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Herline K, Drummond E, Wisniewski T. Recent advancements toward therapeutic vaccines against Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:707-721. [PMID: 30005578 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1500905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by protein aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau. These proteins have normal physiological functions, but in AD, they undergo a conformational change and aggregate as toxic oligomeric and fibrillar species with a high β-sheet content. AREAS COVERED Active and passive immunotherapeutic approaches are among the most attractive methods for targeting misfolded Aβ and tau. Promising preclinical testing of various immunotherapeutic approaches has yet to translate to cognitive benefits in human clinical trials. Knowledge gained from these past failures has led to the development of second-generation Aβ-active immunotherapies, anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies targeting a wide array of Aβ conformations, and to a number of immunotherapies targeting pathological tau. This review covers the more recent advances in vaccine development for AD from 2016 to present. EXPERT COMMENTARY Due to the complex pathophysiology of AD, greatest clinical efficacy will most likely be achieved by concurrently targeting the most toxic forms of both Aβ and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Herline
- a Center for Cognitive Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Departments of Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- a Center for Cognitive Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Departments of Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- a Center for Cognitive Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Departments of Neurology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,c Pathology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,d Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
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Pagano K, Galante D, D'Arrigo C, Corsaro A, Nizzari M, Florio T, Molinari H, Tomaselli S, Ragona L. Effects of Prion Protein on Aβ42 and Pyroglutamate-Modified AβpΕ3-42 Oligomerization and Toxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1957-1971. [PMID: 29981054 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble Aβ oligomers are widely recognized as the toxic forms responsible for triggering AD, and Aβ receptors are hypothesized to represent the first step in a neuronal cascade leading to dementia. Cellular prion protein (PrP) has been reported as a high-affinity binder of Aβ oligomers. The interactions of PrP with both Aβ42 and the highly toxic N-truncated pyroglutamylated species (AβpE3-42) are here investigated, at a molecular level, by means of ThT fluorescence, NMR and TEM. We demonstrate that soluble PrP binds both Aβ42 and AβpE3-42, preferentially interacting with oligomeric species and delaying fibril formation. Residue level analysis of Aβ42 oligomerization process reveals, for the first time, that PrP is able to differently interact with the forming oligomers, depending on the aggregation state of the starting Aβ42 sample. A distinct behavior is observed for Aβ42 1-30 region and C-terminal residues, suggesting that PrP protects Aβ42 N-tail from entangling on the mature NMR-invisible fibril, consistent with the hypothesis that Aβ42 N-tail is the locus of interaction with PrP. PrP/AβpE3-42 interactions are here reported for the first time. All interaction data are validated and complemented by cellular tests performed on Wt and PrP-silenced neuronal cell lines, clearly showing PrP dependent Aβ oligomer cell internalization and toxicity. The ability of soluble PrP to compete with membrane-anchored PrP for binding to Aβ oligomers bears relevance for studies of druggable pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy.
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Gerth J, Kumar S, Rijal Upadhaya A, Ghebremedhin E, von Arnim CAF, Thal DR, Walter J. Modified amyloid variants in pathological subgroups of β-amyloidosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:815-831. [PMID: 30009199 PMCID: PMC6043770 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Amyloid β (Aβ) depositions in plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) represent common features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sequential deposition of post-translationally modified Aβ in plaques characterizes distinct biochemical stages of Aβ maturation. However, the molecular composition of vascular Aβ deposits in CAA and its relation to plaques remain enigmatic. Methods Vascular and parenchymal deposits were immunohistochemically analyzed for pyroglutaminated and phosphorylated Aβ in the medial temporal and occipital lobe of 24 controls, 27 pathologically-defined preclinical AD, and 20 symptomatic AD cases. Results Sequential deposition of Aβ in CAA resembled Aβ maturation in plaques and enabled the distinction of three biochemical stages of CAA. B-CAA stage 1 was characterized by deposition of Aβ in the absence of pyroglutaminated AβN3pE and phosphorylated AβpS8. B-CAA stage 2 showed additional AβN3pE and B-CAA stage 3 additional AβpS8. Based on the Aβ maturation staging in CAA and plaques, three case groups for Aβ pathology could be distinguished: group 1 with advanced Aβ maturation in CAA; group 2 with equal Aβ maturation in CAA and plaques; group 3 with advanced Aβ maturation in plaques. All symptomatic AD cases presented with end-stage plaque maturation, whereas CAA could exhibit immature Aβ deposits. Notably, Aβ pathology group 1 was associated with arterial hypertension, and group 2 with the development of dementia. Interpretation Balance of Aβ maturation in CAA and plaques defines distinct pathological subgroups of β-amyloidosis. The association of CAA-related Aβ maturation with cognitive decline, the individual contribution of CAA and plaque pathology to the development of dementia within the defined Aβ pathology subgroups, and the subgroup-related association with arterial hypertension should be considered for differential diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Gerth
- Department of Neurology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Ajeet Rijal Upadhaya
- Laboratory for Neuropathology Institute for Pathology University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology Institute for Pathology University of Ulm Ulm Germany.,Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium.,Department of Pathology UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
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Tsuda L, Omata Y, Yamasaki Y, Minami R, Lim YM. Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β peptide expression in Drosophila leads to caspase-dependent and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related progressive neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4642-4656. [PMID: 28973191 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. During the progression of AD, massive neuronal degeneration occurs in the late stage of the disease; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this neuronal loss remain unknown. AβpE3-42 (an N-terminal-truncated amyloid-β peptide that begins with pyroglutamate at the third position) is produced during late-stage AD. It also aggregates more rapidly in vitro and exhibits greater toxicity in neurons than full-length Aβ1-42. In the present study, we established a Drosophila melanogaster model that expresses Aβ3-42E3Q, which effectively produces AβpE3-42, and investigated the function of AβpE3-42 using the photoreceptor neurons of Drosophila. AβpE3-42 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and caused progressive degeneration in photoreceptor neurons. Mutations in ER stress response genes or the administration of an inhibitor of the ER stress response markedly suppressed the degeneration phenotype, suggesting that the ER stress response plays an important role in neurodegeneration caused by AβpE3-42. We also confirmed that human Tau-dependent apoptotic induction was strongly enhanced by AβpE3-42. Thus, AβpE3-42 expression system in the fly may be a promising new tool for studying late-onset neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Tsuda
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Omata
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasutoyo Yamasaki
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Minami
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Young-Mi Lim
- Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia (CAMD), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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Mehta PD, Patrick BA, Barshatzky M, Mehta SP, Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Wegiel J, Wisniewski T, Miller DL. Generation and Partial Characterization of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody to Pyroglutamate Amyloid-β3-42 (pE3-Aβ). J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1635-1649. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj D. Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A. Patrick
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Marc Barshatzky
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sangita P. Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Janusz Frackowiak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Bozena Mazur-Kolecka
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Jerzy Wegiel
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David L. Miller
