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Yoon Y, Kim HS, Jeon I, Noh JE, Park HJ, Lee S, Park IH, Stevanato L, Hicks C, Corteling R, Barker RA, Sinden JD, Song J. Implantation of the clinical-grade human neural stem cell line, CTX0E03, rescues the behavioral and pathological deficits in the quinolinic acid-lesioned rodent model of Huntington's disease. Stem Cells 2020; 38:936-947. [PMID: 32374064 PMCID: PMC7496241 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating, autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease, for which there are currently no disease-modifying therapies. Clinical trials to replace the damaged striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) have been attempted in the past two decades but have met with only limited success. In this study, we investigated whether a clonal, conditionally immortalized neural stem cell line (CTX0E03), which has already shown safety and signals of efficacy in chronic ischemic stroke patients, could rescue deficits seen in an animal model of HD. After CTX0E03 transplantation into the quinolinic acid-lesioned rat model of HD, behavioral changes were measured using the rotarod, stepping, and staircase tests. In vivo differentiation and neuronal connections of the transplanted CTX0E03 cells were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining and retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold. We found that transplantation of CTX0E03 gave rise to a significant behavioral improvement compared with the sham- or fibroblast-transplanted group. Transplanted CTX0E03 formed MSNs (DARPP-32) and GABAergic neurons (GABA, GAD65/67) with BDNF expression in the striatum, while cortically transplanted cells formed Tbr1-positive neurons. Using a retrograde label, we also found stable engraftment and connection of the transplanted cells with host brain tissues. CTX0E03 transplantation also reduced glial scar formation and inflammation, as well as increasing endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that CTX0E03, a clinical-grade neural stem cell line, is effective for preclinical test in HD, and, therefore, will be useful for clinical development in the treatment of HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksoo Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,iPS Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Mayall FG, Pepperell J, Bodger I, Higbee D, Stevanato L, Hustler A, Mumford KM. Cytology and cell-block immunohistochemistry of circulating tumour cells. Cytopathology 2019; 30:620-627. [PMID: 31461195 PMCID: PMC6899935 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study set out to assess the feasibility of using ParsortixTM circulating tumour cell (CTC) extraction and CytoFoam Disc cell‐block immunohistochemistry to diagnose metastatic carcinoma from blood samples in a National Health Service district general hospital. Methods Blood samples were taken from 50 patients with metastatic carcinoma and 50 healthy volunteers and processed, using a previously published method, to extract CTCs and collect them in a cell‐block for routine formalin‐fixed paraffin sectioning and immunohistochemistry. The extracted cells were compared with the patients’ routine diagnostic samples. Results The samples from the 50 carcinoma patients showed cytokeratin‐positive cells in 19 cases. In eight of these, the cytokeratin‐positive cells had a similar immunoprofile to the carcinoma in the conventional biopsy or cytology specimen. Some carcinoma patients also had circulating cytokeratin‐positive cells that were probably benign epithelial cells and circulating megakaryocytes. Both of these types of cells were also found in healthy volunteers. Processing and initial examination could be completed in 2 days. The full processing cost was approximately £316 per case. Conclusions CTCs could be extracted from the blood of some patients with metastatic carcinoma and formed into a formalin‐fixed cell‐block for routine paraffin processing and immunohistochemistry. The specificity of this approach is constrained by the observation that some patients with metastatic carcinoma had circulating cytokeratin‐positive cells that were probably benign, and these were also found in healthy volunteers. Circulating megakaryocytes were present in carcinoma patients and healthy volunteers. Circulating tumour cells were extracted from the blood of patients with metastatic carcinoma and formed into formalin fixed cell blocks for routine paraffin processing followed by immunohistochemistry that showed a match with the patient's carcinoma. Some patients with metastatic carcinoma had circulating cytokeratin positive cells that were probably benign cells and similar cells were also found in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Pepperell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK
| | - Ian Bodger
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK
| | - Daniel Higbee
- Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust Lung Centre, Bristol, UK
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Day AGE, Bhangra KS, Murray-Dunning C, Stevanato L, Phillips JB. The Effect of Hypothermic and Cryogenic Preservation on Engineered Neural Tissue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 23:575-582. [PMID: 28877649 PMCID: PMC5686450 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored different approaches to preserve engineered neural tissue (EngNT), a stabilized, cellular collagen hydrogel containing columns of aligned Schwann cells for nervous system repair. The ability to preserve EngNT without disrupting cellular and extracellular components and structures is important for clinical translation and commercialization. Stabilized cellular gels and EngNT constructs were preserved under various conditions and cell survival assessed using live/dead microscopy and metabolic assay. Optimal survival was recorded in hypothermic (4°C) conditions for 2–3 days using Hibernate®-A media and, for longer-term cryogenic storage (liquid nitrogen), using a mixture of 60% Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 30% fetal bovine serum, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. Functionality and structure of preserved EngNT were assessed in coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons, which indicated that alignment of Schwann cells and the ability of EngNT to support and guide neuronal regeneration were not disrupted. The identification of conditions that preserve EngNT will inform development of storage and transport methodologies to support clinical and commercial translation of this technology and other therapies based on cellular hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G E Day
