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Tsiogka A, Paschou E, Koumaki D, Vakirlis E, Gregoriou S. Interleukin antagonists for atopic dermatitis: a new era of therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024. [PMID: 38656240 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2347294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, increasing understanding of the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) enabled the recognition of multiple therapeutic targets and subsequently the development of novel, highly effective systemic treatments, including interleukin (IL)-antagonists. To date, the IL-4Ra-inhibitor dupilumab, and the IL-13 inhibitor tralokinumab, have gained regulatory approval in Europe for the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD, while more than 70 new therapeutics are currently in development. AREAS COVERED In this review, we address the role of ILs in the pathogenesis of AD and provide an overview of the novel and investigational IL-antagonists, as regards their efficacy and safety on moderate-to-severe AD. EXPERT OPINION Current data have established IL-4 and IL-13 inhibitors as effective and safe for the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD, as regards the rapid control of flares as well as the long-term remission of the disease. Data regarding the efficacy and safety of other IL-inhibitors, including those targeting IL-31, IL-22, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-18, are accumulating. There is still an unmet need for real-world-evidence studies and head-to-head studies for both currently available and future agents in AD treatment. Establishing predictive biomarkers of treatment response in a disorder of such considerable heterogenicity might help physicians pursue a patient-tailored therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Tsiogka
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Paschou
- First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Koumaki
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Sharma S, Garg M. Investigating the role of vitamin D in asthma. eLife 2024; 13:e97031. [PMID: 38567741 PMCID: PMC10990483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.97031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Results in mice suggest that vitamin D reduces the symptoms of asthma by controlling an immune response that leads to inflammation of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayank Garg
- Simons Ashoka Fellowship Program, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka UniversitySonipatIndia
- Koita Centre for Digital Health, Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka UniversitySonipatIndia
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Yandrapally S, Agarwal A, Chatterjee A, Sarkar S, Mohareer K, Banerjee S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EspR modulates Th1-Th2 shift by transcriptionally regulating IL-4, steering increased mycobacterial persistence and HIV propagation during co-infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276817. [PMID: 37928551 PMCID: PMC10621737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV are known to mutually support each other during co-infection by multiple mechanisms. This synergistic influence could be either by direct interactions or indirectly through secreted host or pathogen factors that work in trans. Mtb secretes several virulence factors to modulate the host cellular environment for its persistence and escaping cell-intrinsic immune responses. We hypothesized that secreted Mtb transcription factors that target the host nucleus can directly interact with host DNA element(s) or HIV LTR during co-infection, thereby modulating immune gene expression, or driving HIV transcription, helping the synergistic existence of Mtb and HIV. Here, we show that the Mtb-secreted protein, EspR, a transcription regulator, increased mycobacterial persistence and HIV propagation during co-infection. Mechanistically, EspR localizes to the nucleus of the host cells during infection, binds to its putative cognate motif on the promoter region of the host IL-4 gene, activating IL-4 gene expression, causing high IL-4 titers that induce a Th2-type microenvironment, shifting the macrophage polarization to an M2 state as evident from CD206 dominant population over CD64. This compromised the clearance of the intracellular mycobacteria and enhanced HIV propagation. It was interesting to note that EspR did not bind to HIV LTR, although its transient expression increased viral propagation. This is the first report of an Mtb transcription factor directly regulating a host cytokine gene. This augments our understanding of the evolution of Mtb immune evasion strategies and unveils how Mtb aggravates comorbidities, such as HIV co-infection, by modulating the immune microenvironment.
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Qu Y, Ma X, Deng J, Shang Y, Shang K, Wang X, Guo Z, Bai C. Dectin-2 promotes house dust mite-skewed Th2 response through the activation of cDC2s. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104558. [PMID: 35717749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of Dectin-2 (gene symbol, Clec4n) in house dust mite (HDM) induced Th2 immune response and the exact mechanism remains controversial. In this study, we illustrated that, Clec4n-/- mice had decreased Th2 immune response following HDM challenge, which may ascribe to dramatically reduced type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in lung of Clec4n-/- mice, as cDC2s from lung of Clec4n-/- mice after challenging had less ability to induce Th2 response with decreased production of IL-4/IL-13. Further in vitro experiments showed the activation of Clec4n-/--BMDCs significantly decreased after HDM stimulation accompanied with decreased activation of Syk-NF-κB and Syk-JNK signal pathway. Importantly, Dectin-2 expression in PBMCs from asthmatic patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Dectin-2 could promote cDC2s activation in lung, which polarizes Th2 immune response outlining a novel mechanism of asthma development.
