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Lin SE, Barrette AM, Chapin C, Gonzales LW, Gonzalez RF, Dobbs LG, Ballard PL. Expression of human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 and alveolar progenitor cells in normal and injured lungs of transgenic mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12657. [PMID: 26702074 PMCID: PMC4760449 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is expressed in the epithelium of various primate tissues, including lung airway and alveoli. In human lung, CEACAM6 is developmentally and hormonally regulated, protects surfactant function, has anti-apoptotic activity and is dysregulated in cancers. We hypothesized that alveolar CEACAM6 expression increases in lung injury and promotes cell proliferation during repair. Studies were performed in CEABAC transgenic mice-containing human CEACAM genes. The level of CEACAM6 in adult CEABAC lung was comparable to that in human infants; expression occurred in epithelium of airways and of some alveoli but rarely co-localized with markers of type I or type II cells. Ten days after bleomycin instillation, both the number of CEACAM6(+) cells and immunostaining intensity were elevated in injured lung areas, and there was increased co-localization with type I and II cell markers. To specifically address type II cells, we crossed CEABAC mice with animals expressing EGFP driven by the SP-C promoter. After bleomycin injury, partially flattened, elongated epithelial cells were observed that expressed type I cell markers and were primarily either EGFP(+) or CEACAM6(+). In cell cycle studies, mitosis was greater in CEACAM6(+) non-type II cells versus CEACAM6(+)/EGFP(+) cells. CEACAM6 epithelial expression was also increased after hyperoxic exposure and LPS instillation, suggesting a generalized response to acute lung injuries. We conclude that CEACAM6 expression is comparable in human lung and the CEABAC mouse. CEACAM6 in this model appears to be a marker of a progenitor cell population that contributes to alveolar epithelial cell replenishment after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-E Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anne Marie Barrette
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl Chapin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda W Gonzales
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert F Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leland G Dobbs
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip L Ballard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Yang C, Yang X, Du J, Wang H, Li H, Zeng L, Gu W, Jiang J. Retinoic acid promotes the endogenous repair of lung stem/progenitor cells in combined with simvastatin after acute lung injury: a stereological analysis. Respir Res 2015; 16:140. [PMID: 26561298 PMCID: PMC4642746 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), most commonly seen during the organ dysfunction remains unsatisfied. Presently, the stem/progenitor cell-based endogenous repair has been aroused attention enormously. This report investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) plus simvastatin (SS) with respect to dynamics of lung repair cells as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods The experimental Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into normal control (control), sham operated (sham), ARDS, ARDS + vehicle and ARDS + RA + SS groups. ARDS was reproduced through hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation (shock) and subsequent intratracheal LPS (4.5 mg/kg, Escherichia coli serotype O55: B5) injection. The rats were treated by intragastric administration of RA (2 mg/kg/day) and SS (2 mg/kg/day) for 5 days in the ARDS + RA + SS group. Seven days after the first RA-SS injection, a right lower lobe of lung was sampled for histological analysis concerning systemic uniform random sampling method. Immunohistochemistry of inflation-fixed lungs for alveolar type 1 (AT1), alveolar type 2 (AT2) and Clara cells was measured by AQP5, Pro-SPC and CCSP staining respectively. The alveolar cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed with Ki67 staining and terminal deoxylnucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Meanwhile, the alveolar cell numerical and surface density (alveolar cells, AT1, AT2, Clara, proliferating and apoptotic cells) were evaluated by stereology. Results RA-SS compound exerted anti-inflammatory and pro-repairing effects on respiratory tracts in ARDS induced by hemorrhagic-endotoxin shock. The numerical density and surface density of alveolar cells, AT1 cell fraction, and numerical density of AT2 and Clara cells were significantly increased after treatment with RA-SS compound in ARDS. Concurrently, the Ki67+ alveolar cells were obviously increased while the TUNEL+ alveolar cells were reduced, which was correlated with the attenuation of inflammatory injury and functional repair in injured lung tissues. Conclusions Our data convincingly indicated that the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of RA plus SS had obvious beneficial effect on the remodeling/regeneration of injured pulmonary tissues, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms are related to the re-balance between regeneration and apoptosis in lung stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Xuetao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Haisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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53