- 1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Kulraj Singh Bhangra
- 1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Murray-Dunning
- 1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James B Phillips
- 1 Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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Mayall FG, Bodger I, Pepperell J, Stevanato L, Hustler A, Mumford KM. The precious cell block. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:659-660. [PMID: 29588371 PMCID: PMC6204979 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Bodger
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK
| | - Justin Pepperell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK
| | - Lara Stevanato
- Research and Development, ANGLE Europe Ltd, Guildford, UK
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O'Rourke C, Day AGE, Murray-Dunning C, Thanabalasundaram L, Cowan J, Stevanato L, Grace N, Cameron G, Drake RAL, Sinden J, Phillips JB. An allogeneic 'off the shelf' therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve tissue engineering using clinical grade human neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2951. [PMID: 29440680 PMCID: PMC5811594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial tissues constructed from therapeutic cells offer a promising approach for improving the treatment of severe peripheral nerve injuries. In this study the effectiveness of using CTX0E03, a conditionally immortalised human neural stem cell line, as a source of allogeneic cells for constructing living artificial nerve repair tissue was tested. CTX0E03 cells were differentiated then combined with collagen to form engineered neural tissue (EngNT-CTX), stable aligned sheets of cellular hydrogel. EngNT-CTX sheets were delivered within collagen tubes to repair a 12 mm sciatic nerve injury model in athymic nude rats. Autologous nerve grafts (autografts) and empty tubes were used for comparison. After 8 weeks functional repair was assessed using electrophysiology. Further, detailed histological and electron microscopic analysis of the repaired nerves was performed. Results indicated that EngNT-CTX supported growth of neurites and vasculature through the injury site and facilitated reinnervation of the target muscle. These findings indicate for the first time that a clinically validated allogeneic neural stem cell line can be used to construct EngNT. This provides a potential 'off the shelf' tissue engineering solution for the treatment of nerve injury, overcoming the limitations associated with nerve autografts or the reliance on autologous cells for populating repair constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Rourke
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
| | - A G E Day
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
| | - C Murray-Dunning
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Thanabalasundaram
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
- ReNeuron, Pencoed, Bridgend, Wales, UK
| | - J Cowan
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | | | - N Grace
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Royston, UK
| | - G Cameron
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Royston, UK
| | | | - J Sinden
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
- ReNeuron, Pencoed, Bridgend, Wales, UK
| | - J B Phillips
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.
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Pino F, Stevanato L, Fabris D, Barros H, Vidal A, Nebbia G, Lunardon M, Moretto S, Sajo-Bohus L. A compact equipment for the sulfur content estimation in heavy oil using neutrons and gamma-rays. EPJ Web Conf 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817007006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Human stem cells, progenitor cells, and cell lines have been derived from embryonic, fetal, and adult sources in the search for graft tissue suitable for the treatment of CNS disorders. An increasing number of experimental studies have shown that grafts from several sources survive, differentiate into distinct cell types, and exert positive functional effects in experimental animal models, but little attention has been given to developing cells under conditions of good manufacturing practice (GMP) that can be scaled up for mass treatment. The capacity for continued division of stem cells in culture offers the opportunity to expand their production to meet the widespread clinical demands posed by neurodegenerative diseases. However, maintaining stem cell division in culture long term, while ensuring differentiation after transplantation, requires genetic and/or oncogenetic manipulations, which may affect the genetic stability and in vivo survival of cells. This review outlines the stages, selection criteria, problems, and ultimately the successes arising in the development of conditionally immortal clinical grade stem cell lines, which divide in vitro, differentiate in vivo, and exert positive functional effects. These processes are specifically exemplified by the murine MHP36 cell line, conditionally immortalized by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen, and cell lines transfected with the c-myc protein fused with a mutated estrogen receptor (c-mycERTAM), regulated by a tamoxifen metabolite, but the issues raised are common to all routes for the development of effective clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- ReNeuron Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Iris Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen and Marburg, Germany
