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Krijgsman D, Hokland M, Kuppen PJK. The Role of Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer-A Phenotypical and Functional Approach. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535734 PMCID: PMC5835336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune system. NKT cells can be subdivided into functional subsets that respond rapidly to a wide variety of glycolipids and stress-related proteins using T- or natural killer (NK) cell-like effector mechanisms. Because of their major modulating effects on immune responses via secretion of cytokines, NKT cells are also considered important players in tumor immunosurveillance. During early tumor development, T helper (TH)1-like NKT cell subsets have the potential to rapidly stimulate tumor-specific T cells and effector NK cells that can eliminate tumor cells. In case of tumor progression, NKT cells may become overstimulated and anergic leading to deletion of a part of the NKT cell population in patients via activation-induced cell death. In addition, the remaining NKT cells become hyporesponsive, or switch to immunosuppressive TH2-/T regulatory-like NKT cell subsets, thereby facilitating tumor progression and immune escape. In this review, we discuss this important role of NKT cells in tumor development and we conclude that there should be three important focuses of future research in cancer patients in relation with NKT cells: (1) expansion of the NKT cell population, (2) prevention and breaking of NKT cell anergy, and (3) skewing of NKT cells toward TH1-like subsets with antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Krijgsman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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52
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid childhood tumor outside the brain and causes 15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. The main drivers of NB formation are neural crest cell-derived sympathoadrenal cells that undergo abnormal genetic arrangements. Moreover, NB is a complex disease that has high heterogeneity and is therefore difficult to target for successful therapy. Thus, a better understanding of NB development helps to improve treatment and increase the survival rate. One of the major causes of sporadic NB is known to be MYCN amplification and mutations in ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) are responsible for familial NB. Many other genetic abnormalities can be found; however, they are not considered as driver mutations, rather they support tumor aggressiveness. Tumor cell elimination via cell death is widely accepted as a successful technique. Therefore, in this review, we provide a thorough overview of how different modes of cell death and treatment strategies, such as immunotherapy or spontaneous regression, are or can be applied for NB elimination. In addition, several currently used and innovative approaches and their suitability for clinical testing and usage will be discussed. Moreover, significant attention will be given to combined therapies that show more effective results with fewer side effects than drugs targeting only one specific protein or pathway.
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53
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Allen H, Shraga-Heled N, Blumenfeld M, Dego-Ashto T, Fuchs-Telem D, Gilert A, Aberman Z, Ofir R. Human Placental-Derived Adherent Stromal Cells Co-Induced with TNF-α and IFN-γ Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Nude Mouse Xenograft Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:670. [PMID: 29330447 PMCID: PMC5766494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing 3D-expanded human placental-derived adherent stromal cells (ASCs) in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) transiently upregulated the secretion of numerous anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In a 3D-spheroid screening assay, conditioned medium from these induced-ASCs inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lines. In vitro co-culture studies of induced-ASCs with MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells, a model representing TNBC, supports a mechanism involving immunomodulation and angiogenesis inhibition. In vivo studies in nude mice showed that intramuscular administration of induced-ASCs halted MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, and inhibited tumor progression and vascularization. Thirty percent of treated mice experienced complete tumor remission. Murine serum concentrations of the tumor-supporting cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were lowered to naïve levels. A somatic mutation analysis identified numerous genes which could be screened in patients to increase a positive therapeutic outcome. Taken together, these results show that targeted changes in the secretion profile of ASCs may improve their therapeutic potential.
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54
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Melsted WN, Johansen LL, Lock-Andersen J, Behrendt N, Eriksen JO, Bzorek M, Scheike T, Hviid TVF. HLA class Ia and Ib molecules and FOXP3+ TILs in relation to the prognosis of malignant melanoma patients. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:191-197. [PMID: 28882620 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HLA class Ia (HLA-ABC) and HLA class Ib (HLA-E, -F and -G) molecules and FOXP3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are often reported as relevant factors of tumor immune regulation. We investigated their expression as prognostic factors in 200 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM). In our cohort, patients with tumors showing upregulation of HLA-ABC molecules had significantly thicker tumors (32% vs 7%, P<0.001), frequent ulceration (20% vs 6%, P=0.007) and frequent nodular melanomas (20% vs 4%, P=0.001). Additionally, high expression of HLA-G in the tumor was a sign of bad prognosis for the patients, being associated with thick tumors (30% vs 12%, P=0.017), ulceration (24% vs 5%, P<0.001) and positive sentinel node (13% vs 6%, P=0.015). HLA-E, HLA-F and FOXP3+ TILs were not indicative of the prognosis in PCM. High HLA-ABC and HLA-G were associated with tumor aggressiveness and could be relevant predictive markers for effective immunotherapy of melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Nascimento Melsted
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Lindholm Johansen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Lock-Andersen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nille Behrendt
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Ole Eriksen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Scheike
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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55
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Immune selection during tumor checkpoint inhibition therapy paves way for NK-cell "missing self" recognition. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:547-556. [PMID: 28699110 PMCID: PMC5537320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of NK cells to specifically recognize cells lacking expression of self-MHC class I molecules was discovered over 30 years ago. It provided the foundation for the "missing self" hypothesis. Research in the two past decades has contributed to a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the specificity and strength of NK cell-mediated "missing self" responses to tumor cells. However, in light of the recent remarkable breakthroughs in clinical cancer immunotherapy, the cytolytic potential of NK cells still remains largely untapped in clinical settings. There is abundant evidence demonstrating partial or complete loss of HLA class I expression in a wide spectrum of human tumor types. Such loss may result from immune selection of escape variants by tumor-specific CD8 T cells and has more recently also been linked to acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibition therapy. In the present review, we discuss the early predictions of the "missing self" hypothesis, its molecular basis and outline the potential for NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy to convert checkpoint inhibitor therapy-resistant patients into clinical responders.
