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Effect of the topical administration of N-(2-(4-bromophenylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide compound in a murine subcutaneous melanoma model. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 31:718-727. [PMID: 32568827 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatments for metastatic melanomas are still ineffective and generate numerous side effects, justifying the search for new therapies. The antimetastatic effect of the named N-(2-(4-bromophenylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)nicotinamide (SRVIC30) compound has been previously demonstrated in murine melanoma. Herein, we aimed to evaluate its effect when topically administrated in a murine subcutaneous melanoma model. For that, mice C57BL/6 were injected subcutaneously with 2 × 10 B16-F10 cells. Topical treatment began when tumors became visible on animal's back. Therefore, tumor volume was measured three times a week until it reaches 12 mm approximately. At this point, 40 mg oil-in-water cream (Lanette) without (control mice; n = 10) or with SRVIC30 compound (SRVIC30 group; n = 10 animals) were spread daily over the tumor external surface using a small brush for 14 days. The treatments increased the percentage of peroxidase antioxidant enzyme and dead cells via caspase-3 activation, with a consequent deposit of collagen fibers in the tumors. In addition, the skin of treated animals showed the presence of inflammatory infiltrate. Finally, SRVIC30 did not show signs of toxicity. Thus, we concluded that the topic administration of SRVIC30 was able to influence crucial anticancer processes such as tumor cells apoptosis and surrounding microenvironment.
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52
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Osrodek M, Wozniak M. Targeting Genome Stability in Melanoma-A New Approach to an Old Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3485. [PMID: 33800547 PMCID: PMC8036881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent groundbreaking advances in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, it remains one of the most treatment-resistant malignancies. Due to resistance to conventional chemotherapy, the therapeutic focus has shifted away from aiming at melanoma genome stability in favor of molecularly targeted therapies. Inhibitors of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) pathway significantly slow disease progression. However, long-term clinical benefit is rare due to rapid development of drug resistance. In contrast, immune checkpoint inhibitors provide exceptionally durable responses, but only in a limited number of patients. It has been increasingly recognized that melanoma cells rely on efficient DNA repair for survival upon drug treatment, and that genome instability increases the efficacy of both MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field of melanoma research which indicate that targeting genome stability of melanoma cells may serve as a powerful strategy to maximize the efficacy of currently available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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53
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Pham BV, Kang JH, Phan HH, Cho MS, Kim NK. Malignant Melanoma of Anorectum: Two Case Reports. Ann Coloproctol 2021; 37:65-70. [PMID: 33730798 PMCID: PMC7989557 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2020.01.07.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the anorectum is a rare disorder. Patients often present with local symptoms similar to benign diseases. The prognosis is very poor, and almost all patients die because of metastases. We report 2 female patients with unremarkable histories. Both of them received previous operations before visiting our center after they were diagnosed with anorectal malignant melanoma. One case underwent abdominoperineal resection and postoperative chemotherapy. The other had been treated with ultralow anterior resection followed by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Van Pham
- Abdominal Surgery Department I, National Cancer Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae Hyun Kang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Huynh Huu Phan
- Abdominal Surgery Department I, National Cancer Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Min Soo Cho
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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54
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Song LB, Luan JC, Zhang QJ, Chen L, Wang HY, Cao XC, Song NH, Lu Y. The Identification and Validation of a Robust Immune-Associated Gene Signature in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6686284. [PMID: 33688507 PMCID: PMC7911606 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6686284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma is defined as one of the most aggressive skin tumors in the world. An increasing body of evidence suggested an indispensable association between immune-associated gene (IAG) signature and melanoma. This article is aimed at formulating an IAG signature to estimate prognosis of melanoma. METHODS 434 melanoma patients were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and 1811 IAGs were downloaded from the ImmPort database in our retrospective study. The Cox regression analysis and LASSO regression analysis were utilized to establish a prognostic IAG signature. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis was performed, and the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was further applied to assess the predictive value. Besides, the propensity score algorithm was utilized to balance the confounding clinical factors between the high- and low-risk groups. RESULTS A total of six prognostic IAGs comprising of INHA, NDRG1, IFITM1, LHB, GBP2, and CCL8 were eventually filtered out. According to the KM survival analysis, the results displayed a shorter overall survival (OS) in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. In the multivariate Cox model, the gene signature was testified as a remarkable prognostic factor (HR = 45.423, P < 0.001). Additionally, the ROC curve analyses were performed which demonstrated our IAG signature was superior to four known biomarkers mentioned in the study. Moreover, the IAG signature was significantly related to immunotherapy-related biomarkers. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the six IAG signature played a critical role in the prognosis and immunotherapy of melanoma, which might help clinicians predict patients' survival and provide individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Bin Song
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao-Chen Luan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Chen Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-Hong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Kezhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Kezhou, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Razavi A, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Pawelek J, Rezaei N. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for melanoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:209-223. [PMID: 33481629 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1880895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a cancer treatment. After initial therapeutic success for hematologic malignancies, this approach has been extended for the treatment of solid tumors including melanoma. AREAS COVERED T cells need to be reprogramed to recognize specific antigens expressed only in tumor cells, a difficult problem since cancer cells are simply transformed normal cells. Tumor antigens, namely, CSPG4, CD70, and GD2 have been targeted by CAR-T cells for melanoma. Moreover, different co-stimulatory signaling domains need to be selected to direct T cell fate. In this review, various approaches for the treatment of melanoma and their effectiveness are comprehensively reviewed and the current status, challenges, and future perspective of CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma are discussed. Literature search was accomplished in three databases (PubMed, Google scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov). Published papers and clinical trials were screened and relevant documents were included by checking pre-defined eligibility criteria. EXPERT OPINION Despite obstacles and the risk of adverse events, CAR T cell therapy could be used for patients with treatment-resistant cancer. Clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy of this approach for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadehsadat Razavi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