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Chen C, Dai CY, Han F, Wu JY, Sun L, Wu XY. Interactions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin with interleukin-4 in adaptive immunity during Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1473-1483. [PMID: 34667722 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential interactions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) with interleukin-4 (IL-4) in adaptive immunity during fungal keratitis (FK). METHODS An FK mouse model was induced with Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) hyphal infection. Mice were divided into several groups: untreated, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), infected with AF, and pretreated with a scrambled siRNA, a TSLP-specific siRNA (TSLP siRNA), murine recombinant TSLP (rTSLP), immunoglobulin G (IgG), murine recombinant IFN (rIFN-γ), murine recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4), rIL-13, murine recombinant IL-17A (rIL-17A), and murine recombinant IL-17F (rIL-17F) groups. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot were performed to determine mRNA and protein levels in the inflamed cornea. Cytokine locations were observed by immunofluoresence staining after AF hyphal infection. RESULTS Compared to those in the untreated group, TSLP and T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine levels in the AF group were upregulated at 24h post infection (hpi), and those of T helper type 2 (Th2) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cytokines were increased at 5d post infection (dpi). Th2 cytokine levels were decreased in the TSLP siRNA-pretreated group and increased in the rTSLP-pretreated group compared with the AF group. The TSLP level was increased in the rIL-4-pretreated group, but there were no significant changes among the other groups. Immunofluorescence staining showed cytokine locations after AF hyphal infection. CONCLUSION TSLP induces a Th2 immune response and promots Th2 T cell differentiation in vivo. IL-4 promotes TSLP secretion. Therefore, TSLP with IL-4 regulates adaptive immunity in FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen-Yang Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Okragly AJ, Corwin KB, Elia M, He D, Schroeder O, Zhang Q, Shiyanova T, Bright S, Dicker SB, Chlewicki L, Truhlar SME, Davies J, Patel CN, Benschop RJ. Generation and Characterization of Torudokimab (LY3375880): A Monoclonal Antibody That Neutralizes Interleukin-33. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3823-3835. [PMID: 34408465 PMCID: PMC8364917 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s320287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an alarmin that is released following cellular damage, mechanical injury, or necrosis. It is a member of the IL-1 family and binds to a heterodimer receptor consisting of ST2 and IL-1RAP to induce the production of a wide range of cellular mediators, including the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. This relationship has led to the hypothesis that the IL-33/ST2 pathway is a driver of allergic disease and inhibition of the IL-33 and ST2 association could have therapeutic benefit. Methods In this paper, we describe the selection of a phage antibody through the ability to bind human IL-33 and block IL-33/ST2 interaction. This hit antibody was then affinity matured by site-directed mutagenesis of the antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Further characterization of a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb), torudokimab (LY3375880) included demonstration of human IL-33 neutralization activity in vitro with an NFκB reporter assay and IL-33 induced mast cell cytokine secretion assay, followed by an in vivo IL-33-induced pharmacodynamic inhibition assay in mice that used IL-5 production as the endpoint. Results Torudokimab is highly specific to IL-33 and does not bind any of the other IL-1 family members. Furthermore, torudokimab binds human and cynomolgus monkey IL-33 with higher affinity than the binding affinity of IL-33 to ST2, but does not bind mouse, rat, or rabbit IL-33. Torudokimab’s half-life in cynomolgous monkey projects monthly dosing in the clinic. Conclusion Due to torudokimab’s high affinity, its ability to completely neutralize IL-33 activity in vitro and in vivo, and the observed cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic properties, this molecule was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Okragly
- Immunology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Marikka Elia
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dongmei He
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Schroeder
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tatiyana Shiyanova
- BioTechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stuart Bright
- Immunology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julian Davies
- BioTechnology Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chetan N Patel
- BioTechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Gao W, Gong J, Mu M, Zhu Y, Wang W, Chen W, Han G, Hu H, Bao P. The Pathogenesis of Eosinophilic Asthma: A Positive Feedback Mechanism That Promotes Th2 Immune Response via Filaggrin Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672312. [PMID: 34484176 PMCID: PMC8414997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic asthma (EA) is a common subtype of asthma and often progresses to severe disease. In order to understand its pathogenesis, targeted next-generation gene sequencing was performed on 77 Chinese EA patients and 431 Chinese healthy controls to obtain differential genomic variations. Among the 41 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) screened for mutation sites in more than 3 patients, filaggrin gene FLG rs192116923 T>G and FLG rs75235053 C>G were newly found to be associated with EA patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) (P <0.001) and severe EA (P=0.032), respectively. Filaggrin has been shown to be mainly expressed in epithelial cells and plays an important role in formation of an effective skin barrier. Bioinformatic analysis indicated FLG rs192116923 T>G may increase the binding of Smad3 to transmit TGF-β1 signaling, and thereby inhibit filaggrin expression, and FLG rs75235053 C>G may add new splicing sites to reduce filaggrin monomers. It has been known that the level of Th2 cytokine IL-4 is increased in EA patients, and IL-4 increases airway epithelial permeability and enhances inflammatory response through some unclear mechanisms. To figure out whether filaggrin is involved in immune responses in asthma, we have treated human respiratory epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells with IL-4 and found that the expression levels of filaggrin and E-cadherin decreased significantly in a time and dose-dependent manner, suggesting that IL-4 increased airway epithelial permeability by reducing filaggrin and adhesion molecule. In addition, in our study, IL-4 increased the expression of epithel-derived inflammatory cytokines IL-33 and TSLP which further enhanced the Th2 inflammatory response. To investigate the role of filaggrin in development of EA, knockdown filaggrin with siRNA revealed a decrease in E-cadherin levels, which were further down-regulated by IL-4 stimulation. Knockdown of filaggrin alone did not affect the levels of IL-33 and TSLP, but further exacerbated the decrease of IL-33/TSLP caused by IL-4, suggesting that filaggrin may involve in IL-4R signaling pathway to regulate the level of IL-33/TSLP. In conclusion, in the Th2 cytokine milieu of asthma, FLG deficient mutation in airway epithelial cells may increase the epithelial permeability and the expression of IL-33/TSLP which positively feedback the Th2 inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, 1st Medical Center of Chinese Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyu Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hubei Province Corps Hospital of The Chinese Armed Police Force (CAPF), Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Mu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine College of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujin Zhu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, 1st Medical Center of Chinese Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tianjin Municipal Corps Hospital of CAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guojing Han