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56
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Ichikawa A, Miyoshi H, Arakawa F, Kiyasu J, Sato K, Niino D, Kimura Y, Yoshida M, Kawano R, Muta H, Sugita Y, Ohshima K. Detection of Tax-specific CTLs in lymph nodes of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma patients and its association with Foxp3 positivity of regulatory T-cell function. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4611-4618. [PMID: 28599462 PMCID: PMC5453040 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type (HTLV)-1 Tax is a viral protein that has been reported to be important in the proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cells and to be a target of HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, it is not clear how Tax-specific CTLs behave in lymph nodes of ATLL patients. The present study analyzed the immunostaining of Tax-specific CTLs. Furthermore, ATLL tumor cells are known to be positive for forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)and to have a regulatory T (Treg)-cell-like function. The association between T-reg function and number and activity of Tax-specific CTLs was also investigated. A total of 15 ATLL lymphoma cases with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24, for which Tax has a high affinity, were selected from the files of the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University (Kurume, Japan) using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Immunostaining was performed for cluster of differentiation (CD) 20, CD3, CD4, CD8, T-cell intracellular antigen-1 and Foxp3 in paraffin sections, and for Tax, interferon γ and HLA-A24 in frozen sections. In addition, the staining of Tax-specific CTLs (HLA-A24-restricted) was analyzed by MHC Dextramer® assay in frozen sections. In addition, the messenger RNA expression of Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor were also evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining of Tax protein in lymphoma tissue revealed the presence of positive lymphoma cells ranging from 5 to 80%, and immunohistochemical staining of HLA-A24 revealed the presence of positive lymphoma cells ranging from 1 to 95%. The expression of Tax and HLA-A24 was downregulated by viral function. Foxp3, a marker for Treg cells, was expressed in 0-90% of cells. Several cases exhibited Tax-specific CTL (HLA-A24-restricted)-positive cells, and there was an inverse correlation between Tax-specific CTLs and Foxp3. However, neither Tax nor HLA-A24 expression was associated with CTL or Foxp3. Our study indicated the possibility that ATLL cells, which expressed Tax, target of CTL, evade the CTL-mediated immune control by expression of Foxp3 as a Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ichikawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Junichi Kiyasu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Kensaku Sato
- Biostatistics Center, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Kimura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Riko Kawano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Muta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sugita
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830 0011, Japan
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57
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Purroy N, Wu CJ. Coevolution of Leukemia and Host Immune Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026740. [PMID: 28096240 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative studies on the dissection of changes in driver genetic lesions in cancer across the course of the disease have provided powerful insights into the adaptive mechanisms of tumors in response to the selective pressures of therapy and environmental changes. In particular, the advent of next-generation-sequencing (NGS)-based technologies and its implementation for the large-scale comprehensive analyses of cancers have greatly advanced our understanding of cancer as a complex dynamic system wherein genetically distinct subclones interact and compete during tumor evolution. Aside from genetic evolution arising from interactions intrinsic to the cell subpopulations within tumors, it is increasingly appreciated that reciprocal interactions between the tumor cell and cellular constituents of the microenvironment further exert selective pressures on specific clones that can impact the balance between tumor immunity and immunologic evasion and escape. Herein, we review the evidence supporting these concepts, with a particular focus on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a disease that has been highly amenable to genomic interrogation and studies of clonal heterogeneity and evolution. Better knowledge of the basis for immune escape has an important clinical impact on prognostic stratification and on the pursuit of new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Purroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Abstract
Contagious cancers are malignant cells that are physically transferred between individuals as a natural allograft, forming new clonal tumours. These cancers are highly unusual, but have emerged in 2 mammalian species, the dog and the Tasmanian devil, as well as 4 species of bivalve. The transfer of malignant cells in mammals should initiate a robust immune response and although invertebrates have a less complex immune system, these species still have mechanisms that should prevent engraftment and protect against cellular parasitism. Here the naturally occurring contagious cancers are reviewed to determine what features are important and necessary for the emergence and spread of these types of cancer, with a focus on the mammalian contagious cancers and how they successfully cross histocompatibility barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Siddle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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59
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Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F, Aptsiauri N. Rejection versus escape: the tumor MHC dilemma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:259-271. [PMID: 28040849 PMCID: PMC11028748 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most tumor cells derive from MHC-I-positive normal counterparts and remain positive at early stages of tumor development. T lymphocytes can infiltrate tumor tissue, recognize and destroy MHC class I (MHC-I)-positive cancer cells ("permissive" phase I). Later, MHC-I-negative tumor cell variants resistant to T-cell killing emerge. During this process, tumors first acquire a heterogeneous MHC-I expression pattern and finally become uniformly MHC-I-negative. This stage (phase II) represents a "non-permissive" encapsulated structure with tumor nodes surrounded by fibrous tissue containing different elements including leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, etc. Molecular mechanisms responsible for total or partial MHC-I downregulation play a crucial role in determining and predicting the antigen-presenting capacity of cancer cells. MHC-I downregulation caused by reversible ("soft") lesions can be upregulated by TH1-type cytokines released into the tumor microenvironment in response to different types of immunotherapy. In contrast, when the molecular mechanism of the tumor MHC-I loss is irreversible ("hard") due to a genetic defect in the gene/s coding for MHC-I heavy chains (chromosome 6) or beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) (chromosome 15), malignant cells are unable to upregulate MHC-I, remain undetectable by cytotoxic T-cells, and continue to grow and metastasize. Based on the tumor MHC-I molecular analysis, it might be possible to define MHC-I phenotypes present in cancer patients in order to distinguish between non-responders, partial/short-term responders, and likely durable responders. This highlights the need for designing strategies to enhance tumor MHC-I expression that would allow CTL-mediated tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas s/n, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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60
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The Pathophysiological Impact of HLA Class Ia and HLA-G Expression and Regulatory T Cells in Malignant Melanoma: A Review. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6829283. [PMID: 27999823 PMCID: PMC5141560 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6829283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, a very common type of cancer, is a rapidly growing cancer of the skin with an increase in incidence among the Caucasian population. The disease is seen through all age groups and is very common in the younger age groups. Several studies have examined the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of malignant melanoma, which have enlightened our understanding of the development of the disease, but we have still to fully understand the complex immunological interactions. The examination of the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and prognostic outcome has shown interesting results, and a correlation between the down- or upregulation of these antigens and prognosis has been seen through many different types of cancer. In malignant melanoma, HLA class Ia has been seen to influence the effects of pharmaceutical drug treatment as well as the overall prognosis, and the HLA class Ib and regulatory T cells have been correlated with tumor progression. Although there is still no standardized immunological treatment worldwide, the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and tumor progression seems to be a promising focus in the way of optimizing the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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61
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Increased PD-L1 and T-cell infiltration in the presence of HLA class I expression in metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma: a rationale for T-cell-based immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:119-128. [PMID: 27853827 PMCID: PMC5222929 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Immunotherapy may be an excellent choice for treating osteosarcoma given its exceptionally high genomic instability, potentially generating neoantigens. In this study, we aim to investigate the HLA class I expression, PD-L1 and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary osteosarcomas and relapses/metastases, as well as their changes during disease progression. Materials and methods Tumour samples from multiple stages of the disease (pretreatment biopsies, surgical resections of primary osteosarcomas, relapses and metastases) were collected and stained for HLA-A (HCA2), HLA-B/C (HC10), β2-microglobulin and PD-L1 using immunohistochemistry on whole sections. Density and type of T-cell infiltrate were characterised by a triple immunofluorescent staining CD3-CD8-FOXP3. Results Overall, 85 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from 25 osteosarcoma patients were included. HLA class I expression was detected in 94% of osteosarcomas (strongly positive in 56%, heterogeneous in 38%) and negative or weakly positive in 6%, without differences between the stages of the disease. HLA-A expression was more frequently negative than HLA-B/C. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were highly heterogeneous and mainly observed in tumour areas with expression of HLA class I. Density of T cells was significantly higher in metastases than in primary tumours and local relapses (p = 0.0003). Positive PD-L1 expression was found in 13% of primary tumours, 25% of relapses and 48% of metastases and correlated with a high T-cell infiltrate (p = 0.002). Conclusion An increased number of tumour-infiltrating T cells and PD-L1 expression in metastases compared with primary tumours, suggesting accessibility for T cells, could imply that osteosarcoma patients with metastatic disease may benefit from T-cell-based immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1925-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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62
