhu J, Sun ZH, Zhang G, Liu R, Zhang TJ, Wang SL, Ren A, Zhao MW. Alternative oxidase impacts ganoderic acid biosynthesis by regulating intracellular ROS levels in Ganoderma lucidum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1466-1476. [PMID: 28901910 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX), which forms a branch of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport pathway, functions to sustain electron flux and alleviate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this article, a homologous AOX gene was identified in Ganoderma lucidum. The coding sequence of the AOX gene in G. lucidum contains 1038 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 39.48 kDa. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to study the function of AOX in G. lucidum, and two silenced strains (AOXi6 and AOXi21) were obtained, showing significant decreases of approximately 60 and 50 %, respectively, in alternative pathway respiratory efficiency compared to WT. The content of ganoderic acid (GA) in the mutant strains AOXi6 and AOXi21 showed significant increases of approximately 42 and 44 %, respectively, compared to WT. Elevated contents of intermediate metabolites in GA biosynthesis and elevated transcription levels of corresponding genes were also observed in the mutant strains AOXi6 and AOXi21. In addition, the intracellular ROS content in strains AOXi6 and AOXi21 was significantly increased, by approximately 1.75- and 1.93-fold, respectively, compared with WT. Furthermore, adding N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, significantly depressed the intracellular ROS content and GA accumulation in AOX-silenced strains. These results indicate that AOX affects GA biosynthesis by regulating intracellular ROS levels. Our research revealed the important role of AOX in the secondary metabolism of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ke Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ze-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tian-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
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Xiang Q, Shen K, Yu X, Zhao K, Gu Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Chen Q. Analysis of the oligopeptide transporter gene family in Ganoderma lucidum: structure, phylogeny, and expression patterns. Genome 2017; 60:293-302. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide transporters (OPTs) are believed to transport broad ranges of substrates across the plasma membrane from the extracellular environment into the cell and are thought to contribute to various biological processes. In the present study, 13 putative OPTs (Gl-OPT1 to Gl-OPT13) were identified through extensive search of Ganoderma lucidum genome database. Phylogenetic analysis with OPTs from other fungi and plants indicates that these genes can be further divided into five groups. Motif compositions of OPT members are highly conserved in each group, indicative of functional conservation. Expression profile analysis of the 13 Gl-OPT genes indicated that, with the exception of Gl-OPT7–Gl-OPT9, for which no transcripts were detected, all paralogues were differentially expressed, suggesting their potential involvement in stress response and functional development of fungi. Overall, the analyses in this study provide a starting point for elucidating the functions of OPT in G. lucidum, and for understanding the complexities of metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanju Xiang
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keyu Shen
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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63
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Induction of apoptosis and ganoderic acid biosynthesis by cAMP signaling in Ganoderma lucidum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:318. [PMID: 28336949 PMCID: PMC5428012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential physiological process that controls many important biological functions. However, apoptosis signaling in relation to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants and fungi remains a mystery. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum is a popular herbal medicine worldwide, but the biosynthetic regulation of its active ingredients (ganoderic acids, GAs) is poorly understood. We investigated the role of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in fungal apoptosis and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum. Two phosphodiesterase inhibitors (caffeine and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX) and an adenylate cyclase activator (sodium fluoride, NaF) were used to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Fungal apoptosis was identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and a condensed nuclear morphology. Our results showed that GA production and fungal apoptosis were induced when the mycelium was treated with NaF, caffeine, or cAMP/IBMX. Downregulation of squalene synthase and lanosterol synthase gene expression by cAMP was detected in the presence of these chemicals, which indicates that these two genes are not critical for GA induction. Transcriptome analysis indicated that mitochondria might play an important role in cAMP-induced apoptosis and GA biosynthesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal that cAMP signaling induces apoptosis and secondary metabolite production in fungi.