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Semo M, Haamedi N, Stevanato L, Carter D, Brooke G, Young M, Coffey P, Sinden J, Patel S, Vugler A. Efficacy and Safety of Human Retinal Progenitor Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2016; 5:6. [PMID: 27486556 PMCID: PMC4959814 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.5.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of human retinal progenitor cells (hRPC) using established rodent models. METHODS Efficacy of hRPC was tested initially in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) dystrophic rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporine/dexamethasone. Due to adverse effects of dexamethasone, this drug was omitted from a subsequent dose-ranging study, where different hRPC doses were tested for their ability to preserve visual function (measured by optokinetic head tracking) and retinal structure in RCS rats at 3 to 6 months after grafting. Safety of hRPC was assessed by subretinal transplantation into wild type (WT) rats and NIH-III nude mice, with analysis at 3 to 6 and 9 months after grafting, respectively. RESULTS The optimal dose of hRPC for preserving visual function/retinal structure in dystrophic rats was 50,000 to 100,000 cells. Human retinal progenitor cells integrated/survived in dystrophic and WT rat retina up to 6 months after grafting and expressed nestin, vimentin, GFAP, and βIII tubulin. Vision and retinal structure remained normal in WT rats injected with hRPC and there was no evidence of tumors. A comparison between dexamethasone-treated and untreated dystrophic rats at 3 months after grafting revealed an unexpected reduction in the baseline visual acuity of dexamethasone-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Human retinal progenitor cells appear safe and efficacious in the preclinical models used here. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Human retinal progenitor cells could be deployed during early stages of retinal degeneration or in regions of intact retina, without adverse effects on visual function. The ability of dexamethasone to reduce baseline visual acuity in RCS dystrophic rats has important implications for the interpretation of preclinical and clinical cell transplant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'ayan Semo
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Nasrin Haamedi
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - David Carter
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Young
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Coffey
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | | | - Anthony Vugler
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Stevanato L, Thanabalasundaram L, Vysokov N, Sinden JD. Investigation of Content, Stoichiometry and Transfer of miRNA from Human Neural Stem Cell Line Derived Exosomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146353. [PMID: 26752061 PMCID: PMC4713432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (30–100 nm) membrane vesicles secreted by a variety of cell types and only recently have emerged as a new avenue for cell-to-cell communication. They are natural shuttles of RNA and protein cargo, making them attractive as potential therapeutic delivery vehicles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs which regulate biological processes and can be found in exosomes. Here we characterized the miRNA contents of exosomes derived from human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Our investigated hNSC line is a clonal, conditionally immortalized cell line, compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP), and in clinical trials for stroke and critical limb ischemia in the UK (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01151124, NCT02117635, and NCT01916369). By using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology we identified the presence of a variety of miRNAs in both exosomal and cellular preparations. Many of these miRNAs were enriched in exosomes indicating that cells specifically sort them for extracellular release. Although exosomes have been proven to contain miRNAs, the copy number quantification per exosome of a given miRNA remains unclear. Herein we quantified by real-time PCR a highly shuttled exosomal miRNA subtype (hsa-miR-1246) in order to assess its stoichiometry per exosome. Furthermore, we utilized an in vitro system to confirm its functional transfer by measuring the reduction in luciferase expression using a 3’ untranslated region dual luciferase reporter assay. In summary, NGS analysis allowed the identification of a unique set of hNSC derived exosomal miRNAs. Stoichiometry and functional transfer analysis of one of the most abundant identified miRNA, hsa-miR-1246, were measured to support biological relevance of exosomal miRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Stevanato
- Stem Cell Discovery, ReNeuron, Guildford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nickolai Vysokov
- Stem Cell Discovery, ReNeuron, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Wolfson CARD, Kings College London, Guys Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Sinden
- Stem Cell Discovery, ReNeuron, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Green CJ, Johnson D, Amin HD, Sivathondan P, Silva MA, Wang LM, Stevanato L, McNeil CA, Miljan EA, Sinden JD, Morten KJ, Hodson L. Characterization of lipid metabolism in a novel immortalized human hepatocyte cell line. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E511-22. [PMID: 26126685 PMCID: PMC4572456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00594.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of hepatocyte cell models that represent fatty acid partitioning within the human liver would be beneficial for the study of the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We sought to develop and characterize a novel human liver cell line (LIV0APOLY) to establish a model of lipid accumulation using a physiological mixture of fatty acids under low- and high-glucose conditions. LIV0APOLY cells were compared with a well-established cell line (HepG2) and, where possible, primary human hepatocytes. LIV0APOLY cells were found to proliferate and express some mature liver markers and were wild type for the PNPLA3 (rs738409) gene, whereas HepG2 cells carried the Ile(148)Met variant that is positively associated with liver fat content. Intracellular triglyceride content was higher in HepG2 than in LIV0APOLY cells; exposure to high glucose and/or exogenous fatty acids increased intracellular triglyceride in both cell lines. Triglyceride concentrations in media were higher from LIV0APOLY compared with HepG2 cells. Culturing LIV0APOLY cells in high glucose increased a marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuated insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation whereas low glucose and exogenous fatty acids increased AMPK phosphorylation. Although LIV0APOLY cells and primary hepatocytes stored similar amounts of exogenous fatty acids as triglyceride, more exogenous fatty acids were partitioned toward oxidation in the LIV0APOLY cells than in primary hepatocytes. LIV0APOLY cells offer the potential to be a renewable cellular model for studying the effects of exogenous metabolic substrates on fatty acid partitioning; however, their usefulness as a model of lipoprotein metabolism needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harsh D Amin
