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Wong PY, Ma HT, Lee HJ, Poon RYC. MASTL(Greatwall) regulates DNA damage responses by coordinating mitotic entry after checkpoint recovery and APC/C activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22230. [PMID: 26923777 PMCID: PMC4770598 DOI: 10.1038/srep22230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The G2 DNA damage checkpoint is one of the most important mechanisms controlling G2-mitosis transition. The kinase Greatwall (MASTL in human) promotes normal G2-mitosis transition by inhibiting PP2A via ARPP19 and ENSA. In this study, we demonstrate that MASTL is critical for maintaining genome integrity after DNA damage. Although MASTL did not affect the activation of DNA damage responses and subsequent repair, it determined the timing of entry into mitosis and the subsequent fate of the recovering cells. Constitutively active MASTL promoted dephosphorylation of CDK1(Tyr15) and accelerated mitotic entry after DNA damage. Conversely, downregulation of MASTL or ARPP19/ENSA delayed mitotic entry. Remarkably, APC/C was activated precociously, resulting in the damaged cells progressing from G2 directly to G1 and skipping mitosis all together. Collectively, these results established that precise control of MASTL is essential to couple DNA damage to mitosis through the rate of mitotic entry and APC/C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Wong
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hyun-jung Lee
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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TRIP13 Regulates Both the Activation and Inactivation of the Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1086-1099. [PMID: 26832417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical studies have indicated that p31(comet) and TRIP13 are critical for inactivating MAD2. To address unequivocally whether p31(comet) and TRIP13 are required for mitotic exit at the cellular level, their genes were ablated either individually or together in human cells. Neither p31(comet) nor TRIP13 were absolutely required for unperturbed mitosis. MAD2 inactivation was only partially impaired in p31(comet)-deficient cells. In contrast, TRIP13-deficient cells contained MAD2 exclusively in the C-MAD2 conformation. Our results indicate that although p31(comet) enhanced TRIP13-mediated MAD2 conversion, it was not absolutely necessary for the process. Paradoxically, TRIP13-deficient cells were unable to activate the spindle-assembly checkpoint, revealing that cells lacking the ability to inactivate MAD2 were incapable in mounting a checkpoint response. These results establish a paradigm of the roles of p31(comet) and TRIP13 in both checkpoint activation and inactivation.
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53
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Marcus JM, Burke RT, DeSisto JA, Landesman Y, Orth JD. Longitudinal tracking of single live cancer cells to understand cell cycle effects of the nuclear export inhibitor, selinexor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14391. [PMID: 26399741 PMCID: PMC4585873 DOI: 10.1038/srep14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal tracking is a powerful approach to understand the biology of single cells. In cancer therapy, outcome is determined at the molecular and cellular scale, yet relationships between cellular response and cell fate are often unknown. The selective inhibitor of nuclear export, selinexor, is in development for the treatment of various cancers. Selinexor covalently binds exportin-1, causing nuclear sequestration of cargo proteins, including key regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis. The cell cycle effects of selinexor and the relationships between cell cycle effects and cell fates, has not been described for individual cells. Using fluorescent cell cycle indicators we report the majority of cell death after selinexor treatment occurs from a protracted G1-phase and early S-phase. G1- or early S-phase treated cells show the strongest response and either die or arrest, while those treated in late S- or G2-phase progress to mitosis and divide. Importantly, the progeny of cell divisions also die or arrest, mostly in the next G1-phase. Cells that survive selinexor are negative for multiple proliferation biomarkers, indicating a penetrant, arrested state. Selinexor acts quickly, shows strong cell cycle selectivity, and is highly effective at arresting cell growth and inducing death in cancer-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Marcus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Russell T Burke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - John A DeSisto
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Ave., Newton, MA 02459
| | - James D Orth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, GOLD A240B, 347 UCB, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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54