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Hines EA, Sun X. Tissue crosstalk in lung development. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1469-77. [PMID: 24644090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung development follows a stereotypic program orchestrated by key interactions among epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Deviations from this developmental program can lead to pulmonary diseases including bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Significant efforts have been made to examine the cellular and molecular basis of the tissue interactions underlying these stereotypic developmental processes. Genetically engineered mouse models, lung organ culture, and advanced imaging techniques are a few of the tools that have expanded our understanding of the tissue interactions that drive lung development. Intimate crosstalk has been identified between the epithelium and mesenchyme, distinct mesenchymal tissues, and individual epithelial cells types. For interactions such as the epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk regulating lung specification and branching morphogenesis, the key molecular players, FGF, BMP, WNT, and SHH, are well established. Additionally, VEGF regulation underlies the epithelial-endothelial crosstalk that coordinates airway branching with angiogenesis. Recent work also discovered a novel role for SHH in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition of the mesothelium. In contrast, the molecular basis for the crosstalk between upper airway cartilage and smooth muscle is not yet known. In this review we examine current evidence of the tissue interactions and molecular crosstalk that underlie the stereotypic patterning of the developing lung and mediate injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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54
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Kato T, Oka K, Nakamura T, Ito A. Bronchioalveolar morphogenesis of human bronchial epithelial cells depending upon hepatocyte growth factor. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2818-26. [PMID: 26416301 PMCID: PMC4687712 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar regeneration occurs in adult human lungs as a result of proliferation, differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis of stem cells. It is increasingly being believed that bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) have a potential as stem cells, because they are potent to differentiate into multiple central and peripheral lung cell types in three‐dimensional (3D) cultures, and they develop multiple foci with well‐differentiated histogenesis after transformed into neoplastic cells. In this study, we investigated morphogenic abilities of HBE135 human BECs immortalized by E6/E7 oncogene in 3D cultures. When HBE135 cells were cultured alone or co‐cultured with endothelial cells, the cells formed spherical colonies without branching. However, in co‐culture with lung fibroblast MRC‐9 cells, HBE135 cells formed colonies with bronchioalveolar‐like complex branching, suggesting that MRC‐9‐derived soluble factor(s) are responsible for the branching formation. MRC‐9 cells, not endothelial cells, were found to highly express hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a soluble molecule involved in liver and kidney regeneration. An anti‐HGF neutralizing antibody severely suppressed the complex branching formation, but addition of HGF could not sufficiently compensate the morphogenic effects of MRC‐9 cells, suggesting that MCR‐9‐derived HGF was necessary but insufficient for the bronchioalveolar structure formation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Met, a cognate receptor for HGF, was highly expressed and phosphorylated in neoplastic BECs from lung adenocarcinomas with well‐differentiated, not poorly differentiated, histogenesis. These results are consistent with the notion that BECs have an aspect of stem cells. This aspect appears to become manifest through HGF–Met signalling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyomasa Oka
- Research & Development, Neurogen Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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55
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Henry E, Cores J, Hensley MT, Anthony S, Vandergriff A, de Andrade JBM, Allen T, Caranasos TG, Lobo LJ, Cheng K. Adult Lung Spheroid Cells Contain Progenitor Cells and Mediate Regeneration in Rodents With Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1265-74. [PMID: 26359426 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lung diseases are devastating conditions and ranked as one of the top five causes of mortality worldwide according to the World Health Organization. Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for lung regeneration. Previous animal and clinical studies have focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (from other parts of the body) for lung regenerative therapies. We report a rapid and robust method to generate therapeutic resident lung progenitors from adult lung tissues. Outgrowth cells from healthy lung tissue explants are self-aggregated into three-dimensional lung spheroids in a suspension culture. Without antigenic sorting, the lung spheroids recapitulate the stem cell niche and contain a natural mixture of lung stem cells and supporting cells. In vitro, lung spheroid cells can be expanded to a large quantity and can form alveoli-like structures and acquire mature lung epithelial phenotypes. In severe combined immunodeficiency mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, intravenous injection of human lung spheroid cells inhibited apoptosis, fibrosis, and infiltration but promoted angiogenesis. In a syngeneic rat model of pulmonary fibrosis, lung spheroid cells outperformed adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in reducing fibrotic thickening and infiltration. Previously, lung spheroid cells (the spheroid model) had only been used to study lung cancer cells. Our data suggest that lung spheroids and lung spheroid cells from healthy lung tissues are excellent sources of regenerative lung cells for therapeutic lung regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE The results from the present study will lead to future human clinical trials using lung stem cell therapies to treat various incurable lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. The data presented here also provide fundamental knowledge regarding how injected stem cells mediate lung repair in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Henry