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56
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Campagna R, Bacchetti T, Salvolini E, Pozzi V, Molinelli E, Brisigotti V, Sartini D, Campanati A, Ferretti G, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Paraoxonase-2 Silencing Enhances Sensitivity of A375 Melanoma Cells to Treatment with Cisplatin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121238. [PMID: 33297311 PMCID: PMC7762224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive skin cancer, being responsible for the majority of deaths related with these neoplasms. Despite chemotherapy represents a frontline approach for management of the advanced stages of the disease, it displayed poor response rates and short-term efficacy due to melanoma cell resistance. Therefore, the discovery of molecules that can be used for effective targeted therapy of melanoma is crucial. In this study, we evaluated the impact of paraoxonase-2 (PON2) silencing on proliferation, viability, and resistance to treatment of the A375 melanoma cell line with chemotherapeutic drugs dacarbazine (DTIC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Due to the enzymes ability to counteract oxidative stress, we also evaluated the effect of enzyme knockdown on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells treated with CDDP. The data reported clearly demonstrated that PON2 knockdown led to a significant reduction of cell proliferation and viability, as well as to an enhancement of A375 sensitivity to CDDP treatment. Moreover, enzyme downregulation was associated with an increase of ROS production in CDDP-treated cells. Although further analyses will be necessary to understand how PON2 could influence melanoma cell metabolism and phenotype, our results seem to suggest that the enzyme may serve as an interesting molecular target for effective melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-122-04676
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (V.B.); (A.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.C.); (E.S.); (V.P.); (G.F.); (M.E.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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57
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Mohammadian J, Mahmoudi S, Pourmohammad P, Pirouzpanah M, Salehnia F, Maroufi NF, Samadi N, Sabzichi M. Formulation of Stattic as STAT3 inhibitor in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) enhances efficacy of doxorubicin in melanoma cancer cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:2315-2323. [PMID: 32653978 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanoparticle-based combination therapy has been emerging as huge innovation in cancer treatment. Here, we studied the effect of Stattic (STAT3 inhibitor) loaded in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) on enhancing the efficacy, cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis of doxorubicin in B16F10 mouse melanoma cancer cell. The evaluation of Stattic-loaded NLCs has been done in terms of zeta potential, particle size, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cellular uptake. MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cell proliferation. Apoptotic cell death and identification of early and late apoptosis were assessed by DAPI staining and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR was applied to measure the effects of doxorubicin and/or Stattic on key apoptotic genes such as Bad, Survivin, HIF1, and STAT3. The Stattic formulated into NLCs shown mean particle size of 56 ± 7 nm which was confirmed by SEM. The IC50 values for Stattic and doxorubicin were 2.95 ± 0.52 μM and 1.21 ± 0.36 μM, respectively. Stattic-loaded NLCs diminished percent of cell proliferation from 68 ± 6.8 to 54 ± 3.7% (p < 0.05). Combinational treatment of the cells with Stattic-loaded nanoparticles and doxorubicin give rise to a significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis (p < 0.05). The study of gene expression profile has shown a remarkable decrease in anti-apoptotic gene, Survivin, along with smooth decline in HIF1 as angiogenesis intermediator and increase in Bad mRNA levels. Our results recommend that NLCs as novel technology have potent strategy to augment efficacy of current chemotherapeutic agent in melanoma cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Mohammadian
- Drug Applied Research Center, and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shiva Mahmoudi
- Drug Applied Research Center, and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Pirouz Pourmohammad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pirouzpanah
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Salehnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Drug Applied Research Center, and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sabzichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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58
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Eddy K, Chen S. Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8984. [PMID: 33256089 PMCID: PMC7730443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer that develops from transformed melanocytes. It is crucial to identify melanoma at its early stages, in situ, as it is "curable" at this stage. However, after metastasis, it is difficult to treat and the five-year survival is only 25%. In recent years, a better understanding of the etiology of melanoma and its progression has made it possible for the development of targeted therapeutics, such as vemurafenib and immunotherapies, to treat advanced melanomas. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate melanoma development and progression, with a special focus on the immune evasion strategies utilized by melanomas, to evade host immune surveillances. The proposed mechanism of action and the roles of immunotherapeutic agents, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, adoptive T- cell therapy plus T-VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma are discussed. In this review, we implore that a better understanding of the steps that mediate melanoma onset and progression, immune evasion strategies exploited by these tumor cells, and the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment response are critical in the design of improved strategies to improve clinical outcomes for patients with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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59
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Genetic Alterations in the INK4a/ARF Locus: Effects on Melanoma Development and Progression. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101447. [PMID: 33076392 PMCID: PMC7602651 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the INK4a/ARF (or CDKN2A) locus have been reported in many cancer types, including melanoma; head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. In melanoma, loss of function CDKN2A alterations have been identified in approximately 50% of primary melanomas, in over 75% of metastatic melanomas, and in the germline of 40% of families with a predisposition to cutaneous melanoma. The CDKN2A locus encodes two critical tumor suppressor proteins, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a and the p53 regulator p14ARF. The majority of CDKN2A alterations in melanoma selectively target p16INK4a or affect the coding sequence of both p16INK4a and p14ARF. There is also a subset of less common somatic and germline INK4a/ARF alterations that affect p14ARF, while not altering the syntenic p16INK4a coding regions. In this review, we describe the frequency and types of somatic alterations affecting the CDKN2A locus in melanoma and germline CDKN2A alterations in familial melanoma, and their functional consequences in melanoma development. We discuss the clinical implications of CDKN2A inactivating alterations and their influence on treatment response and resistance.