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Tsuchida E, Kaida A, Pratama E, Ikeda MA, Suzuki K, Harada K, Miura M. Effect of X-Irradiation at Different Stages in the Cell Cycle on Individual Cell-Based Kinetics in an Asynchronous Cell Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128090. [PMID: 26086724 PMCID: PMC4472673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an asynchronously growing cell population, we investigated how X-irradiation at different stages of the cell cycle influences individual cell–based kinetics. To visualize the cell-cycle phase, we employed the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci). After 5 Gy irradiation, HeLa cells no longer entered M phase in an order determined by their previous stage of the cell cycle, primarily because green phase (S and G2) was less prolonged in cells irradiated during the red phase (G1) than in those irradiated during the green phase. Furthermore, prolongation of the green phase in cells irradiated during the red phase gradually increased as the irradiation timing approached late G1 phase. The results revealed that endoreduplication rarely occurs in this cell line under the conditions we studied. We next established a method for classifying the green phase into early S, mid S, late S, and G2 phases at the time of irradiation, and then attempted to estimate the duration of G2 arrest based on certain assumptions. The value was the largest when cells were irradiated in mid or late S phase and the smallest when they were irradiated in G1 phase. In this study, by closely following individual cells irradiated at different cell-cycle phases, we revealed for the first time the unique cell-cycle kinetics in HeLa cells that follow irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tsuchida
- Section of Oral Radiation Oncology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
- Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Section of Oral Radiation Oncology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
| | - Endrawan Pratama
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Ikeda
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852–8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Harada
- Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
| | - Masahiko Miura
- Section of Oral Radiation Oncology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8549, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gera N, Yang A, Holtzman TS, Lee SX, Wong ET, Swanson KD. Tumor treating fields perturb the localization of septins and cause aberrant mitotic exit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125269. [PMID: 26010837 PMCID: PMC4444126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy and radiation are thought to be mediated by triggering G1/S or G2/M cell cycle checkpoints, while spindle poisons, such as paclitaxel, block metaphase exit by initiating the spindle assembly checkpoint. In contrast, we have found that 150 kilohertz (kHz) alternating electric fields, also known as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), perturbed cells at the transition from metaphase to anaphase. Cells exposed to the TTFields during mitosis showed normal progression to this point, but exhibited uncontrolled membrane blebbing that coincided with metaphase exit. The ability of such alternating electric fields to affect cellular physiology is likely to be dependent on their interactions with proteins possessing high dipole moments. The mitotic Septin complex consisting of Septin 2, 6 and 7, possesses a high calculated dipole moment of 2711 Debyes (D) and plays a central role in positioning the cytokinetic cleavage furrow, and governing its contraction during ingression. We showed that during anaphase, TTFields inhibited Septin localization to the anaphase spindle midline and cytokinetic furrow, as well as its association with microtubules during cell attachment and spreading on fibronectin. After aberrant metaphase exit as a consequence of TTFields exposure, cells exhibited aberrant nuclear architecture and signs of cellular stress including an overall decrease in cellular proliferation, followed by apoptosis that was strongly influenced by the p53 mutational status. Thus, TTFields are able to diminish cell proliferation by specifically perturbing key proteins involved in cell division, leading to mitotic catastrophe and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gera
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron Yang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Talia S. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sze Xian Lee
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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Scialpi F, Mellis D, Ditzel M. EDD, a ubiquitin-protein ligase of the N-end rule pathway, associates with spindle assembly checkpoint components and regulates the mitotic response to nocodazole. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12585-94. [PMID: 25833949 PMCID: PMC4432279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we identify physical and genetic interactions that implicate E3 identified by differential display (EDD) in promoting spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) function. During mitosis, the SAC initiates a mitotic checkpoint in response to chromosomes with kinetochores unattached to spindle pole microtubules. Similar to Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-related 1 (BUBR1) siRNA, a bona fide SAC component, EDD siRNA abrogated G2/M accumulation in response to the mitotic destabilizing agent nocodazole. Furthermore, EDD siRNA reduced mitotic cell viability and, in nocodazole-treated cells, increased expression of the promitotic progression protein cell division cycle 20 (CDC20). Copurification studies also identified physical interactions with CDC20, BUBR1, and other components of the SAC. Taken together, these observations highlight the potential role of EDD in regulating mitotic progression and the cellular response to perturbed mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Scialpi