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Concha-Benavente F, Srivastava R, Ferrone S, Ferris RL. Immunological and clinical significance of HLA class I antigen processing machinery component defects in malignant cells. Oral Oncol 2016; 58:52-8. [PMID: 27264839 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental as well as clinical studies demonstrate that the immune system plays a major role in controlling generation and progression of tumors. The cancer immunoediting theory supports the notion that tumor cell immunogenicity is dynamically shaped by the immune system, as it eliminates immunogenic tumor cells in the early stage of the disease and then edits their antigenicity. The end result is the generation of a tumor cell population able to escape from immune recognition and elimination by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Two major mechanisms, which affect the target cells and the effector phase of the immune response, play a crucial role in the editing process. One is represented by the downregulation of tumor antigen (TA) processing and presentation because of abnormalities in the HLA class I antigen processing machinery (APM). The other one is represented by the anergy of effector immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment caused by aberrant inhibitory signals triggered by immune checkpoint receptor (ICR) ligands, such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). In this review, we will focus on tumor immune escape mechanisms caused by defects in HLA class I APM component expression and/or function in different types of cancer, with emphasis on head and neck cancer (HNC). We will also discuss the immunological implications and clinical relevance of these HLA class I APM abnormalities. Finally, we will describe strategies to counteract defective TA presentation with the expectation that they will enhance tumor recognition and elimination by tumor infiltrating effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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63
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Kim CG, Ahn JB, Jung M, Beom SH, Kim C, Kim JH, Heo SJ, Park HS, Kim JH, Kim NK, Min BS, Kim H, Koom WS, Shin SJ. Effects of microsatellite instability on recurrence patterns and outcomes in colorectal cancers. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:25-33. [PMID: 27228287 PMCID: PMC4931375 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Among colorectal cancers (CRCs), high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) is associated with a better prognosis, compared with low-frequency MSI or microsatellite stability (MSI-L/MSS). However, it is unclear whether MSI affects the prognosis of recurrent CRCs. Methods: This study included 2940 patients with stage I–III CRC who underwent complete resection. The associations of MSI status with recurrence patterns, disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival from diagnosis to death (OS1), and overall survival from recurrence to death (OS2) were analysed. Results: A total of 261 patients (8.9%) had MSI-H CRC. Patients with MSI-H CRC had better DFS, compared to patients with MSI-L/MSS CRC (hazard ratio (HR): 0.619, P<0.001). High-frequency microsatellite instability CRC was associated with more frequent local recurrence (30.0% vs 12.0%, P=0.032) or peritoneal metastasis (40.0% vs 12.3%, P=0.003), and less frequent lung (10.0% vs 42.5%, P=0.004) or liver metastases (15.0% vs 44.7%, P=0.01). Recurrent MSI-H CRC was associated with worse OS1 (HR: 1.363, P=0.035) and OS2 (HR: 2.667, P<0.001). An analysis of patients with colon cancer yielded similar results. Conclusions: Recurrence patterns differed between MSI-H CRC and MSI-L/MSS CRC, and recurrent MSI-H CRCs had a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Beom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-712, South Korea
| | - Joo Hoon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Heo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Jee Hung Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Ebstein F, Keller M, Paschen A, Walden P, Seeger M, Bürger E, Krüger E, Schadendorf D, Kloetzel PM, Seifert U. Exposure to Melan-A/MART-126-35 tumor epitope specific CD8(+)T cells reveals immune escape by affecting the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:25208. [PMID: 27143649 PMCID: PMC4855237 DOI: 10.1038/srep25208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient processing of target antigens by the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) is essential for treatment of cancers by T cell therapies. However, immune escape due to altered expression of IFN-γ-inducible components of the antigen presentation machinery and consequent inefficient processing of HLA-dependent tumor epitopes can be one important reason for failure of such therapies. Here, we show that short-term co-culture of Melan-A/MART-1 tumor antigen-expressing melanoma cells with Melan-A/MART-126-35-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) led to resistance against CTL-induced lysis because of impaired Melan-A/MART-126-35 epitope processing. Interestingly, deregulation of p97/VCP expression, which is an IFN-γ-independent component of the UPS and part of the ER-dependent protein degradation pathway (ERAD), was found to be essentially involved in the observed immune escape. In support, our data demonstrate that re-expression of p97/VCP in Melan-A/MART-126-35 CTL-resistant melanoma cells completely restored immune recognition by Melan-A/MART-126-35 CTL. In conclusion, our experiments show that impaired expression of IFN-γ-independent components of the UPS can exert rapid immune evasion of tumor cells and suggest that tumor antigens processed by distinct UPS degradation pathways should be simultaneously targeted in T cell therapies to restrict the likelihood of immune evasion due to impaired antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ebstein
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Keller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Walden
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Seeger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Bürger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-M. Kloetzel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Kapelle-Ufer 2 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Platz 1/ Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Molekulare und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipzigerstr. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Thor Straten P, Garrido F. Targetless T cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27096099 PMCID: PMC4835921 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention has recently focused on new cancer immunotherapy protocols aiming to activate T cell mediated anti-tumor responses. To this end, administration of antibodies that target inhibitory molecules regulating T-cell cytotoxicity has achieved impressive clinical responses, as has adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or genetically modified cytotoxic T cells. However, despite clear clinical responses, only a fraction of patients respond to treatment and there is an urgent call for characterization of predictive biomarkers. CD8 positive T cells can infiltrate tumor tissues and destroy HLA class I positive tumor cells expressing the specific antigen. In fact, current progress in the field of cancer immune therapy is based on the capacity of T cells to kill cancer cells that present tumor antigen in the context on an HLA class I molecule. However, it is also well established that cancer cells are often characterized by loss or down regulation of HLA class I molecules, documented in a variety of human tumors. Consequently, immune therapy building on CD8 T cells will be futile in patients harboring HLA class-I negative or deficient cancer cells. It is therefore mandatory to explore if these important molecules for T cell cytotoxicity are expressed by cancer target cells. We have indications that different types of immunotherapy can modify the tumor microenvironment and up-regulate reduced HLA class I expression in cancer cells but only if the associated molecular mechanisms is reversible (soft). However, in case of structural (hard) aberrations causing HLA class I loss, tumor cells will not be able to recover HLA class I expression and as a consequence will escape T-cell lysis and continue to growth. Characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying the lack or downregulation of HLA class I expression, seems to be a crucial step predicting clinical responses to T cell mediated immunotherapy, and possibly aid the selection of strategies that could condition patients for response. Thus, characterization of HLA expression by cancer cells could therefore represent an important predictive marker for immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Centre for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clinico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain ; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Spain ; Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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66
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van Rees DJ, Szilagyi K, Kuijpers TW, Matlung HL, van den Berg TK. Immunoreceptors on neutrophils. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:94-108. [PMID: 26976825 PMCID: PMC7129252 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil activities must be tightly controlled to maintain immune homeostasis. Activating and inhibitory receptors balance the outcome of immune cell activation. Immunoreceptors contain Ig-like extracellular domains and signal via ITAMs or ITIMs. Syk or SHP/SHIP mediate downstream signaling after immunoreceptor activation. Targeting immunoreceptors provides opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against infection, and they are able to perform a variety of effector mechanisms for this purpose. However, there are also a number of pathological conditions, including autoimmunity and cancer, in which the activities of neutrophils can be harmful to the host. Thus the activities of neutrophils need to be tightly controlled. As in the case of other immune cells, many of the neutrophil effector functions are regulated by a series of immunoreceptors on the plasma membrane. Here, we review what is currently known about the functions of the various individual immunoreceptors and their signaling in neutrophils. While these immunoreceptors allow for the recognition of a diverse range of extracellular ligands, such as cell surface structures (like proteins, glycans and lipids) and extracellular matrix components, they commonly signal via conserved ITAM or ITIM motifs and their associated downstream pathways that depend on the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins and/or inositol lipids. This allows for a balanced homeostatic regulation of neutrophil effector functions. Given the number of available immunoreceptors and their fundamental importance for neutrophil behavior, it is perhaps not surprising that pathogens have evolved means to evade immune responses through some of these pathways. Inversely, some of these receptors evolved to specifically recognize these pathogens. Finally, some interactions mediated by immunoreceptors in neutrophils have been identified as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke J van Rees
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katka Szilagyi
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy in which cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) target tumor-specific antigens complexed to MHC-I molecules has been used successfully for several types of cancer; however, MHC-I is frequently downregulated in tumors, resulting in CTL evasion. Recently, it has been shown that MHC-Ilo tumors produce a set of T cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP) that have potential to be exploited for immunotherapy. TEIPP-specific CTLs recognize tumors defective in antigen presentation machinery (APM) but not those with intact APM. In this issue of the JCI, Doorduljn et al. evaluated thymus selection and peripheral behavior of TEIPP-specific T cells, using a unique T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse model. They demonstrated that TEIPP-specific T cells in TAP-deficient mice have largely been deleted by central tolerance, while the same T cells in WT mice are naive and sustained. The results of this study suggest that TIEPPs have potential to be successful targets for elimination of MHC-Ilo tumors.