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Liu YN, Zhang TJ, Lu XX, Ma BL, Ren A, Shi L, Jiang AL, Yu HS, Zhao MW. Membrane fluidity is involved in the regulation of heat stress induced secondary metabolism in Ganoderma lucidum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1653-1668. [PMID: 28198137 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has become a potential model system for evaluating how environmental factors regulate the secondary metabolism of basidiomycetes. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most important environmental factors. It was previously reported that HS could induce the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids (GA). In this study, we found that HS increased GA biosynthesis and also significantly increased cell membrane fluidity. Furthermore, our results showed that addition of the membrane rigidifier dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) could revert the increased GA biosynthesis elicited by HS. These results indicate that an increase in membrane fluidity is associated with HS-induced GA biosynthesis. Further evidence showed that the GA content was decreased in D9des-silenced strains and could be reverted to WT levels by addition of the membrane fluidizer benzyl alcohol (BA). In contrast, GA content was increased in D9des-overexpression strains and could be reverted to WT levels by the addition of DMSO. Furthermore, both membrane fluidity and GA biosynthesis induced by HS could be reverted by DMSO in WT and D9des-silenced strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that membrane fluidity is involved in the regulation of heat stress induced secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Liang Ma
- Department of Physics, Science of College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Han-Shou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sun XZ, Liao Y, Li W, Guo LM. Neuroprotective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:953-958. [PMID: 28761429 PMCID: PMC5514871 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.208590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides have protective effects against apoptosis in neurons exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the mechanisms are unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule cells. In these cells, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides remarkably suppressed H2O2-induced apoptosis, decreased expression of caspase-3, Bax and Bim and increased that of Bcl-2. These findings suggested that ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides regulate expression of apoptosis-associated proteins, inhibit oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis and, therefore, have significant neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Public Security Technology, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Public Security Technology, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Mei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Jiang D, Wang L, Zhao T, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Jin J, Cai Y, Wang F. Restoration of the tumor-suppressor function to mutant p53 by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:594-600. [PMID: 27878254 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), isolated from spores, mycelia and fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, have been suggested to possess anticancer activities in a large number of basic studies. A recent survey revealed that GLP-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth was dependent on the existence of functional p53. However, the actual role of p53-mediated tumor-suppressing pathways in facilitating the anticancer effect of GLPs is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between GLPs and mutant p53 that exists in more than half of the known types of cancers. Our results showed that GLPs reactivated mutant p53 in colorectal cancer HT29 (p53R273H) and SW480 (p53R273H&P309S) cells while applied alone or together with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). This reactivation further induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, western blot assay and in vitro cell-free apoptosis assay suggested that the activation of mutant p53 was effective in both a transcriptional-dependent and -independent pathway. Altogether, our data demonstrated for the first time that GLPs show prominent anticancer activities by reactivating several types of mutant p53. Therefore, targeting mutant p53 by GLPs alongside other chemotherapeutics may be considered as a novel treatment strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lingyao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Renxia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jingji Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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Wang XL, Zhou FJ, Dou M, Yan YM, Wang SM, Di L, Cheng YX. Cochlearoids F–K: Phenolic meroterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma cochlear and their renoprotective activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5507-5512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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69
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Ren A, Liu R, Miao ZG, Zhang X, Cao PF, Chen TX, Li CY, Shi L, Jiang AL, Zhao MW. Hydrogen-rich water regulates effects of ROS balance on morphology, growth and secondary metabolism via glutathione peroxidase in Ganoderma lucidum. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:566-583. [PMID: 27554678 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal fungi, but the lack of basic study on the fungus has hindered the further development of its value. To investigate the roles of the redox system in G. lucidum, acetic acid (HAc) was applied as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress inducer, and hydrogen-rich water (HRW) was used to relieve the ROS stress in this study. Our results demonstrate that the treatment of 5% HRW significantly decreased the ROS content, maintained biomass and polar growth morphology of mycelium, and decreased secondary metabolism under HAc-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the roles of HRW were largely dependent on restoring the glutathione system under HAc stress in G. lucidum. To provide further evidence, we used two glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-defective strains, the gpxi strain, the mercaptosuccinic acid (MS, a GPX inhibitor)-treated wide-type (WT) strain, and gpx overexpression strains for further research. The results show that HRW was unable to relieve the HAc-induced ROS overproduction, decreased biomass, mycelium morphology change and increased secondary metabolism biosynthesis in the absence of GPX function. The gpx overexpression strains exhibited resistance to HAc-induced oxidative stress. Thus, we propose that HRW regulates morphology, growth and secondary metabolism via glutathione peroxidase under HAc stress in the fungus