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Dunkelmann T, Teichmann K, Ziehm T, Schemmert S, Frenzel D, Tusche M, Dammers C, Jürgens D, Langen KJ, Demuth HU, Shah NJ, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Aβ oligomer eliminating compounds interfere successfully with pEAβ(3-42) induced motor neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:27-35. [PMID: 29273382 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no causative or disease modifying treatments available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, it has been shown that D3, a small, fully d-enantiomeric peptide is able to eliminate low molecular weight Aβ oligomers in vitro, enhance cognition and reduce plaque load in AD transgenic mice. To further characterise the therapeutic potential of D3 towards N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamated Aβ (pEAβ(3-42)) we tested D3 and its head-to-tail tandem derivative D3D3 both in vitro and in vivo in the new mouse model TBA2.1. These mice produce human pEAβ(3-42) leading to a strong, early onset motor neurodegenerative phenotype. In the present study, we were able to demonstrate 1) strong binding affinity of both D3 and D3D3 to pEAβ(3-42) in comparison to Aβ(1-42) and 2) increased affinity of the tandem derivative D3D3 in comparison to D3. Subsequently we tested the therapeutic potentials of both peptides in the TBA2.1 animal model. Truly therapeutic, non-preventive treatment with D3 and D3D3 clearly slowed the progression of the neurodegenerative TBA2.1 phenotype, indicating the strong therapeutic potential of both peptides against pEAβ(3-42) induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dunkelmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Teichmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Frenzel
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation (MWT), Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Nadim Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering and Monash Biomedical Imaging, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Borghesani V, Alies B, Hureau C. Cu(II) binding to various forms of amyloid-β peptides. Are they friends or foes? Eur J Inorg Chem 2018; 2018:7-15. [PMID: 30186035 PMCID: PMC6120674 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present micro-review, we describe the Cu(II) binding to several forms of amyloid-β peptides, the peptides involved in Alzheimer's disease. It has indeed been shown that in addition to the "full-length" peptide originating from the precursor protein after cleavage at position 1, several other shorter peptides do exist in large proportion and may be involved in the disease as well. Cu(II) binding to amyloid-β peptides is one of the key interactions that impact both the aggregating properties of the amyloid peptides and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, two events linked to the etiology of the disease. Binding sites and affinity are described in correlation with Cu(II) induced ROS formation and Cu(II) altered aggregation, for amyloid peptides starting at position 1, 3, 4, 11 and for the corresponding pyroglutamate forms when they could be obtained (i.e. for peptides cleaved at positions 3 and 11). It appears that the current paradigm which points out a toxic role of the Cu(II) - amyloid-β interaction might well be shifted towards a possible protective role when the peptides considered are the N-terminally truncated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Borghesani
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Christelle Hureau
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is the major constituent of the brain deposits found in parenchymal plaques and cerebral blood vessels of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides classic full-length peptides, biochemical analyses of brain deposits have revealed high degree of Aβ heterogeneity likely resulting from the action of multiple proteolytic enzymes. This chapter describes a sequential extraction protocol allowing the differential fractionation of soluble and deposited Aβ species taking advantage of their differential solubility properties. Soluble Aβ is extracted by water-based buffers like phosphate-buffered saline-PBS-whereas pre-fibrillar and fibrillar deposits, usually poorly soluble in PBS, are extractable in detergent containing solutions or more stringent conditions as formic acid. The extraction procedure is followed by the biochemical identification of the extracted Aβ species using Western blot and a targeted proteomic analysis which combines immunoprecipitation with MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. This approach revealed the presence of numerous C- and N-terminal truncated Aβ species in addition to Aβ1-40/42. Notably, the more soluble C-terminal cleaved fragments constitute a main part of PBS homogenates. On the contrary, N-terminal truncated species typically require more stringent conditions for the extraction in agreement with their lower solubility and enhanced aggregability. Detailed assessment of the molecular diversity of Aβ species composing interstitial fluid and amyloid deposits at different disease stages, as well as the evaluation of the truncation profile during various pharmacologic approaches will provide a comprehensive understanding of the still undefined contribution of Aβ truncations to AD pathogenesis and their potential as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:771-779. [PMID: 29273951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are complex and not fully understood. They involve various cellular and molecular players and associate interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Amyloid peptides within the senile plaques and abnormally phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles are able to initiate inflammatory responses, in brain of AD patients and in mouse models of this disease. The outcome of these responses on the pathophysiology of AD depends on several factors and can be either beneficial or detrimental. Thus, understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD could help to develop safer and more efficient therapeutic strategies. This review discusses recent knowledge on microglia responses toward amyloid and tau pathology in AD, focusing on the role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in microglial cells.
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Roher AE, Kokjohn TA, Clarke SG, Sierks MR, Maarouf CL, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MS, Beach TG. APP/Aβ structural diversity and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:1-13. [PMID: 28811267 PMCID: PMC5688956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) proposes amyloid- β (Aβ) is a chief pathological element of dementia. AD therapies have targeted monomeric and oligomeric Aβ 1-40 and 1-42 peptides. However, alternative APP proteolytic processing produces a complex roster of Aβ species. In addition, Aβ peptides are subject to extensive posttranslational modification (PTM). We propose that amplified production of some APP/Aβ species, perhaps exacerbated by differential gene expression and reduced peptide degradation, creates a diverse spectrum of modified species which disrupt brain homeostasis and accelerate AD neurodegeneration. We surveyed the literature to catalog Aβ PTM including species with isoAsp at positions 7 and 23 which may phenocopy the Tottori and Iowa Aβ mutations that result in early onset AD. We speculate that accumulation of these alterations induce changes in secondary and tertiary structure of Aβ that favor increased toxicity, and seeding and propagation in sporadic AD. Additionally, amyloid-β peptides with a pyroglutamate modification at position 3 and oxidation of Met35 make up a substantial portion of sporadic AD amyloid deposits. The intrinsic physical properties of these species, including resistance to degradation, an enhanced aggregation rate, increased neurotoxicity, and association with behavioral deficits, suggest their emergence is linked to dementia. The generation of specific 3D-molecular conformations of Aβ impart unique biophysical properties and a capacity to seed the prion-like global transmission of amyloid through the brain. The accumulation of rogue Aβ ultimately contributes to the destruction of vascular walls, neurons and glial cells culminating in dementia. A systematic examination of Aβ PTM and the analysis of the toxicity that they induced may help create essential biomarkers to more precisely stage AD pathology, design countermeasures and gauge the impacts of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Roher
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Tyler A Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
| | - Chera L Maarouf
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Marwan S Sabbagh
- Alzheimer's and Memory Disorders Division, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Iwasaki N, Nirasawa T, Wada-Kakuda S, Takahashi-Fujigasaki J, Murayama S, Ihara Y, Ikegawa M. Distinct deposition of amyloid-β species in brains with Alzheimer's disease pathology visualized with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:73. [PMID: 29037261 PMCID: PMC5641992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an early and invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ peptides are composed of about 40 amino acids and are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. The distribution of individual Aβ peptides in the brains of aged people, and those suffering from AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is not fully characterized. We employed the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) to illustrate the spatial distribution of a broad range of Aβ species in human autopsied brains. With technical advancements such as formic acid pretreatment of frozen autopsied brain samples, we have: i) demonstrated that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 were selectively deposited in senile plaques while full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ1-36, 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, and Aβ1-41 were deposited in leptomeningeal blood vessels. ii) Visualized distinct depositions of N-terminal truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, including pyroglutamate modified at Glu-3 (N3pE), only with IMS for the first time. iii) Demonstrated that one single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus between Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-41 results in profound changes in their distribution pattern. In vitro, this can be attributed to the difference in the self-aggregation ability amongst Aβ1-40, Aβ1-41, and Aβ1-42. These observations were further confirmed with immunohistochemistry (IHC), using the newly developed anti-Aβ1-41 antibody. Here, distinct depositions of truncated and/or modified C- and N-terminal fragments of Aβs in AD and CAA brains with MALDI-IMS were visualized in a spacio-temporal specific manner. Specifically, Aβ1-41 was detected both with MALDI-IMS and IHC suggesting that a single amino acid alteration at the C-terminus of Aβ results in drastic distribution changes. These results suggest that MALDI-IMS could be used as a standard approach in combination with clinical, genetic, and pathological observations in understanding the pathology of AD and CAA.
