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Singh RK, Saini SK, Prakasam G, Kalairasan P, Bamezai RNK. Role of ectopically expressed mtDNA encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (MT-COI) in tumorigenesis. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:56-65. [PMID: 31299394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (MT-CO1 or MT-COI) are frequent in various cancer types. In addition, perturbation from orchestrated expression of mitochondrial DNA encoded genes is also associated with complex disorders, including cancer. Since codon bias and the mitochondrial translation system restricts functional characterization of over-expressed wild type or mutant mitochondrial DNA encoded genes, the codon optimization and artificial synthesis of entire MT-CO1 allowed us to over-express the wild type and one of its deleterious mutants into the mitochondria of the transfected cells. Ectopically expressed MT-CO1 was observed to efficiently express and localized to mitochondria but showed high level of aggregation under denaturing condition. Over-expression of wild type or mutant variant of MT-CO1 promoted anchorage dependent and independent proliferation potential in in-vitro experiments and introduced the cancer cell metabolic phenotype of high glucose uptake and lactate release. Reactive oxygen species generated in cells over-expressing MT-CO1 variants acted as key effectors mediating differential expression of apoptosis and DNA damage pathway related genes. High ROS generated also down-regulated the expression of global regulators of gene expression, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. The down-regulated expression of DNMTs co-related with differential methylation of the CpG islands in the promoter region of a select set of studied genes, in a manner to promote pro-cancerous phenotype. Apart from assigning the mechanistic role to the MT-CO1 variants and their perturbed expression in cancer development, the present study provides novel insights into the functional role of somatic mutations within MT-CO1 promoting cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar Singh
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gopinath Prakasam
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ponnuusamy Kalairasan
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Trewin AJ, Bahr LL, Almast A, Berry BJ, Wei AY, Foster TH, Wojtovich AP. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generated at the Complex-II Matrix or Intermembrane Space Microdomain Have Distinct Effects on Redox Signaling and Stress Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:594-607. [PMID: 30887829 PMCID: PMC6657295 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims: How mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) impact physiological function may depend on the quantity of ROS generated or removed, and the subcellular microdomain in which this occurs. However, pharmacological tools currently available to alter ROS production in vivo lack precise spatial and temporal control. Results: We used CRISPR/Cas9 to fuse the light-sensitive ROS-generating protein, SuperNova to the C-terminus of mitochondrial complex II succinate dehydrogenase subunits B (SDHB-1::SuperNova) and C (SDHC-1::SuperNova) in Caenorhabditis elegans to localize SuperNova to the matrix-side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and to the intermembrane space (IMS), respectively. The presence of the SuperNova protein did not impact complex II activity, mitochondrial respiration, or C. elegans development rate under dark conditions. ROS production by SuperNova protein in vitro in the form of superoxide (O2˙-) was both specific and proportional to total light irradiance in the 540-590 nm spectra, and was unaffected by varying the buffer pH to resemble the mitochondrial matrix or IMS environments. We then determined using SuperNova whether stoichiometric ROS generation in the mitochondrial matrix or IMS had distinct effects on redox signaling in vivo. Phosphorylation of PMK-1 (a p38 MAPK homolog) and transcriptional activity of SKN-1 (an Nrf2 homolog) were each dependent on both the site and duration of ROS production, with matrix-generated ROS having more prominent effects. Furthermore, matrix- but not IMS-generated ROS attenuated susceptibility to simulated ischemia reperfusion injury in C. elegans. Innovation and Conclusion: Overall, these data demonstrate that the physiological output of ROS depends on the microdomain in which it is produced. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 31, 594-607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Trewin
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Laura L Bahr
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Anmol Almast
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Brandon J Berry
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Alicia Y Wei
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Foster
- 3Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Letts JA, Fiedorczuk K, Degliesposti G, Skehel M, Sazanov LA. Structures of Respiratory Supercomplex I+III 2 Reveal Functional and Conformational Crosstalk. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1131-1146.e6. [PMID: 31492636 PMCID: PMC6926478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes are organized into supercomplexes (SCs) of defined stoichiometry, which have been proposed to regulate electron flux via substrate channeling. We demonstrate that CoQ trapping in the isolated SC I+III2 limits complex (C)I turnover, arguing against channeling. The SC structure, resolved at up to 3.8 Å in four distinct states, suggests that CoQ oxidation may be rate limiting because of unequal access of CoQ to the active sites of CIII2. CI shows a transition between "closed" and "open" conformations, accompanied by the striking rotation of a key transmembrane helix. Furthermore, the state of CI affects the conformational flexibility within CIII2, demonstrating crosstalk between the enzymes. CoQ was identified at only three of the four binding sites in CIII2, suggesting that interaction with CI disrupts CIII2 symmetry in a functionally relevant manner. Together, these observations indicate a more nuanced functional role for the SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Letts
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuberg 3400, Austria; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karol Fiedorczuk
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuberg 3400, Austria; Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuberg 3400, Austria.
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Mitochondrial respirasome works as a single unit and the cross-talk between complexes I, III 2 and IV stimulates NADH dehydrogenase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:618-627. [PMID: 31251900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is an aerobic basidiomycete that depends on oxidative phosphorylation for its ATP supply, pointing to the mitochondrion as a key player in its energy metabolism. Mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, III2, and IV occur in supramolecular structures named respirasome. In this work, we characterized the subunit composition and the kinetics of NADH:Q oxidoreductase activity of the digitonine-solubilized respirasome (1600 kDa) and the free-complex I (990 kDa). In the presence of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ) and cytochrome c, both the respirasome NADH:O2 and the NADH:DBQ oxidoreductase activities were inhibited by rotenone, antimycin A or cyanide. A value of 2.4 for the NADH oxidized/oxygen reduced ratio was determined for the respirasome activity, while ROS production was less than 0.001% of the oxygen consumption rate. Analysis of the NADH:DBQ oxidoreductase activity showed that respirasome was 3-times more active and showed higher affinity than free-complex I. The results suggest that the contacts between complexes I, III2 and IV in the respirasome increase the catalytic efficiency of complex I and regulate its activity to prevent ROS production.