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, 1st Medical Center of Chinese Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, 1st Medical Center of Chinese Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengtao Bao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine College of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Gulic T, Blagojevic Zagorac G. COVID-19 and pregnancy: are they friends or enemies? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:57-62. [PMID: 33567179 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all over the world. Although in many cases the infection causes very weak symptoms, it can be severe in patient with diverse chronical diseases and immunological compromising patients. Pregnancy is a unique condition in which mother and fetus peacefully collaborate. Diverse endocrine-immune mechanisms, mostly under progesterone control work together to protect the fetus from maternal immunocompetent cell activation driven rejection. The physiological shift to Th2 dominant environment, while favourable for fetus, it makes mothers susceptible to infective pathogens, making pregnancy during COVID-19 pandemic challenging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies involving COVID-19 in pregnancy and those analysing changes of immune system induced by COVID-19 were searched in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. Databases were searched using a keyword COVID-19/coronavirus, that was combined with following terms: immune system, pregnancy, oestrogen, or progesterone. Search included studies published up to 01.07.2020. Almost 1,500 articles were found, but only 18 met criteria. RESULTS Most frequent symptoms of COVID-19 in mothers infected in the late pregnancy were fever and cough accompanied with lymphopenia and elevated C-reactive protein. Mothers reported to have severe disease had comorbidities and were obese. Low rate of neonatal complications of maternal Sars-Coc-2 infection without neonatal mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS Currently available data didn't show significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and pregnancy and there is no strong evidence that mother's infection can lead to adverse pregnancy outcome, but further studies are needed to determinate the possible effects of COVID-19 gained during earlier pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gulic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Blagojevic Zagorac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University North - University Center Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia
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Li H, Li J, Lu T, Chen D, Xu R, Sun W, Luo X, Li H, Ma R, Wen W. DZNep attenuates allergic airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-induced murine model. Mol Immunol 2020; 131:60-67. [PMID: 33358566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence shows that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) plays a role in various physiological functions and cancer pathogenesis. However, its contribution to allergic diseases remains controversial. We sought to investigate the role of EZH2 in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an indirect inhibitor of EZH2, was administered via intraperitoneal injection in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of allergic airway inflammation. The expression of EZH2 in the allergic airway tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot. The inflammatory cell infiltration and the goblet cell hyperplasia in the murine nose and lung were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Levels of cytokines, including IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10, were evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS EZH2 expression was inhibited by DZNep treatment (P < 0.05). The administration of DZNep significantly inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration (P < 0.0001) and goblet cell hyperplasia (P < 0.001). Moreover, it suppressed the secretion of IL-4 (P < 0.0001) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) in the BALF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that DZNep attenuates allergic airway inflammation and could be a new therapeutic option for allergic rhinitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dehua Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Renqiang Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weiping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Otolaryngology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Angeles JMM, Mercado VJP, Rivera PT. Behind Enemy Lines: Immunomodulatory Armamentarium of the Schistosome Parasite. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1018. [PMID: 32582161 PMCID: PMC7295904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The deeply rooted, intricate relationship between the Schistosoma parasite and the human host has enabled the parasite to successfully survive within the host and surreptitiously evade the host's immune attacks. The parasite has developed a variety of strategies in its immunomodulatory armamentarium to promote infection without getting harmed or killed in the battlefield of immune responses. These include the production of immunomodulatory molecules, alteration of membranes, and the promotion of granuloma formation. Schistosomiasis thus serves as a paradigm for understanding the Th2 immune responses seen in various helminthiases. This review therefore aims to summarize the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the schistosome parasites to survive inside the host. Understanding these immunomodulatory strategies not only provides information on parasite-host interactions, but also forms the basis in the development of novel drugs and vaccines against the schistosome infection, as well as various types of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ma M Angeles
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Van Jerwin P Mercado
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Pilarita T Rivera
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Choi DW, Jung SY, Shon DH, Shin HS. Piperine Ameliorates Trimellitic Anhydride-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms by Suppressing Th2-Mediated Immune Responses via Inhibition of STAT6 Phosphorylation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092186. [PMID: 32392825 PMCID: PMC7248773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease predominately related to Type 2 helper T (Th2) immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether piperine is able to improve AD symptoms using a trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced AD-like mouse model. Topical treatment with piperine reduced ear swelling (ear thickness and epidermal thickness) induced by TMA exposure. Furthermore, piperine inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse ears, compared with the TMA-induced AD group. In measuring allergic immune responses in draining lymph nodes (dLNs), we found that IL-4 secretion, GATA3 mRNA level, and STAT6 phosphorylation were suppressed by piperine treatment. In an ex vivo study, piperine also inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 on the CD4+ T cells isolated from splenocytes of BALB/c mice, and piperine suppressed IL-4-induced CCL26 mRNA expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in human keratinocytes resulting in the inhibition of infiltration of CCR3+ cells into inflammatory lesions. These results demonstrate that piperine could ameliorate AD symptoms through suppression of Th2-mediated immune responses, including the STAT6/GATA3/IL-4 signaling pathway. Therefore, we suggest that piperine is an excellent candidate as an inhibitor of STAT6 and may help to improve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woon Choi
- Food Biotechnology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.Y.J.)