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jhon Cores
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Taylor Hensley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shirena Anthony
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Vandergriff
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - James B M de Andrade
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tyler Allen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas G Caranasos
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leonard J Lobo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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57
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Boppart MD, De Lisio M, Witkowski S. Exercise and Stem Cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:423-56. [PMID: 26477925 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are traditionally studied in the context of embryonic development, yet studies confirm that a fraction remains in the adult organism for the purpose of daily remodeling and rejuvenation of multiple tissues following injury. Adult stem cells (ASCs) are found in close proximity to vessels and respond to tissue-specific cues in the microenvironment that dictate their fate and function. Exercise can dramatically alter strain sensing, extracellular matrix composition, and inflammation, and such changes in the niche likely alter ASC quantity and function postexercise. The field of stem cell biology is still in its infancy and identification and terminology of ASCs continues to evolve; thus, current information regarding exercise and stem cells is lacking. This chapter summarizes the literature that reports on the ASC response to acute exercise and exercise training, with particular emphasis on hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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58
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Abstract
The different types of cells in the lung, from the conducting airway epithelium to the alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary vasculature, are interconnected by gap junctions. The specific profile of gap junction proteins, the connexins, expressed in these different cell types forms compartments of intercellular communication that can be further shaped by the release of extracellular nucleotides via pannexin1 channels. In this review, we focus on the physiology of connexins and pannexins and describe how this lung communication network modulates lung function and host defenses in conductive and respiratory airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Losa
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, 2007 Ultimo, NSW Australia
| | - Marc Chanson
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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59
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Möbius MA, Thébaud B. Stem Cells and Their Mediators - Next Generation Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:50. [PMID: 26284246 PMCID: PMC4520239 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major complication of premature birth. Despite great achievements in perinatal medicine over the past decades, there is no treatment for BPD. Recent insights into the biology of stem/progenitor cells have ignited the hope of regenerating damaged organs. Animal experiments revealed promising lung protection/regeneration with stem/progenitor cells in experimental models of BPD and led to first clinical studies in infants. However, these therapies are still experimental and knowledge on the exact mechanisms of action of these cells is limited. Furthermore, heterogeneity of the therapeutic cell populations and missing potency assays currently limit our ability to predict a cell product’s efficacy. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal, endothelial progenitor, and amniotic epithelial cells for BPD. Current knowledge on the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of stem cells is briefly summarized. Finally, we discuss the obstacles constraining their transition from bench-to-bedside and present potential approaches to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius A Möbius
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany ; DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany ; Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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60
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McCauley HA, Guasch G. Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:492-503. [PMID: 26144290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing a mucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterile epithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of this mucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense system. In this review we summarize what is known about the signaling pathways that control goblet cell differentiation in the intestine, the lung, and the ocular surface, and we discuss a novel functional role for goblet cells in mucosal epithelial immunology. We highlight the cell type-specificity of the circuitry regulating goblet cell differentiation and shed light on how changes to these pathways lead to altered goblet cell function, a prominent feature of mucosa-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, UM 105, 13009, Marseille, France.
