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Juarranz MG, Bodega G, Prieto JC, Guijarro LG. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates rat prostatic epithelial cell proliferation. Prostate 2001; 47:285-92. [PMID: 11398176 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens play a major role in supporting normal growth and functional maintenance in the prostate. However, this gland contains an array of neuroendocrine peptides that can play a regulatory role in its physiopathology. Among these peptides, one of the best studied is vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which is abundant in autonomic nerves surrounding both human and rat prostatic acini. This neuropeptide may act through interaction with two types of high-affinity receptors, named VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors. Another regulatory peptide, the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), interacts with these receptors with the same affinity as VIP, but binds with higher affinity to PAC(1) receptors. Human prostate tumors and rat prostate show a major presence of VPAC(1) receptors, whereas various findings suggest a role for VIP in prostatic development. Here we studied the effects of VIP on the proliferation of rat prostatic epithelial cells in culture. METHODS We studied the [(3)H]-thymidine uptake by rat prostatic epithelial cells in culture, characterized previously by using biomarkers such as cytokeratin and vimentin. In these cells we tested the effect of VIP and PACAP-27 on two different signaling pathways, the cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the inositol phosphate (IPs). RESULTS The rat prostatic cells in culture were cytokeratin (5,6,8) and vimentin positive, indicating that the culture was predominantly epithelial. The proliferation curves showed that the cells followed different states of growth: a quiescent, an exponential proliferative, and a steady state. Cyclic AMP production, but not inositol phosphate production, was increased in the presence of VIP and PACAP-27, which suggests the expression of VPAC(1) and/or VPAC(2) receptors primarily. VIP significantly increased prostatic cell proliferation in a bimodal manner, as shown for dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP), which suggests that the effect of VIP upon prostatic proliferation is cAMP-dependent. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that VIP increased [(3)H]thymidine uptake by rat prostatic epithelial cells in culture, conceivably by the activation of the adenylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Juarranz
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Zelivianski S, Verni M, Moore C, Kondrikov D, Taylor R, Lin MF. Multipathways for transdifferentiation of human prostate cancer cells into neuroendocrine-like phenotype. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1539:28-43. [PMID: 11389966 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine (NE) cell is a minor cell population in normal human prostate glands. The number of NE cells is increased in advanced hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas (PCA). The mechanism of increased NE cell population in these advanced tumors is poorly understood. We examined molecular mechanisms which may be involved in the regulation of the transdifferentiation process of human PCA cells leading to a NE phenotype. We compared PCA cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 in the following medium conditions: steroid-reduced (SR), interleukin-6 (IL-6)-supplemented, or dibutyrate cAMP (db-cAMP)-supplemented. We found that androgen-responsive C-33 LNCaP cells responded to all treatments, having a neuronal-like morphology. In contrast, C-81 LNCaP cells, having a decreased androgen responsiveness, had a less pronounced effect although followed a similar trend. Androgen-unresponsive PC-3 cells showed little change in their morphology. Grown in the SR condition, the level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of neuronal cells, was upregulated in C-33 LNCaP cells, while to a lesser degree in the presence of IL-6. In the presence of db-cAMP, the NSE level in C-33 cells was decreased, lower than that in control cells. An opposite effect was observed for C-81 LNCaP cells. Nevertheless, the NSE level was only elevated in db-cAMP-treated PC-3 cells, but no change was found in PC-3 cells grown in the SR- or IL-6-supplemented medium. Thus, a similar gross phenotypic change may correlate with differential molecular expressions. We also analyzed the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) since it plays a critical role in normal neuronal differentiation and signaling. Our results showed that the expression of RPTPalpha correlates with the NE phenotypic change of LNCaP cells in the SR condition. In summary, our data clearly show that the molecular process by which cultured human prostate cancer cells undergo a transdifferentiation process to a NE cell-like phenotype is accompanied by differential expressions of different markers, and a gross NE cell-like phenotype can occur by exposing PCA cells to different pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zelivianski