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
| | - Sun Young Jung
- Food Biotechnology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.Y.J.)
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Shon
- Department of Food Processing and Distribution, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Korea;
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Food Biotechnology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.Y.J.)
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
- Correspondence:
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12
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Chu J, Li X, Qu G, Wang Y, Li Q, Guo Y, Hou L, Liu J, Eko FO, He C. Chlamydia psittaci PmpD-N Exacerbated Chicken Macrophage Function by Triggering Th2 Polarization and the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2003. [PMID: 32183481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic membrane protein D (PmpD) is a highly conserved outer membrane protein which plays an important role in pathogenesis during Chlamydia psittaci infection. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the N-terminus of PmpD (PmpD-N) to modulate the functions of chicken macrophages and the signaling pathway(s) involved in PmpD-N-induced Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 cytokine secretions. Thus, HD11 macrophages were treated with exogenous and intracellular PmpD-N of C. psittaci. The chlamydial growth was evaluated by enumeration of chlamydial loads in the infected macrophages. The phagocytic function of macrophages following PmpD-N treatment was detected by fluorescein-labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli). The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) secreted by HD11 macrophages was measured by the amount of NO2- in the culture supernatant using the Griess method. The cytokine secretions were assessed using multiplex cytokine ELISA kits. Expression levels of TLRs, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were analyzed by a Western blotting assay, as well as a luciferase assay, while NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was assessed by confocal microscopy. The nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB was confirmed by evaluating its ability to combine with the corresponding promoter using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). After treatment with exogenous or endogenous PmpD-N, chlamydial loads and phagocytic functions were reduced significantly compared with those of the plasmid vector group, while NO secretions were reduced significantly compared with those of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Stimulation of HD11 cells with PmpD-N provoked the secretion of the Th2 cytokines, IL-6, and IL-10 and upregulated the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB. Furthermore, inhibition of TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB in HD11 cells significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-10 cytokine levels, while NO production and phagocytosis increased significantly, strongly suggesting their involvement in PmpD-N-induced Th2 cytokine secretion and macrophage dysfunction. Our data indicate that C. psittaci PmpD-N inhibited macrophage functions by activating the Th2 immune response and the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Jin X, Yang Y, Liu X, Shi H, Cai X, Luo X, Liu M, Bai X. Glutathione-S-transferase of Trichinella spiralis regulates maturation and function of dendritic cells. Parasitology 2019; 146:1725-32. [PMID: 31405388 DOI: 10.1017/S003118201900115X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation by molecules from Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been widely reported. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a major immune-modulator of the family of detoxification enzymes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are an important target for the regulation of the immune response by T. spiralis. In this study, the recombinant GST of T. spiralis (rTs-GST) was expressed and purified. rTs-GST induced low CD40 expression and moderate CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions and inhibited the increase of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on DCs induced by LPS. We showed that rTs-GST decreased the LPS-induced elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of DCs and enhanced the level of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Furthermore, co-culture of DCs and CD4+ T cells demonstrated that rTs-GST-treated DCs suppressed the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs). rTs-GST-treated DCs induced a higher level of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β, but inhibited the level of IFN-γ. This indicates that rTs-GST-pulsed DCs induce both Th2-type responses and Tregs. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the immunomodulation of Ts-GST on cellular response and immunomodulation of T. spiralis.