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60
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Dang H, Sun J, Wang G, Renner G, Layfield L, Hilli J. Management of pembrolizumab-induced steroid refractory mucositis with infliximab: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4100-4108. [PMID: 33024767 PMCID: PMC7520797 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab is an anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) that was shown to have a tolerable safety profile with 17% of grade 3-4 drug-related adverse events, notable response rate of 16% with median duration of response of 8 mo, and median overall survival of 8 mo. Severe mucositis is a very rare complication with only two cases of grade 4 mucositis reported, and both cases had good response to intravenous methylprednisolone and subsequent oral prednisone tapering. We report the first case of pembrolizumab-induced severe mucositis that was refractory to steroid treatment.
CASE SUMMARY An 80-year-old woman with a past medical history of recurrent right cheek nodular melanoma status post resection and new right lung metastatic melanoma on immunotherapy presented with dysphagia and odynophagia for 2 mo. She initially received 2 doses of ipilimumab 1 year ago with good outcome, but treatment was discontinued after developing severe diarrhea and rash. Pembrolizumab was then initiated 4 mo after disease progression. Significant improvement was noted after 3 doses. However, after 6 cycles of pembrolizumab, patient developed odynophagia and malnutrition. Improvement of symptoms was noted after discontinuation of pembrolizumab and initiation of steroids. 3 mo later, patient developed pharyngeal swelling with hoarseness and new oxygen requirement due to impending airway obstruction while being on prednisone tapering regimen, finally ended up with intubation and tracheostomy. Histologic analysis of left laryngeal and epiglottis tissue showed granulation tissue with acute on chronic inflammation, negative for malignancy and infection. Patient achieved marked improvement after 2 doses of infliximab of 5 mg/kg every 2 wk while continuing on prednisone tapering course.
CONCLUSION We report the first case of pembrolizumab-induced grade 4 mucositis that had limited recovery with prolonged steroid course but had rapid response with addition of infliximab. The patient had recurrent mucositis symptoms whenever steroids was tapered but achieved complete response after receiving two doses of infliximab while continuing to be on tapering steroids. The success of infliximab in this patient with pembrolizumab-induced severe mucositis presents a potentially safe approach to reduce prolonged steroid course and accelerate recovery in managing this rare complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Dang
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Jiyuan Sun
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Gregory Renner
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Lester Layfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Jaffar Hilli
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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61
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Jiang C, Wallington DG, Anker CJ, Lawson DH, Yushak ML, Kudchadkar RR, Tarhini A, Khan MK. Changing Therapeutic Landscape for Melanoma With Multiple Brain Metastases. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:498-515. [PMID: 32315430 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 90 000 people are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma in the United States this year. The development of brain metastases is particularly difficult to manage. Over the past few years, melanoma patients with multiple unresectable brain metastases for which stereotactic surgery might also not be a viable option have fortunately experienced a dramatic expansion in available management options given improvements made to targeted agents, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is a long-standing radiation technique that has become increasingly sophisticated. In this review, we summarize retrospective and prospective studies on individual advances in targeted agents, immunotherapy, and WBRT, highlighting important variables such as overall survival, intracranial progression-free survival, control and response rates, and toxicities. We also discuss the recent integration of these therapies into a multimodality approach, which has shown promise in the clinical setting although toxicities have not been insignificant. Finally, we describe ongoing prospective trials relevant to melanoma with brain metastases, and we conclude with our own thoughts on the optimal approach for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jiang
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David G Wallington
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Christopher J Anker
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David H Lawson
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melinda L Yushak
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lindenberg M, Retèl V, Rohaan M, van den Berg J, Haanen J, van Harten W. Evaluating different adoption scenarios for TIL-therapy and the influence on its (early) cost-effectiveness. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:712. [PMID: 32736535 PMCID: PMC7393723 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) is an innovative therapy for advanced melanoma with promising clinical phase I/II study results and likely beneficial cost-effectiveness. As a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of TIL therapy in advanced melanoma compared to ipilimumab is still ongoing, adoption of TIL therapy by the field is confronted with uncertainty. To deal with this, scenario drafting can be used to identify potential barriers and enables the subsequent anticipation on these barriers. This study aims to inform adoption decisions of TIL by evaluating various scenarios and evaluate their effect on the cost-effectiveness. METHODS First, 14 adoption scenarios for TIL-therapy were drafted using a Delphi approach with a group of involved experts. Second, the likelihood of the scenarios taking place within 5 years was surveyed among international experts using a web-based questionnaire. Third, based on the questionnaire results and recent literature, scenarios were labeled as being either "likely" or "-unlikely". Finally, the cost-effectiveness of TIL treatment involving the "likely" scored scenarios was calculated. RESULTS