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Stay Fit, Stay Young: Mitochondria in Movement: The Role of Exercise in the New Mitochondrial Paradigm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7058350. [PMID: 31320983 PMCID: PMC6607712 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7058350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles require the proper production and distribution of energy to sustain their work. To ensure this requirement is met, mitochondria form large networks within skeletal muscle cells, and during exercise, they can enhance their functions. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations. We emphasize the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis, morphological changes, and increases in respiratory supercomplex formation as mechanisms triggered by exercise that may increase the function of skeletal muscles. Finally, we highlight the possible effects of nutraceutical compounds on mitochondrial performance during exercise and outline the use of exercise as a therapeutic tool in noncommunicable disease prevention. The resulting picture shows that the modulation of mitochondrial activity by exercise is not only fundamental for physical performance but also a key point for whole-organism well-being.
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Pérez-Mejías G, Guerra-Castellano A, Díaz-Quintana A, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Cytochrome c: Surfing Off of the Mitochondrial Membrane on the Tops of Complexes III and IV. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:654-660. [PMID: 31193759 PMCID: PMC6542325 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper arrangement of protein components within the respiratory electron transport chain is nowadays a matter of intense debate, since altering it leads to cell aging and other related pathologies. Here, we discuss three current views—the so-called solid, fluid and plasticity models—which describe the organization of the main membrane-embedded mitochondrial protein complexes and the key elements that regulate and/or facilitate supercomplex assembly. The soluble electron carrier cytochrome c has recently emerged as an essential factor in the assembly and function of respiratory supercomplexes. In fact, a ‘restricted diffusion pathway’ mechanism for electron transfer between complexes III and IV has been proposed based on the secondary, distal binding sites for cytochrome c at its two membrane partners recently discovered. This channeling pathway facilitates the surfing of cytochrome c on both respiratory complexes, thereby tuning the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and diminishing the production of reactive oxygen species. The well-documented post-translational modifications of cytochrome c could further contribute to the rapid adjustment of electron flow in response to changing cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez-Mejías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alejandra Guerra-Castellano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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57
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Cogliati S, Lorenzi I, Rigoni G, Caicci F, Soriano ME. Regulation of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Assembly. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4849-4873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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58
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Ramírez-Camacho I, Correa F, El Hafidi M, Silva-Palacios A, Ostolga-Chavarría M, Esparza-Perusquía M, Olvera-Sánchez S, Flores-Herrera O, Zazueta C. Cardioprotective strategies preserve the stability of respiratory chain supercomplexes and reduce oxidative stress in reperfused ischemic hearts. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:407-417. [PMID: 30316780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electron leakage from dysfunctional respiratory chain and consequent superoxide formation leads to mitochondrial and cell injury during ischemia and reperfusion (IR). In this work we evaluate if the supramolecular assembly of the respiratory complexes into supercomplexes (SCs) is associated with preserved energy efficiency and diminished oxidative stress in post-ischemic hearts treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the cardioprotective maneuver of Postconditioning (PostC). Hemodynamic variables, infarct size, oxidative stress markers, oxygen consumption and the activity/stability of SCs were compared between groups. We found that mitochondrial oxygen consumption and the activity of respiratory complexes are preserved in mitochondria from reperfused hearts treated with both NAC and PostC. Both treatments contribute to recover the activity of individual complexes. NAC reduced oxidative stress and maintained SCs assemblies containing Complex I, Complex III, Complex IV and the adapter protein SCAFI more effectively than PostC. On the other hand, the activities of CI, CIII and CIV associated to SCs assemblies were preserved by this maneuver, suggesting that the activation of other cardioprotective mechanisms besides oxidative stress contention might participate in maintaining the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes in such superstructures. We conclude that both the monomeric and the SCs assembly of the respiratory chain contribute to the in vivo functionality of the mitochondria. However, although the ROS-induced damage and the consequent increased production of ROS affect the assembly of SCs, other levels of regulation as those induced by PostC, might participate in maintaining the activity of the respiratory complexes in such superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramírez-Camacho
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - F Correa
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - M El Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - A Silva-Palacios
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - M Ostolga-Chavarría
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - M Esparza-Perusquía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - S Olvera-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - O Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - C Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. I. Ch., 14080 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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Benmoussa K, Garaude J, Acín-Pérez R. How Mitochondrial Metabolism Contributes to Macrophage Phenotype and Functions. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3906-3921. [PMID: 30006265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells from the innate immune system is one of the most noteworthy topics in immunological research nowadays. Upon infection or tissue damage, innate immune cells, such as macrophages, mobilize various immune and metabolic signals to mount a response best suited to eradicate the threat. Current data indicate that both the immune and metabolic responses are closely interconnected. On account of its peculiar position in regulating both of these processes, the mitochondrion has emerged as a critical organelle that orchestrates the coordinated metabolic and immune adaptations in macrophages. Significant effort is now underway to understand how metabolic features of differentiated macrophages regulate their immune specificities with the eventual goal to manipulate cellular metabolism to control immunity. In this review, we highlight some of the recent work that place cellular and mitochondrial metabolism in a central position in the macrophage differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaddouj Benmoussa
- Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, École de Sages-Femmes, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Johan Garaude
- Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, École de Sages-Femmes, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- UCLA Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 27-200, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernandez de Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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60