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14
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Garcia M, Santos-Dias A, Bachi ALL, Oliveira-Junior MC, Andrade-Souza AS, Ferreira SC, Aquino-Junior JCJ, Almeida FM, Rigonato-Oliveira NC, Oliveira APL, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R, Müller T, Idzko M, Siepmann T, Vieira RP. Creatine supplementation impairs airway inflammation in an experimental model of asthma involving P2 × 7 receptor. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:928-939. [PMID: 30888047 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a substrate for adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and it is the most used dietary supplement among professional and recreative athletes and sportsmen. Creatine supplementation may increase allergic airway response, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown. We used murine model of OVA-induced chronic asthma and showed that Cr supplementation increased total proteins, ATP level, lymphocytes, macrophages, and IL-5 levels in BALF, as well as IL-5 in the supernatant of re-stimulated mediastinal lymph nodes. IL-5 and IL-13 expression by epithelial cells and by peribronchial leukocytes were increased by Cr. Cr augmented the expression of P2 × 7 receptor by peribronchial leukocytes and by epithelial cells, and increased the accumulation of eosinophils in peribronchial space and of collagen fibers in airway wall. In human cells, while Cr induced a release of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8 from BEAS-2B cells, whole blood cells, such as eosinophils, and CD4+ T cells, P2 × 7 receptor inhibitor (A740003) reduced such effects, as denoted by reduced levels of ATP, IL-6, and IL-8. Therefore, Cr supplementation worsened asthma pathology due to activation of airway epithelial cells and peribronchial leukocytes, involving purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Garcia
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Health Care Sciences, Center for Clinical Research and Management Education, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alana Santos-Dias
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departament of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adilson Santos Andrade-Souza
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio César Ferreira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francine Maria Almeida
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tobias Müller
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo Siepmann
- Division of Health Care Sciences, Center for Clinical Research and Management Education, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus. Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Gon Y, Maruoka S, Inoue T, Kuroda K, Yamagishi K, Kozu Y, Shikano S, Soda K, Lötvall J, Hashimoto S. Selective release of miRNAs via extracellular vesicles is associated with house-dust mite allergen-induced airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 47:1586-1598. [PMID: 28859242 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may facilitate cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs). The biological roles of miRNAs in EVs on allergic airway inflammation are unclear. METHODS Airway-secreted EVs (AEVs) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control and house-dust mite (HDM) allergen-exposed HDM-sensitized mice. The expression of miRNAs in AEVs or miRNAs and mRNAs in lung tissue was analysed using miRNA microarray. RESULTS The amount of AEV increased 8.9-fold in BALF from HDM-exposed mice compared with that from sham-control mice. HDM exposure resulted in significant changes in the expression of 139 miRNAs in EVs and 175 miRNAs in lung tissues, with 54 miRNAs being common in both samples. Expression changes of these 54 miRNAs between miRNAs in AEVs and lung tissues after HDM exposure were inversely correlated. Computational analysis revealed that 31 genes, including IL-13 and IL-5Ra, are putative targets of the miRNAs up-regulated in AEVs but down-regulated in lung tissues after HDM exposure. The amount of AEV in BALF after HDM exposure was diminished by treatment with the sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869. The treatment with GW4869 also decreased Th2 cytokines and eosinophil counts in BALFs and reduced eosinophil accumulation in airway walls and mucosa. CONCLUSION These results indicate that selective sorting of miRNA including Th2 inhibitory miRNAs into AEVs and increase release to the airway after HDM exposure would be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Inoue
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kuroda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamagishi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama-shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Y Kozu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Shikano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Soda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lötvall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Krefting Research Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, MA
| | - S Hashimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Lee D, Kim HS, Shin E, Do SG, Lee CK, Kim YM, Lee MB, Min KY, Koo J, Kim SJ, Nam ST, Kim HW, Park YH, Choi WS. Polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel suppresses ovalbumin-induced food allergy through inhibition of Th2 immunity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:201-210. [PMID: 29494957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substance called allergen that gains access to the body. Food allergy is a hypersensitive immune reaction to food proteins and the number of patients with food allergy has recently increased. Aloe Vera is used for wellness and medicinal purposes. In particular, Aloe vera has been reported to enhance immunity. However, the effect of Aloe vera on food allergy is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effects of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) containing low molecular weight Aloe polysaccharide (AP) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy in mice. Allergic symptoms, rectal temperature, and diarrhea were measured in OVA-induced food allergy mice. Other allergic parameters were also analyzed by RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods. As the results, PAG suppressed the decrease of body temperature, diarrhea, and allergic symptoms in OVA-induced food allergy mice. PAG also reduced serum concentrations of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines (Interleukin-(IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) as well as histamine, mast cell protease-1 (MCP-1), and immunoglobulin (Ig)E. PAG blocked the degranulation of mast cells and infiltration of eosinophils in intestine. Furthermore, PAG suppressed the population of Th2 cells in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. PAG also increased the production of IL-10 and population of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in mice with food allergy. Taken together, our findings suggest that PAG suppressed Th2 immune responses through, at least partially, stimulating the secretion of IL-10 in food allergy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Shin
- Univera Inc., Seoul 04782, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Gil Do
- Univera Inc., Seoul 04782, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Bum Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Young Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimo Koo
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Nam
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Park