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Söldner CA, Sticht H, Horn AHC. Role of the N-terminus for the stability of an amyloid-β fibril with three-fold symmetry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186347. [PMID: 29023579 PMCID: PMC5638522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A key player in Alzheimer’s disease is the peptide amyloid-beta (Aβ), whose aggregation into small soluble oligomers, protofilaments, and fibrils finally leads to plaque deposits in human brains. The aggregation behavior of Aβ is strongly modulated by the nature and composition of the peptide’s environment and by its primary sequence properties. The N-terminal residues of Aβ play an important role, because they are known to change the peptide’s aggregation propensity. Since these residues are for the first time completely resolved at the molecular level in a three-fold symmetric fibril structure derived from a patient, we chose that system as template for a systematic investigation of the influence of the N-terminus upon structural stability. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we examined several fibrillar systems comprising three, six, twelve and an infinite number of layers, both with and without the first eight residues. First, we found that three layers are not sufficient to stabilize the respective Aβ topology. Second, we observed a clear stabilizing effect of the N-terminal residues upon the overall fibril fold: truncated Aβ systems were less stable than their full-length counterparts. The N-terminal residues Arg5, Asp7, and Ser8 were found to form important interfilament contacts stabilizing the overall fibril structure of three-fold symmetry. Finally, similar structural rearrangements of the truncated Aβ species in different simulations prompted us to suggest a potential mechanism involved in the formation of amyloid fibrils with three-fold symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Söldner
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm H. C. Horn
- Bioinformatik, Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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63
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Animal models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2469-2488. [PMID: 28963121 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), due to vascular amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, is a risk factor for intracerebral haemorrhage and dementia. CAA can occur in sporadic or rare hereditary forms, and is almost invariably associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Experimental (animal) models are of great interest in studying mechanisms and potential treatments for CAA. Naturally occurring animal models of CAA exist, including cats, dogs and non-human primates, which can be used for longitudinal studies. However, due to ethical considerations and low throughput of these models, other animal models are more favourable for research. In the past two decades, a variety of transgenic mouse models expressing the human Aβ precursor protein (APP) has been developed. Many of these mouse models develop CAA in addition to senile plaques, whereas some of these models were generated specifically to study CAA. In addition, other animal models make use of a second stimulus, such as hypoperfusion or hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), to accelerate CAA. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of existing animal models for CAA, which can aid in understanding the pathophysiology of CAA and explore the response to potential therapies.
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64
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Nguyen PT, Zottig X, Sebastiao M, Bourgault S. Role of Site-Specific Asparagine Deamidation in Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Amyloidogenesis: Key Contributions of Residues 14 and 21. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3808-3817. [PMID: 28665109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deamidation of an asparagine residue is a spontaneous non-enzymatic post-translational modification that results in the conversion of asparagine into a mixture of aspartic acid and isoaspartic acid. This chemical conversion modulates protein conformation and physicochemical properties, which could lead to protein misfolding and aggregation. In this study, we investigated the effects of site-specific Asn deamidation on the amyloidogenicity of the aggregation-prone peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). IAPP is a 37-residue peptidic hormone whose deposition as insoluble amyloid fibrils is closely associated with type 2 diabetes. Asn residues were successively substituted with an Asp or isoAsp, and amyloid formation was evaluated by a thioflavin T fluorescence assay, circular dichroism spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Whereas deamidation at position 21 inhibited IAPP conformational conversion and amyloid formation, the N14D mutation accelerated self-assembly and led to the formation of long and thick amyloid fibrils. In contrast, IAPP was somewhat tolerant to the successive deamidation of Asn residues 22, 31, and 35. Interestingly, a small molar ratio of IAPP deamidated at position 14 promoted the formation of nucleating species and the elongation from unmodified IAPP. Besides, using the rat pancreatic β cell line INS-1E, we observed that site-specific deamidation did not significantly alter IAPP-induced toxicity. These data indicate that Asn deamidation can modulate IAPP amyloid formation and fibril morphology and that the site of modification plays a critical role. Above all, this study reinforces the notion that IAPP amyloidogenesis is governed by precise intermolecular interactions involving specific Asn side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Québec in Montreal , C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO
| | - Ximena Zottig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Québec in Montreal , C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO
| | - Mathew Sebastiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Québec in Montreal , C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Québec in Montreal , C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO
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65
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Dammers C, Schwarten M, Buell AK, Willbold D. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ(3-42) affects aggregation kinetics of Aβ(1-42) by accelerating primary and secondary pathways. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4996-5004. [PMID: 28970886 PMCID: PMC5612032 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation into amyloid fibrils of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. A variety of Aβ peptides have been discovered in vivo, with pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) forming a significant proportion. pEAβ is mainly localized in the core of plaques, suggesting a possible role in inducing and facilitating Aβ oligomerization and accumulation. Despite this potential importance, the aggregation mechanism of pEAβ and its influence on the aggregation kinetics of other Aβ variants have not yet been elucidated. Here we show that pEAβ(3-42) forms fibrils much faster than Aβ(1-42) and the critical concentration above which aggregation was observed was drastically decreased by one order of magnitude compared to Aβ(1-42). We elucidated the co-aggregation mechanism of Aβ(1-42) with pEAβ(3-42). At concentrations at which both species do not aggregate as homofibrils, mixtures of pEAβ(3-42) and Aβ(1-42) aggregate, suggesting the formation of mixed nuclei. We show that the presence of pEAβ(3-42) monomers increases the rate of primary nucleation of Aβ(1-42) and that fibrils of pEAβ(3-42) serve as highly efficient templates for elongation and catalytic surfaces for secondary nucleation of Aβ(1-42). On the other hand, the addition of Aβ(1-42) monomers drastically decelerates the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42) while not altering the pEAβ(3-42) elongation rate. In addition, even moderate concentrations of fibrillar Aβ(1-42) prevent pEAβ(3-42) aggregation, likely due to non-reactive binding of pEAβ(3-42) monomers to the surfaces of Aβ(1-42) fibrils. Thus, pEAβ(3-42) accelerates aggregation of Aβ(1-42) by affecting all individual reaction steps of the aggregation process while Aβ(1-42) dramatically slows down the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany .
| | - M Schwarten
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany .
| | - A K Buell
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - D Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry , Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich , Germany .
