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Zhang Y, Yu S, Tuazon JP, Lee JY, Corey S, Kvederis L, Kingsbury C, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Neuroprotective effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against cerebral ischemia are mediated in part by an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:597-604. [PMID: 30632499 PMCID: PMC6352592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) stands as a potent stroke therapy, but its exact mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanisms by which hMSCs exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. Primary mixed cultures of rat neurons and astrocytes were cultured and exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. A two-hour period of "reperfusion" in standard medium and normoxic conditions was allowed and immediately followed by hMSCs and/or Bcl-2 antibody treatment. Cell viability of primary rat neurons and astrocytes was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthianol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and trypan blue exclusion methods. hMSC survival and differentiation were characterized by immunocytochemistry, while the concentration of Bcl-2 in the supernatant was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to reveal the secretory anti-apoptotic function of hMSCs. Cultured hMSCs expressed embryonic-like stem cell phenotypic markers CXCR4, Oct4, SSEA4, and Nanog, as well as immature neural phenotypic marker Nestin. Primary rat neurons and astrocytes were protected from oxygen-glucose deprivation by hMSCs, which was antagonized by the Bcl-2 antibody. However, Bcl-2 levels in the supernatants did not differ between hMSC- and non-treated cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neuroprotective effects of hMSCs against cerebral ischemia were partially mediated by the anti-apoptotic mechanisms. However, further studies are warranted to fully elucidate this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology / School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Seongjin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julian P. Tuazon
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Kvederis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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52
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Lin CH, Lin W, Su YC, Cheng-Yo Hsuan Y, Chen YC, Chang CP, Chou W, Lin KC. Modulation of parietal cytokine and chemokine gene profiles by mesenchymal stem cell as a basis for neurotrauma recovery. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1661-1673. [PMID: 30709695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), primary mechanical injury to the brain may cause blood-brain-barrier damage followed by secondary injury, ultimately culminating in cell death. We aimed to test whether one injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from the human umbilical cord can modulate brain cytokine and chemokine gene profiles and attenuate neurological injury in rats with TBI. METHODS One-day post-TBI, the injured rats were treated with one injection of MSC (4 × 106/rat, i.v.). Three days later, immediately after assessment of neurobehavioral function, animals were sacrificed for analysis of neurological injury (evidenced by both brain contusion volume and neurological deficits) and parietal genes encoding 84 cytokines and chemokines in the injured brain by qPCR methods. RESULTS Three days post-TBI, rats displayed both neurological injury and upgrade of 11 parietal genes in the ipsilateral brain. One set of 8 parietal genes (e.g., chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 12, platelet factor 4, interleukin-7, chemokine [C-C motif] ligand (CCL)19, CCL 22, secreted phosphoprotein 1, pro-platelet basic protein 1, and CCL 2) differentially upgraded by TBI was related to pro-inflammatory and/or neurodegenerative processes. Another set of 3 parietal genes up-graded by TBI (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, and BMP 4) was related to anti-inflammatory/neuroregenerative events. Administration of MSC attenuated neurological injury, down-regulated these 8 parietal pro-inflammatory genes, and up-regulated these 3 parietal anti-inflammatory genes in the rats with TBI. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that modulation of parietal cytokines and chemokines gene profiles by MSC as a basis for neurotrauma recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Willie Lin
- Meridigen Biotech Co. Ltd., Neihu, Taipei 11493, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chin Su
- Meridigen Biotech Co. Ltd., Neihu, Taipei 11493, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yu-Chien Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Willy Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan; Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
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Zibara K, Ballout N, Mondello S, Karnib N, Ramadan N, Omais S, Nabbouh A, Caliz D, Clavijo A, Hu Z, Ghanem N, Gajavelli S, Kobeissy F. Combination of drug and stem cells neurotherapy: Potential interventions in neurotrauma and traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:177-198. [PMID: 30267729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognized as one of the major public health issues that leads to devastating neurological disability. As a consequence of primary and secondary injury phases, neuronal loss following brain trauma leads to pathophysiological alterations on the molecular and cellular levels that severely impact the neuropsycho-behavioral and motor outcomes. Thus, to mitigate the neuropathological sequelae post-TBI such as cerebral edema, inflammation and neural degeneration, several neurotherapeutic options have been investigated including drug intervention, stem cell use and combinational therapies. These treatments aim to ameliorate cellular degeneration, motor decline, cognitive and behavioral deficits. Recently, the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) coupled with selective drug therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment option for neural regeneration and behavioral rehabilitation post-neural injury. Given their neuroprotective abilities, NSC-based neurotherapy has been widely investigated and well-reported in numerous disease models, notably in trauma studies. In this review, we will elaborate on current updates in cell replacement therapy in the area of neurotrauma. In addition, we will discuss novel combination drug therapy treatments that have been investigated in conjunction with stem cells to overcome the limitations associated with stem cell transplantation. Understanding the regenerative capacities of stem cell and drug combination therapy will help improve functional recovery and brain repair post-TBI. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Naify Ramadan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (KBH), Division of Clinical Pediatrics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Nabbouh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Hu
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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55
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Assunção-Silva RC, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Patrício P, Behie LA, Teixeira FG, Pinto L, Salgado AJ. Exploiting the impact of the secretome of MSCs isolated from different tissue sources on neuronal differentiation and axonal growth. Biochimie 2018; 155:83-91. [PMID: 30077816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation using Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome have recently been presented as a possible free-based therapy for CNS related disorders. MSC secretome is rich in several bio-factors that act synergically towards the repair of damaged tissues, thus making it an ideal candidate for regenerative applications. Great effort is currently being made to map the molecules that compose the MSC secretome. Previous proteomic characterization of the secretome (in the form of conditioned media - CM) of MSCs derived from adipose tissue (ASC), bone-marrow (BMSC) and umbilical cord (HUCPVC) was performed by our group, where proteins relevant for neuroprotection, neurogenic, neurodifferentiation, axon guidance and growth functions were identified. Moreover, we have found significant differences among the expression of several molecules, which may indicate that their therapeutic outcome might be distinct. Having this in mind, in the present study, the neuroregulatory potential of ASC, BMSC and HUCPVC CM in promoting neurodifferentiation and axonal outgrowth was tested in vitro, using human telencephalon neuroprogenitor cells and dorsal root ganglion explants, respectively. The CM from the three MSC populations induced neuronal differentiation from human neural progenitor cells, as well as neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion explants. Moreover, all the MSC populations promoted the same extent of neurodifferentiation, while ASC CM demonstrated higher potential in promoting axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Catarina Assunção-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Leo A Behie
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fábio Gabriel Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; BnML, Behavioral and Molecular Lab, Braga, Portugal.