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Miranda-Astudillo H, Colina-Tenorio L, Jiménez-Suárez A, Vázquez-Acevedo M, Salin B, Giraud MF, Remacle C, Cardol P, González-Halphen D. Oxidative phosphorylation supercomplexes and respirasome reconstitution of the colorless alga Polytomella sp. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018. [PMID: 29540299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proposal that the respiratory complexes can associate with each other in larger structures named supercomplexes (SC) is generally accepted. In the last decades most of the data about this association came from studies in yeasts, mammals and plants, and information is scarce in other lineages. Here we studied the supramolecular association of the F1FO-ATP synthase (complex V) and the respiratory complexes I, III and IV of the colorless alga Polytomella sp. with an approach that involves solubilization using mild detergents, n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) or digitonin, followed by separation of native protein complexes by electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), after which we identified oligomeric forms of complex V (mainly V2 and V4) and different respiratory supercomplexes (I/IV6, I/III4, I/IV). In addition, purification/reconstitution of the supercomplexes by anion exchange chromatography was also performed. The data show that these complexes have the ability to strongly associate with each other and form DDM-stable macromolecular structures. The stable V4 ATPase oligomer was observed by electron-microscopy and the association of the respiratory complexes in the so-called "respirasome" was able to perform in-vitro oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Miranda-Astudillo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Genetics and Physiology of microalgae, InBioS/Phytosystems, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Lilia Colina-Tenorio
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Jiménez-Suárez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Miriam Vázquez-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- CNRS, UMR5095, IBGC, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-France Giraud
- CNRS, UMR5095, IBGC, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of microalgae, InBioS/Phytosystems, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Genetics and Physiology of microalgae, InBioS/Phytosystems, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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Solution NMR structure of yeast Rcf1, a protein involved in respiratory supercomplex formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3048-3053. [PMID: 29507228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiratory supercomplex factor 1 (Rcf1) protein is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane where it is involved in formation of supercomplexes composed of respiratory complexes III and IV. We report the solution structure of Rcf1, which forms a dimer in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles, where each monomer consists of a bundle of five transmembrane (TM) helices and a short flexible soluble helix (SH). Three TM helices are unusually charged and provide the dimerization interface consisting of 10 putative salt bridges, defining a "charge zipper" motif. The dimer structure is supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in DPC, although the simulations show a more dynamic dimer interface than the NMR data. Furthermore, CD and NMR data indicate that Rcf1 undergoes a structural change when reconstituted in liposomes, which is supported by MD data, suggesting that the dimer structure is unstable in a planar membrane environment. Collectively, these data indicate a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium. Furthermore, the Rcf1 dimer interacts with cytochrome c, suggesting a role as an electron-transfer bridge between complexes III and IV. The Rcf1 structure will help in understanding its functional roles at a molecular level.
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Fernie AR, Zhang Y, Sweetlove LJ. Passing the Baton: Substrate Channelling in Respiratory Metabolism. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 2018:1539325. [PMID: 31549022 PMCID: PMC6750097 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1539325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite species-specific differences in the pathways of respiratory metabolism are remarkably conserved across the kingdoms of life with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial electron transport chain representing the major components of the process in the vast majority of organisms. In addition to being of critical importance in fueling life itself these pathways serve as interesting case studies for substrate channelling with research on this theme having been carried out for over 40 years. Here we provide a cross-kingdom review of the ample evidence for protein-protein interaction and enzyme assemblies within the three component pathways as well as describing the scarcer available evidence for substrate channelling itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R. Fernie
- 1Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- 2Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Youjun Zhang
- 1Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- 2Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lee J. Sweetlove
- 3Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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63
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Abstract
Mitochondria are the power stations of the eukaryotic cell, using the energy released by the oxidation of glucose and other sugars to produce ATP. Electrons are transferred from NADH, produced in the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, to oxygen by a series of large protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient by pumping protons across the membrane. The flow of protons back into the matrix via a proton channel in the ATP synthase leads to conformational changes in the nucleotide binding pockets and the formation of ATP. The three proton pumping complexes of the electron transfer chain are NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I, ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or complex III, and cytochrome c oxidase or complex IV. Succinate dehydrogenase or complex II does not pump protons, but contributes reduced ubiquinone. The structures of complex II, III and IV were determined by x-ray crystallography several decades ago, but complex I and ATP synthase have only recently started to reveal their secrets by advances in x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. The complexes I, III and IV occur to a certain extent as supercomplexes in the membrane, the so-called respirasomes. Several hypotheses exist about their function. Recent cryo-electron microscopy structures show the architecture of the respirasome with near-atomic detail. ATP synthase occurs as dimers in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which by their curvature are responsible for the folding of the membrane into cristae and thus for the huge increase in available surface that makes mitochondria the efficient energy plants of the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Sousa
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edoardo D'Imprima
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janet Vonck
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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64
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A unique respiratory adaptation in Drosophila independent of supercomplex formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1859:154-163. [PMID: 29191512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Large assemblies of respiratory chain complexes, known as supercomplexes, are present in the mitochondrial membrane in mammals and yeast, as well as in some bacterial membranes. The formation of supercomplexes is thought to contribute to efficient electron transfer, stabilization of each enzyme complex, and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this study, mitochondria from various organisms were solubilized with digitonin, and then the solubilized complexes were separated by blue native PAGE (BN-PAGE). The results revealed a supercomplex consisting of complexes I, III, and IV in mitochondria from bovine and porcine heart, and a supercomplex consisting primarily of complexes I and III in mitochondria from mouse heart and liver. However, supercomplexes were barely detectable in Drosophila flight-muscle mitochondria, and only dimeric complex V was present. Drosophila mitochondria exhibited the highest rates of oxygen consumption and NADH oxidation, and the concentrations of the electron carriers, cytochrome c and quinone were higher than in other species. Respiratory chain complexes were tightly packed in the mitochondrial membrane containing abundant phosphatidylethanolamine with the fatty acid palmitoleic acid (C16:1), which is relatively high oxidation-resistant as compared to poly-unsaturated fatty acid. These properties presumably allow efficient electron transfer in Drosophila. These findings reveal the existence of a new mechanism of biological adaptation independent of supercomplex formation.