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61
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Lynch TJ, Engelhardt JF. Progenitor cells in proximal airway epithelial development and regeneration. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1637-45. [PMID: 24818588 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple distinct epithelial domains are found throughout the airway that are distinguishable by location, structure, function, and cell-type composition. Several progenitor cell populations in the proximal airway have been identified to reside in confined microenvironmental niches including the submucosal glands (SMGs), which are embedded in the tracheal connective tissue between the surface epithelium and cartilage, and basal cells that reside within the surface airway epithelium (SAE). Current research suggests that regulatory pathways that coordinate development of the proximal airway and establishment of progenitor cell niches may overlap with pathways that control progenitor cell responses during airway regeneration following injury. SMGs have been shown to harbor epithelial progenitor cells, and this niche is dysregulated in diseases such as cystic fibrosis. However, mechanisms that regulate progenitor cell proliferation and maintenance within this glandular niche are not completely understood. Here we discuss glandular progenitor cells during development and regeneration of the proximal airway and compare properties of glandular progenitors to those of basal cell progenitors in the SAE. Further investigation into glandular progenitor cell control will provide a direction for interrogating therapeutic interventions to correct aberrant conditions affecting the SMGs in diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lynch
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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Lowenthal J, Sugarman J. Ethics and policy issues for stem cell research and pulmonary medicine. Chest 2015; 147:824-834. [PMID: 25732448 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research and related initiatives in regenerative medicine, cell-based therapy, and tissue engineering have generated considerable scientific and public interest. Researchers are applying stem cell technologies to chest medicine in a variety of ways: using stem cells as models for drug discovery, testing stem cell-based therapies for conditions as diverse as COPD and cystic fibrosis, and producing functional lung and tracheal tissue for physiologic modeling and potential transplantation. Although significant scientific obstacles remain, it is likely that stem cell-based regenerative medicine will have a significant clinical impact in chest medicine. However, stem cell research has also generated substantial controversy, posing a variety of ethical and regulatory challenges for research and clinical practice. Some of the most prominent ethical questions related to the use of stem cell technologies in chest medicine include (1) implications for donors, (2) scientific prerequisites for clinical testing and use, (3) stem cell tourism, (4) innovation and clinical use of emerging stem cell-based interventions, (5) responsible translation of stem cell-based therapies to clinical use, and (6) appropriate and equitable access to emerging therapies. Having a sense of these issues should help to put emerging scientific advances into appropriate context and to ensure the responsible clinical translation of promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lowenthal
- School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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63
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Guzy RD, Stoilov I, Elton TJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Fibroblast growth factor 2 is required for epithelial recovery, but not for pulmonary fibrosis, in response to bleomycin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:116-28. [PMID: 24988442 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0184oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis involves lung epithelial injury and aberrant proliferation of fibroblasts, and results in progressive pulmonary scarring and declining lung function. In vitro, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 promotes myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation in cooperation with the profibrotic growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, but the in vivo requirement for FGF2 in the development of pulmonary fibrosis is not known. The bleomycin model of lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis was applied to Fgf2 knockout (Fgf2(-/-)) and littermate control mice. Weight loss, mortality, pulmonary fibrosis, and histology were analyzed after a single intranasal dose of bleomycin. Inflammation was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and epithelial barrier integrity was assessed by measuring BAL protein and Evans Blue dye permeability. Fgf2 is expressed in mouse and human lung epithelial and inflammatory cells, and, in response to bleomycin, Fgf2(-/-) mice have significantly increased mortality and weight loss. Analysis of BAL fluid and histology show that pulmonary fibrosis is unaltered, but Fgf2(-/-) mice fail to efficiently resolve inflammation, have increased BAL cellularity, and, importantly, deficient recovery of epithelial integrity. Fgf2(-/-) mice similarly have deficient recovery of club cell secretory protein(+) bronchial epithelium in response to naphthalene. We conclude that FGF2 is not required for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but rather is essential for epithelial repair and maintaining epithelial integrity after bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. These data identify that FGF2 acts as a protective growth factor after lung epithelial injury, and call into question the role of FGF2 as a profibrotic growth factor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Guzy
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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64