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Mellis
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ditzel
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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57
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Alfano L, Costa C, Caporaso A, Altieri A, Indovina P, Macaluso M, Giordano A, Pentimalli F. NONO regulates the intra-S-phase checkpoint in response to UV radiation. Oncogene 2015; 35:567-76. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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58
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Salt-inducible kinase 3 is a novel mitotic regulator and a target for enhancing antimitotic therapeutic-mediated cell death. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1177. [PMID: 24743732 PMCID: PMC4001308 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many mitotic kinases are both critical for maintaining genome stability and are important targets for anticancer therapies. We provide evidence that SIK3 (salt-inducible kinase 3), an AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase, is important for mitosis to occur properly in mammalian cells. Downregulation of SIK3 resulted in an extension of mitosis in both mouse and human cells but did not affect the DNA damage checkpoint. Time-lapse microscopy and other approaches indicated that mitotic exit but not mitotic entry was delayed. Although repression of SIK3 alone simply delayed mitotic exit, it was able to sensitize cells to various antimitotic chemicals. Both mitotic arrest and cell death caused by spindle poisons were enhanced after SIK3 depletion. Likewise, the antimitotic effects due to pharmacological inhibition of mitotic kinases including Aurora A, Aurora B, and polo-like kinase 1 were enhanced in the absence of SIK3. Finally, in addition to promoting the sensitivity of a small-molecule inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5, SIK3 depletion was able to overcome cells that developed drug resistance. These results establish the importance of SIK3 as a mitotic regulator and underscore the potential of SIK3 as a druggable antimitotic target.
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59
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Peng D, Hu T, Soutto M, Belkhiri A, Zaika A, El-Rifai W. Glutathione peroxidase 7 has potential tumour suppressor functions that are silenced by location-specific methylation in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2014; 63:540-51. [PMID: 23580780 PMCID: PMC3825783 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential tumour suppressor functions of glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7) and examine the interplay between epigenetic and genetic events in regulating its expression in oesophageal adenocarcinomas (OAC). DESIGN In vitro and in vivo cell models were developed to investigate the biological and molecular functions of GPX7 in OAC. RESULTS Reconstitution of GPX7 in OAC cell lines, OE33 and FLO-1, significantly suppressed growth as shown by the growth curve, colony formation and EdU proliferation assays. Meanwhile, GPX7-expressing cells displayed significant impairment in G1/S progression and an increase in cell senescence. Concordant with the above functions, Western blot analysis displayed higher levels of p73, p27, p21 and p16 with a decrease in phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (RB), indicating its increased tumour suppressor activities. On the contrary, knockdown of GPX7 in HET1A cells (an immortalised normal oesophageal cell line) rendered the cells growth advantage as indicated with a higher EdU rate, lower levels of p73, p27, p21 and p16 and an increase in phosphorylated RB. We confirmed the tumour suppressor function in vivo using GPX7-expressing OE33 cells in a mouse xenograft model. Pyrosequencing of the GPX7 promoter region (-162 to +138) demonstrated location-specific hypermethylation between +13 and +64 in OAC (69%, 54/78). This was significantly associated with the downregulation of GPX7 (p<0.01). Neither mutations in the coding exons of GPX7 nor DNA copy number losses were frequently present in the OAC examined (<5%). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that GPX7 possesses tumour suppressor functions in OAC and is silenced by location-specific promoter DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- DunFa Peng
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - TianLing Hu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232
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60
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Biomolecular dynamics and binding studies in the living cell. Phys Life Rev 2014; 11:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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61