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68
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Doorduijn EM, Sluijter M, Querido BJ, Oliveira CC, Achour A, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. TAP-independent self-peptides enhance T cell recognition of immune-escaped tumors. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:784-94. [PMID: 26784543 DOI: 10.1172/jci83671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells frequently escape from CD8+ T cell recognition by abrogating MHC-I antigen presentation. Deficiency in processing components, like the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), results in strongly decreased surface display of peptide/MHC-I complexes. We previously identified a class of hidden self-antigens known as T cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP), which emerge on tumor cells with such processing defects. In the present study, we analyzed thymus selection and peripheral behavior of T cells with specificity for the prototypic TEIPP antigen, the "self" TRH4 peptide/Db complex. TEIPP T cells were efficiently selected in the thymus, egressed with a naive phenotype, and could be exploited for immunotherapy against immune-escaped, TAP-deficient tumor cells expressing low levels of MHC-I (MHC-Ilo). In contrast, overt thymus deletion and functionally impaired TEIPP T cells were observed in mice deficient for TAP1 due to TEIPP antigen presentation on all body cells in these mice. Our results strongly support the concept that TEIPPs derive from ubiquitous, nonmutated self-antigens and constitute a class of immunogenic neoantigens that are unmasked during tumor immune evasion. These data suggest that TEIPP-specific CD8+ T cells are promising candidates in the treatment of tumors that have escaped from conventional immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Tumor Escape
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69
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Garrido F, Aptsiauri N, Doorduijn EM, Garcia Lora AM, van Hall T. The urgent need to recover MHC class I in cancers for effective immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:44-51. [PMID: 26796069 PMCID: PMC5138279 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor immune escape compromises the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Loss of MHC class I expression is a frequent event in cancer cells. Three tumor phenotypes determine cancer fate: escape, rejection and dormancy. Recovery of MHC class I expression is required to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Immune escape strategies aimed to avoid T-cell recognition, including the loss of tumor MHC class I expression, are commonly found in malignant cells. Tumor immune escape has proven to have a negative effect on the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy, including treatment with antibodies blocking immune checkpoint molecules. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to overcome tumor immune evasion. MHC class I antigen presentation is often affected in human cancers and the capacity to induce upregulation of MHC class I cell surface expression is a critical step in the induction of tumor rejection. This review focuses on characterization of rejection, escape, and dormant profiles of tumors and its microenvironment with a special emphasis on the tumor MHC class I expression. We also discuss possible approaches to recover MHC class I expression on tumor cells harboring reversible/‘soft’ or irreversible/‘hard’ genetic lesions. Such MHC class I recovery approaches might well synergize with complementary forms of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular III e Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS.Granada), Granada, Spain.
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS.Granada), Granada, Spain
| | - Elien M Doorduijn
- Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angel M Garcia Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada (IBS.Granada), Granada, Spain
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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70
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Kiselyov A, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S, Startsev V. Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): Biological markers and simulation studies. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 4:27-34. [PMID: 26673853 PMCID: PMC4661599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the preferred first line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) in order to prevent recurrence and progression of cancer. There is ongoing need for the rational selection of i) BCG dose, ii) frequency of BCG administration along with iii) synergistic adjuvant therapy and iv) a reliable set of biochemical markers relevant to tumor response. In this review we evaluate cellular and molecular markers pertinent to the immunological response triggered by the BCG instillation and respective mathematical models of the treatment. Specific examples of markers include diverse immune cells, genetic polymorphisms, miRNAs, epigenetics, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology 'beacons' as exemplified by cell surface proteins, cytokines, signaling proteins and enzymes. We identified tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, a combination of Ki-67/CK20, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-6/IL-10 ratio as the most promising markers for both pre-BCG and post-BCG treatment suitable for the simulation studies. The intricate and patient-specific nature of these data warrants the use of powerful multi-parametral mathematical methods in combination with molecular/cellular biology insight and clinical input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kiselyov
- NBIC, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow region 141700, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir Startsev
- Department of Urology, State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg 194100, Russia
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71
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Kim JS, Kim YG, Pyo M, Lee HK, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Adoptive Cell Therapy of Melanoma with Cytokine-induced Killer Cells. Immune Netw 2015; 15:58-65. [PMID: 25922594 PMCID: PMC4411510 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and its incidence is gradually increasing worldwide. Patients with metastatic melanoma have a very poor prognosis (estimated 5-year survival rate of <16%). In the last few years, several drugs have been approved for malignant melanoma, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockades. Although new therapeutic agents have improved progression-free and overall survival, their use is limited by drug resistance and drug-related toxicity. At the same time, adoptive cell therapy of metastatic melanoma with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we summarize the currently available drugs for treatment of malignant melanoma. In addition, we suggest cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as another candidate approach for adoptive cell therapy of melanoma. Our preclinical study and several previous studies have shown that CIK cells have potent anti-tumor activity against melanomas in vitro and in an in vivo human tumor xenograft model without any toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Yong Guk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Minji Pyo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Hong Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
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72
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Iwayama Y, Tsuruma T, Mizuguchi T, Furuhata T, Toyota N, Matsumura M, Torigoe T, Sato N, Hirata K. Prognostic value of HLA class I expression in patients with colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:36. [PMID: 25889416 PMCID: PMC4336735 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic factors are useful for determination of the therapeutic strategy and follow-up examination after curative operation in cancer treatment. The immunological state of the host can influence the prognosis for cancer patients as well as the features of the cancer. Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules have a central role in the anti-cancer immune system. Therefore, we focused on the HLA class I expression level in cancer cells to investigate its prognostic value in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods We reviewed the clinical pathology archives of 97 consecutive patients with stage II colorectal cancer who underwent curative operation at the Sapporo Medical University, Japan, from February 1994 to January 2005. Fifty-six high-risk patients had adjuvant chemotherapy. The cancer cell membrane immunoreactivity level for HLA class I expressed by EMR8-5 was classified into three categories (positive, dull, and negative). In this study, the cases were divided into two groups: “positive” and “dull/negative”. HLA class I expression level and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated with the Pearson χ2 test. Survival analysis was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier methods, and the differences between survival curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results Immunohistochemical study of HLA class I revealed the following. There were 51 cases that were positive, 40 were dull, and six negative. The HLA class I expression level had no significant correlation with other clinicopathological parameters, except for gender. Univariate and multivariate analyses related to disease-free survival (DFS) revealed that tumor location, HLA expression level, and venous invasion were significant independent prognostic factors (P < 0.05). The 5-year DFS rates in HLA class I positive group and in the dull/negative group were 89% and 70%, respectively. For high-risk patients with adjuvant chemotherapy, the 5-year DFS rates in the HLA class I positive group and in the dull/negative group were 84% and 68%, respectively. For low-risk patients without the chemotherapy, the 5-year DFS rates in the HLA class I positive group and in the dull/negative group were 100% and 71%, respectively. Conclusions Our study concluded that the HLA class I expression level might be a very sensitive prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients with stage II disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Iwayama
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiro Tsuruma
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Toru Mizuguchi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Furuhata
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Toyota
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Matsumura
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-061, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-061, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1, W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan.