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65
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Sedlak E, Musatov A. Inner mechanism of protection of mitochondrial electron-transfer proteins against oxidative damage. Focus on hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Biochimie 2017; 142:152-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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66
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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67
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Letts JA, Sazanov LA. Clarifying the supercomplex: the higher-order organization of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:800-808. [PMID: 28981073 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain (OXPHOS-ETC) of the inner mitochondrial membrane is composed of five large protein complexes, named CI-CV. These complexes convert energy from the food we eat into ATP, a small molecule used to power a multitude of essential reactions throughout the cell. OXPHOS-ETC complexes are organized into supercomplexes (SCs) of defined stoichiometry: CI forms a supercomplex with CIII2 and CIV (SC I+III2+IV, known as the respirasome), as well as with CIII2 alone (SC I+III2). CIII2 forms a supercomplex with CIV (SC III2+IV) and CV forms dimers (CV2). Recent cryo-EM studies have revealed the structures of SC I+III2+IV and SC I+III2. Furthermore, recent work has shed light on the assembly and function of the SCs. Here we review and compare these recent studies and discuss how they have advanced our understanding of mitochondrial electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Letts
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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68
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Papa S, Capitanio G, Papa F. The mechanism of coupling between oxido-reduction and proton translocation in respiratory chain enzymes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (BMSNSO), Section of Medical Biochemistry; University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; Piazza G. Cesare 11 70124 Bari Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics; National Research Council at BMSNSO; Piazza G. Cesare 11 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Giuseppe Capitanio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (BMSNSO), Section of Medical Biochemistry; University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; Piazza G. Cesare 11 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs (BMSNSO), Section of Medical Biochemistry; University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’; Piazza G. Cesare 11 70124 Bari Italy
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69
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Remodeling pathway control of mitochondrial respiratory capacity by temperature in mouse heart: electron flow through the Q-junction in permeabilized fibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2840. [PMID: 28588260 PMCID: PMC5460290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuel substrate supply and oxidative phosphorylation are key determinants of muscle performance. Numerous studies of mammalian mitochondria are carried out (i) with substrate supply that limits electron flow, and (ii) far below physiological temperature. To analyze potentially implicated biases, we studied mitochondrial respiratory control in permeabilized mouse myocardial fibers using high-resolution respirometry. The capacity of oxidative phosphorylation at 37 °C was nearly two-fold higher when fueled by physiological substrate combinations reconstituting tricarboxylic acid cycle function, compared with electron flow measured separately through NADH to Complex I or succinate to Complex II. The relative contribution of the NADH pathway to physiological respiratory capacity increased with a decrease in temperature from 37 to 25 °C. The apparent excess capacity of cytochrome c oxidase above physiological pathway capacity increased sharply under hypothermia due to limitation by NADH-linked dehydrogenases. This mechanism of mitochondrial respiratory control in the hypothermic mammalian heart is comparable to the pattern in ectotherm species, pointing towards NADH-linked mt-matrix dehydrogenases and the phosphorylation system rather than electron transfer complexes as the primary drivers of thermal sensitivity at low temperature. Delineating the link between stress and remodeling of oxidative phosphorylation is important for understanding metabolic perturbations in disease evolution and cardiac protection.
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70
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Cardiovascular Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Cocaine: Biomarkers and Possible Beneficial Effects of Modulators of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3034245. [PMID: 28593024 PMCID: PMC5448156 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3034245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse has long been known to cause morbidity and mortality due to its cardiovascular toxic effects. The pathogenesis of the cardiovascular toxicity of cocaine use has been largely reviewed, and the most recent data indicate a fundamental role of oxidative stress in cocaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the mechanisms of oxidative stress. The comprehension of the mechanisms involving mitochondrial dysfunction could help in selecting the most appropriate mitochondria injury biological marker, such as superoxide dismutase-2 activity and glutathionylated hemoglobin. The potential use of modulators of oxidative stress (mitoubiquinone, the short-chain quinone idebenone, and allopurinol) in the treatment of cocaine cardiotoxic effects is also suggested to promote further investigations on these potential mitochondria-targeted antioxidant strategies.
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71
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Tissue- and Condition-Specific Isoforms of Mammalian Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunits: From Function to Human Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1534056. [PMID: 28593021 PMCID: PMC5448071 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1534056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen. COX consists of 14 subunits, three and eleven encoded, respectively, by the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Tissue- and condition-specific isoforms have only been reported for COX but not for the other oxidative phosphorylation complexes, suggesting a fundamental requirement to fine-tune and regulate the essentially irreversible reaction catalyzed by COX. This article briefly discusses the assembly of COX in mammals and then reviews the functions of the six nuclear-encoded COX subunits that are expressed as isoforms in specialized tissues including those of the liver, heart and skeletal muscle, lung, and testes: COX IV-1, COX IV-2, NDUFA4, NDUFA4L2, COX VIaL, COX VIaH, COX VIb-1, COX VIb-2, COX VIIaH, COX VIIaL, COX VIIaR, COX VIIIH/L, and COX VIII-3. We propose a model in which the isoforms mediate the interconnected regulation of COX by (1) adjusting basal enzyme activity to mitochondrial capacity of a given tissue; (2) allosteric regulation to adjust energy production to need; (3) altering proton pumping efficiency under certain conditions, contributing to thermogenesis; (4) providing a platform for tissue-specific signaling; (5) stabilizing the COX dimer; and (6) modulating supercomplex formation.