G. lucidum. Furthermore, our research also provides a method to study the ROS system in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Hennicke F, Cheikh-Ali Z, Liebisch T, Maciá-Vicente JG, Bode HB, Piepenbring M. Distinguishing commercially grown Ganoderma lucidum from Ganoderma lingzhi from Europe and East Asia on the basis of morphology, molecular phylogeny, and triterpenic acid profiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:29-37. [PMID: 27044336 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In China and other countries of East Asia, so-called Ling-zhi or Reishi mushrooms are used in traditional medicine since several centuries. Although the common practice to apply the originally European name 'Ganoderma lucidum' to these fungi has been questioned by several taxonomists, this is still generally done in recent publications and with commercially cultivated strains. In the present study, two commercially sold strains of 'G. lucidum', M9720 and M9724 from the company Mycelia bvba (Belgium), are compared for their fruiting body (basidiocarp) morphology combined with molecular phylogenetic analyses, and for their secondary metabolite profile employing an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESIMS) in combination with a high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). According to basidiocarp morphology, the strain M9720 was identified as G. lucidum s.str. whereas M9724 was determined as Ganoderma lingzhi. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, the M9720 ITS and beta-tubulin sequences grouped with sequences of G. lucidum s.str. from Europe whereas those from M9724 clustered with sequences of G. lingzhi from East Asia. We show that an ethanol extract of ground basidiocarps from G. lucidum (M9720) contains much less triterpenic acids than found in the extract of G. lingzhi (M9724). The high amount of triterpenic acids accounts for the bitter taste of the basidiocarps of G. lingzhi (M9724) and of its ethanol extract. Apparently, triterpenic acids of G. lucidum s.str. are analyzed here for the first time. These results demonstrate the importance of taxonomy for commercial use of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hennicke
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturfoschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Zakaria Cheikh-Ali
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tim Liebisch
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Watanabe A, Sato C, Hattori K, Takagi H, Yashiro Y, Nakata S, Nagaoka S. The Effect of Lowering Plasma Cholesterol by Reishi Extracts and Its Possible Mechanism. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.63.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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72
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Cui ML, Yang HY, He GQ. Submerged fermentation production and characterization of intracellular triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum using HPLC-ESI-MS. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:998-1010. [PMID: 26642183 PMCID: PMC4678043 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As the main bioactive metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, triterpenoids have various pharmacological effects. In this paper, the nutritional requirements and culture conditions of a submerged culture of G. lucidum were optimized using the response surface methodology; maximum mycelia biomass and intracellular triterpenoid production reached 1.87 g/100 ml and 93.21 mg/100 ml, respectively, for a culture consisting of wort 4.10% (0.041 g/ml) and yeast extract 1.89% (0.0189 g/ml), pH 5.40. For the first time, we established that wort, which is cheap and abundant, can replace the more commonly used glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS), 10 major ganoderic acids were tentatively identified based on the predominant fragmentation pathways with the elimination of H2O and CO2, as well as cleavage of the D-ring.
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73
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Gokce EC, Kahveci R, Atanur OM, Gürer B, Aksoy N, Gokce A, Sargon MF, Cemil B, Erdogan B, Kahveci O. Neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Injury 2015; 46:2146-55. [PMID: 26298021 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom belonging to the polyporaceae family of Basidiomycota and has widely been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years. G. lucidum has never been studied in traumatic spinal cord injury. The aim of this study is to investigate whether G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) can protect the spinal cord after experimental spinal cord injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomized into five groups of eight animals each: control, sham, trauma, GLPS, and methylprednisolone. In the control group, no surgical intervention was performed. In the sham group, only a laminectomy was performed. In all the other groups, the spinal cord trauma model was created by the occlusion of the spinal cord with an aneurysm clip. In the spinal cord tissue, caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, nitric oxide levels, and superoxide dismutase levels were analysed. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were also performed. Neurological evaluation was performed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and the inclined-plane test. RESULTS After traumatic spinal cord injury, increases in caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels were detected. After the administration of GLPS, decreases were observed in tissue caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, GLPS treatment showed improved results in histopathological scores, ultrastructural scores, and functional tests. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses and functional tests reveal that GLPS exhibits meaningful neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Cemal Gokce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Kahveci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Kirikkale Yuksek Ihtisas State Hospital, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Osman Malik Atanur
- International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET), Cevizlibag, Zeytinburnu 34015, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Gürer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurkan Aksoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gokce