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73
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Chen XH, Liu ZC, Zhang G, Wei W, Wang XX, Wang H, Ke HP, Zhang F, Wang HS, Cai SH, Du J. TGF-β and EGF induced HLA-I downregulation is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through upregulation of snail in prostate cancer cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:34-42. [PMID: 25618241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen class I antigens (HLA-I) is essential in immune response by presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Downregulation of HLA-I is observed in primary and metastatic prostate cancers, which facilitates them escape from immune surveillance, thereby promotes prostate cancer progression. In addition, elevated level of growth factors like TGF-β or EGF in microenvironment is related to the prostate cancer deterioration. Thus, we wondered whether TGF-β or EGF was involved in the regulation of HLA-I during the development of prostate cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that TGF-β and EGF both downregulated the expression of HLA-I, thereby attenuated the cytotoxic T cell mediated lysis of prostate cancer cells. Next, we revealed that TGF-β and EGF induced downregulation of HLA-I is associated with classical epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) morphological changes and expression profiles. We further illustrated that overexpression of Snail is crucial for HLA-I downregulation and its association with EMT. At last, we discussed that NF-κB/p65 is the plausible target for Snail to induce HLA-I downregulation. Taken together, this is the first evidence to reveal that both TGF-β and EGF can induce HLA-I downregulation which is then proven to be associated with EMT in prostate cancer cells. These discoveries provide a deeper understanding of growth factors induced immune escape and introduce potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zong-Cai Liu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Peng Ke
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shao-Hui Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li X, Mei Q, Nie J, Fu X, Han W. Decitabine: a promising epi-immunotherapeutic agent in solid tumors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:363-75. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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75
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Liu S, Qi L, Yu Q, Song Y, Han W, Zu X, Jiang S, Yuan J, Zeng F, Xie Y. Survivin and HLA-I expression predicts survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8281-8. [PMID: 24852427 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of survivin and leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) proteins is associated with tumor progression. This study investigated their expressions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues for association with a clinical significance of ccRCC patients. Ninety ccRCC and 20 normal tissue samples (i.e., control) were immunohistochemically stained for survivin and HLA-I expression for an association with clinicopathological data and survival of ccRCC patients. Survivin protein was expressed in 82.2 % (74/90) of ccRCC tissue samples compared to 0 % in the normal tissues, and HLA-I protein was expressed in 90 % (18/20) of the normal tissues vs. 67.8 % (61/90) in ccRCC samples. Survivin expression was associated with tumor grade, stage, and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.000, p = 0.016, and p = 0.001, respectively). Conversely, lost HLA-I expression did not have any associations with clinicopathological data (p > 0.05). Survivin-negative patients had a higher tumor-free survival rate than patients with survivin expression (p = 0.037). Patients with normal HLA-I levels had a higher tumor-free survival rate than those with reduced HLA-I levels (p = 0.02). The uni- and multivariate analyses indicated that expression of survivin and HLA-I, individually and in combination, was an independent predictor for survival of ccRCC patients. Overexpression of survivin but reduced HLA-I expression is useful in the prediction of tumor-free survival of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulai Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
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76
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Romero I, Garrido C, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. T lymphocytes restrain spontaneous metastases in permanent dormancy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1958-68. [PMID: 24531750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor dormancy is a clinical phenomenon related to immune equilibrium during cancer immunoediting. The mechanisms involved in dormant metastases are poorly understood due to the lack of preclinical models. Here, we present a nontransgenic mouse model in which spontaneous metastases remain in permanent immunomediated dormancy with no additional antitumor treatment. After the injection of a GR9-B11 mouse fibrosarcoma clone into syngeneic BALB/c mice, all animals remained free of spontaneous metastases at the experimental endpoints (3-8 months) but also as long as 24 months after tumor cell injection. Strikingly, when tumor-bearing mice were immunodepleted of T lymphocytes or asialo GM1-positive cells, the restraint on dormant disseminated metastatic cells was relieved and lung metastases progressed. Immunostimulation was documented at both local and systemic levels, with results supporting the evidence that the immune system was able to restrain spontaneous metastases in permanent dormancy. Notably, the GR9-B11 tumor clone did not express MHC class I molecules on the cell surface, yet all metastases in immunodepleted mice were MHC class I-positive. This model system may be valuable for more in-depth analyses of metastatic dormancy, offering new opportunities for immunotherapeutic management of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Romero
- Authors' Affiliations: Dept. Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada; Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada; and Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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77
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Haimiti A, Hailiman Y, Gulina A, Du J, Hao Z, Rong XL, Zainuer A, Qin W, Lalai S. Reduced expression of members of the mhc-i antigen processing machinery in ethnic Uighur women with cervical cancer in the Xinjiang region of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:e67-74. [PMID: 24523623 DOI: 10.3747/co.21.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality in Uighur women compared with Han women in the Xinjiang region of China. Although a reduction in the class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc-i) antigen processing machinery (apm) is associated with the development of cervical cancer, the mhc-i apm has not been studied in this particular group of women, who have the highest incidence rate of cervical cancer in China. STUDY DESIGN We used immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction amplification of viral dna from infection with the human papilloma virus (hpv) to study the expression of members of the mhc-i apm in cervical cancer sections collected from Uighur and Han women and in cervicitis samples from age-matched counterparts. RESULTS Expression of the molecules of interest was compared between two ethnic groups, and expression of transporter associated with antigen processing 1 and 2, heat shock protein 90, and calnexin were found to be reduced even more significantly in Han women with cervical cancer than in Uighur women with same disease. However, compared with Han women, Uighur women had a higher rate of infection with hpv 16. CONCLUSIONS The mhc-i apm were reduced in cervical cancer, with heterogeneity in the two ethnic groups. The reduction was more pronounced in Han women, who less frequently had hpv 16 infection, suggesting possible differences in the roles of members of the mhc-i apm and in the mechanisms of cervical cancer development in these two ethnic groups despite residence in the same region of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haimiti
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Y Hailiman
- Department of Pathology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - A Gulina
- Department of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - J Du
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Z Hao
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - X L Rong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - A Zainuer
- Department of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - W Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - S Lalai
- Department of Pathology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
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78
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Nicolay HJM, Sigalotti L, Fonsatti E, Covre A, Parisi G, Fratta E, Coral S, Maio M. Epigenetically regulated tumor-associated antigens in melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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79
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Ozbas-Gerceker F, Bozman N, Kok S, Pehlivan M, Yilmaz M, Pehlivan S, Oguzkan-Balci S. Association of an LMP2 Polymorphism with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6399-402. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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80
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Fratta E, Sigalotti L, Covre A, Parisi G, Coral S, Maio M. Epigenetics of melanoma: implications for immune-based therapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1103-16. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a complex disease that arises and evolves due to a myriad of genetic and epigenetic events. Among these, the interaction between epigenetic alterations (i.e., histone modifications, DNA methylation, mRNA silencing by miRNAs and nucleosome repositioning) has been recently identified as playing an important role in melanoma development and progression by affecting key cellular pathways such as cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, invasion and immune recognition. Differently to genetic lesions, epigenetic changes are potentially pharmacologically reversible by using epigenetic drugs. Along this line, preclinical and clinical findings indicate that these drugs, given alone or in combination therapies, can efficiently modulate the immunophenotype of melanoma cells. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of melanoma epigenetics and the current use of epigenetic drugs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Fratta
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alessia Covre
- Division of Medical Oncology & Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Strada delle Scotte 14, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Division of Medical Oncology & Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Strada delle Scotte 14, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Coral
- Division of Medical Oncology & Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Strada delle Scotte 14, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Division of Medical Oncology & Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Strada delle Scotte 14, 53100 Siena, Italy
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81
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Engel JB, Honig A, Kapp M, Hahne JC, Meyer SR, Dietl J, Segerer SE. Mechanisms of tumor immune escape in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) with and without mutated BRCA 1. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:141-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-2922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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82
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Enhanced anti-cancer activity of human dendritic cells sensitized with gamma-irradiation-induced apoptotic colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:278-88. [PMID: 23485725 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Properly sensitized dendritic cells (DCs) can be an effective immunotherapeutic against cancers. We investigated the phenotypic and functional changes in human DCs sensitized with γ-irradiated colon cancer cell-line HT-29 (GIH). GIH induced maturation and activation of DCs. GIH-sensitized DCs showed increased cytotoxic activity against HT-29 through higher expression of perforin and granzyme B. They further induced expression of effector cytokines, cytotoxic molecules, and mucosal-homing receptor in autologous T-cells. Conclusively, these results suggest that effective anti-cancer activity is induced when DCs are sensitized with γ-irradiated cancer cells via both direct augmentation of the cytotoxicity and indirect activation of T cells.