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72
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Abstract
Respiratory chain dysfunction plays an important role in human disease and aging. It is now well established that the individual respiratory complexes can be organized into supercomplexes, and structures for these macromolecular assemblies, determined by electron cryo-microscopy, have been described recently. Nevertheless, the reason why supercomplexes exist remains an enigma. The widely held view that they enhance catalysis by channeling substrates is challenged by both structural and biophysical information. Here, we evaluate and discuss data and hypotheses on the structures, roles, and assembly of respiratory-chain supercomplexes and propose a future research agenda to address unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka Milenkovic
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - James N Blaza
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Judy Hirst
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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73
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Cohen RD, Pielak GJ. A cell is more than the sum of its (dilute) parts: A brief history of quinary structure. Protein Sci 2017; 26:403-413. [PMID: 27977883 PMCID: PMC5326556 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most knowledge of protein structure and function is derived from experiments performed with purified protein resuspended in dilute, buffered solutions. However, proteins function in the crowded, complex cellular environment. Although the first four levels of protein structure provide important information, a complete understanding requires consideration of quinary structure. Quinary structure comprises the transient interactions between macromolecules that provides organization and compartmentalization inside cells. We review the history of quinary structure in the context of several metabolic pathways, and the technological advances that have yielded recent insight into protein behavior in living cells. The evidence demonstrates that protein behavior in isolated solutions deviates from behavior in the physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Cohen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599
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74
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Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H, Ouchida AT, Norberg E. The role of mitochondria in metabolism and cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:426-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Sousa JS, Mills DJ, Vonck J, Kühlbrandt W. Functional asymmetry and electron flow in the bovine respirasome. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27830641 PMCID: PMC5117854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respirasomes are macromolecular assemblies of the respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane. We determined the structure of supercomplex I1III2IV1 from bovine heart mitochondria by cryo-EM at 9 Å resolution. Most protein-protein contacts between complex I, III and IV in the membrane are mediated by supernumerary subunits. Of the two Rieske iron-sulfur cluster domains in the complex III dimer, one is resolved, indicating that this domain is immobile and unable to transfer electrons. The central position of the active complex III monomer between complex I and IV in the respirasome is optimal for accepting reduced quinone from complex I over a short diffusion distance of 11 nm, and delivering reduced cytochrome c to complex IV. The functional asymmetry of complex III provides strong evidence for directed electron flow from complex I to complex IV through the active complex III monomer in the mammalian supercomplex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21290.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Sousa
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Deryck J Mills
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janet Vonck
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
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76
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Moreno-Loshuertos R, Enríquez JA. Respiratory supercomplexes and the functional segmentation of the CoQ pool. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:5-13. [PMID: 27105951 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evidence accumulated during the last fifteen years on the existence of respiratory supercomplexes and their proposed functional implications has changed our understanding of the OXPHOS system complexity and regulation. The plasticity model is a point of encounter accounting for the apparently contradictory experimental observations claimed to support either the solid or the fluid models. It allows the explanation of previous observations such as the dependence between respiratory complexes, supercomplex assembly dynamics or the existence of different functional ubiquinone pools. With the general acceptation of respiratory supercomplexes as true entities, this review evaluates the supporting evidences in favor or against the existence of different ubiquinone pools and the relationship between supercomplexes, ROS production and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moreno-Loshuertos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
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77
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Amazing structure of respirasome: unveiling the secrets of cell respiration. Protein Cell 2016; 7:854-865. [PMID: 27743346 PMCID: PMC5205662 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirasome, a huge molecular machine that carries out cellular respiration, has gained growing attention since its discovery, because respiration is the most indispensable biological process in almost all living creatures. The concept of respirasome has renewed our understanding of the respiratory chain organization, and most recently, the structure of respirasome solved by Yang's group from Tsinghua University (Gu et al. Nature 237(7622):639-643, 2016) firstly presented the detailed interactions within this huge molecular machine, and provided important information for drug design and screening. However, the study of cellular respiration went through a long history. Here, we briefly showed the detoured history of respiratory chain investigation, and then described the amazing structure of respirasome.
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78
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The architecture of the mammalian respirasome. Nature 2016; 537:639-43. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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79
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Letts JA, Fiedorczuk K, Sazanov LA. The architecture of respiratory supercomplexes. Nature 2016; 537:644-648. [PMID: 27654913 DOI: 10.1038/nature19774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes are organized into supercomplexes responsible for carrying out cellular respiration. Here we present three architectures of mammalian (ovine) supercomplexes determined by cryo-electron microscopy. We identify two distinct arrangements of supercomplex CICIII2CIV (the respirasome)-a major 'tight' form and a minor 'loose' form (resolved at the resolution of 5.8 Å and 6.7 Å, respectively), which may represent different stages in supercomplex assembly or disassembly. We have also determined an architecture of supercomplex CICIII2 at 7.8 Å resolution. All observed density can be attributed to the known 80 subunits of the individual complexes, including 132 transmembrane helices. The individual complexes form tight interactions that vary between the architectures, with complex IV subunit COX7a switching contact from complex III to complex I. The arrangement of active sites within the supercomplex may help control reactive oxygen species production. To our knowledge, these are the first complete architectures of the dominant, physiologically relevant state of the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Letts