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4701-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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56
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Cunningham CJ, Redondo-Castro E, Allan SM. The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome in ischaemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1276-1292. [PMID: 29768965 PMCID: PMC6077926 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18776802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as a regenerative therapy for stroke, leading to increased repair and functional recovery in animal models of cerebral ischaemia. While it was initially hypothesised that cell replacement was an important mechanism of action of MSCs, focus has shifted to their paracrine actions or the so called "bystander" effect. MSCs secrete a wide array of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and extracellular vesicles, commonly referred to as the MSC secretome. There is evidence suggesting the MSC secretome can promote repair through a number of mechanisms including preventing cell apoptosis, modulating the inflammatory response and promoting endogenous repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro approaches currently being employed to drive the MSC secretome towards a more anti-inflammatory and regenerative phenotype. We will then examine the role of the secretome in promoting repair and improving recovery in preclinical models of cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona J Cunningham
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Redondo-Castro
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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57
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Yu X, Wang X, Zeng S, Tuo X. Protective effects of primary neural stem cell treatment in ischemic stroke models. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2219-2228. [PMID: 30186461 PMCID: PMC6122422 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strokes are a major cause of neurological disability. Stem cell replacement therapy is a potential novel strategy of treating patients that have experienced strokes. The present study examined the protective role of neural stem cell (NSC) administration in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and ischemic stroke animal models. Primary cultured embryonic NSCs and brain microvascular endothelial cells were indirectly co-cultured for in vitro testing. A rat model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to assess the morphological and functional changes that occur following treatment with NSCs. The role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase b/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β) signaling pathway in the neuroprotective effects of NSC treatment was also determined. It was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that NSC administration may attenuate the brain injury caused by stroke. Furthermore, the results suggest that activation of PI3k/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway serves a role in attenuating OGD injury. Inflammation, synaptic remodeling and autophagy may be improved following NSC treatment and behavioral testing suggests that treatment with NSCs improves functional recovery in rats following MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Gerontology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shuxiong Zeng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiping Tuo
- Department of Gerontology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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58
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Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of the Therapeutic Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Injected in the Cerebral Ischemic Penumbra. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2453-2465. [PMID: 30029838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke represents an attractive target for cell therapy. Although different types of cells have been employed in animal models with variable results, the human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have demonstrated favorable characteristics in the treatment of diseases with inflammatory substrate, but experience in their intracerebral administration is lacking. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect and safety of the intracerebral application of hASCs in a stroke model. METHODS A first group of Athymic Nude mice after stroke received a stereotactic injection of hASCs at a concentration of 4 × 104/µL at the penumbra area, a second group without stroke received the same cell concentration, and a third group had only stroke and no cells. After 7, 15, and 30 days, the animals underwent fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; subsequently, they were sacrificed for histological evaluation (HuNu, GFAP, IBA-1, Ki67, DCX) of the penumbra area and ipsilateral subventricular zone (iSVZ). RESULTS The in vitro studies found no alterations in the molecular karyotype, clonogenic capacity, and expression of 62 kDa transcription factor and telomerase. Animals implanted with cells showed no adverse events. The implanted cells showed no evidence of proliferation or differentiation. However, there was an increase of capillaries, less astrocytes and microglia, and increased bromodeoxyuridine and doublecortin-positive cells in the iSVZ and in the vicinity of ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hASCs in the implanted dose modulate inflammation, promote endogenous neurogenesis, and do not proliferate or migrate in the brain. These data confirm the safety of cell therapy with hASCs.
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59
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Boese AC, Le QSE, Pham D, Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural stem cell therapy for subacute and chronic ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29895321 PMCID: PMC5998588 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in brain homeostasis and exhibit a broad repertoire of potentially therapeutic actions following neurovascular injury. One such injury is stroke, a worldwide leading cause of death and disability. Clinically, extensive injury from ischemic stroke results from ischemia-reperfusion (IR), which is accompanied by inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, neural cell death, and extensive tissue loss. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is still the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved clot-lysing agent. Whereas the thrombolytic role of tPA within the vasculature is beneficial, the effects of tPA (in a non-thrombolytic role) within the brain parenchyma have been reported as harmful. Thus, new therapies are needed to reduce the deleterious side effects of tPA and quickly facilitate vascular repair following stroke. The Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommends that stroke therapies "focus on drugs/devices/treatments with multiple mechanisms of action and that target multiple pathways". Thus, based on multifactorial ischemic cascades in various stroke stages, effective stroke therapies need to focus on targeting and ameliorating early IR injury as well as facilitating angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurorestorative mechanisms following stroke. This review will discuss the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury and will emphasize both the subacute and chronic phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Quan-Son Eric Le
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dylan Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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60
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Turac G, Duruksu G, Karaoz E. The Effect of Recombinant Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression on the Neurogenic Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Neurospine 2018; 15:42-53. [PMID: 29656620 PMCID: PMC5944638 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1836010.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, making the enhancement of its activity a target for ensuring sufficient dopamine levels. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) are known to synthesize TH after differentiating into neuronal cells through chemical induction, but the effect of its ectopic expression on these cells has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effects of ectopic recombinant TH expression on the stemness characteristics of rBM-MSCs.
Methods After cloning, a cell line with stable TH expression was maintained, and the proliferation, the gene expression profile, and differentiation potential of rBM-MSCs were analyzed. Analysis of the cells showed an increment in the proliferation rate that could be reversed by the neutralization of TH.
Results The constitutive expression of TH in rBM-MSCs was successfully implemented, without significantly affecting their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. TH expression improved the expression of other neuronal markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, β-tubulin, nestin, and c-Fos, confirming the neurogenic differentiation capacity of the stem cells. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) significantly increased after the chemical induction of neurogenic differentiation.
Conclusion In this study, the expression of recombinant TH improved the neuroprotective effect of MSCs by upregulating the expression of BDNF and CNTF. Although the neuronal markers were upregulated, the expression of recombinant TH alone in rBM-MSCs was not sufficient for MSCs to differentiate into neurogenic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Turac
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Histology & Embryology, İstinye University, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Stradecki-Cohan HM, Cohan CH, Raval AP, Dave KR, Reginensi D, Gittens RA, Youbi M, Perez-Pinzon MA. Cognitive Deficits after Cerebral Ischemia and Underlying Dysfunctional Plasticity: Potential Targets for Recovery of Cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S87-S105. [PMID: 28453486 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia affects millions of people worldwide and survivors suffer from long-term functional and cognitive deficits. While stroke and cardiac arrest are typically considered when discussing ischemic brain injuries, there is much evidence that smaller ischemic insults underlie neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The "regenerative" capacity of the brain relies on several aspects of plasticity that are crucial for normal functioning; less affected brain areas may take over function previously performed by irreversibly damaged tissue. To harness the endogenous plasticity mechanisms of the brain to provide recovery of cognitive function, we must first understand how these mechanisms are altered after damage, such as cerebral ischemia. In this review, we discuss the long-term cognitive changes that result after cerebral ischemia and how ischemia alters several plasticity processes. We conclude with a discussion of how current and prospective therapies may restore brain plasticity and allow for recovery of cognitive function, which may be applicable to several disorders that have a disruption of cognitive processing, including traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Stradecki-Cohan
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles H Cohan
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ami P Raval
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego Reginensi
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Rolando A Gittens
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Mehdi Youbi
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Department of Neurology Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J. Cell-Based and Exosome Therapy in Diabetic Stroke. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:451-455. [PMID: 29498242 PMCID: PMC5980126 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a global health concern and it is imperative that therapeutic strategies with wide treatment time frames be developed to improve neurological outcome in patients. Patients with diabetes mellitus who suffer a stroke have worse neurological outcomes and long‐term functional recovery than nondiabetic stroke patients. Diabetes induced vascular damage and enhanced inflammatory milieu likely contributes to worse post stroke outcomes. Diabetic stroke patients have an aggravated pathological cascade, and treatments that benefit nondiabetic stroke patients do not necessarily translate to diabetic stroke patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop therapeutics for stroke specifically in the diabetic population. Stem cell based therapy for stroke is an emerging treatment option with wide therapeutic time window. Cell‐based therapies for stroke promote endogenous central nervous system repair and neurorestorative mechanisms such as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, vascular remodeling, white matter remodeling, and also modulate inflammatory and immune responses at the local and systemic level. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomes and their cargo microRNA mediate cell therapy derived neurorestorative effects. Exosomes are small vesicles containing protein and RNA characteristic of its parent cell. Exosomes are transported by biological fluids and facilitate communication between neighboring and remote cells. MicroRNAs, a class of naturally occurring, small noncoding RNA sequences, contained within exosomes can regulate recipient cell's signaling pathways and alter protein expression either acting alone or in concert with other microRNAs. In this perspective article, we summarize current knowledge and highlight the promising future of cell based and exosome therapy for stroke and specifically for diabetic stroke. stemcellstranslationalmedicine2018;7:451–455