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Hiemstra PS, McCray PB, Bals R. The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1150-62. [PMID: 25700381 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00141514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is now considered to be central to the orchestration of pulmonary inflammatory and immune responses, and is also key to tissue remodelling. It acts as the first barrier in the defence against a wide range of inhaled challenges, and is critically involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses to these challenges. Recent progress in our understanding of the developmental regulation of this tissue, the differentiation pathways, recognition of pathogens and antimicrobial responses is now exploited to help understand how epithelial cell function and dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory lung diseases. Herein, advances in our knowledge of the biology of airway epithelium, as well as its role and (dys)function in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter S Hiemstra
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Dept of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert Bals
- Dept of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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65
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Abstract
Preterm birth affects approximately 11% of all newborns worldwide and is a major risk factor for infant mortality and morbidity. A common complication of preterm birth is the chronic lung disease of prematurity called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Due to the lack of a specific treatment for BPD, preterm infants surviving with BPD face a lifelong risk of poor lung health. The therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine is being harnessed for many diseases, including BPD. Compelling preclinical data using stem cells to prevent/repair lung damage in animal models of experimental BPD has built the basis for its translation into the clinic in preterm infants. This review highlights the exciting translation from bench to bedside that will hopefully lead in the near future to improved pulmonary outcomes in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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66
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Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Endogenous and exogenous cell-based pathways for recovery from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:797-809. [PMID: 25453426 PMCID: PMC4254691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has entered a rapid phase of discovery, and much has been learned in recent years about the lung's response to injury. This article first summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that damage the alveolar-capillary barrier, producing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The latest understanding of endogenous repair processes is discussed, highlighting the diversity of lung epithelial progenitor cell populations and their regulation in health and disease. Finally, the past, present, and future of exogenous cell-based therapies for ARDS is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Gotts
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0624, USA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0624, USA.
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67
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Suresh Kumar V, Sadikot RT, Purcell JE, Malik AB, Liu Y. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced lung injury model. J Vis Exp 2014:e52044. [PMID: 25406628 DOI: 10.3791/52044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. Here we have developed a mouse lung injury model by intra-tracheal injection of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa or PA). Using this model, we were able to show lung inflammation at the early phase of injury. In addition, alveolar epithelial barrier leakiness was observed by analyzing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and alveolar cell death was observed by Tunel assay using tissue prepared from injured lungs. At a later phase following injury, we observed cell proliferation required for the repair process. The injury was resolved 7 days from the initiation of P. aeruginosa injection. This model mimics the sequential course of lung inflammation, injury and repair during pneumonia. This clinically relevant animal model is suitable for studying pathology, mechanism of repair, following acute lung injury, and also can be used to test potential therapeutic agents for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta VAMC, Emory University
| | | | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago;
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68
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Kapere Ochieng J, Schilders K, Kool H, Buscop-van Kempen M, Boerema-De Munck A, Grosveld F, Wijnen R, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Differentiated type II pneumocytes can be reprogrammed by ectopic Sox2 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107248. [PMID: 25210856 PMCID: PMC4161395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult lung contains several distinct stem cells, although their properties and full potential are still being sorted out. We previously showed that ectopic Sox2 expression in the developing lung manipulated the fate of differentiating cells. Here, we addressed the question whether fully differentiated cells could be redirected towards another cell type. Therefore, we used transgenic mice to express an inducible Sox2 construct in type II pneumocytes, which are situated in the distal, respiratory areas of the lung. Within three days after the induction of the transgene, the type II cells start to proliferate and form clusters of cuboidal cells. Prolonged Sox2 expression resulted in the reversal of the type II cell towards a more embryonic, precursor-like cell, being positive for the stem cell markers Sca1 and Ssea1. Moreover, the cells started to co-express Spc and Cc10, characteristics of bronchioalveolar stem cells. We demonstrated that Sox2 directly regulates the expression of Sca1. Subsequently, these cells expressed Trp63, a marker for basal cells of the trachea. So, we show that the expression of one transcription factor in fully differentiated, distal lung cells changes their fate towards proximal cells through intermediate cell types. This may have implications for regenerative medicine, and repair of diseased and damaged lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kapere Ochieng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Schilders