Twenty-nine experts from 12 countries completed the questionnaire. The scenarios showed an average likelihood ranging from 29 to 58%, indicating that future developments of TIL-therapy were surrounded with quite some uncertainty. Eight of the 14 scenarios were labeled as "likely". The net monetary benefit per patient is presented as a measure of cost-effectiveness, where a positive value means that a scenario is cost-effective. For six of these scenarios the cost-effectiveness was calculated: "Commercialization of TIL production" (the price was assumed to be 3 times the manufacturing costs in the academic setting) (-€51,550), "Pharmaceutical companies lowering the prices of ipilimumab" (€11,420), "Using TIL-therapy combined with ipilimumab" (-€10,840), "Automatic TIL production" (€22,670), "TIL more effective" (€23,270), "Less Interleukin-2" (€20,370). CONCLUSIONS Incorporating possible future developments, TIL-therapy was calculated to be cost-effective compared to ipilimumab in the majority of "likely" scenarios. These scenarios could function as facilitators for adoption. Contrary, TIL therapy was expected to not be cost-effective when sold at commercial prices, or when combined with ipilimumab. These scenarios should be considered in the adoption decision as these may act as crucial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lindenberg
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, MB-HTSR, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valesca Retèl
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, MB-HTSR, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Rohaan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Berg
- Biotherapeutics Unit (BTU), The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Harten
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, MB-HTSR, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9235638. [PMID: 32671117 PMCID: PMC7338969 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9235638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most immunologic malignancies based on its higher prevalence in immune-compromised patients, the evidence of brisk lymphocytic infiltrates in both primary tumors and metastases, the documented recognition of melanoma antigens by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, most important, evidence that melanoma responds to immunotherapy. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma is a relatively late discovery for this malignancy. Recent studies have shown a significantly higher success rate with combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted molecular therapy. Immunotherapy is associated to a panel of dysimmune toxicities called immune-related adverse events that can affect one or more organs and may limit its use. Future directions in the treatment of metastatic melanoma include immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies or targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors.
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Abdullayeva L. Donor-Transmitted Melanoma: Is It Still Bothering Us? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 32328846 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Global organ scarcity remains a severe obstacle because of the rapid growth in the number of patients on the transplant waiting list. Transplant centres strive to raise the number of donors by proposing more mild criteria for donor selection, among them donors with a history of malignancy and older age. Recipients are at hazard of acquiring tumour that existed in the donor at the time of transplantation with the most common cancers been renal cell carcinoma (57%), melanoma (10%), and choriocarcinoma (9%). Tumour origin can be established by PCR-based DNA analysis for microsatellite markers, HLA typing, immunohistochemistry, or fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The general recommendation for treatment of donor-related melanoma is a cessation of immunosuppression therapy to allow rejection of the allograft and its immediate removal. In non-renal transplant patients with life-sustaining organs or if allograft removal is denied, reduction of immunosuppression, chemoradiation therapy, and urgent retransplantation are the only potential strategies. Checkpoint inhibitors were reported to be effective in several cases of donor-transmitted melanoma and now emerge as an innovative option to standard chemotherapy and the potential for cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abdullayeva
- Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov, 94 Tole Bi Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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65
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Qian P, Linbo L, Xiaomei Z, Hui P. Circ_0002770, acting as a competitive endogenous RNA, promotes proliferation and invasion by targeting miR-331-3p in melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:264. [PMID: 32327630 PMCID: PMC7181653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a kind of tumor that originates from melanocytes and is characterized by chemoresistance and distant metastasis. Although the complete pathogenesis of melanoma remains unclear, increasing evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) may be involved. In the present study, we identified a circular RNA, circ_0002770, which is produced from the well-known oncogene MDM2, and was sharply increased in melanoma and correlated with a poor prognosis. Knockdown of circ_0002770 suppressed melanoma cell invasion, migration and proliferation. Mechanistically, circ_0002770 acted as a sponge of miR-331-3p and could indirectly regulate DUSP5 and TGFBR1. Inhibition of miR-331-3p reversed the inhibitory effect of si-circ_0002770 on melanoma cell proliferation and invasion. In vivo evidence further confirmed that silencing circ_0002770 inhibited melanoma tumor formation. In conclusion, circ_0002770 facilitated melanoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration by sponging miR-331-3p and modulating DUSP5 and TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshedong Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Liu Linbo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshedong Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Zhai Xiaomei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshedong Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Pei Hui
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshedong Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.