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Berker Cemil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Erdogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Kahveci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Hossain S, Bhowmick S, Islam S, Rozario L, Jahan S, Hassan M, Sarkar M, Choudhury BK, Ahmed S, Shahjalal H. Oral Administration of Ganoderma lucidum to Lead-Exposed Rats Protects Erythrocytes against Hemolysis: Implicates to Anti-Anemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:463703. [PMID: 26300947 PMCID: PMC4537730 DOI: 10.1155/2015/463703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of chronic oral exposure to lead acetate (PbA) on the sensitivity of RBC to hemolysis and whether the sensitivity could be decreased by feeding the rats with extract of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Three groups of rats, control, PbA-exposed, and G. lucidum (Gl)+PbA, were used. PbA (3 mM) was administered via drinking water and G. lucidum extract by gavage at 300 mg/Kg BW/day for 12 weeks. Afterwards, the rats were killed and washed RBCs were subjected to hemolysis in the presence of Fenton's reagents. Hemolysis was determined by estimating the amount of released hemoglobin. The levels of lipid peroxide (LPO) and GSH were determined from RBC membranes and whole RBCs, respectively. The levels of TNFα and LPO also were determined from hepatic tissues. The RBCs of PbA-exposed rats displayed significantly higher sensitivity to hemolysis than those of the Gl+PbA rats. The levels of LPO increased and GSH decreased in the RBCs, with concomitant increases in the levels of hepatic TNFα and LPO in the PbA-exposed rats. The degree of hemolysis was significantly low in the RBCs of Gl+PbA rats, concurrently with amelioration of hepatic parameters. Finally, the study suggests that PbA-induced-hemolysis and related oxidative-toxicity might be minimized by consumption of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sujan Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Liza Rozario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrin Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Marzan Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sohel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Hussain Shahjalal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Alternative Medicine and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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Li C, Shi L, Chen D, Ren A, Gao T, Zhao M. Functional analysis of the role of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the ROS signaling pathway, hyphal branching and the regulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal Genet Biol 2015. [PMID: 26216672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a hallmark of traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used as a pharmacologically active compound. Although numerous research studies have focused on the pharmacological mechanism, fewer studies have explored the basic biological features of this species, restricting the further development and application of this important mushroom. Because of the ability of this mushroom to reduce and detoxify the compounds produced by various metabolic pathways, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes with respect to ROS. Although studies in both animals and plants have suggested many important physiological functions of GPx, there are few systematic research studies concerning the role of this enzyme in fungi, particularly in large basidiomycetes. In the present study, we cloned the GPx gene and created GPx-silenced strains by the down-regulation of GPx gene expression using RNA interference. The results indicated an essential role for GPx in controlling the intracellular H2O2 content, hyphal branching, antioxidant stress tolerance, cytosolic Ca(2+) content and ganoderic acid biosynthesis. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that GPx is regulated by intracellular H2O2 levels and suggested that crosstalk occurs between GPx and intracellular H2O2. Moreover, evidence was obtained indicating that GPx regulation of hyphal branching via ROS might occur independently of the cytosolic Ca(2+) content. Further mechanistic investigation also revealed that the effects of GPx on ganoderic acid synthesis via ROS are regulated by the cytosolic Ca(2+) content. Taken together, these findings indicate that ROS have a complex influence on growth, development and secondary metabolism in fungi and that GPx serves an important function. The present study provides an excellent framework to identify GPx functions and highlights a role for this enzyme in ROS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Choi YJ, Yang HS, Jo JH, Lee SC, Park TY, Choi BS, Seo KS, Huh CK. Anti-Amnesic Effect of Fermented Ganoderma lucidum Water Extracts by Lactic Acid Bacteria on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2015; 20:126-32. [PMID: 26176000 PMCID: PMC4500515 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2015.20.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-amnesic effect of fermented Ganoderma lucidum water extracts (GW) on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. GW were fermented by the lactic acid bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum (FGWB), followed by Lactobacillus sakei LI033 (FGWBL). To induce amnesia, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats 30 min before the behavioral tests. Step-through latencies of rats treated with primary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWB) and secondary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWBL) were significantly longer than those of rats treated with GW (300 mg/kg) in the retention trial of the multiple trial passive avoidance test. In the Morris water maze task, FGWBL significantly shortened escape latencies in training trials. Furthermore, swimming times within the target zone during the probe trial with FGWBL were significantly higher than the GW and FGWB treatments. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activities were lower in the brains of scopolamine-treated rats treated with FGWBL. These results suggest that FGWBL could be useful to enhance learning memory and cognitive function via cholinergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Choi
- Imsil Research Institute of Cheese Science, Jeonbuk 566-881, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Yang
- Imsil Research Institute of Cheese Science, Jeonbuk 566-881, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Jo
- Imsil Research Institute of Cheese Science, Jeonbuk 566-881, Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Imsil Research Institute of Cheese Science, Jeonbuk 566-881, Korea
| | - Tae Young Park
- Janghung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jeonnam 529-851, Korea
| | - Bong Suk Choi
- Janghung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jeonnam 529-851, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sun Seo
- Janghung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jeonnam 529-851, Korea
| | - Chang Ki Huh
- Imsil Research Institute of Cheese Science, Jeonbuk 566-881, Korea