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83
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del Campo AB, Carretero J, Aptsiauri N, Garrido F. Targeting HLA class I expression to increase tumor immunogenicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:147-54. [PMID: 22309256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between the host immune system and growing cancer has been of central interest to the field of tumor immunology over the past years. Recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by self-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class I-restricted CD8+ T cells is a main feature in the detection and destruction of malignant cells. The discovery and molecular characterization of TAA has changed the field of cancer treatment and introduced a new era of cancer immunotherapy aimed at increasing tumor immunogenicity and T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Unfortunately, while these new protocols of cancer immunotherapy are mediating induction of tumor-specific T lymphocytes in patients with certain malignancies, they have not yet delivered substantial clinical benefits, such as induction of tumor regression or increased disease-free survival. It has become apparent that lack of tumor rejection is the result of immune selection and escape by tumor cells that develop low immunogenic phenotypes. Substantial experimental data support the existence of a variety of different mechanisms involved in the tumor escape phase, including loss or downregulation of HLA class I antigens. These alterations could be caused by regulatory ('soft') or by structural/irreversible ('hard') defects. On the basis of the evidence obtained from experimental mouse cancer models and metastatic human tumors, the structural defects underlying HLA class I loss may have profound implications on T-cell-mediated tumor rejection and ultimately on the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Strategies to overcome this obstacle, including gene therapy to recover normal expression of HLA class I genes, require consideration. In this review, we outline the importance of monitoring and correction of HLA class I alterations during cancer development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B del Campo
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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84
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Ravindranath MH, Selvan SR, Terasaki PI. Augmentation of anti-HLA-E antibodies with concomitant HLA-Ia reactivity in IFNγ-treated autologous melanoma cell vaccine recipients. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:282-91. [PMID: 22283601 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.645582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-E expressed on the surface of melanoma cells and shed into circulation are known to inhibit killing of tumor cells by binding to CD94/NKGA2 receptors on cytotoxic T- and NKT cells. Interferon (IFN)-γ is known to promote HLA-E over-expression on the cell surface and shedding. The shed HLA-E heavy chain may expose cryptic epitopes to elicit antibodies (Abs). The anti-HLA-E Abs may bind to shed HLA-E or to the tumor cell surface to block its interaction with CTL/NKT cells. This is the basis for a melanoma cell vaccine that will generate anti-HLA-E Abs. The objective of this study was to characterize the antibody response and characterize the cross-reactivity of the antibodies produced in melanoma patients immunized with autologous melanoma cells treated with IFNγ. Anti-HLA-E murine mAbs and serum anti-HLA-E Abs in healthy individuals were known to react with HLA-Ia alleles, which is attributed to the presence of peptide sequences shared between HLA-E and HLA-Ia. Therefore, pre- and post-immune (weeks 4 and 24) serum Abs reacting to both HLA-E and HLA-Ia alleles were measured by multiplex Luminex®-based immunoassay. To ascertain whether the reactivity of the serum Abs to HLA-Ia was due to anti-HLA-E Abs, the shared-peptides were used to inhibit anti-HLA-E and HLA-Ia reactivities. The level of anti-HLA-E IgG in sera has increased post-immunization from its pre-immune level. Concomitantly, the HLA-Ia reactivity of the sera was also augmented. The reactivity of both anti-HLA-E Abs and HLA-Ia were inhibited by the shared-peptides. The HLA-Ia reactivity of the anti-HLA-E Abs in patients' sera is similar to the HLA-Ia reactivity of the anti-HLA-E mAbs and anti-HLA-E Abs in normal sera. The results establish the immunogenicity of HLA-E and also ascertain that the HLA-Ia reactivity of the anti-HLA-E Abs is due to shared-peptide epitopes.
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85
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Bernal M, García-Alcalde F, Concha A, Cano C, Blanco A, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Genome-wide differential genetic profiling characterizes colorectal cancers with genetic instability and specific routes to HLA class I loss and immune escape. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:803-16. [PMID: 22072317 PMCID: PMC11029079 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM We compared the expression of genes related to inflammatory and cytotoxic functions between MSI and MSS (HLA-class I-negative and HLA-class I-positive) colorectal cancers (CRCs), seeking evidence of differences in inflammatory mediators and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Twenty-two CRCs were divided into three study groups as a function of HLA class I expression and MSI phenotype: 8 MSI tumours, 6 MSS/HLA- tumours and 6 MSS/HLA+ tumours (controls). FINDINGS A first comparison between eight MSI and six MSS/HLA-positive (control) cancers, based on microarray analysis on an Affymetrix(®) HG-U133-Plus-PM plate, identified 1974 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05). We grouped genes in Gene Ontology functional categories: apoptotic programme (72 genes, P = 5.5·10(-3)), leucocyte activation (43 genes, P = 1.8·10(-5)), T-cell activation (24 genes, P = 6.3·10(-4)), inflammatory response (40 genes, 2.3·10(-2)) and cytokine production (10 genes, P = 1.9·10(-2)). Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation were used to validate the data, finding that increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators were associated with greater infiltration by CD8+T lymphocytes in the MSI group (P < 0.001). Finally, HLA-class I-negative tumours were not grouped together but rather in accordance with features of the gene expression profile of MSI or MSS tumours. As expected, genes associated with antigen processing machinery and MHC class I molecules (TAP2, B2m) were downregulated in MSS/HLA-class I-negative CRCs (n = 6) in comparison to controls. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, microarray and immunohistochemical data may be useful to comprehensively assess tumour-host interactions and differentiate MSI from MSS cancers. The two types of tumour, MSI/HLA-class I-negative and MSS/HLA-class I-negative, showed marked differences in the composition and intensity of infiltrating leucocytes, suggesting that their immune escape strategies involve distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Bernal
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Alcalde
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Concha
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Armando Blanco
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
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86
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Claus C, Riether C, Schürch C, Matter MS, Hilmenyuk T, Ochsenbein AF. CD27 signaling increases the frequency of regulatory T cells and promotes tumor growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3664-76. [PMID: 22628427 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of the TNF receptor superfamily member CD27 activates costimulatory pathways to elicit T- and B-cell responses. CD27 signaling is regulated by the expression of its ligand CD70 on subsets of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. Here, we analyzed the role of the CD27-CD70 interaction in the immunologic control of solid tumors in Cd27-deficient mice. In tumor-bearing wild-type mice, the CD27-CD70 interaction increased the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs), reduced tumor-specific T-cell responses, increased angiogenesis, and promoted tumor growth. CD27 signaling reduced apoptosis of Tregs in vivo and induced CD4(+) effector T cells (Teffs) to produce interleukin-2, a key survival factor for Tregs. Consequently, the frequency of Tregs and growth of solid tumors were reduced in Cd27-deficient mice or in wild-type mice treated with monoclonal antibody to block CD27 signaling. Our findings, therefore, provide a novel mechanism by which the adaptive immune system enhances tumor growth and may offer an attractive strategy to treat solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Claus
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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87