- ReNeuron Group, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Sivathondan
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Silva
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catriona A McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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Stevanato L, Hicks C, Sinden JD. Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25938519 PMCID: PMC4541566 DOI: 10.3791/52410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local microenvironments. In here, we present a set of methods used for three dimensional (3D) differentiation and miRNA analysis of a clonal human neural stem cell (hNSC) line, currently in clinical trials for stroke disability (NCT01151124 and NCT02117635, Clinicaltrials.gov). HNSCs were derived from an ethical approved first trimester human fetal cortex and conditionally immortalized using retroviral integration of a single copy of the c-mycER(TAM)construct. We describe how to measure axon process outgrowth of hNSCs differentiated on 3D scaffolds and how to quantify associated changes in miRNA expression using PCR array. Furthermore we exemplify computational analysis with the aim of selecting miRNA putative targets. SOX5 and NR4A3 were identified as suitable miRNA putative target of selected significantly down-regulated miRNAs in differentiated hNSC. MiRNA target validation was performed on SOX5 and NR4A3 3'UTRs by dual reporter plasmid transfection and dual luciferase assay.
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Pino F, Stevanato L, Cester D, Nebbia G, Sajo-Bohus L, Viesti G. Detecting fast and thermal neutrons with a boron loaded liquid scintillator, EJ-339A. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 92:6-11. [PMID: 24972161 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A commercial boron-loaded liquid scintillator EJ-339 A was studied, using a (252)Cf source with/without polyethylene moderator, to examine the possibility of discriminating slow-neutron induced events in (10)B from fast-neutron events, resulting from proton recoils, and gamma-ray events. Despite the strong light quenching associated with neutron induced events in (10)B, correct classification of these events is shown to be possible with the aid of digital signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pino
- Laboratorio de Física Nuclear, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, 1080 A Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - L Stevanato
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Cester
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G Nebbia
- INFN Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L Sajo-Bohus
- Laboratorio de Física Nuclear, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, 1080 A Caracas, Venezuela
| | - G Viesti
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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Stevanato L, Sinden JD. The effects of microRNAs on human neural stem cell differentiation in two- and three-dimensional cultures. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:49. [PMID: 24725992 PMCID: PMC4055138 DOI: 10.1186/scrt437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stem cells have the ability to self-renew or to differentiate into numerous cell types; however, our understanding of how to control and exploit this potential is currently limited. An emerging hypothesis is that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a central role in controlling stem cell-fate determination. Herein, we have characterized the effects of miRNAs in differentiated human neural stem cells (hNSCs) by using a cell line currently being tested in clinical trials for stroke disability (NCT01151124, Clinicaltrials.gov). Methods HNSCs were differentiated on 2- (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cultures for 1 and 3 weeks. Quantification of hNSC differentiation was measured with real-time PCR and axon outgrowth. The miRNA PCR arrays were implemented to investigate differential expression profiles in differentiated hNSCs. Evaluation of miRNA effects on hNSCs was performed by using transfection of miRNA mimics, real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. Results The 3D substrate promoted enhanced hNSC differentiation coupled with a loss of cell proliferation. Differentiated hNSCs exhibited a similar miRNA profiling. However, in 3D samples, the degree and timing of regulation were significantly different in miRNA members of cluster mi-R17 and miR-96-182, and hsa-miR-302a. Overall, hNSC 3D cultures demonstrated differential regulation of miRNAs involved in hNSC stemness, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The miRNA mimic analysis of hsa-miR-146b-5p and hsa-miR-99a confirmed induction of lineage-committed progenitors. Downregulated miRNAs were more abundant; those most significantly downregulated were selected, and their putative target mRNAs analyzed with the aim of unraveling their functionality. In differentiated hNSCs, downregulated hsa-miR-96 correlated with SOX5 upregulation of gene and protein expression; similar results were obtained for hsa-miR-302a, hsa-miR-182, hsa-miR-7, hsa-miR-20a/b, and hsa-miR-17 and their target NR4A3. Moreover, SOX5 was identified as a direct target gene of hsa-miR-96, and NR43A, a direct target of hsa-miR-7 and hsa-mir-17 by luciferase reporter assays. Therefore, the regulatory role of these miRNAs may occur through targeting NR4A3 and SOX5, both reported as modulators of cell-cycle progression and axon length. Conclusions The results provide new insight into the identification of specific miRNAs implicated in hNSC differentiation. These strategies may be exploited to optimize in vitro hNSC differentiation potential for use in preclinical studies and future clinical applications.