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Raychaudhuri S, Loew C, Körner R, Pinkert S, Theis M, Hayer-Hartl M, Buchholz F, Hartl F. Interplay of Acetyltransferase EP300 and the Proteasome System in Regulating Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1. Cell 2014; 156:975-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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62
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Kim JS, Kim EJ, Oh JS, Park IC, Hwang SG. CIP2A modulates cell-cycle progression in human cancer cells by regulating the stability and activity of Plk1. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6667-78. [PMID: 23983103 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal cell-cycle control can lead to aberrant cell proliferation and cancer. The oncoprotein cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that stabilizes c-Myc. However, the precise role of CIP2A in cell division is not understood. Herein, we show that CIP2A is required for mitotic progression by regulating the polo-like kinase (Plk1). With mitotic entry, CIP2A translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it was enriched at spindle poles. CIP2A depletion delayed mitotic progression, resulting in mitotic abnormalities independent of PP2A activity. Unexpectedly, CIP2A interacted directly with the polo-box domain of Plk1 during mitosis. This interaction was required to maintain Plk1 stability by blocking APC/C-Cdh1-dependent proteolysis, thereby enhancing the kinase activity of Plk1 during mitosis. We observed strong correlation and in vivo interactions between these two proteins in multiple human cancer specimens. Overall, our results established a novel function for CIP2A in facilitating the stability and activity of the pivotal mitotic kinase Plk1 in cell-cycle progression and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research and Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul; and Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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63
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Marxer M, Ma HT, Man WY, Poon RYC. p53 deficiency enhances mitotic arrest and slippage induced by pharmacological inhibition of Aurora kinases. Oncogene 2013; 33:3550-60. [PMID: 23955083 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora kinases have been developed and are undergoing clinical trials for anti-cancer therapies. Different Aurora kinases, however, behave as very different targets: while inhibition of Aurora A (AURKA) induces a delay in mitotic exit, inhibition of Aurora B (AURKB) triggers mitotic slippage. Furthermore, while it is evident that p53 is regulated by Aurora kinase-dependent phosphorylation, how p53 may in turn regulate Aurora kinases remains mysterious. To address these issues, isogenic p53-containing and -negative cells were exposed to classic inhibitors that target both AURKA and AURKB (Alisertib and ZM447439), as well as to new generation of inhibitors that target AURKA (MK-5108), AURKB (Barasertib) individually. The fate of individual cells was then tracked with time-lapse microscopy. Remarkably, loss of p53, either by gene disruption or small interfering RNA-mediated depletion, sensitized cells to inhibition of both AURKA and AURKB, promoting mitotic arrest and slippage respectively. As the p53-dependent post-mitotic checkpoint is also important for preventing genome reduplication after mitotic slippage, these studies indicate that the loss of p53 in cancer cells represents a major opportunity for anti-cancer drugs targeting the Aurora kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marxer
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - H T Ma
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - W Y Man
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - R Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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64
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Critical differences between isoforms of securin reveal mechanisms of separase regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3400-15. [PMID: 23798554 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00057-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid separation depends on the activity of separase, which in turn requires the proteolysis of its inhibitor, securin. It has been speculated that securin also supports the activation of separase. In this study, we found that PTTG1 was the major securin isoform expressed in most normal and cancer cell lines. Remarkably, a highly homologous isoform called PTTG2 was unable to interact with separase. Using chimeras between PTTG1 and PTTG2 and other approaches, we pinpointed a single amino acid that accounted for the loss of securin function in PTTG2. Mutation of the homologous position in PTTG1 (H(134)) switched PTTG1 from an inhibitor into an activator of separase. In agreement with this, PTTG1 lacking H(134) was able to trigger premature sister chromatid separation. Conversely, introduction of H(134) into PTTG2 is sufficient to allow it to bind separase. These data demonstrate that while the motif containing H(134) has a strong affinity for separase and is involved in inhibiting it, another domain(s) is involved in activating separase and has a weaker affinity for it. Although PTTG2 lacks securin function, its differences from PTTG1 provide evidence of independent inhibitory and activating functions of PTTG1 on separase.