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
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66
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Bridel C, Hoffmann T, Meyer A, Durieux S, Koel-Simmelink MA, Orth M, Scheltens P, Lues I, Teunissen CE. Glutaminyl cyclase activity correlates with levels of Aβ peptides and mediators of angiogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:38. [PMID: 28587659 PMCID: PMC5461753 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Pyroglutamylation of truncated Aβ peptides, which is catalysed by enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC), generates pE-Aβ species with enhanced aggregation propensities and resistance to most amino-peptidases and endo-peptidases. pE-Aβ species have been identified as major constituents of Aβ plaques and reduction of pE-Aβ species is associated with improvement of cognitive tasks in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition of QC has thus emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Here, we question whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) QC enzymatic activity differs between AD patients and controls and whether inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators, some of which are potential QC substrates, and/or Aβ peptides may serve as pharmacodynamic read-outs for QC inhibition. Methods QC activity, Aβ peptides and inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators were measured in CSF of a clinically well-characterized cohort of 20 mild AD patients, 20 moderate AD patients and 20 subjective memory complaints (SMC) controls. Correlation of these parameters with core diagnostic CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42, tau and p-tau) and clinical features was evaluated. Results QC activity shows a tendency to decrease with AD progression (p = 0.129). The addition of QC activity to biomarkers tau and p-tau significantly increases diagnostic power (ROC-AUCTAU = 0.878, ROC-AUCTAU&QC = 0.939 and ROC-AUCpTAU = 0.820, ROC-AUCpTAU&QC = 0.948). In AD and controls, QC activity correlates with Aβ38 (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and Aβ40 (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, r > 0.5, p < 0.0001) and core diagnostic biomarkers (r > 0.35, p = <0.0057). QC activity does not correlate with MMSE or ApoE genotype. Conclusions Aβ38, Aβ40 and angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) are potential pharmacodynamic markers of QC inhibition, because their levels closely correlate with QC activity in AD patients. The addition of QC activity to core diagnostic CSF biomarkers may be of specific interest in clinical cases with discordant imaging and biochemical biomarker results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bridel
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sisi Durieux
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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67
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Tomaselli S, Pagano K, D’Arrigo C, Molinari H, Ragona L. Evidence of Molecular Interactions of Aβ1-42 with N-Terminal Truncated Beta Amyloids by NMR. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:759-765. [PMID: 28135060 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ peptides, the main protein components of Alzheimer's disease (AD) plaques, derive from a proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Due to heterogeneous cleavage sites, a series of Aβ peptides, including the major and widely studied species Aβ1-40 (Aβ40) and Aβ1-42 (Aβ42), are produced. In addition to the C-terminal heterogeneity of Aβ peptides, significant amounts of N-terminal truncated (Aβ3-42) and pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β peptides (AβpE3-42) have been identified in AD affected brains and shown to be more cytotoxic than unmodified Aβ peptides. Little is known about the properties of their mixtures with Aβ42. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is here employed to investigate the interaction of N-truncated peptides with Aβ42 at different molar ratios. We highlight the critical concentration of N-truncated forms influencing the aggregation kinetics of Aβ42. We provide evidence, at residue level, that the C-terminal region of Aβ42 is the locus of transient specific interactions with highly aggregation prone N-truncated alloforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina D’Arrigo
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Henriette Molinari
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
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68
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Grochowska KM, Yuanxiang P, Bär J, Raman R, Brugal G, Sahu G, Schweizer M, Bikbaev A, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Kreutz MR. Posttranslational modification impact on the mechanism by which amyloid-β induces synaptic dysfunction. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:962-981. [PMID: 28420656 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-42 disrupts synaptic function at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple posttranslational modifications of Aβ have been identified, among which N-terminally truncated forms are the most abundant. It is not clear, however, whether modified species can induce synaptic dysfunction on their own and how altered biochemical properties can contribute to the synaptotoxic mechanisms. Here, we show that a prominent isoform, pyroglutamated Aβ3(pE)-42, induces synaptic dysfunction to a similar extent like Aβ1-42 but by clearly different mechanisms. In contrast to Aβ1-42, Aβ3(pE)-42 does not directly associate with synaptic membranes or the prion protein but is instead taken up by astrocytes and potently induces glial release of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. Moreover, Aβ3(pE)-42-induced synaptic dysfunction is not related to NMDAR signalling and Aβ3(pE)-42-induced impairment of synaptic plasticity cannot be rescued by D1-agonists. Collectively, the data point to a scenario where neuroinflammatory processes together with direct synaptotoxic effects are caused by posttranslational modification of soluble oligomeric Aβ and contribute synergistically to the onset of synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PingAn Yuanxiang
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Emmy-Noether Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Raman
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gemma Brugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giriraj Sahu
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Bikbaev
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany .,Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function", Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
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69
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Goldblatt G, Cilenti L, Matos JO, Lee B, Ciaffone N, Wang QX, Tetard L, Teter K, Tatulian SA. Unmodified and pyroglutamylated amyloid β peptides form hypertoxic hetero-oligomers of unique secondary structure. FEBS J 2017; 284:1355-1369. [PMID: 28294556 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and occurs in multiple forms, including pyroglutamylated Aβ (AβpE). Identification and characterization of the most cytotoxic Aβ species is necessary for advancement in AD diagnostics and therapeutics. While in brain tissue multiple Aβ species act in combination, structure/toxicity studies and immunotherapy trials have been focused on individual forms of Aβ. As a result, the molecular composition and the structural features of "toxic Aβ oligomers" have remained unresolved. Here, we have used a novel approach, hydration from gas phase coupled with isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to identify the prefibrillar assemblies formed by Aβ and AβpE and to resolve the structures of both peptides in combination. The peptides form unusual β-sheet oligomers stabilized by intramolecular H-bonding as opposed to intermolecular H-bonding in the fibrils. Time-dependent morphological changes in peptide assemblies have been visualized by atomic force microscopy. Aβ/AβpE hetero-oligomers exert unsurpassed cytotoxic effect on PC12 cells as compared to oligomers of individual peptides or fibrils. These findings lead to a novel concept that Aβ/AβpE hetero-oligomers, not just Aβ or AβpE oligomers, constitute the main neurotoxic conformation. The hetero-oligomers thus present a new biomarker that may be targeted for development of more efficient diagnostic and immunotherapeutic strategies to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Goldblatt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Lucia Cilenti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jason O Matos
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Briana Lee
- Nanotechnology Graduate Program, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Ciaffone
- Nanotechnology Graduate Program, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Qing X Wang
- Physics Graduate Program, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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70
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Urbanc B. Flexible N‐Termini of Amyloid β‐Protein Oligomers: A Link between Structure and Activity? Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Urbanc
- Department of Physics Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jadranska ulica 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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71
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Wang Y, Ulland TK, Ulrich JD, Song W, Tzaferis JA, Hole JT, Yuan P, Mahan TE, Shi Y, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Grutzendler J, DeMattos RB, Cirrito JR, Holtzman DM, Colonna M. TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques. J Exp Med 2016; 213:667-75. [PMID: 27091843 PMCID: PMC4854736 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. report that TREM2 protects mice from Alzheimer's disease by enabling resident microglia to insulate and alter Aβ plaque structure, thereby limiting neuritic damage. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial receptor that recognizes changes in the lipid microenvironment, which may occur during amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Rare TREM2 variants that affect TREM2 function lead to an increased risk of developing AD. In murine models of AD, TREM2 deficiency prevents microglial clustering around Aβ deposits. However, the origin of myeloid cells surrounding amyloid and the impact of TREM2 on Aβ accumulation are a matter of debate. Using parabiosis, we found that amyloid-associated myeloid cells derive from brain-resident microglia rather than from recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes. To determine the impact of TREM2 deficiency on Aβ accumulation, we examined Aβ plaques in the 5XFAD model of AD at the onset of Aβ-related pathology. At this early time point, Aβ accumulation was similar in TREM2-deficient and -sufficient 5XFAD mice. However, in the absence of TREM2, Aβ plaques were not fully enclosed by microglia; they were more diffuse, less dense, and were associated with significantly greater neuritic damage. Thus, TREM2 protects from AD by enabling microglia to surround and alter Aβ plaque structure, thereby limiting neuritic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Wilbur Song
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - John A Tzaferis
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Justin T Hole
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Thomas E Mahan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Ronald B DeMattos
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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72
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Wulff M, Baumann M, Thümmler A, Yadav JK, Heinrich L, Knüpfer U, Schlenzig D, Schierhorn A, Rahfeld JU, Horn U, Balbach J, Demuth HU, Fändrich M. Verstärkte Fibrillen-Fragmentierung N-terminal verkürzter, Pyroglutamat-modifizierter Aβ-Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wulff
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie; Universität Ulm; Helmholtzstraße 8/1 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Monika Baumann
- Institut für Physik; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Deutschland
| | - Anka Thümmler
- Probiodrug AG, Biozentrum; Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Jay K. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Central University of Rajasthan; Indien
| | - Liesa Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie; Hans-Knöll-Institut; Jena Deutschland
| | - Uwe Knüpfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie; Hans-Knöll-Institut; Jena Deutschland
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Außenstelle Halle für Molekulare Wirkstoffbiochemie und Therapieentwicklung MWT; Fraunhofer-Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie IZI Leipzig, Biozentrum; Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Angelika Schierhorn