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
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53
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Nagakawa O, Ogasawara M, Murata J, Fuse H, Saiki I. Effect of prostatic neuropeptides on migration of prostate cancer cell lines. Int J Urol 2001; 8:65-70. [PMID: 11240828 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2001.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study by the same authors demonstrated that among various neuropeptides in the prostate, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) increased the invasive capacity of PC-3 prostate cancer cells through enhancement of cell motility, while substance P (SP) inhibited the invasiveness through suppression of motile response. METHODS The effect of 10 kinds of neuropeptides were investigated, including CGRP, GRP, SP, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin (CT), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), methionine-enkephalin (M-ENK), glucagon and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), on the invasion of DU-145 prostate cancer cells through a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) and the haptotactic migration of DU-145, TSU-pr1 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells using a Transwell cell culture chamber assay. RESULTS It was found that GRP, CGRP and PTH-rP increased the invasive capacity of tumor cells. In contrast, SP, VIP, CT, L-ENK, M-ENK, NPY and glucagon had no significant effect. These three neuropeptides also increased the haptotactic migration of tumor cells to fibronectin. In addition VIP, CGRP and GRP increased the haptotactic migration of LNCaP prostate cancer cells and GRP and PTH-rP increased the migration of TSU-pr1 cells. CONCLUSION The results indicated that some prostatic neuropeptides increased the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells partially through enhancement of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nagakawa
- Department of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
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54
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Larrán López J, Aparicio Patino J, López Muñoz A, Vilches Troya J. [Effect of the neuropeptides bombesin and calcitonin on the growth of prostate cell lines, PC-3, DU 145, and LNCaP]. Actas Urol Esp 2000; 24:779-84. [PMID: 11199293 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(00)72547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine cells are present in normal and tumoral prostate tissue, the neuropeptides secreted by this cells have a biological functions that have not been fully elucidated. The presence of neuroendocrine cells in prostatic carcinoma have been shown to increase tumor progression. We characterized the in vitro proliferative influence of bombesin and calcitonin in androgen-insensitive, PC-3 and DU-145, and androgen-sensitive, LNCaP, cell lines of human prostate cancers. The influence of these neuropeptides on proliferation were assessed using the colorimetric XTT assay and by cells counts with a hemocytometer. The growth of PC-3 and DU-145 cell lines is stimulated by bombesin and calcitonin but exerted any stimulatory effect on the proliferation of the LNCaP cell line. This indicate that bombesin and calcitonin can modulate proliferation of androgen-insensitive human prostate cell lines "in vitro" and may be potential paracrine growth promoters in stablished androgen irresponsive human prostatic carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larrán López
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz
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55
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Martín R, Fraile B, Peinado F, Arenas MI, Elices M, Alonso L, Paniagua R, Martín JJ, Santamaría L. Immunohistochemical localization of protein gene product 9.5, ubiquitin, and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivities in epithelial and neuroendocrine cells from normal and hyperplastic human prostate. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:1121-30. [PMID: 10898805 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate (a) the presence of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), ubiquitin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the neuroendocrine and secretory epithelium of the human normal prostate and its secretions, and (b) the changes in immunoreactivity to these proteins in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Western blotting and light microscopic immunohistochemistry techniques were used and the numerical density of immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells, and the volume fractions of immunostained secretory epithelium were evaluated. Western blotting revealed the presence of the three antigens in both tissue homogenates and prostate secretion. Some neuroendocrine cells immunoreacted to PGP 9.5 and NPY in all the prostate regions of control specimens. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei from both basal cells and secretory epithelial cells. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells and the glandular lumen also showed immunostaining for the three proteins. The numerical densities of both PGP 9.5 and NPY neuroendocrine cells were lower in hyperplasia than in controls. No differences in the volume fraction occupied by epithelial immunostaining to both proteins was found between hyperplastic and control prostates. We concluded that (a) PGP 9.5 and NPY, but not ubiquitin, are common antigens in both neuroendocrine and secretory prostate cells, (b) the three immunoreactive proteins contribute to the prostate secretions, and (c) the secretion of ubiquitin is markedly diminished in the hyperplastic epithelium.(J Histochem Cytochem 48:1121-1130, 2000)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martín
- Department of Pathology, Clínica de La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain
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56
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Cox ME, Deeble PD, Bissonette EA, Parsons SJ. Activated 3',5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is sufficient to induce neuroendocrine-like differentiation of the LNCaP prostate tumor cell line. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13812-8. [PMID: 10788503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation within prostate tumors is proposed to be a contributing factor in disease progression. However, the cellular origin and molecular mechanism controlling differentiation of prostatic NE cells are unresolved. The prostate tumor cell line, LNCaP, can reversibly acquire many NE characteristics in response to treatment with beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and activators of adenylate cyclase. In this study, we demonstrate that these treatments induce protein kinase A (PKA) activation in LNCaP cells and that ectopic expression of a constitutively activated form of the PKA catalytic subunit, CIalpha, results in acquisition of NE characteristics, including the extension of neuritic processes, cessation of mitotic activity, and production of neuron-specific enolase. Forskolin-, epinephrine-, and isoproterenol-dependent NE differentiation of LNCaP cells was significantly inhibited by expressing a dominant negative mutant of the PKA regulatory subunit, RIalpha. These results demonstrate that prostatic NE differentiation in response to these agents depends on PKA activation, and this signaling pathway may provide a therapeutic target for treating advanced forms of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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57
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Nagakawa O, Murakami K, Ogasawara M, Murata J, Fuse H, Saiki I. Effect of chromogranin A (pancreastatin) fragment on invasion of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1999; 147:207-13. [PMID: 10660108 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of chromogranin A (pancreastatin) fragment on the invasion of PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells through a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) using a Transwell cell culture chamber assay. Chromogranin A fragment increased the invasive capacity of both PC-3 and DU- 145 cells, whereas it had no significant effect of LNCaP cells. Chromogranin A fragment also increased the haptotactic migration of both PC-3 and DU-145 cells to fibronectin. Furthermore chromogranin A fragment increased the fibrinolytic activities of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in fibrin zymograms of both PC-3 and DU-145 cells and the expression of u-PA mRNA of PC-3 cells. However, the growth of these tumor cells was not affected by chromogranin A fragment at any concentrations used in this study. These results indicate that chromogranin A fragment increased the invasive potential of both PC-3 and DU-145 cells probably through enhancement of cell motility and the production of u-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nagakawa
- Department of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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58
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TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS TO A NEUROENDOCRINE CELL PHENOTYPE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199911000-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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59
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BURCHARDT TATJANA, BURCHARDT MARTIN, CHEN MINWEI, CAO YICHEN, DE LA TAILLE ALEXANDRE, SHABSIGH AHMED, HAYEK OMAR, DORAI THAMBI, BUTTYAN RALPH. TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS TO A NEUROENDOCRINE CELL PHENOTYPE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TATJANA BURCHARDT
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - MARTIN BURCHARDT
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - MIN-WEI CHEN
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - YICHEN CAO
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - ALEXANDRE DE LA TAILLE