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Pino F, Stevanato L, Cester D, Nebbia G, Sajo-Bohus L, Viesti G. The light output and the detection efficiency of the liquid scintillator EJ-309. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 89:79-84. [PMID: 24607532 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The light output response and the neutron and gamma-ray detection efficiency are determined for liquid scintillator EJ-309. The light output function is compared to those of previous studies. Experimental efficiency results are compared to predictions from GEANT4, MCNPX and PENELOPE Monte Carlo simulations. The differences associated with the use of different light output functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pino
- Laboratorio de Fisica Nuclear, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado 89000, 1080A Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - L Stevanato
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Cester
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G Nebbia
- INFN Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L Sajo-Bohus
- Laboratorio de Fisica Nuclear, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado 89000, 1080A Caracas, Venezuela
| | - G Viesti
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell'Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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15
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Katare R, Stroemer P, Hicks C, Stevanato L, Patel S, Corteling R, Miljan E, Vishnubhatla I, Sinden J, Madeddu P. Clinical-Grade Human Neural Stem Cells Promote Reparative Neovascularization in Mouse Models of Hindlimb Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:408-18. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
CTX0E03 (CTX) is a clinical-grade human neural stem cell (hNSC) line that promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a preclinical model of stroke and is now under clinical development for stroke disability. We evaluated the therapeutic activity of intramuscular CTX hNSC implantation in murine models of hindlimb ischemia for potential translation to clinical studies in critical limb ischemia.
Approach and Results—
Immunodeficient (CD-1 Fox
nu/nu
) mice acutely treated with hNSCs had overall significantly increased rates and magnitude of recovery of surface blood flow (laser Doppler), limb muscle perfusion (fluorescent microspheres,
P
<0.001), and capillary and small arteriole densities in the ischemic limb (fluorescence immunohistochemistry, both
P
<0.001) when compared with the vehicle-treated group. Hemodynamic and anatomic improvements were dose related and optimal at a minimum dose of 3×10
5
cells. Dose-dependent improvements in blood flow and increased vessel densities by hNSC administration early after ischemia were confirmed in immunocompetent CD-1 and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, together with marked reductions in the incidence of necrotic toes (
P
<0.05). Delayed administration of hNSCs, 7 days after occlusion, produced restorative effects when comparable with acute treatment of 35 days after hindlimb ischemia. Histological studies in hindlimb ischemia immunocompetent mice for the first 7 days after treatment revealed short-term hNSC survival, transient elevation of early host muscle inflammatory, and angiogenic responses and acceleration of myogenesis.
Conclusions—
hNSC therapy represents a promising treatment option for critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Katare
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Paul Stroemer
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Caroline Hicks
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Lara Stevanato
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Sara Patel
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Randolph Corteling
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Erik Miljan
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Indira Vishnubhatla
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - John Sinden
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (R.K., P.M.); and ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, United Kingdom (P.S., C.H., L.S., S.P., R.C., E.M., I.V., J.S.)
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Vishnubhatla I, Corteling R, Stevanato L, Hicks C, Sinden J. The Development of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Cell-Free Regenerative Medicine. J Circ Biomark 2014. [DOI: 10.5772/58597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John Sinden
- ReNeuron Ltd, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, UK
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17
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Stevanato L, Caldogno M, Dima R, Fabris D, Hao X, Lunardon M, Moretto S, Nebbia G, Pesente S, Pino F, Sajo-Bohus L, Viesti G. A new facility for non-destructive assay using a 252Cf source. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 73:52-9. [PMID: 23276691 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new laboratory facility for non-destructive analysis (NDA) using a time-tagged (252)Cf source is presented. The system is designed to analyze samples having maximum size of about 20 × 25 cm(2), the material recognition being obtained by measuring simultaneously total and energy dependent transmission of neutrons and gamma rays. The equipment technical characteristics and performances of the NDA system are presented, exploring also limits due to the sample thickness. Some recent applications in the field of cultural heritage are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stevanato
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell' Università di Padova, Italy.