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kusakisako K, Miyata T, Tsujio M, Galay RL, Talactac MR, Hernandez EP, Fujisaki K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of vaccine potential of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 74:73-84. [PMID: 29374845 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks require blood feeding on vertebrate animals throughout their life cycle, and also concentrate the iron-containing blood, resulting in a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). High concentrations of H2O2 are harmful to organisms, due to their serious damage of macromolecules. Ticks have antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxiredoxins (Prxs), that scavenge H2O2. Prxs may have important roles in regulating the H2O2 concentration in ticks during blood feeding and oviposition. Moreover, Prxs are considered potential vaccine candidates in other parasites, such as Leishmania and Fasciola. In the present study, the efficacy of a tick Prx (HlPrx2) as a vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated. First, recombinant HlPrx2 (rHlPrx2) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and then, its purity and endotoxin levels were confirmed prior to administration. The rHlPrx2 proteins were of high purity with acceptably low endotoxin levels. Second, the ability of rHlPrx2 administration to stimulate mouse immunity was evaluated. The rHlPrx2 protein, with or without an adjuvant, could stimulate immunity in mice, especially the IgG1 of Th2 immune response. Using Western blot analysis, we also observed whether rHlPrx2-immunized mice sera could recognize native HlPrx2 protein in crude tick midgut proteins. Western blot analysis demonstrated that rHlPrx2-administrated mouse sera could detect the native HlPrx2. Finally, the effects of rHlPrx2 immunization in mice were studied using nymphal ticks. Although the challenged ticks were not affected by rHlPrx2 immunization, rHlPrx2 still might be considered as a vaccine candidate against ticks because of its high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masashi Tsujio
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang, 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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18
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Lambracht-Washington D, Fu M, Frost P, Rosenberg RN. Evaluation of a DNA Aβ42 vaccine in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): antibody kinetics and immune profile after intradermal immunization with full-length DNA Aβ42 trimer. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9:30. [PMID: 28441965 PMCID: PMC5405538 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Aggregated amyloid-β peptide 1–42 (Aβ42), derived from the cellular amyloid precursor protein, is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although active immunization against Aβ42 peptide was successful in AD mouse models and led to removal of plaques and improved memory, a similar clinical trial in humans (Aβ42 peptide immunization with QS-21 adjuvant) was stopped in phase II, when 6% of the treated patients developed encephalitis. Currently ongoing passive immunizations with the injection of preformed monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes within the Aβ1–42 peptide, which do not lead to activation of the immune system, have shown some effects in slowing AD pathology. Active DNA Aβ42 immunizations administered with the gene gun into the skin are noninflammatory because they activate a different T-cell population (Th2) with different cytokine responses eliciting a different humoral immune response. We present our findings in rhesus macaques that underwent the DNA Aβ42 immunization via gene gun delivery into the skin. Methods Six rhesus monkeys received two different doses of a DNA Aβ42 trimer vaccine. The humoral immune response was analyzed from blood throughout the study, and cellular immune responses were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after three and six immunizations. Results DNA Aβ42 trimer immunization led to high titer antibody responses in the nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Antibodies generated in the rhesus monkeys following DNA Aβ42 immunization detected amyloid plaques consisting of human Aβ42 peptide in the brain of the triple-transgenic AD mouse model. T-cell responses showed no interferon (IFN)-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells from PBMCs in Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assays after three immunization time points. At six immunization time points, IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing cells were found in immunized animals as well as in control animals and were thus considered nonspecific and not due to the immunization regimen. IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in response to Aβ42 peptide restimulation became undetectable after a 3-month rest period. Conclusions Intradermal DNA Aβ42 immunization delivered with the gene gun produces a high antibody response in NHPs and is highly likely to be effective and safe in a clinical AD prevention trial in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lambracht-Washington
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA.
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Pat Frost
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Roger N Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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19
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Sha S, Shi X, Deng G, Chen L, Xin Y, Ma Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1987 induces Th2 immune responses and enhances Mycobacterium smegmatis survival in mice. Microbiol Res 2017; 197:74-80. [PMID: 28219528 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can interfere with host immune response and escape clearance through its specific antigens. M. tuberculosis Rv1987 encoded by region of difference (RD)-2 gene is a secretory protein with immunogenic potency. Here, we investigated the impact of Rv1987 on host cytokine responses and T cell polarization in mouse aerosol model. A recombinant M. smegmatis mc2155 strain that overexpressed Rv1987 protein (named MS1987) was constructed and used to infect C57BL/6 mice. The mc2155 harbored the empty vector (named MSVec) was as a control. The results showed that MS1987 challenged mice promoted Th2-biased cytokine responses with lower secretion of IFN-γ but higher production of IL-4 and Rv1987-specific IgG antibody compared to MSVec infected mice. Neutrophilic inflammation and high bacterial burden were observed in the lung tissues of MS1987 infected mice probably own to the failed Th1 cell immunity. Besides, subcutaneous injection of Rv1987 protein could mediate the Th1 cytokine responses caused by M. bovis BCG in mice. These results indicated that M. tuberculosis Rv1987 protein could modulate host immune response towards Th2 profile, which probably contributed to the immune evasion of bacteria from host elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, 9 W. Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, 9 W. Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Guoying Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, 9 W. Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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20