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Neurology Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- Neurology Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Vibhuti, Khan R, Sharma A, Jain S, Mohanty S, Prasad K. Intra-arterial transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) improves behavioral deficits and alters gene expression in rodent stroke model. J Neurochem 2017; 143:722-735. [PMID: 29049855 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a multi-factorial polygenic disease and is a major cause of death and adult disability. Administration of bone marrow stem cells protects ischemic rat brain by facilitating recovery of neurological functions. But the molecular mechanism of stem cells action and their effect on gene expression is not well explored. In this study, we have transplanted 1 × 106 human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) in middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAo) adult male Wistar rats through intracarotid artery route at 24 h after surgery. Motor behavioral tests (rotarod and open field) were performed to assess the changes in motor functions at day 0 and day1, 4, 8 and 14. The expression of studied genes at mRNA and protein level was quantified by using Q-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Further, we have assessed the methylation pattern of promoter of these genes by using methylation-specific PCR. Data were analyzed statistically and correlated. A significant improvement in behavioral deficits was observed in stem cells treated group after 14th day post stroke. Significantly (p < 0.05) increased mRNA and protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor and ANP genes in hBMMSCs treated group along with decrease in methylation level at their promoter was observed. On the other hand, significantly decreased mRNA and protein level of TSP1 and WNK1 in hBMMSCs treated group was observed. In conclusion, hBMMSCs administration significantly improves the behavioral deficits by improving motor and locomotor coordination. The promoter of TSP1 and WNK1 genes was found to be hyper-methylated in hBMMSCs group resulting in their decreased expression while the promoter of ANP and brain derived neurotrophic factor was found to be hypo-methylated. This study might shed a light on how hBMMSCs affect the gene expression by modulating methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Hassan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Lincoln, UK.
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65
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Osanai T, Houkin K, Uchiyama S, Minematsu K, Taguchi A, Terasaka S. Treatment evaluation of acute stroke for using in regenerative cell elements (TREASURE) trial: Rationale and design. Int J Stroke 2017; 13:444-448. [PMID: 29134924 DOI: 10.1177/1747493017743057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale MultiStem® (HLM051) is one of the promising allogenic cell products for acute ischemic stroke with strong evidence. A previous phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter dose-escalation trial showed the safety of MultiStem® for acute ischemic stroke, with a time window beyond that of rt-PA and endovascular thrombectomy. We aim to obtain stronger evidence and to show the efficacy of the MultiStem® for treatment of ischemic stroke. Sample size Estimated sample size is 220 (110 patients per group), which has 90% power at 5% significance level. Methods and design TREASURE is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase 2/3 trial. The trial will be done at 31 medical centers in Japan. Patients with acute ischemic stroke including motor or speech deficit defined by a National Institution of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 8-20 at baseline will be randomized 1:1 to receive a single intravenous infusion of MultiStem® or placebo within 18-36 h of stroke onset. Study outcomes Primary outcome in this study is the proportion of patients with an excellent outcome at day 90 defined by the functional assessment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02961504). Conclusion The TREASURE trial will provide a novel treatment option and expand the therapeutic window for patients with stroke if the results are positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Osanai
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- 2 International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Taguchi
- 4 Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Terasaka
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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66
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Wei L, Wei ZZ, Jiang MQ, Mohamad O, Yu SP. Stem cell transplantation therapy for multifaceted therapeutic benefits after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:49-78. [PMID: 28322920 PMCID: PMC5603356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the exciting advances in modern medicine and life science is cell-based neurovascular regeneration of damaged brain tissues and repair of neuronal structures. The progress in stem cell biology and creation of adult induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has significantly improved basic and pre-clinical research in disease mechanisms and generated enthusiasm for potential applications in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including stroke. Endogenous neural stem cells and cultured stem cells are capable of self-renewal and give rise to virtually all types of cells essential for the makeup of neuronal structures. Meanwhile, stem cells and neural progenitor cells are well-known for their potential for trophic support after transplantation into the ischemic brain. Thus, stem cell-based therapies provide an attractive future for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury and in various disease states. Moreover, basic research on naïve and differentiated stem cells including iPS cells has markedly improved our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurological disorders, and provides a platform for the discovery of novel drug targets. The latest advances indicate that combinatorial approaches using cell based therapy with additional treatments such as protective reagents, preconditioning strategies and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of cell therapy in different ischemic models and the application of stem cells and progenitor cells as regenerative medicine for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Z Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Osama Mohamad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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67
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Choi KA, Hong S. Induced neural stem cells as a means of treatment in Huntington's disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1333-1343. [PMID: 28792249 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1365133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by chorea, dementia, and depression caused by progressive nerve cell degeneration, which is triggered by expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin (Htt) gene. Currently, there is no cure for this disease, nor is there an effective medicine available to delay or improve the physical, mental, and behavioral severities caused by it. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the use of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) by direct conversion technology, which offers great advantages as a therapeutic cell type to treat HD. Expert opinion: Cell conversion of somatic cells into a desired stem cell type is one of the most promising treatments for HD because it could be facilitated for the generation of patient-specific neural stem cells. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have a powerful potential for differentiation into neurons, but they may cause teratoma formation due to an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell after transplantation Therefore, direct conversion of somatic cells into iNSCs is a promising alternative technology in regenerative medicine and the iNSCs may be provided as a therapeutic cell source for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Choi
- a School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- a School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , College of Health Science, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu , Republic of Korea
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Kim D, Chun BG, Kim YK, Lee YH, Park CS, Jeon I, Cheong C, Hwang TS, Chung H, Gwag BJ, Hong KS, Song J. In Vivo Tracking of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Experimental Stroke. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:1007-1012. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783472381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the fates of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) following transplantation into a rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques were employed. hMSCs were labeled with ferumoxides (Feridex®)-protamine sulfate complexes, which were visualized and examined by MRI up to 10 weeks following transplantation. Migration of the transplanted cells to the infarcted area was further confirmed by histological methods. We found that the hMSCs transplanted in MCAo models possess the capacity to migrate to the infarcted area extensively in both ipsilateral and contralateral injections, exhibiting a pathotropism. We also analyzed the detailed migration patterns of transplanted hMSCs. We speculate that the extensive migratory ability of hMSCs may represent a therapeutic potential for developing efficient cell transplantation strategies in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehong Kim
- MRI Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gi Chun
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Kim
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stem Cell Therapy Institute, CHA Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stem Cell Therapy Institute, CHA Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Iksoo Jeon
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Tae-Sun Hwang
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Chung
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stem Cell Therapy Institute, CHA Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Joo Gwag
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- MRI Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
| | - Jihwan Song
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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70
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Padovan CS, Jahn K, Birnbaum T, Reich P, Sostak P, Strupp M, Straube A. Expression of Neuronal Markers in Differentiated Marrow Stromal Cells and CD133+ Stem-Like Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:839-48. [PMID: 14763503 DOI: 10.3727/000000003771000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells, which normally give rise to bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and hematopoiesis-supporting cells, have been shown to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into neural-like cells. In this study, we examined the expression of neuronal and glial markers in human marrow stromal cells under culture conditions appropriate for neural stem cells, and compared the unsorted cell population to bone marrow CD133+ stem-like cells using immunofluorescence, Western blot, and functional patch-clamp analysis. Overall, the expression of the early neuronal marker β3-tubulin was most pronounced in the presence of DMEM/F12 and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), when marrow stromal cells were cultured onto fibronectin. Electrophysiological examination, however, could not show fast sodium currents or functional neurotransmitter receptors in differentiated marrow stromal cells. CD133+ mesenchymal stem-like cells, but not CD34+/CD133– cells, generally showed a higher expression of neuronal markers than did unsorted marrow stromal cells, and differentiated CD133+ cells more resembled neuron-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S Padovan
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany.