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Chen S, Corteling R, Stevanato L, Sinden J. Natural inhibitors of indoleamine 3,5-dioxygenase induced by interferon-gamma in human neural stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 429:117-23. [PMID: 23063682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) is a heme- containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine and the downstream quinolinic acid. Though IDO is physiologically important in maintaining tissue integrity, aberrant IDO expression represses T cell function and promotes regulatory T cells (Treg) in cancer. It additionally exacerbates Alzheimer, depression, Huntington and Parkinson diseases via quinolinic acid. Inhibition of IDO has thus been recently proposed as a strategy for treating cancer and neuronal disorders. In the present study, we have developed a cell-based assay to evaluate the suppressive effect of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals on the enzyme. When stimulated by INF-γ, profound high expressions of IDO-1 mRNA as well as the protein were detected in human neural stem cells (hNSC) and verified by real-time retro-transcribed PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The protein activity was measured by kynurenine concentration and the assay was validated by dose-responsive inhibition of IDO-1 antagonists including 1-methyltryptaphan, indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. Among the tested compounds, apigenin, baicalein, chrysin, and wogonin exhibit a potent repressive activity with IC(50s) comparable to that of indomethacin. The inhibition was further found to be independent of gene expression and protein translation because of the unaltered levels of mRNA and protein expression. Although curcumin displayed a potent inhibitory activity to the enzyme, it appeared to be cytotoxic to hNSCs. Morphological examination of hNSC revealed that baicalein and wogonin at the inhibitory concentrations induced neurite outgrowth. In conclusion, our data shows that certain phytochemicals with 2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one backbone (flavones) attenuate significantly the IDO-1 protein activity without harming hNSCs. The inhibitory activity might have partially contributed to the anti-cancer and neuro-protective property of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AF, United Kingdom.
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19
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Hicks C, Stevanato L, Stroemer RP, Tang E, Richardson S, Sinden JD. In vivo and in vitro characterization of the angiogenic effect of CTX0E03 human neural stem cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1541-52. [PMID: 23067568 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX0E03 is a human neural stem cell line previously reported to reduce sensory motor deficits in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model of stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate if CTX0E03 treatment promotes angiogenesis. As stroke leads to damage of the vasculature in the brain, angiogenesis may contribute to the functional recovery. To test this hypothesis, the angiogenic activity of CTX0E03 was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, CTX0E03 expression of trophic and proangiogenic factors was determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA, and its angiogenic activity was investigated in well-established angiogenesis assays. In vivo, angiogenesis was investigated in naive mice and MCAo rat brain and was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Von Willebrand factor (VWF), a marker of blood vessel formation, and BrdU/CD31 double labeling in naive mice only. In vitro results showed that CTX0E03-conditioned medium and coculture significantly increased total tubule formation compared with controls (p=0.002 and p=0.0008, respectively). Furthermore, CTX0E03 cells were found to be in direct association with the tubules by ICC. In vivo CTX0E03-treated brains demonstrated a significant increase in areas occupied by VWF-positive microvessels compared with vehicle-treated naive mice (two-way ANOVA, Interaction p<0.05, Treatment p<0.0001, Time p<0.0) and MCAo rat (p=0.001 unpaired t test, Welch's correction). CTX0E03-treated naive mouse brains showed an increase in BrdU/CD31 colabeling. In conclusion, in vitro CTX0E03 cells express proangiogenic factors and may promote angiogenesis by both release of paracrine factors and direct physical interaction. Furthermore, in vivo CTX0E03-treated rodent brains exhibited a significant increase in microvessels at the site of implantation compared with vehicle-injected groups. Taken together these data suggest that CTX0E03 cell therapy may provide significant benefit to stroke patients through upregulation of angiogenesis in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hicks
- ReNeuron Limited, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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20
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Smith EJ, Stroemer RP, Gorenkova N, Nakajima M, Crum WR, Tang E, Stevanato L, Sinden JD, Modo M. Implantation Site and Lesion Topology Determine Efficacy of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line in a Rat Model of Chronic Stroke. Stem Cells 2012; 30:785-96. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Stevanato L, Fabris D, Hao X, Lunardon M, Moretto S, Nebbia G, Pesente S, Sajo-Bohus L, Viesti G. Light output of EJ228 scintillation neutron detectors. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:369-72. [PMID: 21075000 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Stevanato L, Corteling RL, Stroemer P, Hope A, Heward J, Miljan EA, Sinden JD. c-MycERTAM transgene silencing in a genetically modified human neural stem cell line implanted into MCAo rodent brain. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:86. [PMID: 19622162 PMCID: PMC2725042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human neural stem cell line CTX0E03 was developed for the cell based treatment of chronic stroke disability. Derived from fetal cortical brain tissue, CTX0E03 is a clonal cell line that contains a single copy of the c-mycERTAM transgene delivered by retroviral infection. Under the conditional regulation by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), c-mycERTAM enabled large-scale stable banking of the CTX0E03 cells. In this study, we investigated the fate of this transgene following growth arrest (EGF, bFGF and 4-OHT withdrawal) in vitro and following intracerebral implantation into a mid-cerebral artery occluded (MCAo) rat brain. In vitro, 4-weeks after removing growth factors and 4-OHT from the culture medium, c-mycERTAM transgene transcription is reduced by ~75%. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry and western blotting demonstrated a concurrent decrease in the c-MycERTAM protein. To examine the transcription of the transgene in vivo, CTX0E03 cells (450,000) were implanted 4-weeks post MCAo lesion and analysed for human cell survival and c-mycERTAM transcription by qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively. Results The results show that CTX0E03 cells were present in all grafted animal brains ranging from 6.3% to 39.8% of the total cells injected. Prior to implantation, the CTX0E03 cell suspension contained 215.7 (SEM = 13.2) copies of the c-mycERTAM transcript per cell. After implantation the c-mycERTAM transcript copy number per CTX0E03 cell had reduced to 6.9 (SEM = 3.4) at 1-week and 7.7 (SEM = 2.5) at 4-weeks. Bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing of the in vivo samples confirmed c-mycERTAM silencing occurred through methylation of the transgene promoter sequence. Conclusion In conclusion the results confirm that CTX0E03 cells downregulated c-mycERTAM transgene expression both in vitro following EGF, bFGF and 4-OHT withdrawal and in vivo following implantation in MCAo rat brain. The silencing of the c-mycERTAM transgene in vivo provides an additional safety feature of CTX0E03 cells for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Stevanato
- ReNeuron Limited, Surrey Research Park, 10 Nugent Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AF, UK.
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23
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Barcelos LS, Duplaa C, Kränkel N, Graiani G, Invernici G, Katare R, Siragusa M, Meloni M, Campesi I, Monica M, Simm A, Campagnolo P, Mangialardi G, Stevanato L, Alessandri G, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Human CD133+ progenitor cells promote the healing of diabetic ischemic ulcers by paracrine stimulation of angiogenesis and activation of Wnt signaling. Circ Res 2009; 104:1095-102. [PMID: 19342601 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.192138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the healing potential of human fetal aorta-derived CD133(+) progenitor cells and their conditioned medium (CD133(+) CCM) in a new model of ischemic diabetic ulcer. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice underwent bilateral limb ischemia and wounding. One wound was covered with collagen containing 2x10(4) CD133(+) or CD133(-) cells or vehicle. The contralateral wound, covered with only collagen, served as control. Fetal CD133(+) cells expressed high levels of wingless (Wnt) genes, which were downregulated following differentiation into CD133(-) cells along with upregulation of Wnt antagonists secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1, -3, and -4. CD133(+) cells accelerated wound closure as compared with CD133(-) or vehicle and promoted angiogenesis through stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival by paracrine effects. CD133(+) cells secreted high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and interleukin (IL)-8. Consistently, CD133(+) CCM accelerated wound closure and reparative angiogenesis, with this action abrogated by co-administering the Wnt antagonist sFRP-1 or neutralizing antibodies against VEGF-A or IL-8. In vitro, these effects were recapitulated following exposure of high-glucose-primed human umbilical vein endothelial cells to CD133(+) CCM, resulting in stimulation of migration, angiogenesis-like network formation and induction of Wnt expression. The promigratory and proangiogenic effect of CD133(+) CCM was blunted by sFRP-1, as well as antibodies against VEGF-A or IL-8. CD133(+) cells stimulate wound healing by paracrine mechanisms that activate Wnt signaling pathway in recipients. These preclinical findings open new perspectives for the cure of diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucíola S Barcelos
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Hodges H, Pollock K, Stroemer P, Patel S, Stevanato L, Reuter I, Sinden J. Making stem cell lines suitable for transplantation. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:101-15. [PMID: 17474292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells, progenitor cells, and cell lines have been derived from embryonic, fetal, and adult sources in the search for graft tissue suitable for the treatment of CNS disorders. An increasing number of experimental studies have shown that grafts from several sources survive, differentiate into distinct cell types, and exert positive functional effects in experimental animal models, but little attention has been given to developing cells under conditions of good manufacturing practice (GMP) that can be scaled up for mass treatment. The capacity for continued division of stem cells in culture offers the opportunity to expand their production to meet the widespread clinical demands posed by neurodegenerative diseases. However, maintaining stem cell division in culture long term, while ensuring differentiation after transplantation, requires genetic and/ or oncogenetic manipulations, which may affect the genetic stability and in vivo survival of cells. This review outlines the stages, selection criteria, problems, and ultimately the successes arising in the development of conditionally immortal clinical grade stem cell lines, which divide in vitro, differentiate in vivo, and exert positive functional effects. These processes are specifically exemplified by the murine MHP36 cell line, conditionally immortalized by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen, and cell lines transfected with the c-myc protein fused with a mutated estrogen receptor (c-mycERTAM), regulated by a tamoxifen metabolite, but the issues raised are common to all routes for the development of effective clinical grade cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK.