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - AHMED SHABSIGH
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - OMAR HAYEK
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - THAMBI DORAI
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - RALPH BUTTYAN
- From the Department of Urology and the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
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60
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The 28-amino-acid neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) might play an important role in the physiology of the prostate, since it stimulates glandular secretion, inhibits muscle contraction, stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, and increases the secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). This neuropeptide may act through interaction with two types of high-affinity receptors, named VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors. Recently, selective agonists and antagonists for each receptor subtype were synthesized. We used them to identify the VIP receptor subclass expressed in rat prostatic tissue. METHODS We tested the capacity of selective labeled and unlabeled agonists and antagonists of VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors to bind to rat prostatic membranes and to stimulate or prevent the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. RESULTS The following selective peptides were used: VPAC(1) agonist ([K(15), R(16), L(27)] VIP (1-7)/GRF (8-27)); VPAC(1) antagonist (PG 97-269); and VPAC(2) agonist (RO 25-1553). The IC(50) values of [(125)I]-VIP binding inhibition for the different peptides in rat prostatic membranes were: VIP (1.7 nM) < VPAC(1) agonist (20 nM) < VPAC(1) antagonist (40 nM) < VPAC(2) agonist (329 nM). The EC(50) values of adenylate cyclase stimulation were similar to the IC(50) values for each peptide, and the Ki values for the VPAC(1) antagonist, inhibiting the adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by VIP and the VPAC(1) agonist, were 22 and 35 nM, respectively. Comparison of binding of [(125)I]-VIP and of [(125)I]-RO 25-1553 indicates the presence of 80% of VPAC(1) and 20% VPAC(2) receptors. CONCLUSIONS In rat prostate membranes, VPAC(1) receptors are largely predominant. Binding studies were compatible with a ratio of 80/20 of VPAC(1)/VPAC(2) receptors, whereas functionally only VPAC(1) receptors were detected.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Kinetics
- Male
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Prostate/enzymology
- Prostate/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/agonists
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/analogs & derivatives
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Juarranz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Medical School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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61
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Balkan W, Oates EL, Howard GA, Roos BA. Testes exhibit elevated expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor component protein. Endocrinology 1999; 140:1459-69. [PMID: 10067875 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.3.6541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor component protein (RCP) is a novel protein that modulates CGRP responsiveness in a variety of cell types. Using probes based on the isolation of CGRP-RCP complementary DNA (cDNA) from a guinea pig organ of Corti cDNA library, we cloned human (h) and mouse (m) CGRP-RCP cDNAs, both of which encode 148-residue proteins that at the amino acid levels are approximately 88% identical to each other and to the 146-residue guinea pig CGRP-RCP. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of CGRP-RCP messenger RNA in all of the human and mouse tissues tested. In these human tissues, hCGRP-RCP messenger RNA (major band at approximately 3.1 kb, minor band at approximately 7.5 kb) was most prevalent in the testis. In the mouse, the highest abundance of CGRP-RCP RNA was clearly in the testis (major band at approximately 1.6 kb, minor band at approximately 1.1 kb). Based on this tissue distribution of RNA, we sought to identify the cells in the murine testis that contained CGRP-RCP protein. Numerous antisera generated against hCGRP-RCP, including one to recombinant hCGRP-RCP, exhibited strong immunoreactivity localized to the head region of spermatozoa. No CGRP-RCP immunoreactivity was observed in other cells at less mature stages of sperm maturation, in Sertoli or interstitial (Leydig) cells, or in human spermatozoa. Murine epididymal (mature) spermatozoa exhibited CGRP-RCP immunoreactivity identical to that of testicular spermatozoa. Spermatozoa that underwent an experimentally induced acrosome reaction (acrosomal discharge) lost their CGRP-RCP immunoreactivity. Therefore, it appears that CGRP-RCP is associated with the acrosome, suggesting that it may play an important role in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Balkan
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA.