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71
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Irons H, Lind JG, Wakade CG, Yu G, Hadman M, Carroll J, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Intracerebral Xenotransplantation of GFP Mouse Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Intact and Stroke Rat Brain: Graft Survival and Immunologic Response. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:283-94. [PMID: 15191166 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized survival and immunologic response of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) following transplantation into intact and stroke brains. In the first study, intrastriatal transplantation of BMSC (60,000 in 3 μl) or vehicle was performed in normal adult Sprague-Dawley male rats that subsequently received daily cyclosporin A (CsA, 10 mg/kg, IP in 3 ml) or vehicle (olive oil, similar volume) starting on day of surgery up to 3 days posttransplantation. Animals were euthanized at 3 or 30 days posttransplantation and brains were processed either for green fluorescent protein (GFP) microscopy or flow cytometry (FACS). Both GFP epifluorescence and FACS scanning revealed GFP+ BMSCs in both groups of transplanted rats with or without CsA, although significantly increased (1.6- to 3-fold more) survival of GFP+ BMSCs was observed in the immunosuppressed animals. Further histologic examination revealed widespread dispersal of BMSCs away from the graft core accompanied by many long outgrowth processes in non-CsA-transplanted animals, whereas a very dense graft core, with cells expressing only sporadic short outgrowth processes, was observed in CsA-transplanted animals. There were no detectable GFP+ BMSCs in nontrans-planted rats that received CsA or vehicle. Immunologic response via FACS analysis revealed a decreased presence of cytotoxic cells, characterized by near complete absence of CD8+ cells, and lack of activation depicted by low CD69 expression in CsA-treated transplanted animals. In contrast, elevated levels of CD8+ cells and increased activation of CD69 expression were observed in transplanted animals that received vehicle alone. CD4+ helper cells were almost nondetectable in transplanted rats that received CsA, but also only minimally elevated in transplanted rats that received vehicle. Nontransplanted rats that received either CsA or vehicle displayed very minimal detectable levels of all three lymphocyte markers. In the second study, a new set of male Sprague-Dawley rats initially received bilateral stereotaxic intrastriatal transplantation of BMSCs and 3 days after were subjected to unilateral transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery. The animals were allowed to survive for 3 days after stroke without CsA immunosuppression. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed significantly higher (5-fold more) survival of transplanted GFP+ BMSCs in the stroke striatum compared with the intact striatum. The majority of the grafts remained within the original dorsal striatal transplant site, characterized by no obvious migration in intact striatum, but with long-distance migration along the ischemic penumbra in the stroke striatum. Moreover, FACS scanning analyses revealed low levels of immunologic response of grafted BMSCs in both stroke and intact striata. These results, taken together, suggest that xenotransplantation of mouse BMSCs into adult rats is feasible. Immunosuppression therapy can enhance xenograft survival and reduce graft-induced immunologic response; however, in the acute phase posttransplantation, BMSCs can survive in intact and stroke brain, and may even exhibit long-distance migration and increased outgrowth processes without immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Irons
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Tang Y, Yasuhara T, Hara K, Matsukawa N, Maki M, Yu G, Xu L, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells: A Promising Therapy for Stroke. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of death in the US and around the world. Over the last decade, stem cell therapy has been introduced as an experimental treatment for stroke. Transplantation of stem cells or progenitors into the injured site to replace the nonfunctional cells, and enhancement of proliferation or differentiation of endogenous stem or progenitor cells stand as the two major cell-based strategies. Potential sources of stem/progenitor cells for stroke include fetal neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, neuroteratocarcinoma cells, umbilical cord blood-derived nonhematopoietic stem cells, and bone marrow-derived stem cells. The goal of this article is to provide an update on the preclinical use of bone marrow-derived stem cells with major emphasis on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) because they are currently most widely applied in experimental stroke studies and are now being phased into early clinical trials. The phenotypic features of MSCs and MAPCs, as well as their application in stroke, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Koichi Hara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mina Maki
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guolong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C. Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research & Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research & Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
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Hodges H, Pollock K, Stroemer P, Patel S, Stevanato L, Reuter I, Sinden J. Making Stem Cell Lines Suitable for Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells, progenitor cells, and cell lines have been derived from embryonic, fetal, and adult sources in the search for graft tissue suitable for the treatment of CNS disorders. An increasing number of experimental studies have shown that grafts from several sources survive, differentiate into distinct cell types, and exert positive functional effects in experimental animal models, but little attention has been given to developing cells under conditions of good manufacturing practice (GMP) that can be scaled up for mass treatment. The capacity for continued division of stem cells in culture offers the opportunity to expand their production to meet the widespread clinical demands posed by neurodegenerative diseases. However, maintaining stem cell division in culture long term, while ensuring differentiation after transplantation, requires genetic and/or oncogenetic manipulations, which may affect the genetic stability and in vivo survival of cells. This review outlines the stages, selection criteria, problems, and ultimately the successes arising in the development of conditionally immortal clinical grade stem cell lines, which divide in vitro, differentiate in vivo, and exert positive functional effects. These processes are specifically exemplified by the murine MHP36 cell line, conditionally immortalized by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen, and cell lines transfected with the c-myc protein fused with a mutated estrogen receptor (c-mycERTAM), regulated by a tamoxifen metabolite, but the issues raised are common to all routes for the development of effective clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- ReNeuron Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Iris Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen and Marburg, Germany
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Singh SP, Jadhav SH, Chaturvedi CP, Nityanand S. Therapeutic efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells versus mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621170 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mouse multipotent adult progenitor cells (mMAPCs) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, and compared it with mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). MATERIALS & METHODS We administered PKH26-labeled mMAPC and mMSC into EAE mice and evaluated their therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS The mMAPC-treated mice in comparison with the mMSC group exhibited a higher suppression of EAE (p < 0.05), and a higher fold expression of neuronal genes GAP43, NG2, PDGFR, Nestin, SMI 32, BDNF and NT 3 in spinal cord (p < 0.05), suggesting a better neuroprotective and regenerative potential of mMAPC than mMSC. CONCLUSION MAPC may be a potential cell type, which is superior to mesenchymal stem cell for the treatment of EAE/multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pratap Singh
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Sachin Hanumantrao Jadhav
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Chaturvedi
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