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Karol Fiedorczuk
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria.,MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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80
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Kellermann MY, Yoshinaga MY, Valentine RC, Wörmer L, Valentine DL. Important roles for membrane lipids in haloarchaeal bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2940-2956. [PMID: 27565574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in lipidomic analysis in combination with various physiological experiments set the stage for deciphering the structure-function of haloarchaeal membrane lipids. Here we focused primarily on changes in lipid composition of Haloferax volcanii, but also performed a comparative analysis with four other haloarchaeal species (Halobacterium salinarum, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, Halorubrum sodomense and Haloplanus natans) all representing distinctive cell morphologies and behaviors (i.e., rod shape vs. pleomorphic behavior). Common to all five haloarchaea, our data reveal an extraordinary high level of menaquinone, reaching up to 72% of the total lipids. This ubiquity suggests that menaquinones may function beyond their ordinary role as electron and proton transporter, acting simultaneously as ion permeability barriers and as powerful shield against oxidative stress. In addition, we aimed at understanding the role of cations interacting with the characteristic negatively charged surface of haloarchaeal membranes. We propose for instance that by bridging the negative charges of adjacent anionic phospholipids, Mg2+ acts as surrogate for cardiolipin, a molecule that is known to control curvature stress of membranes. This study further provides a bioenergetic perspective as to how haloarchaea evolved following oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere. The success of the aerobic lifestyle of haloarchaea includes multiple membrane-based strategies that successfully balance the need for a robust bilayer structure with the need for high rates of electron transport - collectively representing the molecular basis to inhabit hypersaline water bodies around the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Wörmer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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81
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Complex I function in mitochondrial supercomplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:991-1000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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82
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Arnarez C, Marrink SJ, Periole X. Molecular mechanism of cardiolipin-mediated assembly of respiratory chain supercomplexes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4435-4443. [PMID: 30155091 PMCID: PMC6014297 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria produce most of the ATP consumed by cells through the respiratory chain in their inner membrane. This process involves protein complexes assembled into larger structures, the respiratory supercomplexes (SCs). Cardiolipin (CL), the mitochondrial signature phospholipid, is crucial for the structural and functional integrity of these SCs, but it is as yet unclear by what mechanism it operates. Our data disclose the mechanism for bulk CL in gluing SCs, steering their formation, and suggest how it may stabilize specific interfaces. We describe self-assembly molecular dynamics simulations of 9 cytochrome bc1 (CIII) dimers and 27 cytochrome c oxidase (CIV) monomers from bovine heart mitochondria embedded in a CL-containing model lipid bilayer, aimed at mimicking the crowdedness and complexity of mitochondrial membranes. The simulations reveal a large diversity of interfaces, including those of existing experimental CIII/CIV SC models and an alternative interface with CIV rotated by 180°. SC interfaces enclose 4 to 12 CLs, a ∼10 fold enrichment from the bulk. Half of these CLs glue complexes together using CL binding sites at the surface of both complexes. Free energy calculations demonstrate a larger CL binding strength, compared to other mitochondrial lipids, that is exclusive to these binding sites and results from non-additive electrostatic and van der Waals forces. This study provides a key example of the ability of lipids to selectively mediate protein-protein interactions by altering all ranges of forces, lubricate protein interfaces and act as traffic control agents steering proteins together.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnarez
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; ; Tel: +31-503632462
| | - S J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; ; Tel: +31-503632462
| | - X Periole
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; ; Tel: +31-503632462
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83
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Pelster LN, Minteer SD. Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Biomimic for the Investigation of Electron Transport Chain Supercomplex Bioelectrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N. Pelster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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84
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Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Respiratory Chain Supercomplex Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060926. [PMID: 27338358 PMCID: PMC4926459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory chain complexes are organized into large supercomplexes among which supercomplex In + IIIn + IVn is the only one that can directly transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen. Recently, it was reported that the formation of supercomplex In + IIIn + IVn in mice largely depends on their genetic background. However, in this study, we showed that the composition of supercomplex In + IIIn + IVn is well conserved in various mouse and human cell lines. Strikingly, we found that a minimal supercomplex In + IIIn, termed “lowest supercomplex” (LSC) in this study because of its migration at the lowest position close to complex V dimers in blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was associated with complex IV to form a supercomplex In + IIIn + IVn in some, but not all of the human and mouse cells. In addition, we observed that the 3697G>A mutation in mitochondrial-encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) in one patient with Leigh’s disease specifically affected the assembly of supercomplex In + IIIn + IVn containing LSC, leading to decreased cellular respiration and ATP generation. In conclusion, we showed the existence of LSC In + IIIn + IVn and impairment of this supercomplex causes disease.
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85
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Yang R, Rincon M. Mitochondrial Stat3, the Need for Design Thinking. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:532-44. [PMID: 27019635 PMCID: PMC4807418 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat3 has been studied extensively as a transcription factor, however the finding that Stat3 also localizes to mitochondria has opened a new area to discover non-classical functions. Here we review the current knowledge of mitochondrial Stat3 as a regulator of the electron transport chain (ETC) and its impact on mitochondrial production of ATP and ROS. We also describe recent findings identifying Stat3 as a regulator of mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis through its effect on the ETC. It is becoming evident that these non-classical functions of Stat3 can have a major impact on cancer progression, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial Stat3 functions challenge the current design of therapies that solely target Stat3 as a transcription factor and suggest the need for "design thinking," which leads to the development of novel strategies, to intervene the Stat3 pathway.