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Romero I, Martinez M, Garrido C, Collado A, Algarra I, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. The tumour suppressor Fhit positively regulates MHC class I expression on cancer cells. J Pathol 2012; 227:367-79. [PMID: 22451343 DOI: 10.1002/path.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules are ubiquitously expressed on the cells of an organism. Study of the regulation of these molecules in normal and disease conditions is important. In tumour cells, the expression of MHC-I molecules is very frequently lost, allowing these cells to evade the immune response. Cancers of different histology have shown total loss of MHC-I molecule expression, due to a coordinated transcriptional down-regulation of various antigen-processing machinery (APM) components and/or MHC-I heavy chains. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. We determined the possible genes involved by comparing MHC-I-positive with MHC-I-negative murine metastases derived from the same fibrosarcoma tumour clone. MHC-I-negative metastases showed transcriptional down-regulation of APM and MHC-I heavy chains. The use of microarrays and subtraction cDNA libraries revealed four candidate genes responsible for this alteration, but two of them were ruled out by real-time RT-PCR analyses. The other two genes, AP-2α and Fhit tumour suppressors, were studied by using siRNA to silence their expression in a MHC-I-positive metastatic cell line. AP-2α inhibition did not modify transcriptional expression of APM components or MHC-I heavy chains or surface expression of MHC-I. In contrast, silencing of the Fhit gene produced the transcriptional down-regulation of APM components and MHC-I heavy chains and decreased MHC-I surface expression. Moreover, transfection of Fhit in MHC-I-negative tumour cell lines restored MHC-I cell surface expression. These data indicate that defects in Fhit expression may promote MHC-I down-regulation in cancer cells and allow escape from immunosurveillance(#).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos & Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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88
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Tudor CS, Dawson CW, Eckhardt J, Niedobitek G, Büttner AC, Seliger B, Hartmann A, Buettner M. c-Myc and EBV-LMP1: two opposing regulators of the HLA class I antigen presentation machinery in epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1980-8. [PMID: 22588558 PMCID: PMC3388564 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) up-regulates the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen presentation machinery (APM). This appears counterintuitive with immune evasion in EBV-associated tumours like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Latent membrane protein 1-transfected epithelial cell lines were used as a model system to study the impact of LMP1 and c-Myc on HLA class I components. The expression of components of the HLA class I APM, c-Myc and Ki-67 was analysed in LMP1+ and LMP1− NPC by immunohistochemistry. Results: In epithelial cells, LMP1 up-regulated HLA class I APM. This effect could be counteracted by c-Myc, which itself was up-regulated by LMP1 apparently through IL6 induction and Jak3/STAT3 activation. Studies of NPC biopsies revealed down-regulation of HLA class I APM expression. No difference was observed between LMP1+ and LMP1− NPC. However, expression of Ki-67 and c-Myc were up-regulated in LMP1+ tumours. Conclusion: These findings raise the possibility that c-Myc activation in NPC might antagonise the effect of LMP1 on HLA class I expression thus contributing to immune escape of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tudor
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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89
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Russo V, Bondanza A, Ciceri F, Bregni M, Bordignon C, Traversari C, Bonini C. A dual role for genetically modified lymphocytes in cancer immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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90
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Torigoe T, Asanuma H, Nakazawa E, Tamura Y, Hirohashi Y, Yamamoto E, Kanaseki T, Hasegawa T, Sato N. Establishment of a monoclonal anti-pan HLA class I antibody suitable for immunostaining of formalin-fixed tissue: unusually high frequency of down-regulation in breast cancer tissues. Pathol Int 2012; 62:303-8. [PMID: 22524657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel monoclonal anti-pan human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I heavy chain antibody, EMR8-5, was established. It could detect HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. By immunohistochemical staining using the EMR8-5 antibody, various cancer tissues from 246 cases were examined for HLA class I expression. It was found that HLA class I expression was decreased in 20% to 42% of the cases of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma. In contrast, 85% of breast cancer cases had loss of or decreased HLA class I expression. Of the 35 breast cancer cases that had decreased HLA class I heavy chain expression, 33 (94%) also had decreased beta2-microglobulin expression detected by immunohistochemical staining. It was suggested that HLA class I down-regulation might be a common characteristic of breast cancer mostly caused by the down-regulation of beta2-microglobulin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Torigoe
- Departments of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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91
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Garrido C, Paco L, Romero I, Berruguilla E, Stefansky J, Collado A, Algarra I, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. MHC class I molecules act as tumor suppressor genes regulating the cell cycle gene expression, invasion and intrinsic tumorigenicity of melanoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:687-93. [PMID: 22219178 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of MHC class I (MHC-I) expression is a frequent event during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to evade the immune system. We report that the loss of one major histocompatibility complex haplotype in human melanoma cells not only allowed them to evade immunosurveillance but also increased their intrinsic oncogenic potential. A second successive defect in MHC-I expression, MHC-I total downregulation, gave rise to melanoma cells that were more oncogenic per se in vivo and showed a higher proliferation rate and greater migratory and invasive potential in vitro. All these processes were reversed by restoring MHC-I expression via human leukocite antigen-A2 gene transfection. MHC-I cell surface expression was inversely correlated with intrinsic oncogenic potential. Modifications in the expression of various cell cycle genes were correlated with changes in MHC-I expression; the most important differences among the melanoma cell lines were in the transcriptional level of AP2-alpha, cyclin A1 and p21WAF1/CIP1. According to these results, altered MHC-I expression in malignant cells can directly increase their intrinsic oncogenic and invasive potential and modulate the expression of cell cycle genes. These findings suggest that human leukocite antigen class I molecules may act directly as tumor suppressor genes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
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93
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Down-regulation of HLA-A mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:31-6. [PMID: 21947186 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that the alteration of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression frequently occurs in colorectal tumor. Previous studies mainly focused on the expression of HLA-A in tumor cells. The expression of HLA-A in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was unknown. To develop a non-invasive diagnostic method for colorectal cancer (CRC), this work investigated the expression of HLA-A mRNA in PBMC in patients with CRC. METHODS Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to study the expression of HLA-A mRNA in PBMC from 48 patients with colorectal cancer, 38 patients with benign colorectal lesions, 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 20 patients with esophageal cancer and 40 healthy individuals. Protein chip was utilized to detect the levels of serum CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 242 in all the cases. Overall results from the two methods were compared. RESULTS The relative expression of HLA-A mRNA in PBMC was 1.11 ± 0.45 in healthy group, 0.81 ± 0.42 in benign colorectal lesion group, and 0.39 ± 0.34 in cancer group, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of HLA-A mRNA, CEA, CA19-9, and CA242 was 81%, 59%, 61%, and 63%, and their diagnostic specificity was 75%, 64%, 52%, and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The expression of HLA-A mRNA in PBMC from colorectal cancer group was significantly lower than those in both benign group and healthy group (P < 0.001). It could be potentially developed as a tumor assistant marker in future.
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94
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Medulloblasoma: challenges for effective immunotherapy. J Neurooncol 2011; 108:1-10. [PMID: 22173741 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For medulloblastoma patients, the current therapeutic paradigm of surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy can lead to long-term remission. However, the sequelae of treatment can be very debilitating, particularly in young children. Immunotherapy is an attractive treatment approach to optimize the targeting of tumor cells while sparing the vulnerable surrounding brain that is still developing in children. Understanding the relationship between medulloblastoma and the immune system is critical to develop effective immunologic-based treatment strategies for these patients. This review focuses on current knowledge of tumor immunology and the factors that contribute to the lack of immune system recognition of these tumors. The specificity of tumor antigens present in medulloblastoma is also discussed along with a summary of early clinical immunotherapy results.