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Yazdani M, Jaafari MR, Verdi J, Alani B, Noureddini M, Badiee A. Ex vivo-generated dendritic cell-based vaccines in melanoma: the role of nanoparticulate delivery systems. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:333-349. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a poor immunogenic cancer and many treatment strategies have been used to enhance specific or nonspecific immunity against it. Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine is the most effective therapies that have been used so far. Meanwhile, the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy relies on critical factors relating to DCs such as the state of maturation and proper delivery of antigens. In this regard, the use of nanoparticulate delivery systems for effective delivery of antigen to ex vivo-generated DC-based vaccines that also poses adjuvanticity would be an ideal approach. In this review article, we attempt to summarize the role of different types of nanoparticulate antigen delivery systems used in the development of ex vivo-generated DC-based vaccines against melanoma and describe their adjuvanticity in mediation of DC maturation, cytoplasmic presentation of antigens to MHC class I molecules, which led to potent antigen-specific immune responses. As were represented, cationic liposomes were the most used approach, which suggest its potential applicability as delivery systems for further experiments in combination with either adjuvants or monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Yazdani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 91778-99191, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Behrang Alani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Mahdi Noureddini
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 91778-99191, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While anti-PD-1 antibodies have been a breakthrough in the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, a substantial proportion of patients are still refractory to or progress after treatment with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Here, we review the post anti-PD-1 therapy alternatives that may be possible for patients with unresectable or metastatic stage 3 or 4 melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS Currently available treatment options include BRAF-targeted and MEK inhibitor-targeted therapies for those with BRAFV600 mutant melanoma, while for patients with BRAF-WT melanoma or those who have already received prior BRAF-targeted therapy, options include anti-CTLA-4 therapy, alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy, or for selected patients, clinical trials that may incorporate other immune checkpoint inhibitors or co-stimulatory agonists, oncolytic virotherapies, adoptive cellular therapies, or other novel agents. Participation in clinical trials is critical in order to delineate what more effective treatment options are and which group of patients after receiving prior anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Hromic-Jahjefendic A, Lundstrom K. Viral Vector-Based Melanoma Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E60. [PMID: 32187995 PMCID: PMC7148454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy applications of oncolytic viruses represent an attractive alternative for cancer treatment. A broad range of oncolytic viruses, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, rhabdoviruses, reoviruses, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, picornaviruses and poxviruses, have been used in diverse preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various diseases, including colon, head-and-neck, prostate and breast cancer as well as squamous cell carcinoma and glioma. The majority of studies have focused on immunotherapy and several drugs based on viral vectors have been approved. However, gene therapy for malignant melanoma based on viral vectors has not been utilized to its full potential yet. This review represents a summary of the achievements of preclinical and clinical studies using viral vectors, with the focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altijana Hromic-Jahjefendic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma in the metastatic, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant setting. Curr Opin Oncol 2020; 32:106-113. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sen’kova AV, Savin IA, Kabilova TO, Zenkova MA, Chernolovskaya EL. Tumor-Suppressing, Immunostimulating, and Hepatotoxic Effects of Immunostimulatory RNA in Combination with Dacarbazine in a Murine Melanoma Model. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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71
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Fabrication of nanopatterned PLGA films of curcumin and TPGS for skin cancer. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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72
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Xu C, Yang S, Jiang Z, Zhou J, Yao J. Self-Propelled Gemini-like LMWH-Scaffold Nanodrugs for Overall Tumor Microenvironment Manipulation via Macrophage Reprogramming and Vessel Normalization. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:372-383. [PMID: 31840517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the hallmark of melanoma that nurtures the tumor microenvironment (TME) for rapid tumor progression. Vessel normalization could benefit melanoma treatment through TME reconstruction, while its limited duration and extent are still the drag. Herein, two kinds of look-like nanodrugs, called Gemini-like nanodrugs (GLnano), were constructed separately with the same scaffold of antiangiogenic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and mixed upon administration in vivo. For one, doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into LMWH-chrysin nanodrug (LCY) with DSPE-PEG-anisamide decoration (D-LCA nanodrugs) for active targeting and direct cell killing toward melanoma cells. For another, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-sensitive peptide was conjugated to LMWH to encapsulate celecoxib (Cel) (C-Lpep nanodrugs), disassembling in TME by MMPs and releasing Cel for M2-to-M1 reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages. Our results showed that GLnano could remarkably elongate the vessel normalization window up to 12 days with the highest pericyte coverage of nearly 75%, compared to only 4 days by LCY monotherapy. Furthermore, GLnano could spontaneously form the "treatment-delivery" loop to promote nanodrugs toward deep tumor regions, leading to a potent tumor inhibition, metastasis prevention, and overall TME improvements.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Doxorubicin/chemistry
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/chemistry
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/pharmacokinetics
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/pharmacology
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhijie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Escandon Brehm J, Bedogni B. Blockade of CCR5 in melanoma: An alternative immune checkpoint modulator. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:196. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Escandon Brehm
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miami FL USA
| | - Barbara Bedogni
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miami FL USA