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86
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Midzak A, Papadopoulos V. Adrenal Mitochondria and Steroidogenesis: From Individual Proteins to Functional Protein Assemblies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:106. [PMID: 27524977 PMCID: PMC4965458 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is critical for physiological function as the central site of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis. It possesses a great degree of specialized compartmentalization at multiple hierarchical levels, ranging from the tissue down to the molecular levels. In this paper, we discuss this functionalization, beginning with the tissue zonation of the adrenal cortex and how this impacts steroidogenic output. We then discuss the cellular biology of steroidogenesis, placing special emphasis on the mitochondria. Mitochondria are classically known as the "powerhouses of the cell" for their central role in respiratory adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and attention is given to mitochondrial electron transport, in both the context of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial steroid metabolism. Building on work demonstrating functional assembly of large protein complexes in respiration, we further review research demonstrating a role for multimeric protein complexes in mitochondrial cholesterol transport, steroidogenesis, and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact. We aim to highlight with this review the shift in steroidogenic cell biology from a focus on the actions of individual proteins in isolation to the actions of protein assemblies working together to execute cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Midzak
- Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Andrew Midzak, ; Vassilios Papadopoulos,
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Andrew Midzak, ; Vassilios Papadopoulos,
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87
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Shinzawa-Itoh K, Shimomura H, Yanagisawa S, Shimada S, Takahashi R, Oosaki M, Ogura T, Tsukihara T. Purification of Active Respiratory Supercomplex from Bovine Heart Mitochondria Enables Functional Studies. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4178-84. [PMID: 26698328 PMCID: PMC4759192 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.680553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the roles of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes, methods for consistently separating and preparing supercomplexes must be established. To this end, we solubilized supercomplexes from bovine heart mitochondria with digitonin and then replaced digitonin with amphipol (A8–35), an amphiphilic polymer. Afterward, supercomplexes were separated from other complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Twenty-six grams of bovine myocardium yielded 3.2 mg of amphipol-stabilized supercomplex. The purified supercomplexes were analyzed based on their absorption spectra as well as Q10 (ubiquinone with ten isoprene units) and lipid assays. The supercomplex sample did not contain cytochrome c but did contain complexes I, III, and IV at a ratio of 1:2:1, 6 molecules of Q10, and 623 atoms of phosphorus. When cytochrome c was added, the supercomplex exhibited KCN-sensitive NADH oxidation; thus, the purified supercomplex was active. Reduced complex IV absorbs at 444 nm, so we measured the resonance Raman spectrum of the reduced amphipol-solubilized supercomplex and the mixture of amphipol-solubilized complexes I1, III2, and IV1 using an excitation wavelength of 441.6 nm, allowing measurement precision comparable with that obtained for complex IV alone. Use of the purified active sample provides insights into the effects of supercomplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Shinzawa-Itoh
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan,
| | - Harunobu Shimomura
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yanagisawa
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Satoru Shimada
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
| | - Ryoko Takahashi
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Marika Oosaki
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomitake Tsukihara
- From the Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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88
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the existence of superassemblies between mitochondrial respiratory complexes, such superassemblies have been the object of a passionate debate. It is accepted that respiratory supercomplexes are structures that occur in vivo, although which superstructures are naturally occurring and what could be their functional role remain open questions. The main difficulty is to make compatible the existence of superassemblies with the corpus of data that drove the field to abandon the early understanding of the physical arrangement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a compact physical entity (the solid model). This review provides a nonexhaustive overview of the evolution of our understanding of the structural organization of the electron transport chain from the original idea of a compact organization to a view of freely moving complexes connected by electron carriers. Today supercomplexes are viewed not as a revival of the old solid model but rather as a refined revision of the fluid model, which incorporates a new layer of structural and functional complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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89
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Melo AMP, Teixeira M. Supramolecular organization of bacterial aerobic respiratory chains: From cells and back. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:190-7. [PMID: 26546715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic respiratory chains from all life kingdoms are composed by several complexes that have been deeply characterized in their isolated form. These membranous complexes link the oxidation of reducing substrates to the reduction of molecular oxygen, in a process that conserves energy by ion translocation between both sides of the mitochondrial or prokaryotic cytoplasmatic membranes. In recent years there has been increasing evidence that those complexes are organized as supramolecular structures, the so-called supercomplexes and respirasomes, being available for eukaryotes strong data namely obtained by electron microscopy and single particle analysis. A parallel study has been developed for prokaryotes, based on blue native gels and mass spectrometry analysis, showing that in these more simple unicellular organisms such supercomplexes also exist, involving not only typical aerobic-respiration associated complexes, but also anaerobic-linked enzymes. After a short overview of the data on eukaryotic supercomplexes, we will analyse comprehensively the different types of prokaryotic aerobic respiratory supercomplexes that have been thus far suggested, in both bacteria and archaea. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Prof Conrad Mullineaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M P Melo
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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90
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Matus-Ortega MG, Cárdenas-Monroy CA, Flores-Herrera O, Mendoza-Hernández G, Miranda M, González-Pedrajo B, Vázquez-Meza H, Pardo JP. New complexes containing the internal alternative NADH dehydrogenase (Ndi1) in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2015; 32:629-41. [PMID: 26173916 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lack the respiratory complex I, but contain three rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenases distributed on both the external (Nde1 and Nde2) and internal (Ndi1) surfaces of the inner mitochondrial membrane. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone without the translocation of protons across the membrane. Due to the high resolution of the Blue Native PAGE (BN-PAGE) technique combined with digitonin solubilization, several bands with NADH dehydrogenase activity were observed on the gel. The use of specific S. cerevisiae single and double mutants of the external alternative elements (ΔNDE1, ΔNDE2, ΔNDE1/ΔNDE2) showed that the high and low molecular weight complexes contained the Ndi1. Some of the Ndi1 associations took place with complexes III and IV, suggesting the formation of respirasome-like structures. Complex II interacted with other proteins to form a high molecular weight supercomplex with a molecular mass around 600 kDa. We also found that the majority of the Ndi1 was in a dimeric form, which is in agreement with the recently reported three-dimensional structure of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Matus-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - C A Cárdenas-Monroy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - O Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - G Mendoza-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - M Miranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - B González-Pedrajo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - H Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
| | - J P Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, México, D. F., México
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91
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Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic, except in adult cardiomyocytes. Yet, the fission and fusion-promoting proteins that mediate mitochondrial dynamism are highly expressed in, and essential to the normal functioning of, hearts. Here, we review accumulating evidence supporting important roles for mitochondrial fission and fusion in cardiac mitochondrial quality control, focusing on the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1-Parkin mitophagy pathway. Based in part on recent findings from in vivo mouse models in which mitofusin-mediated mitochondrial fusion or dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission was conditionally interrupted in cardiac myocytes, we propose several new concepts that may provide insight into the cardiac mitochondrial dynamism-mitophagy interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orian S Shirihai
- From the Department of Medicine, Evans Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (O.S.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (O.S.S.); and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.S., G.W.D.)
| | - Moshi Song
- From the Department of Medicine, Evans Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (O.S.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (O.S.S.); and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.S., G.W.D.)