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Lambracht-Washington D, Fu M, Wight-Carter M, Riegel M, Rosenberg RN. Evaluation of a DNA Aβ42 Vaccine in Aged NZW Rabbits: Antibody Kinetics and Immune Profile after Intradermal Immunization with Full-Length DNA Aβ42 Trimer. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:97-112. [PMID: 28222511 PMCID: PMC5345648 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid plaques in the brain consisting of aggregated amyloid-β 42 peptide (Aβ42) derived from cellular amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). Based on successful experiments in mouse AD models, active immunization with Aβ42 peptide and passive immunizations with anti-Aβ42 antibodies were started in clinical trials. Active Aβ42 peptide immunization in humans had led to an inflammatory autoimmune response, and the trial was stopped. Passive immunizations had shown some effects in slowing AD pathology. Active DNA Aβ42 immunizations administered with the gene gun into the skin elicits a different immune response and is non-inflammatory. While in rodents, good responses had been found for this type of immunization, positive results in larger mammals are missing. We present here results from sixteen New Zealand White Rabbits, which underwent intradermal DNA Aβ42 immunization via gene gun. The humoral immune response was analyzed from blood throughout the study, and cellular immune responses were determined from spleens at the end of the study. A good anti-Aβ antibody response was found in the rabbit model. The T cell response after re-stimulation in cell culture showed no IFNγ producing cells when ELISPOT assays were analyzed from PBMC, but low numbers of IFNγ and IL-17 producing cells were found in ELISPOTS from spleens (both 5 immunizations). Brains from immunized rabbits showed no signs of encephalitis. Based on these results, DNA Aβ42 immunization is highly likely to be safe and effective to test in a possible clinical AD prevention trial in patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Aging/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/immunology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/immunology
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Biolistics
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intradermal
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/prevention & control
- Rabbits
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UTSouthwestern Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Roger N. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UTSouthwestern Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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21
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Long H, Liao W, Wang L, Lu Q. A Player and Coordinator: The Versatile Roles of Eosinophils in the Immune System. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:96-108. [PMID: 27226792 PMCID: PMC4872051 DOI: 10.1159/000445215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have traditionally been associated with allergic diseases and parasite infection. Research advances in the recent decades have brought evolutionary changes in our understanding of eosinophil biology and its roles in immunity. It is currently recognized that eosinophils play multiple roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As effector cells in innate immunity, eosinophils exert a pro-inflammatory and destructive role in the Th2 immune response associated with allergic inflammation or parasite infection. Eosinophils can also be recruited by danger signals released by pathogen infections or tissue injury, inducing host defense against parasitic, fungal, bacterial or viral infection or promoting tissue repair and remodeling. Eosinophils also serve as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in response to allergen challenge or helminth infection, and, meanwhile, are known to function as a versatile coordinator that actively regulates or interacts with various immune cells including T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. More roles of eosinophils implicated in immunity have been proposed including in immune homeostasis, allograft rejection, and anti-tumor immunity. Eosinophil interactions with structural cells are also implicated in the mechanisms in allergic inflammation and in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. These multifaceted roles of eosinophils as both players and coordinators in immune system are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
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22
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He M, Ichinose T, Kobayashi M, Arashidani K, Yoshida S, Nishikawa M, Takano H, Sun G, Shibamoto T. Differences in allergic inflammatory responses between urban PM2.5 and fine particle derived from desert-dust in murine lungs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 297:41-55. [PMID: 26917405 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The biological and chemical natures of materials adsorbed onto fine particulate matter (PM2.5) vary by origin and passage routes. The exacerbating effects of the two samples-urban PM2.5 (U-PM2.5) collected during the hazy weather in a Chinese city and fine particles (ASD-PM2.5) collected during Asian sand dust (ASD) storm event days in Japan-on murine lung eosinophilia were compared to clarify the role of toxic materials in PM2.5. The amounts of β-glucan and mineral components were higher in ASD-PM2.5 than in U-PM2.5. On the other hand, organic chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were higher in U-PM2.5 than in ASD-PM2.5. When BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with U-PM2.5 and ASD-PM2.5 (total 0.4 mg/mouse) with or without ovalbumin (OVA), various biological effects were observed, including enhancement of eosinophil recruitment induced by OVA in the submucosa of the airway, goblet cell proliferation in the bronchial epithelium, synergic increase of OVA-induced eosinophil-relevant cytokines and a chemokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increase of serum OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE. Data demonstrate that U-PM2.5 and ASD-PM2.5 induced allergic inflammatory changes and caused lung pathology. U-PM2.5 and ASD-PM2.5 increased F4/80(+) CD11b(+) cells, indicating that an influx of inflammatory and exudative macrophages in lung tissue had occurred. The ratio of CD206 positive F4/80(+) CD11b(+) cells (M2 macrophages) in lung tissue was higher in the OVA+ASD-PM2.5 treated mice than in the OVA+U-PM2.5 treated mice. These results suggest that the lung eosinophilia exacerbated by both PM2.5 is due to activation of a Th2-associated immune response along with induced M2 macrophages and the exacerbating effect is greater in microbial element (β-glucan)-rich ASD-PM2.5 than in organic chemical-rich U-PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Environment and Non-communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Keiichi Arashidani
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yoshida
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita 870-1201, Japan
| | - Masataka Nishikawa
- Environmental Chemistry Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Guifan Sun
- Environment and Non-communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Takayuki Shibamoto