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Gelatin-based 3D conduits for transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann cell-like phenotypes. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:293-306. [PMID: 28213098 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gelatin-based 3D conduits with three different microstructures (nanofibrous, macroporous and ladder-like) were fabricated for the first time via combined molding and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique for peripheral nerve regeneration. The effects of conduit microstructure and mechanical properties on the transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into Schwann cell (SC) like phenotypes were examined to help facilitate neuroregeneration and understand material-cell interfaces. Results indicated that 3D macroporous and ladder-like structures enhanced MSC attachment, proliferation and spreading, creating interconnected cellular networks with large numbers of viable cells compared to nanofibrous and 2D-tissue culture plate counterparts. 3D-ladder-like conduit structure with complex modulus of ∼0.4×106Pa and pore size of ∼150μm provided the most favorable microenvironment for MSC transdifferentiation leading to ∼85% immunolabeling of all SC markers. On the other hand, the macroporous conduits with complex modulus of ∼4×106Pa and pore size of ∼100μm showed slightly lower (∼65% for p75, ∼75% for S100 and ∼85% for S100β markers) immunolabeling. Transdifferentiated MSCs within 3D-ladder-like conduits secreted significant amounts (∼2.5pg/mL NGF and ∼0.7pg/mL GDNF per cell) of neurotrophic factors, while MSCs in macroporous conduits released slightly lower (∼1.5pg/mL NGF and 0.7pg/mL GDNF per cell) levels. PC12 cells displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth in media conditioned by conduits with transdifferentiated MSCs. Overall, conduits with macroporous and ladder-like 3D structures are promising platforms in transdifferentiation of MSCs for neuroregeneration and should be further tested in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript focuses on the effect of microstructure and mechanical properties of gelatin-based 3D conduits on the transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to Schwann cell-like phenotypes. This work builds on our recently accepted manuscript in Acta Biomaterialia focused on multifunctional 2D films, and focuses on 3D microstructured conduits designed to overcome limitations of current strategies to facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration. The comparison between conduits fabricated with nanofibrous, macroporous and ladder-like microstructures showed that the ladder-like conduits showed the most favorable environment for MSC transdifferentiation to Schwann-cell like phenotypes, as seen by both immunolabeling as well as secretion of neurotrophic factors. This work demonstrates the importance of controlling the 3D microstructure to facilitate tissue engineering strategies involving stem cells that can serve as promising approaches for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Hu Y, Bai J, Hou SX, Tang JS, Shi XX, Qin J, Ren N. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha Regulates Cancer-Inhibitory Effect of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 72:131-6. [PMID: 25572053 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be able to inhibit cancer cells growth. In this study, we investigate the role and the molecular mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by human MSCs through depletion and overexpression of HIF-1α in human MSCs. We found that the cell culture medium from HIF-1α-depleted Z3 cells significantly promotes breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation and colony formation. The expression of p21 is increased in MCF-7 cells, but p53 level remains unchanged. In contrast, the cultured medium from HIF-1α-overexpressed Z3 cells dramatically inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and colony formation. The expression of p21 is inhibited in MCF-7 cells, but p53 does not change. We conclude HIF-1α promotes inhibitory effect of human MCSs on breast cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. This process is tightly correlated with cell cycle protein p21 level in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shu-Xun Hou
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jin-Shu Tang
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Shi
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiang Qin
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Neng Ren
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
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Ghali AA, Yousef MK, Ragab OA, ElZamarany EA. Intra-arterial Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Stem Cells in Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2016; 7:228. [PMID: 28018286 PMCID: PMC5159483 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on many preclinical and small clinical trials, stem cells can help stroke patient with the possibility of replacing the cells and supporting the remaining cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of bone marrow mononuclear (BMMN) stem cell transplantation in subacute ischemic stroke patients. Materials and methods Thirty-nine (n = 39) patients with subacute ischemic cerebral infarct due to large artery occlusion in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were recruited. They were distributed into two groups: first group (n = 21) served as an experimental group, which received intra-arterial (IA) mononuclear stem cells (bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell), while the other group (n = 18) served as a control group. All the patients were evaluated clinically by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, modified and standardized Arabic version of the Comprehensive Aphasia Test, and radiological for 12 months. Results The stem cell-treated group showed better improvement, but it was not significant when compared with the non-treated group. The volume of infarction changes at the end of the study was non-significant between both the groups. There was no, or minimal, adverse reactions in stem cell-treated group. Conclusion The study results suggest that autologous BMMN stem cell IA transplantation in subacute MCA ischemic stroke patients is safe with very minimal hazards, but no significant improvement of motor, language disturbance, or infarction volume was detected in stem cell-treated group compared with the non-treated group.
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Kramer PR, Nares S, Kramer SF, Grogan D, Kaiser M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Acquire Characteristics of Cells in the Periodontal Ligament in vitro. J Dent Res 2016; 83:27-34. [PMID: 14691109 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into multiple types of cells derived from mesenchyme. Periodontal ligament cells are primarily derived from mesenchyme; thus, we expected mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into periodontal ligament. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on co-cultures of mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament, we observed a significant increase in mesenchymal stem cells’ expression of osteocalcin and osteopontin and a significant decrease in expression of bone sialoprotein, characteristics of periodontal ligament in vivo. Increased osteopontin and osteocalcin and decreased bone sialoprotein expression was detected within 7 days and maintained through 21 days of co-culture. We conclude that contact or factors from periodontal ligament induced mesenchymal stem cells to obtain periodontal-ligament-like characteristics. Importantly, analysis of the data suggests the feasibility of utilizing mesenchymal stem cells in clinical applications for repairing and/or regenerating periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Pescini F, Donnini I, Cesari F, Nannucci S, Valenti R, Rinnoci V, Poggesi A, Gori AM, Giusti B, Rogolino A, Carluccio A, Bianchi S, Dotti MT, Federico A, Balestrino M, Adriano E, Abbate R, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Circulating Biomarkers in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 26:823-833. [PMID: 27876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited cerebral microangiopathy presenting with variable features, including migraine, psychiatric disorders, stroke, and cognitive decline and variable disability. On neuroimaging, CADASIL is characterized by leukoencephalopathy, multiple lacunar infarcts, and microbleeds. Previous studies suggest a possible role of endothelial impairment in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS We assessed plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and thrombomodulin (TM) and the blood levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) in 49 CADASIL patients and 49 age-matched controls and their association with clinical/functional and neuroimaging features. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, CADASIL patients had significantly higher vWF and lower EPC levels. TM levels were similar in the 2 groups. CADASIL patients with a more severe clinical phenotype (history of stroke or dementia) presented lower CPC levels in comparison with patients with a milder phenotype. On correlation analysis, lower CPC levels were associated with worse performances on neuropsychological, motor and functional tests, and with higher lesion load on brain magnetic resonance imaging (degree of leukoencephalopathy and number of lacunar infarcts). CONCLUSIONS This is the first CADASIL series in which multiple circulating biomarkers have been studied. Our findings support previous studies on the presence and the possible modulating effect of endothelial impairment in the disease. Furthermore, our research data suggest that blood CPCs may be markers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pescini
- Emergency Department, Stroke Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Ida Donnini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cesari
- Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Department, Atherothrombotic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Nannucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Emergency Neurology, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Valenti
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Rinnoci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Poggesi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gori
- Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Department, Atherothrombotic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy; Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS Foundation, Florence, Italy
| | - Betti Giusti
- Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Department, Atherothrombotic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Rogolino
- Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Department, Atherothrombotic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carluccio
- Department of Medical Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Medical Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Department of Medical Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medical Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Balestrino
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Adriano
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Abbate
- Cardio-Thorax and Vascular Department, Atherothrombotic Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Pramanik S, Sulistio YA, Heese K. Neurotrophin Signaling and Stem Cells-Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7401-7459. [PMID: 27815842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are members of a neuronal growth factor protein family whose action is mediated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) receptor family receptors and the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although NTs were first discovered in neurons, recent studies have suggested that NTs and their receptors are expressed in various types of stem cells mediating pivotal signaling events in stem cell biology. The concept of stem cell therapy has already attracted much attention as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Strikingly, NTs, proNTs, and their receptors are gaining interest as key regulators of stem cells differentiation, survival, self-renewal, plasticity, and migration. In this review, we elaborate the recent progress in understanding of NTs and their action on various stem cells. First, we provide current knowledge of NTs, proNTs, and their receptor isoforms and signaling pathways. Subsequently, we describe recent advances in the understanding of NT activities in various stem cells and their role in NDs, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Finally, we compile the implications of NTs and stem cells from a clinical perspective and discuss the challenges with regard to transplantation therapy for treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Wu Q, Wang Y, Demaerschalk BM, Ghimire S, Wellik KE, Qu W. Bone marrow stromal cell therapy for ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized control animal trials. Int J Stroke 2016; 12:273-284. [PMID: 27794139 DOI: 10.1177/1747493016676617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Results of animal studies assessing efficacy of bone marrow stromal cell therapy for ischemic stroke remain inconsistent. Aims The aims are to assess efficacy of bone marrow stromal cell therapy for ischemic stroke in animal studies. Methods Randomized controlled animal trials assessing efficacy of bone marrow stromal cell therapy were eligible. Stroke therapy academic industry round table was used to assess methodologic quality of included studies. Primary outcomes were total infarction volume and modified Neurological Severity Score. Multiple prespecified sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted. Random effects models were used for meta-analysis. Results Thirty-three randomized animal trials were included with a total of 796 animals. The median quality score was 6 (interquartile range, 5-7). Bone marrow stromal cell therapy decreased total infarction volume (standardized mean difference, 0.897; 95% confidence interval, 0.553-1.241; P < .001) at follow-up. Overall standardized mean difference between animals treated with bone marrow stromal cell and controls was 2.47 (95% confidence interval, 1.84-3.11; P < .001) for modified Neurological Severity Score; 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.82; P < .001) for adhesive removal test; and 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-3.61; P < .001) for rotarod test. Significant heterogeneity among studies was observed. Effect of all outcomes stayed significant in various sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses, except in a few subgroup analyses with small sample size or with short time follow-up. No significant difference between groups was observed except for study location, in which significantly larger estimates were found in Asian countries. On the basis of this meta-analysis, larger sample sizes are warranted for future animal studies. Conclusions Bone marrow stromal cell therapy significantly decreased total infarction volume and increased neural functional recovery in randomized controlled animal models of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- 1 Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada USA.,2 Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada USA
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- 3 Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
| | | | - Saruna Ghimire
- 1 Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada USA
| | - Kay E Wellik
- 5 Division of Education Administration, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona USA
| | - Wenchun Qu
- 3 Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA.,6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
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83
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Ye Y, Peng YR, Hu SQ, Yan XL, Chen J, Xu T. In Vitro Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuron-Like Cells by Cerebrospinal Fluid Improves Motor Function of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Front Neurol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27833584 PMCID: PMC5081354 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a promising tool for stem cell-based therapies. However, the majority of BMSC transplants only allow for limited recovery of the lost functions. We previously found that human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) is more potent than growth factors in differentiating human BMSCs into neuron-like cells in vitro. In this study, we studied the effect of transplantation of rat BMSC-derived neuron-like cells (BMSC-Ns) induced by hCSF into rat brain with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The survival and differentiation of the transplanted cells were determined using immunofluorescence staining of bromodeoxyuridine. The recovery of neurological function were observed by the modified neurological severity score (modified NSS) at 4, 15, and 32 days after cell transplantation, HE staining for determination of the infarct volume at day 32 after cell transplantation. Transplantation of BMSC-Ns or BMSCs significantly improved indexes of neurological function and reduced infarct size in rats previously subjected to MCAO compared with those in the control group. Remarkably, 32 days after transplantation, rats treated with BMSC-Ns presented a smaller infarct size, higher number of neuron-specific, enolase-positive, and BrdU-positive cells, and improved neurological function compared with BMSC group. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of hCSF-treated BMSC-Ns significantly improves neurological function and reduces infarct size in rats subjected to MCAO. This study may pave a new avenue for the treatment of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ran Peng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Shu-Qun Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Xian-Liang Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Tie Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Talwadekar M, Fernandes S, Kale V, Limaye L. Valproic acid enhances the neural differentiation of human placenta derived-mesenchymal stem cellsin vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:3111-3123. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Talwadekar
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex; University of Pune Campus; Ganeshkhind Pune India
| | - Sophia Fernandes
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex; University of Pune Campus; Ganeshkhind Pune India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex; University of Pune Campus; Ganeshkhind Pune India
| | - Lalita Limaye
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex; University of Pune Campus; Ganeshkhind Pune India
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Neuroprotective Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bilateral Common Carotid Arteries Occlusion Model of Cerebral Ischemia in Rat. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:2964712. [PMID: 27847404 PMCID: PMC5101406 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2964712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is the most advanced treatment of the cerebral ischemia, nowadays. Herein, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on rat hippocampal cells following intravenous injection of these cells in an ischemia-reperfusion model. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham (surgery without blockage of common carotid arteries), ischemia (common carotid arteries were blocked for 30 min prior to reperfusion), vehicle (7 days after ischemia PBS was injected via the tail vein), and treatment (injections of BMSC into the tail veins 7 days after ischemia). We performed neuromuscular and vestibulomotor function tests to assess behavioral function and, finally, brains were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), anti-Brdu immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining. The ischemia group had severe apoptosis. The group treated with BMSCs had a lower mortality rate and also had significant improvement in functional recovery (P < 0.001). Ischemia-reperfusion for 30 min causes damage and extensive neuronal death in the hippocampus, especially in CA1 and CA3 regions, leading to several functional and neurological deficits. In conclusion, intravenous injection of BMSCs can significantly decrease the number of apoptotic neurons and significantly improve functional recovery, which may be a beneficial treatment method for ischemic injuries.