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen Kool
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon Buscop-van Kempen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Boerema-De Munck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology of the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert J. Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology of the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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69
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Bilodeau M, Shojaie S, Ackerley C, Post M, Rossant J. Identification of a proximal progenitor population from murine fetal lungs with clonogenic and multilineage differentiation potential. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:634-49. [PMID: 25358791 PMCID: PMC4223706 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development-associated diseases are major causes of morbidity and lethality in preterm infants and children. Access to the lung progenitor/stem cell populations controlling pulmonary development during embryogenesis and early postnatal years is essential to understand the molecular basis of such diseases. Using a Nkx2-1mCherry reporter mouse, we have identified and captured Nkx2-1-expressing lung progenitor cells from the proximal lung epithelium during fetal development. These cells formed clonal spheres in semisolid culture that could be maintained in vitro and demonstrated self-renewal and expansion capabilities over multiple passages. In-vitro-derived Nkx2-1-expressing clonal spheres differentiated into a polarized epithelium comprised of multiple cell lineages, including basal and secretory cells, that could repopulate decellularized lung scaffolds. Nkx2-1 expression thus defines a fetal lung epithelial progenitor cell population that can be used as a model system to study pulmonary development and associated pediatric diseases. Nkx2-1 expression can be used to isolate proximal lung progenitors The fetal proximal lung progenitors are distinct from currently known progenitors The fetal proximal lung progenitors are clonogenic and self-renewing The fetal proximal lung progenitors are multipotent for airway lineages
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bilodeau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sharareh Shojaie
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cameron Ackerley
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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70
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Kotton DN, Morrisey EE. Lung regeneration: mechanisms, applications and emerging stem cell populations. Nat Med 2014; 20:822-32. [PMID: 25100528 PMCID: PMC4229034 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the respiratory system has an extensive ability to respond to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells. The unperturbed adult lung is remarkably quiescent, but after insult or injury progenitor populations can be activated or remaining cells can re-enter the cell cycle. Techniques including cell-lineage tracing and transcriptome analysis have provided novel and exciting insights into how the lungs and trachea regenerate in response to injury and have allowed the identification of pathways important in lung development and regeneration. These studies are now informing approaches for modulating the pathways that may promote endogenous regeneration as well as the generation of exogenous lung cell lineages from pluripotent stem cells. The emerging advances, highlighted in this Review, are providing new techniques and assays for basic mechanistic studies as well as generating new model systems for human disease and strategies for cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell N Kotton
- 1] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Pulmonary Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [3] Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [4] Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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71
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Cx26 regulates proliferation of repairing basal airway epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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72
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Ito Y, Correll K, Schiel JA, Finigan JH, Prekeris R, Mason RJ. Lung fibroblasts accelerate wound closure in human alveolar epithelial cells through hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L94-105. [PMID: 24748602 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00233.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 190,600 cases of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) each year in the United States, and the incidence and mortality of ALI/ARDS increase dramatically with age. Patients with ALI/ARDS have alveolar epithelial injury, which may be worsened by high-pressure mechanical ventilation. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are the progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium and are required to reestablish the alveolar epithelium during the recovery process from ALI/ARDS. Lung fibroblasts (FBs) migrate and proliferate early after lung injury and likely are an important source of growth factors for epithelial repair. However, how lung FBs affect epithelial wound healing in the human adult lung has not been investigated in detail. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to be released mainly from FBs and to stimulate both migration and proliferation of primary rat ATII cells. HGF is also increased in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum in patients with ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we hypothesized that HGF secreted by FBs would enhance wound closure in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Wound closure was measured using a scratch wound-healing assay in primary human AEC monolayers and in a coculture system with FBs. We found that wound closure was accelerated by FBs mainly through HGF/c-Met signaling. HGF also restored impaired wound healing in AECs from the elderly subjects and after exposure to cyclic stretch. We conclude that HGF is the critical factor released from FBs to close wounds in human AEC monolayers and suggest that HGF is a potential strategy for hastening alveolar repair in patients with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Kelly Correll