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Guo W, Sha S, Jiang T, Xing X, Cao Y. A new DNA vaccine fused with the C3d-p28 induces a Th2 immune response against amyloid-beta. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2581-90. [PMID: 25206569 PMCID: PMC4145937 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) antibody generation and induce a Th2 immune response, we constructed a new DNA vaccine p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 encoding ten repeats of Aβ3–10 and three copies of C3d-p28 as a molecular adjuvant. In this study, we administered this adjuvant cularly to female C57BL/6J mice at 8–10 weeks of age. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the titer of serum anti-Aβ antibody, isotypes, and cytokines in splenic T cells. A 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect the prolifera-tion rate of splenic T cells. Brain sections from a 12-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mouse were used for detecting the binding capacities of anti-Aβ antibodies to Aβ plaques. The p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine induced high titers of anti-amyloid-β antibodies, which bound to Aβ plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain tissue, demonstrating that the vaccine is effective against plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the vaccine elicited a predo-minantly IgG1 humoral response and low levels of interferon-γ in ex vivo cultured splenocytes, dicating that the vaccine could shift the cellular immune response towards a Th2 phenotype. This indicated that the vaccine did not elicit a detrimental immune response and had a favorable safety profile. Our results indicate that the p(Aβ3–10)10-C3d-p28.3 vaccine is a promising immunothe-peutic option for Aβ vaccination in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tongzi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaona Xing
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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24
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Hawkshaw C, Scott JA, Chow CW, Fish EN. LAPCs contribute to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Allergy 2014; 69:924-35. [PMID: 24836003 DOI: 10.1111/all.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory immune response associated with allergic airway inflammation in asthma involves T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity. Given the data that a newly described late activator antigen-presenting cell (LAPC) population promotes Th2 immunity in viral infections, we undertook studies to investigate whether LAPCs have a pathogenic role in allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We employed acute ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge models to establish allergic airway inflammation in mice, followed by the analysis of lungs and draining lymph node (DLN) cell infiltrates, immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). We tested whether adoptive transfer of LAPCs isolated from mice with established allergic airway inflammation augments the development of sensitization in naïve mice. RESULTS We provide evidence that in both OVA and HDM mouse models of allergic inflammation, LAPCs accumulate in the lungs and draining lymph nodes (DLNs), concomitant with the onset of lung pathology, allergen-specific IgE production, eosinophilia, and Th2 cytokine production. Adoptive transfer experiments using OVA-activated LAPCs reveal exacerbation of disease pathology with an increase in lung inflammatory cells, eosinophilia, circulating IgE, Th2 cytokine production, and a worsening of AHR. OVA-activated LAPCs preferentially increased GATA-3 induction in naïve CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest an important role for LAPCs in polarizing the Th2 response in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Hawkshaw
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Department of Health Sciences; Lakehead University; ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medicine and Multi-Organ Transplant Program; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - E. N. Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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25
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El Ridi R, Tallima H, Dalton JP, Donnelly S. Induction of protective immune responses against schistosomiasis using functionally active cysteine peptidases. Front Genet 2014; 5:119. [PMID: 24847355 PMCID: PMC4021144 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year schistosomiasis afflicts up to 600 million people in 74 tropical and sub-tropical countries, predominantly in the developing world. Yet we depend on a single drug, praziquantel, for its treatment and control. There is no vaccine available but one is urgently needed especially since praziquantel-resistant parasites are likely to emerge at some time in the future. The disease is caused by several worm species of the genus Schistosoma. These express several classes of papain-like cysteine peptidases, cathepsins B and L, in various tissues but particularly in their gastrodermis where they employ them as digestive enzymes. We have shown that sub-cutaneous injection of recombinant and functionally active Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1), or a cathepsin L from a related parasite Fasciola hepatica (FhCL1), elicits highly significant protection (up to 73%) against an experimental challenge worm infection in murine models of schistosomiasis. The immune modulating properties of this subcutaneous injection can boost protection levels (up to 83%) when combined with other S. mansoni vaccine candidates, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (SG3PDH) and peroxiredoxin (PRX-MAP). Here, we discuss these data in the context of the parasite's biology and development, and provide putative mechanism by which the native-like cysteine peptidase induce protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - John P Dalton
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The i-three Institute, University of Technology at Sydney Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Lexmond WS, Pardo M, Rooney K, Goettel JA, Snapper SB, Yen EH, Dehlink E, Nurko S, Fiebiger E. Elevated levels of leukotriene C4 synthase mRNA distinguish a subpopulation of eosinophilic oesophagitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:902-13. [PMID: 23889244 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes contribute to Th2-type inflammatory immune responses. Their levels in oesophageal tissue, however, do not distinguish patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) from controls. OBJECTIVE We asked whether mRNA levels of leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4 S), a key regulator of leukotriene production, could serve as a marker for EoE. METHODS Digital mRNA expression profiling (nCounter(®) Technology) was performed on proximal and distal oesophageal biopsies of 30 paediatric EoE patients and 40 non-EoE controls. Expression data were confirmed with RT-qPCR. LTC4 S mRNA levels were quantified in whole blood samples. Leukotriene E4 was measured in urine. RESULTS LTC4 S mRNA levels were elevated in proximal (2.6-fold, P < 0.001) and distal (2.9-fold, P < 0.001) oesophageal biopsies from EoE patients. Importantly, increased LTC4 S mRNA transcripts identified a subpopulation of EoE patients (28%). This patient subgroup had higher serum IgE levels (669 U/mL vs. 106 U/mL, P = 0.01), higher mRNA transcript numbers of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) (1.6-fold, P = 0.009) and CD4 (1.4-fold, P = 0.04) but lower IL-23 mRNA levels (0.5-fold, P = 0.04). In contrast, elevated levels of IL-23 mRNA were found in oesophageal biopsies of patients with reflux oesophagitis. LTC4 S mRNA transcripts in whole blood and urinary excretion of leukotriene E4 were similar in EoE patient subgroups and non-EoE patients. CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Elevated oesophageal expression of LTC4 S mRNA is found in a subgroup of EoE patients, concomitant with higher serum IgE levels and an oesophageal transcriptome indicative of a more-pronounced allergic phenotype. Together with TSLP and IL-23 mRNA levels, oesophageal LTC4 S mRNA may facilitate diagnosis of an EoE subpopulation for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Lexmond
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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