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65
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Alekseeva L, Rault L, Almeida S, Legembre P, Edmond V, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Even S, Taieb F, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Staphylococcus aureus-induced G2/M phase transition delay in host epithelial cells increases bacterial infective efficiency. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63279. [PMID: 23717407 PMCID: PMC3662696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly versatile, opportunistic pathogen and the etiological agent of a wide range of infections in humans and warm-blooded animals. The epithelial surface is its principal site of colonization and infection. In this work, we investigated the cytopathic effect of S. aureus strains from human and animal origins and their ability to affect the host cell cycle in human HeLa and bovine MAC-T epithelial cell lines. S. aureus invasion slowed down cell proliferation and induced a cytopathic effect, resulting in the enlargement of host cells. A dramatic decrease in the number of mitotic cells was observed in the infected cultures. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an S. aureus-induced delay in the G2/M phase transition in synchronous HeLa cells. This delay required the presence of live S. aureus since the addition of the heat-killed bacteria did not alter the cell cycle. The results of Western blot experiments showed that the G2/M transition delay was associated with the accumulation of inactive cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1, a key inducer of mitosis entry, and with the accumulation of unphosphorylated histone H3, which was correlated with a reduction of the mitotic cell number. Analysis of S. aureus proliferation in asynchronous, G1- and G2-phase-enriched HeLa cells showed that the G2 phase was preferential for bacterial infective efficiency, suggesting that the G2 phase delay may be used by S. aureus for propagation within the host. Taken together, our results divulge the potential of S. aureus in the subversion of key cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, and shed light on the biological significance of S. aureus-induced host cell cycle alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Alekseeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Lucie Rault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sintia Almeida
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrick Legembre
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, U1085, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Edmond
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, U1085, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergine Even
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC U1043, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Arlot-Bonnemains
- CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Biologie, Santé, Innovation technologique, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Leung JWC, Ghosal G, Wang W, Shen X, Wang J, Li L, Chen J. Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked gene product ATRX is required for proper replication restart and cellular resistance to replication stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6342-50. [PMID: 23329831 PMCID: PMC3585069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) is a member of the SWI/SNF protein family of DNA-dependent ATPases. It functions as a chromatin remodeler and is classified as an SNF2-like helicase. Here, we showed somatic knock-out of ATRX displayed perturbed S-phase progression as well as hypersensitivity to replication stress. ATRX is recruited to sites of DNA damage, required for efficient checkpoint activation and faithful replication restart. In addition, we identified ATRX as a binding partner of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex. Together, these results suggest a non-canonical function of ATRX in guarding genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wai-Chung Leung
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gargi Ghosal
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wenqi Wang
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xi Shen
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jiadong Wang
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lei Li
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Junjie Chen
- From the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Kienzle C, Eisler SA, Villeneuve J, Brummer T, Olayioye MA, Hausser A. PKD controls mitotic Golgi complex fragmentation through a Raf-MEK1 pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 24:222-33. [PMID: 23242995 PMCID: PMC3564543 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Before entering mitosis, the stacks of the Golgi cisternae are separated from each other, and inhibiting this process delays entry of mammalian cells into mitosis. Protein kinase D (PKD) is known to be involved in Golgi-to-cell surface transport by controlling the biogenesis of specific transport carriers. Here we show that depletion of PKD1 and PKD2 proteins from HeLa cells by small interfering RNA leads to the accumulation of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and prevents cells from entering mitosis. We further provide evidence that inhibition of PKD blocks mitotic Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activation, and, as a consequence, mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which could be rescued by expression of active MEK1. Finally, Golgi fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses demonstrate that PKD is crucial for the cleavage of the noncompact zones of Golgi membranes in G2 phase. Our findings suggest that PKD controls interstack Golgi connections in a Raf-1/MEK1-dependent manner, a process required for entry of the cells into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kienzle
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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