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62
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Panagiotou S, Hatzoglou A, Calvo F, Martin PM, Castanas E. Modulation of the estrogen-regulated proteins cathepsin D and pS2 by opioid agonists in hormone-sensitive breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D): evidence for an interaction between the two systems. J Cell Biochem 1998; 71:416-28. [PMID: 9831078 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19981201)71:3<416::aid-jcb10>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In many cancer cell lines, including breast, prostate, lung, brain, head and neck, retina, and the gastrointestinal tract, opioids decrease cell proliferation in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Opioid and/or other neuropeptide receptors mediate this decrease. We report that only the steroid-hormone-sensitive cell lines MCF7 and T47D respond to opioid growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, an interaction of the opioid and steroid receptor system might exist, as is the case with insulin. To investigate this interaction, we have assayed two estrogen-inducible proteins (pS2 and the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D) in MCF7 and T47D cells. When cells were grown in the presence of FBS (in which case a minimal quantity of estrogens and/or opioids is provided by the serum), we observed either no effect of etorphine or ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) or an increase of secretion and/or production of pS2 and cathepsin D. However, when cells were cultured in charcoal-stripped serum and in the absence of phenol red, the effect of the two opioids is different: EKC decreased the production and/or secretion of pS2 and cathepsin D, whereas etorphine increased their synthesis and/or secretion. The differential effect of the two general opioids was attributed to their different receptor selectivity. Furthermore, the variations of the ratio of secreted/produced protein and the use of cycloheximide indicate that opioids selectively modify the regulatory pathway of each protein discretely. In conclusion, through the interaction with opioid and perhaps other membrane-receptor sites, opioid agonists modify in a dose-dependent manner the production and the secretion of two estrogen-regulated proteins. Opioids may therefore disturb hormonal signals mediated by the estrogen receptors. Hence, these chemicals may have potential endocrine disrupting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Panagiotou
- Laboratoire de Cancerologie Expérimentale, CJF-INSERM 93-11, Marseille, France
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63
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Nagakawa O, Ogasawara M, Fujii H, Murakami K, Murata J, Fuse H, Saiki I. Effect of prostatic neuropeptides on invasion and migration of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1998; 133:27-33. [PMID: 9929157 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of various neuropeptides present in the prostate, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin (CT), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), glucagon and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), on the invasion of PC-3 prostate cancer cells through a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) using a Transwell cell culture chamber assay. Both CGRP and GRP increased the invasive capacity of tumor cells, whereas SP inhibited it. On the other hand, VIP, CT, L-ENK, NPY, glucagon and PTH-rP had no significant effect. Both CGRP and GRP also increased the haptotactic migration of tumor cells to fibronectin, but SP inhibited it. These three neuropeptides had no effect on either adhesion to fibronectin and laminin or on the gelatinolytic activities of MMP-9 in gelatin zymography, nor did they affect the growth of tumor cells at concentrations used in this study. These results indicate that both GRP and CGRP increased the invasive potential of PC-3 cells probably through enhancement of cell motility, while SP inhibited the invasiveness through suppression of motile response.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nagakawa
- Department of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku, Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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64
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple approach to induced prostatic atrophy was explored. Surgical denervation is known to produce profound atrophy of the rat prostate. Because Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) produces a long-term chemical denervation, the potential to induce atrophy of the rat prostate was explored. METHODS Thirty rat prostates were injected with varying doses of Botox. Single and serial injections were used, and rats were subsequently sacrificed after either 1 or 4 weeks, respectively. The prostate glands were harvested, weighed, and histologically studied for morphologic and apoptotic changes. RESULTS The total prostate volume and weight were found to be reduced in all Botox-injected animals. Histologically, a generalized atrophy of the glands was observed with the H&E stain. There was also diffuse glandular apoptosis evident with the Tunel stain. There were no significant complications (e.g., urinary retention, weight loss, or hind/limb weakness). CONCLUSIONS Botulinum toxin type A injection into the prostate gland induces selective denervation and subsequent atrophy of the prostate. Apoptosis was seen diffusely throughout the gland. It may be possible that in the future, this long-acting neurotoxin could be used for the treatment of common pathologies of the human prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Doggweiler
- Division of Urology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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65