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Hsuan YCY, Lin CH, Chang CP, Lin MT. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00526. [PMID: 27781140 PMCID: PMC5064338 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been reported to improve neurological function following neural injury. Many physiological and molecular mechanisms involving MSC therapy-related neuroprotection have been identified. METHODS A review is presented of articles that pertain to MSC therapy and diverse brain injuries including stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke, which were identified using an electronic search (e.g., PubMed), emphasize mechanisms of MSC therapy-related neuroprotection. We aim to discuss neuroprotective mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of MSCs in treating stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke. RESULTS MSC therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair. Cell incorporation into the injured tissue is not a prerequisite for the beneficial effects exerted by MSCs. Paracrine signaling is believed to be the most important mediator of MSC therapy in brain injury. The multiple mechanisms of action of MSCs include enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Microglia are the first source of the inflammatory cascade during brain injury. Cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, are significantly produced by microglia in the brain after experimental brain injury. The proinflammatory M1 phenotype of microglia is associated with tissue destruction, whereas the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of microglia facilitates repair and regeneration. MSC therapy may improve outcomes of ischemic stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke by inhibiting the activity of M1 phenotype of microglia but augmenting the activity of M2 phenotype of microglia. CONCLUSION This review offers a testable platform for targeting microglial-mediated cytokines in clinical trials based upon the rational design of MSC therapy in the future. MSCs that are derived from the placenta provide a great choice for stem cell therapy. Although targeting the microglial activation is an important approach to reduce the burden of the injury, it is not the only one. This review focuses on this specific aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
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Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101413. [PMID: 27690011 PMCID: PMC5085613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a family member of water-channel proteins and is dominantly expressed in the foot process of glial cells surrounding capillaries. The predominant expression at the boundaries between cerebral parenchyma and major fluid compartments suggests the function of aquaporin-4 in water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the dysregulation of aquaporin-4 relates to the brain edema resulting from a variety of neuro-disorders, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, trauma, etc. During edema formation in the brain, aquaporin-4 has been shown to contribute to the astrocytic swelling, while in the resolution phase, it has been seen to facilitate the reabsorption of extracellular fluid. In addition, aquaporin-4-deficient mice are protected from cytotoxic edema produced by water intoxication and brain ischemia. However, aquaporin-4 deletion exacerbates vasogenic edema in the brain of different pathological disorders. Recently, our published data showed that the upregulation of aquaporin-4 in astrocytes probably contributes to the transition from cytotoxic edema to vasogenic edema. In this review, apart from the traditional knowledge, we also introduce our latest findings about the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and microRNA-29b on aquaporin-4, which could provide powerful intervention tools targeting aquaporin-4.
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Xin ZC, Xu YD, Lin G, Lue TF, Guo YL. Recruiting endogenous stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach for erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:10-5. [PMID: 25926601 PMCID: PMC4736335 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.150040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted stem cells (SCs), owing to their regenerative capacity, represent one of the most promising methods to restore erectile dysfunction (ED). However, insufficient source, invasive procedures, ethical and regulatory issues hamper their use in clinical applications. The endogenous SCs/progenitor cells resident in organ and tissues play critical roles for organogenesis during development and for tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Even without any therapeutic intervention, human body has a robust self-healing capability to repair the damaged tissues or organs. Therefore, SCs-for-ED therapy should not be limited to a supply-side approach. The resident endogenous SCs existing in patients could also be a potential target for ED therapy. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding: (1) SC niche and SC biological features in vitro; (2) localization and mobilization of endogenous SCs; (3) existing evidence of penile endogenous SCs and their possible mode of mobilization. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to these aspects in a wide range of basic studies. Together, numerous evidences hold the promise that endogenous SCs would be a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, USA
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89
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Astroglial Activation by an Enriched Environment after Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Angiogenesis after Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091550. [PMID: 27649153 PMCID: PMC5037823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has paracrine effects; however, the effects are known to be largely limited. Here we investigated the combination effects of cell transplantation and enriched environment (EE) in a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain damage was induced in seven-day-old mice by unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% O2 for 90 min). At six weeks of age, the mice were randomly assigned to four groups: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-control (CON), PBS-EE, MSC-CON, and MSC-EE. Rotarod and grip strength tests were performed to evaluate neurobehavioral functions. Histologic evaluations were also performed to confirm the extent of astrocyte activation and endogenous angiogenesis. An array-based multiplex ELISA and Western blot were used to identify growth factors in vivo and in vitro. Two weeks after treatment, levels of astrocyte density and angiogenic factors were increased in MSC-EE mice, but glial scarring was not increased. Eight weeks after treatment, angiogenesis was increased, and behavioral outcomes were synergistically improved in the MSC-EE group. Astrocytes co-cultured with MSCs expressed higher levels of angiogenic factors than astrocytes cultured alone. The mechanisms of this synergistic effect included enhanced repair processes, such as increased endogenous angiogenesis and upregulation of angiogenic factors released from activated astrocytes.
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90
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Li G, Yu F, Lei T, Gao H, Li P, Sun Y, Huang H, Mu Q. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke: mechanisms of action and treatment optimization strategies. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1015-24. [PMID: 27482235 PMCID: PMC4962565 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and clinical studies have confirmed the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on cerebral ischemia, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we summarize the transplantation approaches, directional migration, differentiation, replacement, neural circuit reconstruction, angiogenesis, neurotrophic factor secretion, apoptosis, immunomodulation, multiple mechanisms of action, and optimization strategies for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke. We also explore the safety of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and conclude that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is an important direction for future treatment of cerebral ischemia. Determining the optimal timing and dose for the transplantation are important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fengbo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haijun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qingchun Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
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91
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He B, Yao Q, Liang Z, Lin J, Xie Y, Li S, Wu G, Yang Z, Xu P. The Dose of Intravenously Transplanted Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Determines the Therapeutic Effect on Vascular Remodeling in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2173-2185. [PMID: 27480476 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) transplantation for ischemic stroke have been extensively demonstrated. However, studies on the optimal cell dose for intravenous administration are still limited. This study aimed to determine an appropriate cell dose for BM-MSC intravenous transplantation and to investigate the effect of cell dose on vascular remodeling in a rat model of ischemic stroke. BM-MSCs at doses of 5104 (low-dose group), 5105 (medium-dose group), and 2106 (high-dose group) were intravenously injected into rats at 72 h after ischemia. The therapeutic efficacy of BM-MSCs was evaluated by measuring infarct volume, vascular diameters, capillary area in the peri-infarct zone, level of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the peri-infarct zone, and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level at 7 days after ischemia. Compared with the low-dose and control groups, medium-dose and high-dose BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the volume of the infarct area, enlarged the diameters of pial vessels and the basilar artery, and increased the capillary area in the peri-infarct zone of the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, transplanted BM-MSCs elevated the expressions of bFGF in the peri-infarct zone and the serum VEGF level. Administration of 5105 BM-MSCs is an appropriate cell dose for ischemic stroke therapy in rats. These findings may be helpful for designing future clinical trials.