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Bishop KS, Kao CHJ, Xu Y, Glucina MP, Paterson RRM, Ferguson LR. From 2000years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:56-65. [PMID: 25794896 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have been used for centuries as nutraceuticals to improve health and to treat numerous chronic and infectious diseases. One such mushroom is Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as Lingzhi, a species revered as a medicinal mushroom for treating assorted diseases and prolonging life. The fungus is found in diverse locations, and this may have contributed to confusion regarding the correct taxonomic classification of the genus Ganoderma. G. lucidum was first used to name a specimen found in England and thereafter was naively applied to a different Ganoderma species found in Asia, commonly known as Chinese Lingzhi. Despite the taxonomic confusion, which has largely been uncorrected, the popularity of Lingzhi has escalated across the globe. The current taxonomic situation is now discussed accurately in this Special Issue on Ganoderma. Today it is a multi-billion dollar industry wherein Lingzhi is cultivated or collected from the wild and consumed as a tea, in alcoholic beverages, and as a nutraceutical to confer numerous health benefits. Consumption of nutraceuticals has grown in popularity, and it is becoming increasingly important that active ingredients be identified and that suppliers make substantiated health claims about their products. The objective of this article is to present a review of G. lucidum over the past 2000 years from prized ancient "herbal" remedy to its use in nutraceuticals and to the establishment of a 2.5 billion $ (US) industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Chi H J Kao
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yuanye Xu
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - R Russell M Paterson
- IBB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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78
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Baby S, Johnson AJ, Govindan B. Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:66-101. [PMID: 25975187 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma is a genus of medicinal mushrooms. This review deals with secondary metabolites isolated from Ganoderma and their biological significance. Phytochemical studies over the last 40years led to the isolation of 431 secondary metabolites from various Ganoderma species. The major secondary compounds isolated are (a) C30 lanostanes (ganoderic acids), (b) C30 lanostanes (aldehydes, alcohols, esters, glycosides, lactones, ketones), (c) C27 lanostanes (lucidenic acids), (d) C27 lanostanes (alcohols, lactones, esters), (e) C24, C25 lanostanes (f) C30 pentacyclic triterpenes, (g) meroterpenoids, (h) farnesyl hydroquinones (meroterpenoids), (i) C15 sesquiterpenoids, (j) steroids, (k) alkaloids, (l) prenyl hydroquinone (m) benzofurans, (n) benzopyran-4-one derivatives and (o) benzenoid derivatives. Ganoderma lucidum is the species extensively studied for its secondary metabolites and biological activities. Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma colossum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma cochlear, Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma amboinense, Ganoderma orbiforme, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma hainanense, Ganoderma concinna, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma neo-japonicum, Ganoderma tropicum, Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma carnosum, Ganoderma fornicatum, Ganoderma lipsiense (synonym G. applanatum), Ganoderma mastoporum, Ganoderma theaecolum, Ganoderma boninense, Ganoderma capense and Ganoderma annulare are the other Ganoderma species subjected to phytochemical studies. Further phytochemical studies on Ganoderma could lead to the discovery of hitherto unknown biologically active secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India.
| | - Anil John Johnson
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India
| | - Balaji Govindan
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India
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79
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Ma HT, Hsieh JF, Chen ST. Anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:109-113. [PMID: 25790910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot fungus widely used as a tonic for the promotion of longevity and health. Extracts of G. lucidum have been recognized as an alternative adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Among the many biologically active constituents of G. lucidum, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects. G. lucidum polysaccharides have been reported to have hypoglycemic activity by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing plasma sugar levels in mice. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a promising therapeutic target in diabetes, and G. lucidum proteoglycan can inhibit this enzyme in vitro. Moreover, G. lucidum triterpenoids were shown to have inhibitory activity on aldose reductase and α-glucosidase that can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, a protein Ling Zhi-8 extracted from G. lucidum significantly decreased lymphocyte infiltration and increased the antibody detection of insulin in diabetic mice. This review summarizes most of the research about the hypoglycemic action effects of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and tritrerpenoids from G. lucidum as a guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haou-Tzong Ma
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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80
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Triterpenoids and Polysaccharide Fractions of Ganoderma tsugae Exert Different Effects on Antiallergic Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:754836. [PMID: 25960757 PMCID: PMC4417579 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate antiallergic effects of triterpenoids (Gt-TRE) and polysaccharide (Gt-PS) extracts from Ganoderma tsugae, using mast cell line RBL-2H3, T cell line EL4, primary T cells, and transfected RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that histamine secreted from activated RBL-2H3 mast cells was significantly suppressed by Gt-TRE but not Gt-PS. Interleukin- (IL-) 4 secreted from activated EL4 cells was significantly suppressed by Gt-TRE but not Gt-PS. Further primary CD4+ T cells cultures also confirmed that Gt-TRE (5 ~ 50 µg/mL) significantly suppressed Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 secretions but had no effect on Th1 cytokines IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ. Gt-PS did not affect IL-4 and IL-5 secretions until higher doses (400, 500 µg/mL) and significantly suppressed IFNγ secretions but enhanced IL-2 at these high doses. The reporter gene assay indicated that Gt-TRE inhibited but Gt-PS enhanced the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in activated transfected RAW264.7 cells and transfected EL4 cells. IL-4 secreted by this transfected EL-4 cells was also significantly decreased by Gt-TRE but not by Gt-PS, suggesting that these two fractions may exert different effects on NF-κB related cytokines expression. These data suggested that triterpenoids fraction of Ganoderma tsugae might be the main constituents to alleviate allergic asthma.