- Serviceeinheit für Massenspektrometrie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Außenstelle Halle für Molekulare Wirkstoffbiochemie und Therapieentwicklung MWT; Fraunhofer-Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie IZI Leipzig, Biozentrum; Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Uwe Horn
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie; Hans-Knöll-Institut; Jena Deutschland
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Institut für Physik; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Deutschland
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Außenstelle Halle für Molekulare Wirkstoffbiochemie und Therapieentwicklung MWT; Fraunhofer-Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie IZI Leipzig, Biozentrum; Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie; Universität Ulm; Helmholtzstraße 8/1 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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73
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Wulff M, Baumann M, Thümmler A, Yadav JK, Heinrich L, Knüpfer U, Schlenzig D, Schierhorn A, Rahfeld JU, Horn U, Balbach J, Demuth HU, Fändrich M. Enhanced Fibril Fragmentation of N-Terminally Truncated and Pyroglutamyl-Modified Aβ Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5081-4. [PMID: 26970534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal truncation and pyroglutamyl (pE) formation are naturally occurring chemical modifications of the Aβ peptide in Alzheimer's disease. We show herein that these two modifications significantly reduce the fibril length and the transition midpoint of thermal unfolding of the fibrils, but they do not substantially perturb the fibrillary peptide conformation. This observation implies that the N terminus of the unmodified peptide protects Aβ fibrils against mechanical stress and fragmentation and explains the high propensity of pE-modified peptides to form small and particularly toxic aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wulff
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologie, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monika Baumann
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anka Thümmler
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jay K Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Ajmer-, 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Liesa Heinrich
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Knüpfer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT Halle/Saale, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Angelika Schierhorn
- Service Unit for Mass Spectrometry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT Halle/Saale, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Uwe Horn
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Balbach
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT Halle/Saale, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnologie, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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74
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Schönherr C, Bien J, Isbert S, Wichert R, Prox J, Altmeppen H, Kumar S, Walter J, Lichtenthaler SF, Weggen S, Glatzel M, Becker-Pauly C, Pietrzik CU. Generation of aggregation prone N-terminally truncated amyloid β peptides by meprin β depends on the sequence specificity at the cleavage site. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 26895626 PMCID: PMC4759862 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metalloprotease meprin β cleaves the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) relevant amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a β-secretase reminiscent of BACE-1, however, predominantly generating N-terminally truncated Aβ2-x variants. RESULTS Herein, we observed increased endogenous sAPPα levels in the brains of meprin β knock-out (ko) mice compared to wild-type controls. We further analyzed the cellular interaction of APP and meprin β and found that cleavage of APP by meprin β occurs prior to endocytosis. The N-terminally truncated Aβ2-40 variant shows increased aggregation propensity compared to Aβ1-40 and acts even as a seed for Aβ1-40 aggregation. Additionally, we observed that different APP mutants affect the catalytic properties of meprin β and that, interestingly, meprin β is unable to generate N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides from Swedish mutant APP (APPswe). CONCLUSION Concluding, we propose that meprin β may be involved in the generation of N-terminally truncated Aβ2-x peptides of APP, but acts independently from BACE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schönherr
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Bien
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Isbert
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rielana Wichert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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75
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Lyons B, Friedrich M, Raftery M, Truscott R. Amyloid Plaque in the Human Brain Can Decompose from Aβ(1-40/1-42) by Spontaneous Nonenzymatic Processes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2675-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
- Save
Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie
Street, Sydney, New South
Wales 2001, Australia
| | - Michael Friedrich
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Biological
Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Roger Truscott
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
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76
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Bag S, Sett A, DasGupta S, Dasgupta S. Hydropathy: the controlling factor behind the inhibition of Aβ fibrillation by graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillation of Aβ25–35 peptide is inhibited in presence of graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bag
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Ayantika Sett
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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77
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Immunotherapy Against N-Truncated Amyloid-β Oligomers. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3560-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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78
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Gunn AP, Wong BX, Johanssen T, Griffith JC, Masters CL, Bush AI, Barnham KJ, Duce JA, Cherny RA. Amyloid-β Peptide Aβ3pE-42 Induces Lipid Peroxidation, Membrane Permeabilization, and Calcium Influx in Neurons. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:6134-45. [PMID: 26697885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β (pE-Aβ) is a highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) isoform and is enriched in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease compared with healthy aged controls. Pyroglutamate formation increases the rate of Aβ oligomerization and alters the interactions of Aβ with Cu(2+) and lipids; however, a link between these properties and the toxicity of pE-Aβ peptides has not been established. We report here that Aβ3pE-42 has an enhanced capacity to cause lipid peroxidation in primary cortical mouse neurons compared with the full-length isoform (Aβ(1-42)). In contrast, Aβ(1-42) caused a significant elevation in cytosolic reactive oxygen species, whereas Aβ3pE-42 did not. We also report that Aβ3pE-42 preferentially associates with neuronal membranes and triggers Ca(2+) influx that can be partially blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Aβ3pE-42 further caused a loss of plasma membrane integrity and remained bound to neurons at significantly higher levels than Aβ(1-42) over extended incubations. Pyroglutamate formation was additionally found to increase the relative efficiency of Aβ-dityrosine oligomer formation mediated by copper-redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Gunn
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Bruce X Wong
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | | | - James C Griffith
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia and
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - James A Duce
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Cherny
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health,
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79
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Dammers C, Gremer L, Reiß K, Klein AN, Neudecker P, Hartmann R, Sun N, Demuth HU, Schwarten M, Willbold D. Structural Analysis and Aggregation Propensity of Pyroglutamate Aβ(3-40) in Aqueous Trifluoroethanol. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143647. [PMID: 26600248 PMCID: PMC4658145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brains of patients. N-terminally truncated pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) has been described as a major compound of Aβ species in senile plaques. pEAβ is more resistant to degradation, shows higher toxicity and has increased aggregation propensity and β-sheet stabilization compared to non-modified Aβ. Here we characterized recombinant pEAβ(3-40) in aqueous trifluoroethanol (TFE) solution regarding its aggregation propensity and structural changes in comparison to its non-pyroglutamate-modified variant Aβ(1-40). Secondary structure analysis by circular dichroism spectroscopy suggests that pEAβ(3-40) shows an increased tendency to form β-sheet-rich structures in 20% TFE containing solutions where Aβ(1-40) forms α-helices. Aggregation kinetics of pEAβ(3-40) in the presence of 20% TFE monitored by thioflavin-T (ThT) assay showed a typical sigmoidal aggregation in contrast to Aβ(1-40), which lacks ThT positive structures under the same conditions. Transmission electron microscopy confirms that pEAβ(3-40) aggregated to large fibrils and high molecular weight aggregates in spite of the presence of the helix stabilizing co-solvent TFE. High resolution NMR spectroscopy of recombinantly produced and uniformly isotope labeled [U-15N]-pEAβ(3-40) in TFE containing solutions indicates that the pyroglutamate formation affects significantly the N-terminal region, which in turn leads to decreased monomer stability and increased aggregation propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reiß
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antonia N. Klein
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Melanie Schwarten
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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80
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Dammers C, Gremer L, Neudecker P, Demuth HU, Schwarten M, Willbold D. Purification and Characterization of Recombinant N-Terminally Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid-β Variants and Structural Analysis by Solution NMR Spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139710. [PMID: 26436664 PMCID: PMC4593648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Pathological hallmark of AD brains are intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. The major component of these plaques is the highly heterogeneous amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, varying in length and modification. In recent years pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β (pEAβ) peptides have increasingly moved into the focus since they have been described to be the predominant species of all N-terminally truncated Aβ. Compared to unmodified Aβ, pEAβ is known to show increased hydrophobicity, higher toxicity, faster aggregation and β-sheet stabilization and is more resistant to degradation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a particularly powerful method to investigate the conformations of pEAβ isoforms in solution and to study peptide/ligand interactions for drug development. However, biophysical characterization of pEAβ and comparison to its non-modified variant has so far been seriously hampered by the lack of highly pure recombinant and isotope-enriched protein. Here we present, to our knowledge, for the first time a reproducible protocol for the production of pEAβ from a recombinant precursor expressed in E. coli in natural isotope abundance as well as in uniformly [U-15N]- or [U-13C, 15N]-labeled form, with yields of up to 15 mg/l E. coli culture broth. The chemical state of the purified protein was evaluated by RP-HPLC and formation of pyroglutamate was verified by mass spectroscopy. The recombinant pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides showed characteristic sigmoidal aggregation kinetics as monitored by thioflavin-T assays. The quality and quantity of produced pEAβ40 and pEAβ42 allowed us to perform heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy in solution and to sequence-specifically assign the backbone resonances under near-physiological conditions. Our results suggest that the presented method will be useful in obtaining cost-effective high-quality recombinant pEAβ40 and pEAβ42 for further physiological and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Dep. Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Melanie Schwarten