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - John A Schiel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jay H Finigan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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73
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Yang J, Jia Z. Cell-based therapy in lung regenerative medicine. Regen Med Res 2014; 2:7. [PMID: 25984335 PMCID: PMC4389643 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are becoming a leading cause of death worldwide. There are few effective treatments for those patients and less choices to prevent the exacerbation or even reverse the progress of the diseases. Over the past decade, cell-based therapies using stem cells to regenerate lung tissue have experienced a rapid growth in a variety of animal models for distinct lung diseases. This novel approach offers great promise for the treatment of several devastating and incurable lung diseases, including emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we provide a concise summary of the current knowledge on the attributes of endogenous lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells (EpiSPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in both animal models and translational studies. We also describe the promise and challenges of tissue bioengineering in lung regenerative medicine. The therapeutic potential of MSCs is further discussed in IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibing Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA
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74
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Bou Saab J, Losa D, Chanson M, Ruez R. Connexins in respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1288-96. [PMID: 24631537 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal lining forms the physical and chemical barrier that protects against pathogens and hostile particles and harbors its own population of bacteria, fungi and archea, known as the microbiota. The immune system controls tolerance of this population of microorganisms that have proven to be beneficial for its host. Keeping its physical integrity and a correct balance with the microbiota, the mucosa preserves its homeostasis and its protective function and maintains host's health. However, in some conditions, pathogens may succeed in breaching mucosal homeostasis and successfully infecting the host. In this review we will discuss the role the mucosa plays in the defense against bacterial pathogens by considering the gap junction protein connexins. We will detail their implication in mucosal homeostasis and upon infection with bacteria in the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bou Saab
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davide Losa
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Richard Ruez
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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75
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Barkauskas CE, Cronce MJ, Rackley CR, Bowie EJ, Keene DR, Stripp BR, Randell SH, Noble PW, Hogan BLM. Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3025-36. [PMID: 23921127 DOI: 10.1172/jci68782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1137] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas exchange in the lung occurs within alveoli, air-filled sacs composed of type 2 and type 1 epithelial cells (AEC2s and AEC1s), capillaries, and various resident mesenchymal cells. Here, we use a combination of in vivo clonal lineage analysis, different injury/repair systems, and in vitro culture of purified cell populations to obtain new information about the contribution of AEC2s to alveolar maintenance and repair. Genetic lineage-tracing experiments showed that surfactant protein C-positive (SFTPC-positive) AEC2s self renew and differentiate over about a year, consistent with the population containing long-term alveolar stem cells. Moreover, if many AEC2s were specifically ablated, high-resolution imaging of intact lungs showed that individual survivors undergo rapid clonal expansion and daughter cell dispersal. Individual lineage-labeled AEC2s placed into 3D culture gave rise to self-renewing "alveolospheres," which contained both AEC2s and cells expressing multiple AEC1 markers, including HOPX, a new marker for AEC1s. Growth and differentiation of the alveolospheres occurred most readily when cocultured with primary PDGFRα⁺ lung stromal cells. This population included lipofibroblasts that normally reside close to AEC2s and may therefore contribute to a stem cell niche in the murine lung. Results suggest that a similar dynamic exists between AEC2s and mesenchymal cells in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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76
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Ardhanareeswaran K, Mirotsou M. Lung stem and progenitor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 85:89-95. [PMID: 23406722 DOI: 10.1159/000346500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, new insights have been added to the study of stem cells in the adult lung. The exploration of endogenous lung progenitors as well as the study of exogenously delivered stem cell populations holds promise for advancing our understanding of the biology of lung repair mechanisms. Moreover, it opens new possibilities for the use of stem cell therapy for the development of regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of lung disease. Here, we discuss the main types of lung epithelial progenitor populations; the potential of endothelial progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells for lung therapy, as well as summarize the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ardhanareeswaran
- Duke Cardiovascular Research Center and Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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