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95
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Mumm JB, Emmerich J, Zhang X, Chan I, Wu L, Mauze S, Blaisdell S, Basham B, Dai J, Grein J, Sheppard C, Hong K, Cutler C, Turner S, LaFace D, Kleinschek M, Judo M, Ayanoglu G, Langowski J, Gu D, Paporello B, Murphy E, Sriram V, Naravula S, Desai B, Medicherla S, Seghezzi W, McClanahan T, Cannon-Carlson S, Beebe AM, Oft M. IL-10 elicits IFNγ-dependent tumor immune surveillance. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:781-96. [PMID: 22172723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immune surveillance and cancer immunotherapies are thought to depend on the intratumoral infiltration of activated CD8(+) T cells. Intratumoral CD8(+) T cells are rare and lack activity. IL-10 is thought to contribute to the underlying immune suppressive microenvironment. Defying those expectations we demonstrate that IL-10 induces several essential mechanisms for effective antitumor immune surveillance: infiltration and activation of intratumoral tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, expression of the Th1 cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) and granzymes in CD8(+) T cells, and intratumoral antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, tumor immune surveillance is weakened in mice deficient for IL-10 whereas transgenic overexpression of IL-10 protects mice from carcinogenesis. Treatment with pegylated IL-10 restores tumor-specific intratumoral CD8(+) T cell function and controls tumor growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-10 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-10 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Perforin/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Mumm
- Merck Research Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
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96
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Abstract
Controversy exists as to the role that the immune system plays in cancer therapy. While the immune system has been proposed to scavenge the body to prevent microscopic transformation from forming cancer, it has been difficult to mount its potential of shrinking established tumors. NK cells are components of the innate immune system. They can recognize targets without prior sensitization, making them ideal candidates to manipulate for therapeutic use against cancer. Initially, autologous NK cells were directed against tumors but it was realized that NK cells that recognize self cells are inhibited. More encouraging advances have been made with allogeneic NK cell therapy in clinical trials to overcome this limitation. In this article, we present developments in NK cell adoptive immunotherapy for hematologic and solid tumor malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Geller
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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97
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Tanaka K, Tsuchikawa T, Miyamoto M, Maki T, Ichinokawa M, Kubota KC, Shichinohe T, Hirano S, Ferrone S, Dosaka-Akita H, Matsuno Y, Kondo S. Down-regulation of Human Leukocyte Antigen class I heavy chain in tumors is associated with a poor prognosis in advanced esophageal cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:965-74. [PMID: 22134332 PMCID: PMC3584652 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HLA class I antigen processing machinery (APM) plays a crucial role in the anticancer immune response. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of APM components in esophageal cancer. A total of 11 esophageal cancer cell lines were evaluated by Western blot analysis for 13 HLA class I APM components. There was a different expression pattern among cancer cell lines for HLA class I heavy chain (HLA-HC), β2 microglobulin, Tapasin, TAP-1, TAP-2, LMP-7 and LMP-10. Immunohistochemical staining utilizing a tissue microarray method for HLA class I APM expression showing different expression patterns among cell lines was performed for 95 surgical specimens from patients with esophageal cancer. Prognostic factors were the down-regulation of HLA-HC, and the up-regulation of β2 microglobulin and TAP-1 in the cancer tissues. Multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model indicated that the down-regulation of HLA-HC, and up-regulation of TAP-1 in cancer tissues are independent, unfavorable prognostic factors (hazard ratio, 2.361 and 2.297; P=0.0141 and 0.0145, respectively). Although there was no significant difference in survival for selected p-stage I and II patients (n=54) in all APM components, only down-regulation of HLA-HC was an unfavorable prognostic factor by a Cox regression model for selected p-stage III and IV patients (n=41). In conclusion, the current results suggest that the down-regulation of HLA-HC in tumors is especially associated with a poor prognosis among advanced esophageal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8648, Japan.
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98
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Garrido C, Romero I, Berruguilla E, Cancela B, Algarra I, Collado A, García-Lora A, Garrido F. Immunotherapy eradicates metastases with reversible defects in MHC class I expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1257-68. [PMID: 21553283 PMCID: PMC11028956 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor or metastatic cells lose MHC class I (MHC-I) expression during cancer progression as an escape mechanism from immune surveillance. These defects in MHC-I may be reversible by cytokines or different agents (soft lesions) or irreversible due to structural defects (hard lesions). The nature of these MHC-I alterations might determine the success or failure of immunotherapy treatments. In this study, we have used an MHC-I-positive murine fibrosarcoma tumor clone, GR9-A7, which generates multiple lung and lymph node metastases with reversible MHC-I alterations after treatment with IFN-γ. Four different antitumor treatments were carried out after primary tumor excision to determine their capacity to inhibit spontaneous metastatic colonization of the GR9-A7 tumor clone. We found that 2 different immunotherapy protocols (CpG plus autologous irradiated-GR9-A7 cells and protein-bound polysaccharide K (PSK) and 1 chemoimmunotherapy (docetaxel plus PSK) induced eradication of metastases. In contrast, chemotherapy with docetaxel alone produced only partial reduction in the number of metastases. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte populations showed an immunosuppression in GR9-A7 tumor-bearing host, which could be reverted by immunotherapy treatments. Our results suggest that irreversible or reversible MHC-I alterations in tumor target cells may determine its progression or regression independently of the type of immunotherapy used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido
- Departamento De Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Berruguilla
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Bárbara Cancela
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonia Collado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel García-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Departamento De Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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Prognostic significance of HLA class I expressing in gastric carcinoma defined by monoclonal anti-pan HLA class I antibody, EMR8-5. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:1336-43. [PMID: 21512844 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Downregulation or loss of HLA class I molecules has been demonstrated in human cancers. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of HLA class I expression in gastric cancer. METHODS Gastric cancer tissues from 189 patients were examined for expression of HLA class I heavy chain antigens by immunohistochemical staining with EMR8-5. The expression level of HLA class I of tumor cells is categorized by combining an estimate the percentage of immunoreactive cell with an estimate of the staining intensity. The relationship between HLA class I expression and clinicopathologic parameters, patient survival, and tumor recurrence were analyzed. RESULTS HLA class I was downregulated in 85 (45.0%) of the gastric carcinomas. Staining revealed 104 (55.0%) tumors with strongly positive expression of HLA class I antigens, 76 (40.2%) tumors with weakly positive expression, and 9 (4.8%) tumors with negative expression. The expression of HLA class I antigen did not correlate with any other clinicopathologic parameters. Moreover, HLA class I expression was neither a risk factor for tumor recurrence nor survival. CONCLUSION The downregulation of HLA class I expression is not associated with patient prognosis.
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100
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Kitamura H, Tsukamoto T. Immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma: current status and perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3055-72. [PMID: 24212945 PMCID: PMC3759186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is based on the BCG-induced immune response, which eradicates and prevents bladder cancer. The results of recent studies have suggested that not only major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-nonrestricted immune cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, etc., but also MHC-restricted CD8+ T cells play an important role and are one of the main effectors in this therapy. Better understanding of the mechanism of BCG immunotherapy supports the idea that active immunotherapy through its augmented T cell response can have great potential for the treatment of advanced UC. In this review, progress in immunotherapy for UC is discussed based on data from basic, translational and clinical studies. We also review the escape mechanism of cancer cells from the immune system, and down-regulation of MHC class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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