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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81
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DiPisa F, Pozzi C, Benvenuti M, Andreini M, Marconi G, Mangani S. The soluble Y115E-Y117E variant of human glutaminyl cyclase is a valid target for X-ray and NMR screening of inhibitors against Alzheimer disease. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:986-92. [PMID: 26249687 PMCID: PMC4528929 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular pathology and genetics have allowed the identification of human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) among the abnormal proteins involved in many neurodegenerative disorders. Difficulties in obtaining large quantities of pure protein may limit the use of crystallographic screening for drug development on this target. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have led to the identification of some solvent-exposed residues that are absolutely critical to achieve increased solubility and to avoid precipitation of the enzyme in inclusion bodies when expressed in Escherichia coli. The designed variant Y115E-Y117E has been found to be able to provide large amounts of monodisperse, pure hQC from an E. coli expression system. To validate the use of the artificial construct as a target for large-scale X-ray and NMR screening campaigns in the search for new inhibitors of hQC, the X-ray crystal structures of the hQC Y115E-Y117E variant and of its adduct with the inhibitor PBD-150 were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio DiPisa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Manuela Benvenuti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Andreini
- Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Marconi
- Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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82
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Xing XN, Sha S, Chen XH, Guo WS, Guo R, Jiang TZ, Cao YP. Active Immunization with DNA Vaccine Reduced Cerebral Inflammation and Improved Cognitive Ability in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice by In Vivo Electroporation. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1032-41. [PMID: 25868754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is thought to play a pivotal role in the disease progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β directed immunotherapy has been considered an alternative AD treatment. In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine, p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4, encoding ten tandem repeats of Aβ3-10 fused with mouse IL-4. Eight-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were injected intramuscularly with p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 followed by in vivo electroporation. Immunization with the vaccine induced high-titer anti-Aβ antibodies and attenuated the behavior impairment. Immunoglobulin isotyping revealed a predominantly IgG1 response and ex vivo cultured splenocytes exhibited a low IFN-γ and high IL-4 response, indicating a Th2 anti-inflammatory response. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 immunization decreased Aβ deposition, and the microglial attraction significantly decreased accompanied by the clearance of Aβ. There was no microhemorrhage in the brain of the immunized mice. These results suggest that the immunization potentially reduced the inflammation in brain of transgenic mice and therefore improved their cognitive ability. This novel DNA vaccine p(Aβ3-10)10-mIL-4 may be an effective immunization method as therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Xing
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, Liao Ning Province, China,
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83
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Hook G, Yu J, Toneff T, Kindy M, Hook V. Brain pyroglutamate amyloid-β is produced by cathepsin B and is reduced by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64d, representing a potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 41:129-49. [PMID: 24595198 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate amyloid-β peptides (pGlu-Aβ) are particularly pernicious forms of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. pGlu-Aβ peptides are N-terminally truncated forms of full-length Aβ peptides (flAβ(1-40/42)) in which the N-terminal glutamate is cyclized to pyroglutamate to generate pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42). β-secretase cleavage of amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) produces flAβ(1-40/42), but it is not yet known whether the β-secretase BACE1 or the alternative β-secretase cathepsin B (CatB) participate in the production of pGlu-Aβ. Therefore, this study examined the effects of gene knockout of these proteases on brain pGlu-Aβ levels in transgenic AβPPLon mice, which express AβPP isoform 695 and have the wild-type (wt) β-secretase activity found in most AD patients. Knockout or overexpression of the CatB gene reduced or increased, respectively, pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), flAβ(1-40/42), and pGlu-Aβ plaque load, but knockout of the BACE1 gene had no effect on those parameters in the transgenic mice. Treatment of AβPPLon mice with E64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor of CatB, also reduced brain pGlu-Aβ(3-42), flAβ(1-40/42), and pGlu-Aβ plaque load. Treatment of neuronal-like chromaffin cells with CA074Me, an inhibitor of CatB, resulted in reduced levels of pGlu-Aβ(3-40) released from the activity-dependent, regulated secretory pathway. Moreover, CatB knockout and E64d treatment has been previously shown to improve memory deficits in the AβPPLon mice. These data illustrate the role of CatB in producing pGlu-Aβ and flAβ that participate as key factors in the development of AD. The advantages of CatB inhibitors, especially E64d and its derivatives, as alternatives to BACE1 inhibitors in treating AD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas Toneff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Neurosciences and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Pivtoraiko VN, Abrahamson EE, Leurgans SE, DeKosky ST, Mufson EJ, Ikonomovic MD. Cortical pyroglutamate amyloid-β levels and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:12-9. [PMID: 25048160 PMCID: PMC4268150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) accumulates amyloid-β (Aβ) early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The relative concentrations of full-length Aβ and truncated, pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (NpE3) forms, and their correlations to cognitive dysfunction in AD, are unknown. We quantified AβNpE3-42, AβNpE3-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-40 concentrations in soluble (nonfibrillar) and insoluble (fibrillar) pools in PCC from subjects with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, or mild-moderate AD. In clinical AD, increased PCC concentrations of Aβ were observed for all Aβ forms in the insoluble pool but only for Aβ1-42 in the soluble pool. Lower Mini-Mental State Exam and episodic memory scores correlated most strongly with higher concentrations of soluble and insoluble Aβ1-42. Greater neuropathology severity by Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and National Institute on Aging-Reagan pathologic criteria was associated with higher concentrations of all measured Aβ forms, except soluble AβNpE3-40. Low concentrations of soluble pyroglutamate Aβ across clinical groups likely reflect its rapid sequestration into plaques, thus, the conversion to fibrillar Aβ may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sue E Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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85
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Brooks AF, Jackson IM, Shao X, Kropog GW, Sherman P, Quesada CA, Scott PJH. Synthesis and evaluation of [ 11C]PBD150, a radiolabeled glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor for the potential detection of Alzheimer's disease prior to amyloid β aggregation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1065-1068. [PMID: 26101580 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phenol of 1-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)thiourea was selectively carbon-11 labelled to generate [11C]PBD150 in 7.3% yield from [11C]methyl triflate (non-decay corrected; radiochemical purity ≥95%, specific activity = 5.7 Ci/µmol, n=5). Evaluation of [11C]PBD150 by small animal PET imaging (mouse and rat) determined it does not permeate the blood brain barrier, indicating previously described therapeutic effect in transgenic mice was likely not the result of inhibiting central nervous system glutaminyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen F Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Isaac M Jackson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - George W Kropog
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Carole A Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 2276 Medical Science I Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ; The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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86
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Guo W, Sha S, Jiang T, Xing X, Cao Y. A new DNA vaccine fused with the C3d-p28 induces a Th2 immune response against amyloid-beta. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2581-90. [PMID: 25206569 PMCID: PMC4145937 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) antibody generation and induce a Th2 immune response, we constructed a new DNA vaccine p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 encoding ten repeats of Aβ3–10 and three copies of C3d-p28 as a molecular adjuvant. In this study, we administered this adjuvant cularly to female C57BL/6J mice at 8–10 weeks of age. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the titer of serum anti-Aβ antibody, isotypes, and cytokines in splenic T cells. A 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect the prolifera-tion rate of splenic T cells. Brain sections from a 12-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mouse were used for detecting the binding capacities of anti-Aβ antibodies to Aβ plaques. The p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine induced high titers of anti-amyloid-β antibodies, which bound to Aβ plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain tissue, demonstrating that the vaccine is effective against plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the vaccine elicited a predo-minantly IgG1 humoral response and low levels of interferon-γ in ex vivo cultured splenocytes, dicating that the vaccine could shift the cellular immune response towards a Th2 phenotype. This indicated that the vaccine did not elicit a detrimental immune response and had a favorable safety profile. Our results indicate that the p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine is a promising immunothe-peutic option for Aβ vaccination in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tongzi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaona Xing
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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87
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Sha S, Xing XN, Cao YP. Active immunotherapy facilitates Aβ plaque removal following through microglial activation without obvious T cells infiltrating the CNS. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Alzheimer's disease--a panorama glimpse. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12631-50. [PMID: 25032844 PMCID: PMC4139864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-mutation of genes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases the production of Aβ peptides. An elevated concentration of Aβ peptides is prone to aggregation into oligomers and further deposition as plaque. Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two hallmarks of AD. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the diverses sources that could lead to AD, which include genetic origins, Aβ peptides and tau protein. We shall discuss on tau protein and tau accumulation, which result in neurofibrillary tangles. We detail the mechanisms of Aβ aggregation, fibril formation and its polymorphism. We then show the possible links between Aβ and tau pathology. Furthermore, we summarize the structural data of Aβ and its precursor protein obtained via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) or X-ray crystallography. At the end, we go through the C-terminal and N-terminal truncated Aβ variants. We wish to draw reader's attention to two predominant and toxic Aβ species, namely Aβ4-42 and pyroglutamate amyloid-beta peptides, which have been neglected for more than a decade and may be crucial in Aβ pathogenesis due to their dominant presence in the AD brain.