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Pollock K, Stroemer P, Patel S, Stevanato L, Hope A, Miljan E, Dong Z, Hodges H, Price J, Sinden JD. A conditionally immortal clonal stem cell line from human cortical neuroepithelium for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2006; 199:143-55. [PMID: 16464451 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells into the brain is a novel approach to the treatment of chronic stroke disability. For clinical application, safety and efficacy of defined, stable cell lines produced under GMP conditions are required. To this end, a human neural stem cell line, CTX0E03, was derived from human somatic stem cells following genetic modification with a conditional immortalizing gene, c-mycER(TAM). This transgene generates a fusion protein that stimulates cell proliferation in the presence of a synthetic drug 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT). The cell line is clonal, expands rapidly in culture (doubling time 50-60 h) and has a normal human karyotype (46 XY). In the absence of growth factors and 4-OHT, the cells undergo growth arrest and differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. Transplantation of CTX0E03 in a rat model of stroke (MCAo) caused statistically significant improvements in both sensorimotor function and gross motor asymmetry at 6-12 weeks post-grafting. In addition, cell migration and long-term survival in vivo were not associated with significant cell proliferation. These data indicate that CTX0E03 has the appropriate biological and manufacturing characteristics necessary for development as a therapeutic cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pollock
- ReNeuron Ltd., 10 Nugent Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AF, UK
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26
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Miriagou V, Stevanato L, Manservigi R, Mavromara P. The C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus type 1 gE protein is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by cellular enzymes in the absence of other viral proteins. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1027-31. [PMID: 10725429 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein E (gE-1) is highly phosphorylated in culture cells during infection. In this report, it is shown that phosphorylation is mediated by host enzymes in human cells stably transfected with gE, in the absence of other herpesvirus products. In contrast, a tailless gE product (C terminus deletion mutant) is not phosphorylated. By using an in vitro kinase assay combined with linker-insertion mutagenesis, it is shown that casein kinase II catalyses the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of the protein. Also, it is demonstrated that the serine residues at positions 476 and/or 477 in the cytoplasmic portion of the protein are the major acceptors for the phosphate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Miriagou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens, Greece
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Baraldi PG, Manfredini S, Romagnoli R, Stevanato L, Zaid AN, Manservigi R. Synthesis and Anti-HSV-1 Activity of 6 Substituted Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyridazin-7-one Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chiarantini L, Argnani R, Zucchini S, Stevanato L, Zabardi P, Grossi MP, Magnani M, Manservigi R. Red blood cells as delivery system for recombinant HSV-1 glycoprotein B: immunogenicity and protection in mice. Vaccine 1997; 15:276-80. [PMID: 9139486 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic potential of autologous red blood cells (RBC) coupled to the secretory form of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB1s) was examined with a mouse model of HSV-1 infection. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitoneally with gB1s (0.05 microgram per dose) linked to RBC, or mixed with Freund's complete or bound to AlPO4 adjuvants (0.5 microgram per dose). Mice immunized with RBC coupled gB1s were protected against lethal and latent HSV-1 infection, and developed an anti-HSV antibody response, as measured by ELISA and HSV-1 neutralization assays, similar or higher than that elicited by the same antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant, which suggested that autologous RBC coupled to gB1s may provide an effective and safe method of immunization against HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiarantini
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Urbino, Italy
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