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81
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Yu GJ, Yin YL, Yu WH, Liu W, Jin YX, Shrestha A, Yang Q, Ye XD, Sun H. Proteome exploration to provide a resource for the investigation of Ganoderma lucidum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119439. [PMID: 25756518 PMCID: PMC4355618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a basidiomycete white rot fungus that has been used for medicinal purposes worldwide. Although information concerning its genome and transcriptome has recently been reported, relatively little information is available for G. lucidum at the proteomic level. In this study, protein fractions from G. lucidum at three developmental stages (16-day mycelia, and fruiting bodies at 60 and 90 days) were prepared and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. A search against the G. lucidum genome database identified 803 proteins. Among these proteins, 61 lignocellulose degrading proteins were detected, most of which (49 proteins) were found in the 90-day fruiting bodies. Fourteen TCA-cycle related proteins, 17 peptidases, two argonaute-like proteins, and two immunomodulatory proteins were also detected. A majority (470) of the 803 proteins had GO annotations and were classified into 36 GO terms, with "binding", "catalytic activity", and "hydrolase activity" having high percentages. Additionally, 357 out of the 803 proteins were assigned to at least one COG functional category and grouped into 22 COG classifications. Based on the results from the proteomic and sequence alignment analyses, a potentially new immunomodulatory protein (GL18769) was expressed and shown to have high immunomodulatory activity. In this study, proteomic and biochemical analyses of G. lucidum were performed for the first time, revealing that proteins from this fungus can play significant bioactive roles and providing a new foundation for the further functional investigations that this fungus merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Lin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alok Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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82
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Yang HS, Choi YJ, Oh HH, Jo JH, Jung HK, Seo KS, Park TY, Jin SW, Huh CK. Anti-inflammatory effects of Ganoderma lucidum water extracts fermented using lactic acid bacteria based on HO-1 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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83
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Luo Q, Wang XL, Di L, Yan YM, Lu Q, Yang XH, Hu DB, Cheng YX. Isolation and identification of renoprotective substances from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life. Int J Microbiol 2015; 2015:376387. [PMID: 25685150 PMCID: PMC4320875 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been consumed since earliest history; ancient Greeks believed that mushrooms provided strength for warriors in battle, and the Romans perceived them as the “Food of the Gods.” For centuries, the Chinese culture has treasured mushrooms as a health food, an “elixir of life.” They have been part of the human culture for thousands of years and have considerable interest in the most important civilizations in history because of their sensory characteristics; they have been recognized for their attractive culinary attributes. Nowadays, mushrooms are popular valuable foods because they are low in calories, carbohydrates, fat, and sodium: also, they are cholesterol-free. Besides, mushrooms provide important nutrients, including selenium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D, proteins, and fiber. All together with a long history as food source, mushrooms are important for their healing capacities and properties in traditional medicine. It has reported beneficial effects for health and treatment of some diseases. Many nutraceutical properties are described in mushrooms, such as prevention or treatment of Parkinson, Alzheimer, hypertension, and high risk of stroke. They are also utilized to reduce the likelihood of cancer invasion and metastasis due to antitumoral attributes. Mushrooms act as antibacterial, immune system enhancer and cholesterol lowering agents; additionally, they are important sources of bioactive compounds. As a result of these properties, some mushroom extracts are used to promote human health and are found as dietary supplements.