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Mandler M, Walker L, Santic R, Hanson P, Upadhaya AR, Colloby SJ, Morris CM, Thal DR, Thomas AJ, Schneeberger A, Attems J. Pyroglutamylated amyloid-β is associated with hyperphosphorylated tau and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:67-79. [PMID: 24861310 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamylated amyloid-β (pE(3)-Aβ) has been suggested to play a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis as amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers containing pE(3)-Aβ might initiate tau-dependent cytotoxicity. We aimed to further elucidate the associations among pE(3)-Aβ, full-length Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau (HP-τ) in human brain tissue. We examined 41 post mortem brains of both AD (n = 18) and controls. Sections from frontal and entorhinal cortices were stained with pE(3)-Aβ, HP-τ and full-length Aβ antibodies. The respective loads were assessed using image analysis and western blot analysis was performed in a subset of cases. All loads were significantly higher in AD, but when using Aβ loads as independent variables only frontal pE(3)-Aβ load predicted AD. In frontal and entorhinal cortices pE(3)-Aβ load independently predicted HP-τ load while non-pE(3)-Aβ failed to do so. All loads correlated with the severity of AD neuropathology. However, partial correlation analysis revealed respective correlations in the frontal cortex only for pE(3)-Aβ load only while in the entorhinal cortex respective correlations were seen for both HP-τ and non-pE(3)-Aβ loads. Mini Mental State Examination scores were independently predicted by entorhinal HP-τ load and by frontal pE(3)-Aβ load. Here, we report an association between pE(3)-Aβ and HP-τ in human brain tissue and an influence of frontal pE(3)-Aβ on both the severity of AD neuropathology and clinical dementia. Our findings further support the notion that pE(3)-Aβ may represent an important link between Aβ and HP-τ, and investigations into its role as diagnostic and therapeutic target in AD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mandler
- AFFiRiS AG, Vienna Biocenter, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, Vienna, Austria
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90
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Cynis H, Funkelstein L, Toneff T, Mosier C, Ziegler M, Koch B, Demuth HU, Hook V. Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β and glutaminyl cyclase are colocalized with amyloid-β in secretory vesicles and undergo activity-dependent, regulated secretion. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:85-97. [PMID: 24943989 DOI: 10.1159/000358430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS N-truncated pyroglutamate (pGlu)-amyloid-β [Aβ(3-40/42)] peptides are key components that promote Aβ peptide accumulation, leading to neurodegeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Because Aβ deposition in the brain occurs in an activity-dependent manner, it is important to define the subcellular organelle for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42) production by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and their colocalization with full-length Aβ(1-40/42) peptides for activity-dependent, regulated secretion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that pGlu-Aβ and QC are colocalized with Aβ in dense-core secretory vesicles (DCSV) for activity-dependent secretion with neurotransmitters. METHODS Purified DCSV were assessed for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), Aβ(1-40/42), QC, and neurotransmitter secretion. Neuron-like chromaffin cells were analyzed for cosecretion of pGlu-Aβ, QC, Aβ, and neuropeptides. The cells were treated with a QC inhibitor, and pGlu-Aβ production was measured. Human neuroblastoma cells were also examined for pGlu-Aβ and QC secretion. RESULTS Isolated DCSV contain pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), QC, and Aβ(1-40/42) with neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Cellular pGlu-Aβ and QC undergo activity-dependent cosecretion with Aβ and enkephalin and galanin neurotransmitters. The QC inhibitor decreased the level of secreted pGlu-Aβ. The human neuroblastoma cells displayed regulated secretion of pGlu-Aβ that was colocalized with QC. CONCLUSIONS pGlu-Aβ and QC are present with Aβ in DCSV and undergo activity-dependent, regulated cosecretion with neurotransmitters.
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91
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Höfling C, Indrischek H, Höpcke T, Waniek A, Cynis H, Koch B, Schilling S, Morawski M, Demuth HU, Roßner S, Hartlage-Rübsamen M. Mouse strain and brain region-specific expression of the glutaminyl cyclases QC and isoQC. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:64-73. [PMID: 24886834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) catalyze the formation of pyroglutamate (pGlu) from glutamine precursors at the N-terminus of a number of peptide hormones, neuropeptides and chemokines. This post-translational modification stabilizes these peptides, protects them from proteolytical degradation or is important for their biological activity. However, QC is also involved in a pathogenic pGlu modification of peptides accumulating in protein aggregation disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and familial Danish and familial British dementia. Its isoenzyme (isoQC) was shown to contribute to aspects of inflammation by pGlu-modifying and thereby stabilizing the monocyte chemoattractant protein CCL2. For the generation of respective animal models and for pharmacological treatment studies the characterization of the mouse strain and brain region-specific expression of QC and isoQC is indispensible. In order to address this issue, we used enzymatic activity assays and specific antibodies to detect both QC variants by immunohistochemistry in nine different mouse strains. Comparing different brain regions, the highest enzymatic QC/isoQC activity was detected in ventral brain, followed by cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed that QC/isoQC activity in cortex mostly arises from isoQC expression. For most brain regions, the highest QC/isoQC activity was detected in C3H and FVB mice, whereas low QC/isoQC activity was present in CD1, SJL and C57 mice. Quantification of QC- and isoQC-immunoreactive cells by unbiased stereology revealed a higher abundance of isoQC- than of QC-immunoreactive neurons in Edinger-Westphal nucleus and in substantia nigra. In the locus coeruleus, however, there were comparable densities of QC- and of isoQC-immunoreactive neurons. These observations are of considerable importance with regard to the selection of appropriate mouse strains for the study of QC/isoQC relevance in mouse models of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and for the testing of therapeutical interventions in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrike Indrischek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theodor Höpcke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Waniek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany.