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive melanoma stem cells in tumorigenesis, drug resistance and anti-neoplastic immunotherapy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1435-1443. [PMID: 31838656 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare subset of cancer cells, are well known for their self-renewing capacity. CSCs play a critical role in therapeutic failure and are responsible for poor prognosis in leukemia and various solid tumors. However, it is still unclear how CSCs initiate carcinogenesis and evade the immune response. In humans, the melanoma initiating cells (MICs) are recognized as the CSCs in melanomas, and were verified to possess CSC potentials. The enzymatic system, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is considered to be a specific marker for CSCs in several tumors. The expression of ALDH in MICs may be closely correlated with phenotypic heterogeneity, melanoma-genesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. The ALDH+ CSCs/MICs not only serve as an indicator for therapeutic efficacy, but have also become a target for the treat of melanoma. In this review, we initially introduce the multiple capacities of MICs in melanoma. Then, we summarize in vivo and in vitro studies that illustrate the relationship between ALDH and MICs. Furthermore, understanding of chemotherapy resistance in melanoma relies on ALDH+ MICs. Finally, we review studies that focus on melanoma immunotherapies, rendering ALDH a potential marker to evaluate the efficacy of anti-neoplastic therapies or an adjuvant anti-melanoma target.
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Kappelmann-Fenzl M, Kuphal S, Krupar R, Schadendorf D, Umansky V, Vardimon L, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK. Complex Formation with Monomeric α-Tubulin and Importin 13 Fosters c-Jun Protein Stability and Is Required for c-Jun's Nuclear Translocation and Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111806. [PMID: 31744174 PMCID: PMC6895814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic structures, which consist of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. They are essential for a number of cellular processes, including intracellular trafficking and mitosis. Tubulin-binding chemotherapeutics are used to treat different types of tumors, including malignant melanoma. The transcription factor c-Jun is a central driver of melanoma development and progression. Here, we identify the microtubule network as a main regulator of c-Jun activity. Monomeric α-tubulin fosters c-Jun protein stability by protein-protein interaction. In addition, this complex formation is necessary for c-Jun's nuclear localization sequence binding to importin 13, and consequent nuclear import and activity of c-Jun. A reduction in monomeric α-tubulin levels by treatment with the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel resulted in a decline in the nuclear accumulation of c-Jun in melanoma cells in an experimental murine model and in patients' tissues. These findings add important knowledge to the mechanism of the action of microtubule-targeting drugs and indicate the newly discovered regulation of c-Jun by the microtubule cytoskeleton as a novel therapeutic target for melanoma and potentially also other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kappelmann-Fenzl
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Center), Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (S.K.); (C.H.)
- Faculty of Applied Health Care Sciences, University of Applied Science Deggendorf, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Silke Kuphal
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Center), Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (S.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Rosemarie Krupar
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23566 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45355 Essen, Germany;
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Lily Vardimon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel;
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Center), Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (S.K.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja-Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer Center), Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany (S.K.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8524191
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Oliveira Pinho J, Matias M, Gaspar MM. Emergent Nanotechnological Strategies for Systemic Chemotherapy against Melanoma. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1455. [PMID: 31614947 PMCID: PMC6836019 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer, being one of the deadliest cancers in the world. The current treatment options involve surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Although the last approach is the most used, the high toxicity and the lack of efficacy in advanced stages of the disease have demanded the search for novel bioactive molecules and/or efficient drug delivery systems. The current review aims to discuss the most recent advances on the elucidation of potential targets for melanoma treatment, such as aquaporin-3 and tyrosinase. In addition, the role of nanotechnology as a valuable strategy to effectively deliver selective drugs is emphasized, either incorporating/encapsulating synthetic molecules or natural-derived compounds in lipid-based nanosystems such as liposomes. Nanoformulated compounds have been explored for their improved anticancer activity against melanoma and promising results have been obtained. Indeed, they displayed improved physicochemical properties and higher accumulation in tumoral tissues, which potentiated the efficacy of the compounds in pre-clinical experiments. Overall, these experiments opened new doors for the discovery and development of more effective drug formulations for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Oliveira Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Matias
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Chinese Patients with Advanced Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6454989. [PMID: 31662753 PMCID: PMC6791241 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6454989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Anti-PD-1 antibody improves the survival of patients with advanced melanoma. However, the efficacy and safety of anti-programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody have not been fully elucidated in Chinese melanoma patients, who show high frequency of mucosal and acral melanoma subtypes; besides, the factors influencing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody have not been evaluated broadly. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced melanoma treated with regimens containing anti-PD-1 antibody from June 2016 to January 2019 were evaluated. Baseline characteristics and blood parameters were assessed, and outcome and adverse events were evaluated according to different regimens. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results A total of 51 patients with advanced melanoma were included in this study. The overall objective response rate (ORR) was 17.6%, the disease control rate was 58.5%, and the median time to progression was 5.2 months. The ORR of patients with PD-1 blockade-based combination therapy, without liver metastases and higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP) before PD-1 blockade, is higher than that of those not. Univariate analysis based on clinical features showed that ECOG scores, liver metastasis, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CRP levels were the factors affecting time to progression (TTP). Multivariate analysis showed that elevated CRP before PD-1 blockade was an independent predictive factor for ORR of PD-1 blockade therapy (P=0.009), while only Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score was an independent predictor for TTP (P=0.032). The treatment was well tolerated in these cohort patients, and there was no treatment-related death. Conclusion Anti-PD-1 antibody-containing regimen was safe and effective in Chinese patients with advanced melanoma, and elevated CRP and ECOG score were independent factors predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Metabolic flexibility in melanoma: A potential therapeutic target. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:187-207. [PMID: 31362075 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) represents one of the most metastasizing and drug resistant solid tumors. CM is characterized by a remarkable metabolic plasticity and an important connection between oncogenic activation and energetic metabolism. In fact, melanoma cells can use both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression. However, the CM energetic demand mainly depends on glycolysis, whose upregulation is strictly linked to constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK pathway affected by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. Furthermore, the impressive metabolic plasticity of melanoma allows the development of resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and the adaptation to microenvironmental changes. The metabolic interaction between melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment affects the immune response and CM growth. In this review article, we describe the regulation of melanoma metabolic alterations and the metabolic interactions between cancer cells and microenvironment that influence melanoma progression and immune response. Finally, we summarize the hallmarks of melanoma therapies and we report BRAF/MEK pathway targeted therapy and mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
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79
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Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive and the deadliest form of skin cancer. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The therapeutic strategy can include single agents or combined therapies, depending on the patient’s health, stage, and location of the tumor. The efficiency of these treatments can be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. New therapeutic targets have emerged from studies of the genetic profile of melanocytes and from the identification of molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of the malignant transformation. In this review, we aim to survey therapies approved and under evaluation for melanoma treatment and relevant research on the molecular mechanisms underlying melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Domingues
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Hospital S João, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Pópulo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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80
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Melanoma of the lower genital tract: Prognostic factors and treatment modalities. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 150:180-189. [PMID: 29728261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary melanomas originating from the gynecological tract are rare and aggressive cancers. The vulva is the most frequent site (70%), followed by vagina and more rarely by cervix. The clinical outcome of patients with female genital tract melanoma is very poor, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 37-50% for vulvar, 13-32% for vaginal, and approximately 10% for cervical melanoma. In this systematic review, we analyzed the pathogenesis and the different factors influencing the prognosis of melanomas of the lower genital tract, with particular emphasis on biologic variables that may influence new therapeutic approaches. We evaluated the different treatment modalities described in the literature, in order to offer a possible algorithm that may help the clinicians in diagnosing and treating patients with these uncommon malignancies.
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81
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Liu J, Jiang G, Mao P, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu L, Wang J, Owusu L, Ren B, Tang Y, Li W. Down-regulation of GADD45A enhances chemosensitivity in melanoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4111. [PMID: 29515153 PMCID: PMC5841426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant skin cancer with considerable drug resistance. Increased expression of DNA repair genes have been reported in melanoma, and this contributes to chemotherapy resistance. GADD45A is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to physiologic or environmental stresses. In this study, we investigated the role of GADD45A in chemotherapy response. Firstly, the mRNA expression of profiled DNA repair genes in cisplatin-treated melanoma cells was detected by RT2 profilerTM PCR array. We found the expression of GADD45A upregulated in a dose- and time- dependent manner. In addition, suppression of GADD45A sensitized melanoma cells to cisplatin and enhanced cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Flow cytometry revealed that downregulating GADD45A released cells from cisplatin-induced G2/M arrest and increased apoptosis. By using a MEK inhibitor, GADD45A was shown to be regulated by MAPK-ERK pathway following cisplatin treatment. Thus, the induction of GADD45A might play important roles in chemotherapy response in human melanoma cancer and could serve as a novel molecular target for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Department of General Surgery, The people's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Likun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Lawrence Owusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Baoyin Ren
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Yawei Tang
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
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82
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[Current aspects in the prognosis of advanced melanoma]. Hautarzt 2018; 69:249-259. [PMID: 29396638 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The therapy of metastatic melanoma has changed rapidly in recent years. Immune checkpoint blockade and targeted therapy have replaced less effective chemotherapies. New clinical studies also point towards a substantial benefit of these drugs for the adjuvant treatment of high-risk patients. Thus, the prognosis of advanced melanoma has improved. Nevertheless, it remains a life-threatening condition due to frequent relapses and progression of the disease. This article aims at providing an overview of current treatment strategies for metastasized melanoma and their impact on prognosis of the disease. In addition, changes in the recently published American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) classification identifying groups at risk will be highlighted.