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85
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Cell Factories of Higher Fungi for Useful Metabolite Production. BIOREACTOR ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS I 2015; 155:199-235. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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86
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Chen D, Liu HM, Li MM, Yan YM, Xu WD, Li XN, Cheng YX, Qin HB. Concise synthesis of (±)-Lingzhiol via epoxy-arene cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14594-6. [PMID: 26288857 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concise synthesis of (±)-Lingzhiol has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Hao-Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Photochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
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87
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Zhao D, Chang MW, Li JS, Suen W, Huang J. Investigation of Ice-Assisted Sonication on the Microstructure and Chemical Quality ofGanoderma lucidumSpores. J Food Sci 2014; 79:E2253-65. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhao
- of Mechanical Engineering; Univ. College London; London WC1E 7JE UK
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hang Zhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hang Zhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Jing-Song Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hang Zhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - William Suen
- of Mechanical Engineering; Univ. College London; London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Jie Huang
- of Mechanical Engineering; Univ. College London; London WC1E 7JE UK
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88
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Wang XF, Yan YM, Wang XL, Ma XJ, Fu XY, Cheng YX. Two new compounds from Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 17:329-332. [PMID: 25295637 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.960858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two pairs of new enantiomers, lucidulactones A and B (1 and 2), and two known compounds were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic methods. The chiral HPLC was used to separate the ( - )- and (+)-antipodes of the new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
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89
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Enhanced Production of Ganoderic Acids and Cytotoxicity ofGanoderma lucidumUsing Solid-Medium Culture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1529-34. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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90
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Su ZY, Sun Hwang L, Chiang BH, Sheen LY. Antihepatoma and liver protective potentials of ganoderma lucidum ( ling zhi) fermented in a medium containing black soybean ( hēi dòu) and astragalus membranaceus ( shēng huáng qí). J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:110-8. [PMID: 24716165 PMCID: PMC3924974 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antihepatoma activity and liver protective function of the fermentation products (5 L fermenator) of Ganoderma lucidum (GL; 靈芝 Ling Zhi) cultivated in a medium containing black soybean (BS; 黑豆 Hēi Dòu) and Astragalus membranaceus (AM; 生黃耆 Shēng Huáng Qí) at different fermentation temperatures were investigated in this study. Hep 3B cells pretreated with lovastatin were used to study the antihepatoma activity, and possible active components were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced primary rat hepatocyte injury was further used to evaluate the liver protective activity of the fermentation products. While all the GL broth filtrates do not inhibit the growth of Hep 3B cells, the ethanolic extract from GL-2 mycelia (GL-2-mE), cultivated in the medium containing BS (50 g/L) and AM (20 g/L) at 24°C for 11 days showed the best antihepatoma activity (IC50 26.6 μg/mL) than the other ethanolic extracts from GL mycelia, GL fruiting body, BS, and AM did. The antihepatoma activities were correlated with some unknown active components in these samples. Furthermore, GL-2-mE (100 μg/mL) without harmful effect on the growth of normal primary rat hepatocytes significantly maintained cell viability, reduced lactate dehydrogenase leakage, lowered lipid peroxidation, and increased glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the CCl4-induced damaged primary rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yuan Su
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lucy Sun Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Huang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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91
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Yang Hsu B, Hui Chen C, Jang Lu T, Sun Hwang L. Bioconversion of ginsenosides in the american ginseng ( xī yáng shēn) extraction residue by fermentation with lingzhi ( líng zhī, ganoderma lucidum). J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:95-101. [PMID: 24716163 PMCID: PMC3924966 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng ( Rén Shēn) has been widely employed in functional foods and traditional medicines in many Asian countries. Owing to the high consumer demand of ginseng products, a large amount of ginseng residue is generated after extraction of ginseng. However, the ginseng residue still contains many bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides. The objective of this research was to convert ginsenosides in American ginseng ( Xī Yáng Shēn) extraction residue (AmR) by fermentation with lingzhi ( Líng Zhī, Ganoderma lucidum) and the fermentation products will be used for further hypoglycemic activity research. Thus, this study was primarily focused on the ginsenosides that have been reported to possess hypoglycemic activity. In this study, the changes in seven ginsenoside [Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rg3(S), compound K (CK), and Rh2(S)] in the products as affected by fermentation were investigated. Our results showed that the levels of ginsenosides, namely, Rg1, Rg3(S), and CK increased, while the other ginsenosides (Re, Rb1, and Rc) decreased during the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang Hsu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. ; Contributed equally
| | - Chia Hui Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. ; Contributed equally
| | - Ting Jang Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Lucy Sun Hwang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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92
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Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Reduce Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-1 β Expression in Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells and in Thoracic Aortas in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:305149. [PMID: 24723958 PMCID: PMC3960732 DOI: 10.1155/2014/305149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of inflammatory cytokines on vascular walls is a critical event in vascular diseases and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides (EORPs), which is effective against immunological disorders, on interleukin- (IL-) 1β expression by human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and the underlying mechanism. The lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced IL-1β expression was significantly reduced when HASMCs were pretreated with EORP by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Pretreatment with 10 μg/mL EORP decreased LPS-induced ERK, p38, JNK, and Akt phosphorylation. But the increase in IL-1β expression with LPS treatment was only inhibited by pretreatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, while the JNK and p38 inhibitors had no effect. In addition, EORP reduced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB p65 in LPS-treated HASMCs. Furthermore, in vivo, IL-1β expression was strongly expressed in thoracic aortas in LPS-treated mice. Oral administration of EORP decreased IL-1β expression. The level of IL-1β expression in LPS-treated or in LPS/EORP-treated group was very low and was similar to that of the saline-treated group in toll-like receptor 4-deficient (TLR4−/−) mice. These findings suggest that EORP has the anti-inflammatory property and could prove useful in the prevention of vascular diseases and inflammatory responses.