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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92
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Perez-Garmendia R, Gevorkian G. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid Beta Peptides: Emerging Targets for Alzheimer´s Disease Immunotherapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:491-8. [PMID: 24403873 PMCID: PMC3763757 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain has been hypothesized to play an important role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The main Aβ variants detected in the human brain are Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, however a significant proportion of AD brain Aβ consists also of N-terminal truncated species. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides have been demonstrated to be the predominant components among all N-terminal truncated Aβ species in AD brains and represent highly desirable and abundant therapeutic targets. The current review describes the properties and localization of two pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides, AβN3(pE) and AβN11(pE), in the brain. The role of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the formation of these peptides is also addressed. In addition, two potential therapeutic strategies, the inhibition of QC and immunotherapy approaches, and clinical trials aimed to target these important pathological Aβ species are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Perez-Garmendia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
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93
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Mot AI, Wedd AG, Sinclair L, Brown DR, Collins SJ, Brazier MW. Metal attenuating therapies in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:1717-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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94
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Wu G, Miller RA, Connolly B, Marcus J, Renger J, Savage MJ. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid-� Protein Demonstrates Similar Properties in an Alzheimer's Disease Familial Mutant Knock-In Mouse and Alzheimer's Disease Brain. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:53-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000353634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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95
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Bouter Y, Dietrich K, Wittnam JL, Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Pillot T, Papot-Couturier S, Lefebvre T, Sprenger F, Wirths O, Zweckstetter M, Bayer TA. N-truncated amyloid β (Aβ) 4-42 forms stable aggregates and induces acute and long-lasting behavioral deficits. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:189-205. [PMID: 23685882 PMCID: PMC3722453 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-truncated Aβ4-42 is highly abundant in Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and was the first Aβ peptide discovered in AD plaques. However, a possible role in AD aetiology has largely been neglected. In the present report, we demonstrate that Aβ4-42 rapidly forms aggregates possessing a high aggregation propensity in terms of monomer consumption and oligomer formation. Short-term treatment of primary cortical neurons indicated that Aβ4-42 is as toxic as pyroglutamate Aβ3-42 and Aβ1-42. In line with these findings, treatment of wildtype mice using intraventricular Aβ injection induced significant working memory deficits with Aβ4-42, pyroglutamate Aβ3-42 and Aβ1-42. Transgenic mice expressing Aβ4-42 (Tg4-42 transgenic line) developed a massive CA1 pyramidal neuron loss in the hippocampus. The hippocampus-specific expression of Aβ4-42 correlates well with age-dependent spatial reference memory deficits assessed by the Morris water maze test. Our findings indicate that N-truncated Aβ4-42 triggers acute and long-lasting behavioral deficits comparable to AD typical memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Dietrich
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jessica L. Wittnam
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nasrollah Rezaei-Ghaleh
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Frederick Sprenger
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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96
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Tran PT, Hoang VH, Thorat SA, Kim SE, Ann J, Chang YJ, Nam DW, Song H, Mook-Jung I, Lee J, Lee J. Structure–activity relationship of human glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors having an N-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl thiourea template. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3821-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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97
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Meral D, Urbanc B. Discrete molecular dynamics study of oligomer formation by N-terminally truncated amyloid β-protein. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2260-75. [PMID: 23500806 PMCID: PMC3665754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β-protein (Aβ) self-assembles into toxic oligomers. Of the two predominant Aβ alloforms, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, the latter is particularly strongly linked to AD. N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamated Aβ peptides were recently shown to seed Aβ aggregation and contribute significantly to Aβ-mediated toxicity, yet their folding and assembly were not explored computationally. Discrete molecular dynamics approach previously captured in vitro-derived distinct Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 oligomer size distributions and predicted that the more toxic Aβ1-42 oligomers had more flexible and solvent-exposed N-termini than Aβ1-40 oligomers. Here, we examined oligomer formation of Aβ3-40, Aβ3-42, Aβ11-40, and Aβ11-42 by the discrete molecular dynamics approach. The four N-terminally truncated peptides showed increased oligomerization propensity relative to the full-length peptides, consistent with in vitro findings. Conformations formed by Aβ3-40/42 had significantly more flexible and solvent-exposed N-termini than Aβ1-40/42 conformations. In contrast, in Aβ11-40/42 conformations, the N-termini formed more contacts and were less accessible to the solvent. The compactness of the Aβ11-40/42 conformations was in part facilitated by Val12. Two single amino acid substitutions that reduced and abolished hydrophobicity at position 12, respectively, resulted in a proportionally increased structural variability. Our results suggest that Aβ11-40 and Aβ11-42 oligomers might be less toxic than Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 oligomers and offer a plausible explanation for the experimentally observed increased toxicity of Aβ3-40 and Aβ3-42 and their pyroglutamated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Meral
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brigita Urbanc
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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98
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Guo W, Sha S, Xing X, Jiang T, Cao Y. Reduction of cerebral Aβ burden and improvement in cognitive function in Tg-APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice following vaccination with a multivalent Aβ3-10 DNA vaccine. Neurosci Lett 2013; 549:109-15. [PMID: 23800542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop a safe and efficient Aβ vaccine for Alzheimer's disease, we constructed a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding ten repeats of Aβ3-10 and three copies of C3d-p28 as a molecular adjuvant and administered it intramuscularly in 12-month-old female Tg-APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. Therapeutic immunization with p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3 stimulated a Th2 immune response that elicited therapeutic levels of anti-Aβ antibodies and improved cognitive function. In addition, the vaccine reduced the cerebral Aβ burden and astrocytosis without increasing the incidence of microhemorrhage. Our results indicate that the p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine is a promising immunotherapeutic option for Aβ vaccination in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liao Ning Province, China
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Frost JL, Le KX, Cynis H, Ekpo E, Kleinschmidt M, Palmour RM, Ervin FR, Snigdha S, Cotman CW, Saido TC, Vassar RJ, St George-Hyslop P, Ikezu T, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β deposition in the brains of humans, non-human primates, canines, and Alzheimer disease-like transgenic mouse models. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:369-81. [PMID: 23747948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, starting with pyroglutamate at the third residue (pyroGlu-3 Aβ), are a major species deposited in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Recent studies suggest that this isoform shows higher toxicity and amyloidogenecity when compared to full-length Aβ peptides. Here, we report the first comprehensive and comparative IHC evaluation of pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition in humans and animal models. PyroGlu-3 Aβ immunoreactivity (IR) is abundant in plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy of AD and Down syndrome patients, colocalizing with general Aβ IR. PyroGlu-3 Aβ is further present in two nontransgenic mammalian models of cerebral amyloidosis, Caribbean vervets, and beagle canines. In addition, pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition was analyzed in 12 different AD-like transgenic mouse models. In contrast to humans, all transgenic models showed general Aβ deposition preceding pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition. The findings varied greatly among the mouse models concerning age of onset and cortical brain region. In summary, pyroGlu-3 Aβ is a major species of β-amyloid deposited early in diffuse and focal plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in humans and nonhuman primates, whereas it is deposited later in a subset of focal and vascular amyloid in AD-like transgenic mouse models. Given the proposed decisive role of pyroGlu-3 Aβ peptides for the development of human AD pathology, this study provides insights into the usage of animal models in AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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100
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Di Scala C, Yahi N, Lelièvre C, Garmy N, Chahinian H, Fantini J. Biochemical identification of a linear cholesterol-binding domain within Alzheimer's β amyloid peptide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:509-17. [PMID: 23509984 DOI: 10.1021/cn300203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides can self-organize into amyloid pores that may induce acute neurotoxic effects in brain cells. Membrane cholesterol, which regulates Aβ production and oligomerization, plays a key role in this process. Although several data suggested that cholesterol could bind to Aβ peptides, the molecular mechanisms underlying cholesterol/Aβ interactions are mostly unknown. On the basis of docking studies, we identified the linear fragment 22-35 of Aβ as a potential cholesterol-binding domain. This domain consists of an atypical concatenation of polar/apolar amino acid residues that was not previously found in cholesterol-binding motifs. Using the Langmuir film balance technique, we showed that synthetic peptides Aβ17-40 and Aβ22-35, but not Aβ1-16, could efficiently penetrate into cholesterol monolayers. The interaction between Aβ22-35 and cholesterol was fully saturable and lipid-specific. Single-point mutations of Val-24 and Lys-28 in Aβ22-35 prevented cholesterol binding, whereas mutations at residues 29, 33, and 34 had little to no effect. These data were consistent with the in silico identification of Val-24 and Lys-28 as critical residues for cholesterol binding. We conclude that the linear fragment 22-35 of Aβ is a functional cholesterol-binding domain that could promote the insertion of β-amyloid peptides or amyloid pore formation in cholesterol-rich membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Di Scala
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Nouara Yahi
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Clément Lelièvre
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Nicolas Garmy
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Henri Chahinian
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Jacques Fantini
- Laboratoire PPSN,
EA 4674, Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires,
Faculté des Sciences de St-Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Service 331, 13331
Marseille cedex 20, France
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