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Juarranz MG, Guijarro LG, Bodega G, Prieto JC. G-protein regulation of adenylate cyclase activity in rat prostatic membranes after chronic ethanol ingestion. Prostate 1998; 36:226-34. [PMID: 9719022 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19980901)36:4<226::aid-pros3>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibility that long-term ethanol ingestion might alter either vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) content, VIP binding to membrane receptors, G-protein levels or adenylate cyclase activity in rat prostate was tested, as ethanol produces serious alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and several modifications on different elements on signal transduction pathways in other systems. METHODS Prostatic membranes from control and ethanol-treated (for 4 weeks) rats were used to study adenylate cyclase stimulation as well as for the immunodetection of stimulatory (alpha(s)) and inhibitory (alpha(i)1-2) G-protein subunits. Studies on VIP binding and cross-linking to receptors were performed using [125I]VIP. Prostatic VIP content was estimated by radioimmunoassay. GTPase activity was quantified by measuring the amount of 32Pi released from [gamma-32P]GTP. RESULTS Chronic ethanol ingestion resulted in an increased presence of VIP in the rat prostate without any change on the VIP receptor/effector system in this gland. By contrast, the basal adenylate cyclase activity as well as the dose-dependent stimulation of this enzyme by either the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue Gpp(NH)p or the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol were enhanced in prostatic membranes after ethanol intake. Moreover, an increase in the content of G-protein subunits (alpha(S) and alpha(i)1-2) was observed without any change in GTPase activity in this condition. These modifications were accompanied by a significant decrease in rat prostate weight and, consequently, the height of the secretory epithelium in this gland. CONCLUSIONS Considering the role of VIP in the mechanisms of secretion and cell proliferation in the prostate, the observed increases in the prostatic content of VIP and G-protein subunits make conceivable that VIP and cAMP signal transduction could be involved in the atrophy of the rat prostate and in the alterations in the composition of seminal fluid that appear in the alcoholic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Juarranz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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66
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Blomme EA, Sugimoto Y, McCauley LK, Lin YC, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Stromal and epithelial cells of the canine prostate express parathyroid hormone-related protein, but not the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Prostate 1998; 36:110-20. [PMID: 9655263 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19980701)36:2<110::aid-pros6>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a principal factor in the pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, is also widely expressed in many normal tissues, including human prostatic epithelial cells. The role of PTHrP in the prostate is not known, but may include regulation of cell growth and differentiation or calcium secretion into prostatic fluid. The dog is a valuable animal model for human prostatic diseases. The objective was to investigate the expression of PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP (type 1) receptor in primary cultures of canine stromal and epithelial prostatic cells. METHODS Expression and secretion of PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP receptor was measured in homogeneous primary cultures of canine prostatic stromal and epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry, Northern blots, radioimmunoassay, RT-PCR, and receptor stimulation assays. RESULTS Epithelial and stromal cells expressed and secreted abundant PTHrP, but PTH/PTHrP receptor expression was not detected in either cell type. CONCLUSIONS PTHrP expression by stromal and epithelial prostatic cells and the absence of the PTH/PTHrP (type I) receptor suggest that some functions previously proposed for PTHrP in the prostate are unlikely. The separation procedure presented is a valuable tool for studying the role and regulation of PTHrP in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Blomme
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Kampa M, Bakogeorgou E, Hatzoglou A, Damianaki A, Martin PM, Castanas E. Opioid alkaloids and casomorphin peptides decrease the proliferation of prostatic cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3 and DU145) through a partial interaction with opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 335:255-65. [PMID: 9369381 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Opioid agonists (ethylketocyclazocine, etorphine, [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4-Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAGO), [D-Ser2,Leu5]enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET) and morphine were found to inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, and PC3), in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were in the picomolar range. In many cases, this effect was antagonized by the general opioid antagonist, diprenorphine, indicating the existence of specific opioid binding sites. Saturation binding experiments with selective ligands and effectors showed no opioid sites on the LNCaP cell line, kappa1 and mu sites on the PC3 cell line, and kappa1, kappa3 and mu sites on the DU145 cell line. In other cases, the opioid effect was not antagonized by diprenorphine, indicating that the action of opioids might be mediated through other membrane receptors. Furthermore, casomorphin peptides, issued from bovine alpha- (alpha-casein-90-95 and alpha-casein-90-96) and beta-caseins (beta-casomorphin and beta-casomorphin-1-5), and human alphaS1-casein (alphas -casomorphin and alphaS1-casomorphin amide) inhibited cell proliferation of human prostate cell lines, also by a mechanism partly involving opioid receptors. As opioid neurons can be found in the prostate gland, and casomorphin peptides might reach the gland through the general circulation, the above findings indicate a putative role of opioids in prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
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Mack D, Hacker GW, Hauser-Kronberger C, Frick J, Dietze O. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) in prostate carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33:317-8. [PMID: 9135509 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Clinical significance of elevation in neuroendocrine factors and interleukin-6 in metastatic prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 1995; 1:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/1078-1439(96)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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