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93
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Liu DZ, Liu Q, Yang P, Jiang WX. A New Ergostane Triterpenoid from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Inocybe lilacina. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new ergostane triterpenoid (4α-methylergost-8,24(28)-dien-3,7,11-trione, 1) together with four known compounds (2–5) were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Inocybe lilacina. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ze Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Ping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Wen-Xia Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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94
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Abstract
RNA editing is a widespread, post-transcriptional molecular phenomenon that diversifies hereditary information across various organisms. However, little is known about genome-scale RNA editing in fungi. In this study, we screened for fungal RNA editing sites at the genomic level in Ganoderma lucidum, a valuable medicinal fungus. On the basis of our pipeline that predicted the editing sites from genomic and transcriptomic data, a total of 8906 possible RNA-editing sites were identified within the G. lucidum genome, including the exon and intron sequences and the 5'-/3'-untranslated regions of 2991 genes and the intergenic regions. The major editing types included C-to-U, A-to-G, G-to-A, and U-to-C conversions. Four putative RNA-editing enzymes were identified, including three adenosine deaminases acting on transfer RNA and a deoxycytidylate deaminase. The genes containing RNA-editing sites were functionally classified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment and gene ontology analysis. The key functional groupings enriched for RNA-editing sites included laccase genes involved in lignin degradation, key enzymes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, and transcription factors. A total of 97 putative editing sites were randomly selected and validated by using PCR and Sanger sequencing. We presented an accurate and large-scale identification of RNA-editing events in G. lucidum, providing global and quantitative cataloging of RNA editing in the fungal genome. This study will shed light on the role of transcriptional plasticity in the growth and development of G. lucidum, as well as its adaptation to the environment and the regulation of valuable secondary metabolite pathways.
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95
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Kim H, Suh HJ, Kang CM, Lee KH, Hwang JH, Yu KW. Immunological Activity of Ginseng Is Enhanced by Solid-State Culture with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium. J Med Food 2014; 17:150-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, California, USA
| | - Kyung-Haeng Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Korea
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96
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Mu D, Li C, Zhang X, Li X, Shi L, Ren A, Zhao M. Functions of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase family inGanoderma lucidum: an essential role in ganoderic acid biosynthesis regulation, hyphal branching, fruiting body development, and oxidative-stress resistance. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1709-28. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Mu
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Chenyang Li
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiongbiao Li
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Ang Ren
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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97
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Sitarz AK, Mikkelsen JD, Højrup P, Meyer AS. Identification of a laccase from Ganoderma lucidum CBS 229.93 having potential for enhancing cellulase catalyzed lignocellulose degradation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Beekman AM, Barrow RA. Stereochemical assignment of the fungal metabolites pestalotiopsones D and E through enantiopure synthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2054-2059. [PMID: 24168147 DOI: 10.1021/np400473u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The pestalotiopsones are fungal metabolites isolated from an endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. found in the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata, used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat symptoms of dysentery. The absolute configurations of pestalotiopsones D (4) and E (5) were elucidated through total synthesis of both the R and S enantiomers, allowing for the assignment of the stereochemistry of the natural compounds as the (+)-S enantiomers. The key steps include homologation of a substituted benzoic acid to the appropriate phenylacetate derivative using Birch reductive alkylation, an oxa-Michael cyclization induced by microwave irradiation to form the chromanone substructure, and an IBX-mediated dehydrogenation yielding the chromone skeleton. Assessment of the synthetic compounds against clinical pathogens was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Michael Beekman
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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99
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Improved polysaccharide production in submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum by the addition of coixenolide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1497-505. [PMID: 24222498 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum have various bioactivities and have been widely used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. Coixenolide was added into the media to enhance the production of mycelia biomass and polysaccharides in the submerged culture of G. lucidum in this work. The results showed that when a level of 0.2% coixenolide was added at day 1, the biomass, exopolysaccharide, and intracellular polysaccharide reached 5.224, 0.222, and 0.399 g l(-1), respectively, which were 1.39-fold, 2.58-fold, and 2.24-fold compared to that of control. Analysis of the fermentation kinetics of G. lucidum suggested that glucose concentration in the coixenolide-added group decreased more quickly as compared to the control group from days 3 to 9 of the fermentation process, and the polysaccharides biosynthesis were promoted at the same culture period. However, the culture pH profile was not affected by the addition of coixenolide. Enzyme activities analysis indicated that coixenolide affected the synthesis level of phosphoglucose isomerase and α-phosphoglucomutase.
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100
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Yan YM, Ai J, Zhou L, Chung AC, Li R, Nie J, Fang P, Wang XL, Luo J, Hu Q, Hou FF, Cheng YX. Lingzhiols, Unprecedented Rotary Door-Shaped Meroterpenoids as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of p-Smad3 from Ganoderma lucidum. Org Lett 2013; 15:5488-91. [PMID: 24128039 DOI: 10.1021/ol4026364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Jun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Li−Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Arthur C.K. Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Xin-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Qun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Fan-Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health
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