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83
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Abstract
RATIONALE Amelanotic malignant melanoma (AMM) is a rare subtype of malignant melanoma (MM) that manifests atypically and is easily misdiagnosed or missed altogether. The keloid type of AMM has rarely been reported. Herein, we provide information to improve the clinical diagnosis of AMM types and raise awareness to ensure early diagnosis and timely treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS A 20-year old woman presented with a mass on her left shoulder of 1 year's duration that had been treated surgically. The lesion recurred 1 month before the present case, along with lymph node enlargement on the left supraclavicular fossa. DIAGNOSES Histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings suggested AMM. INTERVENTIONS The original tumor recurred 1 month later after chemotherapy, and an extended resection and a second round of chemotherapy were performed. However, the patient exhibited suspected epileptic symptoms during chemotherapy and was required to return to the local hospital for treatment. OUTCOMES No tumor recurrence occurred within a 6-month follow-up period. LESSONS Early AMM diagnosis has a very significant effect on prognosis. For some persistent and growing proliferative lesions, obliterative treatments should be avoided before a definitive histopathological diagnosis has been made.
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84
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Kaufman HL, Andtbacka RHI, Collichio FA, Wolf M, Zhao Z, Shilkrut M, Puzanov I, Ross M. Durable response rate as an endpoint in cancer immunotherapy: insights from oncolytic virus clinical trials. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:72. [PMID: 28923101 PMCID: PMC5604502 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional response criteria may be insufficient to characterize full clinical benefits of anticancer immunotherapies. Consequently, endpoints such as durable response rate (DRR; a continuous response [complete or partial objective response] beginning within 12 months of treatment and lasting ≥6 months) have been employed. There has not, however, been validation that DRR correlates with other more traditional endpoints of clinical benefit such as overall survival. Methods We evaluated whether DRR was associated with clinically meaningful measures of benefit (eg, overall survival [OS], quality of life [QoL], or treatment-free interval [TFI]) in a phase 3 clinical trial of an oncolytic virus for melanoma treatment. To evaluate the association between DRR and OS and to mitigate lead time bias, landmark analyses were used. QoL was evaluated using the FACT-BRM questionnaire (comprising the FACT-BRM Physical, Social/Family, Emotional, and Functional well-being domains, the Additional Concerns, Physical and Mental treatment-specific subscales, and the Trial Outcome Index [TOI]). TFI was defined as time from the last study therapy dose to first subsequent therapy dose (including any systemic anticancer therapy for melanoma after study therapy discontinuation). Results Four hundred thirty-six patients were included in the intent-to-treat population. Achieving DR was associated with a statistically significant improvement in OS in a landmark analysis at 9 months (HR = 0.07; P = 0.0003), 12 months (HR = 0.05, P < 0.0001), and 18 months (HR = 0.11; P = 0.0002) that persisted after adjusting for disease stage and line of therapy. Achieving a DR was associated with a longer median TFI (HR = 0.33; P = 0.0007) and a higher TOI improvement rate (58.1% versus 30.0%; P = 0.025). Conclusions Achieving a DR was associated with clinical benefits such as improved OS and QoL and prolonged TFI, thus supporting the usefulness of DR as a meaningful immunotherapy clinical trial endpoint. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00769704 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00769704) October 7, 2008 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0276-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Robert H I Andtbacka
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 1950 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Frances A Collichio
- The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Box 7305, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael Wolf
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Zhongyun Zhao
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Mark Shilkrut
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Merrick Ross
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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85
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Kou Y, Ji L, Wang H, Wang W, Zheng H, Zou J, Liu L, Qi X, Liu Z, Du B, Lu L. Connexin 43 upregulation by dioscin inhibits melanoma progression via suppressing malignancy and inducing M1 polarization. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1690-1703. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kou
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Department of Pathology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Liyan Ji
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Haojia Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hongming Zheng
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Juan Zou
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Linxin Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Biaoyan Du
- Department of Pathology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Linlin Lu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510006 China
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86
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Harrison TM, Kitchell BE. Principles and Applications of Medical Oncology in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:209-234. [PMID: 27890289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diagnoses of neoplasia in exotic animals have historically been made at death or just before euthanasia. Routine physical examinations are enabling early diagnosis while accessibility and affordability of advanced diagnostics are improving. With increasing expectations for care, treatment options are more frequently explored. Numerous oncologic medications have been adopted from human and small animal medicine and successfully used in exotic animals. Although there is a need for extended research, this article evaluates which medications have been used thus far for treatment protocols in zoologic and exotic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Myers Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Barbara E Kitchell
- Department of Oncology, VCA Veterinary Care Referral Center, 9901 Montgomery Boulevard, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA
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