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92
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Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
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93
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Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Martinez S. Brain mesenchymal stem cells: physiology and pathological implications. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:469-80. [PMID: 27273235 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as progenitor cells that give rise to a number of unique, differentiated mesenchymal cell types. This concept has progressively evolved towards an all-encompassing concept including multipotent perivascular cells of almost any tissue. In central nervous system, pericytes are involved in blood-brain barrier, and angiogenesis and vascular tone regulation. They form the neurovascular unit (NVU) together with endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. This functional structure provides an optimal microenvironment for neural proliferation in the adult brain. Neurovascular niche include both diffusible signals and direct contact with endothelial and pericytes, which are a source of diffusible neurotrophic signals that affect neural precursors. Therefore, MSCs/pericyte properties such as differentiation capability, as well as immunoregulatory and paracrine effects make them a potential resource in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- Intituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Av Ramon y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Av Ramon y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
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94
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Dunbar GL, Sandstrom MI, Rossignol J, Lescaudron L. Neurotrophic Enhancers as Therapy for Behavioral Deficits in Rodent Models of Huntington's Disease: Use of Gangliosides, Substituted Pyrimidines, and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:63-79. [PMID: 16801683 DOI: 10.1177/1534582306289367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interest in using neurotrophic factors as potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, has grown in the past decade. A major impediment for the clinical utility of neurotrophic factors is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier in therapeutically significant amounts. Although several novel mechanisms for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to the brain have been developed, most of them involve invasive procedures or present significant risks. One approach to circumventing these problems is using therapeutic agents that can be administered systemically and have the ability to enhance the activity of neurotrophic factors. This review highlights the use of gangliosides, substituted pyrimidines, and mesenchymal stem cells as neurotrophic enhancers that have significant therapeutic potential while avoiding the pitfalls of delivering exogenous neurotrophic factors through the blood-brain barrier. The review focuses on the potential of these neurotrophic enhancers for treating the behavioral deficits in rodent models of Huntington's disease.
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95
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Hocum Stone LL, Xiao F, Rotschafer J, Nan Z, Juliano M, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Grande A, Cheeran MCJ, Low WC. Amelioration of Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats With Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells: Mechanisms of Action. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1473-88. [PMID: 26996530 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and devastating outcome, there remain a few options for treatment of ischemic stroke. Currently available treatments are limited by a short time window for treatment and marginal efficacy when used. We have tested a human umbilical cord blood-derived stem cell line that has been shown to result in a significant reduction in stroke infarct volume as well as improved functional recovery following stroke in the rat. In the present study we address the mechanism of action and compared the therapeutic efficacy of high- versus low-passage nonhematopoietic umbilical cord blood stem cells (nh-UCBSCs). Using the middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke in Sprague-Dawley rats, we administered nh-UCBSC by intravenous (IV) injection 2 days following stroke induction. These human cells were injected into rats without any immune suppression, and no adverse reactions were detected. Both behavioral and histological analyses have shown that the administration of these cells reduces the infarct volume by 50% as well as improves the functional outcome of these rats following stroke for both high- and low-passaged nh-UCBSCs. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells present in the brains of normal rats, rats with ischemic brain injury, and ischemic animals with nh-UCBSC treatment confirmed infiltration of macrophages and T cells consequent to ischemia and reduction to normal levels with nh-UCBSC treatment. Flow cytometry also revealed a restoration of normal levels of microglia in the brain following treatment. These data suggest that nh-UCBSCs may act by inhibiting immune cell migration into the brain from the periphery and possibly by inhibition of immune cell activation within the brain. nh-UCBSCs exhibit great potential for treatment of stroke, including the fact that they are associated with an increased therapeutic time window, no known ill-effects, and that they can be expanded to high numbers for, and stored for, treatment.
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96
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Feng N, Hao G, Yang F, Qu F, Zheng H, Liang S, Jin Y. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells promotes the functional recovery of the central nervous system following cerebral ischemia by inhibiting myelin-associated inhibitor expression and neural apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1595-1600. [PMID: 27168778 PMCID: PMC4840788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, which may lead to cerebral hypoxia and damage of the brain tissue, is a leading cause of human mortality and adult disability. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a class of adult progenitor cells with the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. The transplantation of bone marrow-derived MSCs is a potential therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, primary MSCs were isolated from healthy rats, labeled and transplanted into the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion rat models. The location of the labeled MSCs in the rat brains were determined by fluorescent microscopy, and the neurological functions of the rats were scored. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the protein expression levels of myelin-associated inhibitors of regeneration, including Nogo-A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein and myelin-associated glycoprotein, were decreased following transplantation of the bone marrow-derived MSCs. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of Capase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reactions, were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the MSC-transplanted rats; thus suggesting that neural apoptosis was inhibited. The results of the present study suggested that the transplantation of bone marrow-derived MSCs was able to promote the functional recovery of the central nervous system following cerebral ischemia. Accordingly, inhibitors targeting myelin-associated inhibitors and apoptosis may be of clinical significance for cerebral ischemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Feng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Fenggang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Fujun Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Animal Experiment Center, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Songlan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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97
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Song S, Roy S. Progress and challenges in macroencapsulation approaches for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment: Cells, biomaterials, and devices. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1381-402. [PMID: 26615050 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macroencapsulation technology has been an attractive topic in the field of treatment for Type 1 diabetes due to mechanical stability, versatility, and retrievability of the macro-capsule design. Macro-capsules can be categorized into extravascular and intravascular devices, in which solute transport relies either on diffusion or convection, respectively. Failure of macroencapsulation strategies can be due to limited regenerative capacity of the encased insulin-producing cells, sub-optimal performance of encapsulation biomaterials, insufficient immunoisolation, excessive blood thrombosis for vascular perfusion devices, and inadequate modes of mass transfer to support cell viability and function. However, significant technical advancements have been achieved in macroencapsulation technology, namely reducing diffusion distance for oxygen and nutrients, using pro-angiogenic factors to increase vascularization for islet engraftment, and optimizing membrane permeability and selectivity to prevent immune attacks from host's body. This review presents an overview of existing macroencapsulation devices and discusses the advances based on tissue-engineering approaches that will stimulate future research and development of macroencapsulation technology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1381-1402. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Shuvo Roy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.
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98
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Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Stroke. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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99
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Bonaventura G, Chamayou S, Liprino A, Guglielmino A, Fichera M, Caruso M, Barcellona ML. Different Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: A Comparison of Neural Differentiation Capability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140790. [PMID: 26517263 PMCID: PMC4627815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a wide range of cell types with multiple clinical and therapeutic applications. Stem cells are providing hope for many diseases that currently lack effective therapeutic methods, including strokes, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, the paucity of suitable cell types for cell replacement therapy in patients suffering from neurological disorders has hampered the development of this promising therapeutic approach. AIM The innovative aspect of this study has been to evaluate the neural differentiation capability of different tissue-derived stem cells coming from different tissue sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, human endometrium and amniotic fluid, cultured under the same supplemented media neuro-transcription factor conditions, testing the expression of neural markers such as GFAP, Nestin and Neurofilaments using the immunofluorescence staining assay and some typical clusters of differentiation such as CD34, CD90, CD105 and CD133 by using the cytofluorimetric test assay. RESULTS Amniotic fluid derived stem cells showed a more primitive phenotype compared to the differentiating potential demonstrated by the other stem cell sources, representing a realistic possibility in the field of regenerative cell therapy suitable for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandrine Chamayou
- Unità di Medicina della Riproduzione, Fondazione Hera, Sant’Agata Li Battiati (CT), Italy
| | - Annalisa Liprino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiological Sciences (OGiRA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Guglielmino
- Unità di Medicina della Riproduzione, Fondazione Hera, Sant’Agata Li Battiati (CT), Italy
| | - Michele Fichera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Radiological Sciences (OGiRA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Barcellona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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100
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Hao Q, An JQ, Hao F, Yang C, Lu T, Qu TY, Zhao LR, Duan WM. Inducible Lentivirus-Mediated Expression of theOct4Gene Affects Multilineage Differentiation of Adult Human Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:347-59. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jia-Qiang An
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ting-Yu Qu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210
| | - Wei-Ming Duan
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
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