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- From the Department of Medicine, Evans Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (O.S.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (O.S.S.); and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.S., G.W.D.).
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92
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The molecular mechanism of aging is still vigorously debated, although a general consensus exists that mitochondria are significantly involved in this process. However, the previously postulated role of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the damaging agents inducing functional loss in aging has fallen out of favor in the recent past. In this review, we critically examine the role of ROS in aging in the light of recent advances on the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function. RECENT ADVANCES The functional mitochondrial respiratory chain is now recognized as a reflection of the dynamic association of respiratory complexes in the form of supercomplexes (SCs). Besides providing kinetic advantage (channeling), SCs control ROS generation by the respiratory chain, thus providing a means to regulate ROS levels in the cell. Depending on their concentration, these ROS are either physiological signals essential for the life of the cell or toxic species that damage cell structure and functions. CRITICAL ISSUES We propose that under physiological conditions the dynamic nature of SCs reversibly controls the generation of ROS as signals involved in mitochondrial-nuclear communication. During aging, there is a progressive loss of control of ROS generation so that their production is irreversibly enhanced, inducing a vicious circle in which signaling is altered and structural damage takes place. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding on the forces affecting SC association would allow the manipulation of ROS generation, directing these species to their physiological signaling role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Genova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
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93
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Rappaport F. A method aimed at assessing the functional consequences of the supramolecular organization of the respiratory electron transfer chain by time-resolved studies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1241:95-109. [PMID: 25308491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1875-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A steadily increasing number of physiological, biochemical, and structural studies have provided a growing support to the notion that the respiratory electron transfer chain may contain supra-molecular edifices made of the assembly of some, if not all, of its individual links. This structure, usually referred to as the solid state model-in comparison to the liquid state model in which the electron transfer reactions between the membrane bound enzymes are diffusion controlled-is seen as conferring specific kinetic properties to the chain and thus as being highly relevant from a functional point of view. Although the assumption that structural changes are mirrored by functional adjustment is undoubtedly legitimate, experimental evidences supporting it remain scarce. Here we review a recent methodological development aimed at tackling the functional relevance of the supramolecular organization of the respiratory electron transfer chain in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Rappaport
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 7141 CNRS-UPMC, 13 rue P et M Curie, 75005, Paris, France,
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94
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Aon MA, Tocchetti CG, Bhatt N, Paolocci N, Cortassa S. Protective mechanisms of mitochondria and heart function in diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1563-86. [PMID: 25674814 PMCID: PMC4449630 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heart depends on continuous mitochondrial ATP supply and maintained redox balance to properly develop force, particularly under increased workload. During diabetes, however, myocardial energetic-redox balance is perturbed, contributing to the systolic and diastolic dysfunction known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). CRITICAL ISSUES How these energetic and redox alterations intertwine to influence the DC progression is still poorly understood. Excessive bioavailability of both glucose and fatty acids (FAs) play a central role, leading, among other effects, to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, where and how this nutrient excess affects mitochondrial and cytoplasmic energetic/redox crossroads remains to be defined in greater detail. RECENT ADVANCES We review how high glucose alters cellular redox balance and affects mitochondrial DNA. Next, we address how lipid excess, either stored in lipid droplets or utilized by mitochondria, affects performance in diabetic hearts by influencing cardiac energetic and redox assets. Finally, we examine how the reciprocal energetic/redox influence between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments shapes myocardial mechanical activity during the course of DC, focusing especially on the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Protecting mitochondria from losing their ability to generate energy, and to control their own reactive oxygen species emission is essential to prevent the onset and/or to slow down DC progression. We highlight mechanisms enforced by the diabetic heart to counteract glucose/FAs surplus-induced damage, such as lipid storage, enhanced mitochondria-lipid droplet interaction, and upregulation of key antioxidant enzymes. Learning more on the nature and location of mechanisms sheltering mitochondrial functions would certainly help in further optimizing therapies for human DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Aon
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Niraj Bhatt
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sonia Cortassa
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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95
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Markevich NI, Hoek JB. Computational modeling analysis of mitochondrial superoxide production under varying substrate conditions and upon inhibition of different segments of the electron transport chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1847:656-79. [PMID: 25868872 PMCID: PMC4426091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A computational mechanistic model of superoxide (O2•-) formation in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) was developed to facilitate the quantitative analysis of factors controlling mitochondrial O2•- production and assist in the interpretation of experimental studies. The model takes into account all individual electron transfer reactions in Complexes I and III. The model accounts for multiple, often seemingly contradictory observations on the effects of ΔΨ and ΔpH, and for the effects of multiple substrate and inhibitor conditions, including differential effects of Complex III inhibitors antimycin A, myxothiazol and stigmatellin. Simulation results confirm that, in addition to O2•- formation in Complex III and at the flavin site of Complex I, the quinone binding site of Complex I is an additional superoxide generating site that accounts for experimental observations on O2•- production during reverse electron transfer. However, our simulation results predict that, when cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited during oxidation of succinate, ROS production at this site is eliminated and almost all superoxide in Complex I is generated by reduced FMN, even when the redox pressure for reverse electron transfer from succinate is strong. In addition, the model indicates that conflicting literature data on the kinetics of electron transfer in Complex III involving the iron-sulfur protein-cytochrome bL complex can be resolved in favor of a dissociation of the protein only after electron transfer to cytochrome bH. The model predictions can be helpful in understanding factors driving mitochondrial superoxide formation in intact cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Markevich
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 14290, Russia.
| | - Jan B Hoek
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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96
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Balycheva M, Faggian G, Glukhov AV, Gorelik J. Microdomain-specific localization of functional ion channels in cardiomyocytes: an emerging concept of local regulation and remodelling. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:43-62. [PMID: 28509981 PMCID: PMC5425752 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac excitation involves the generation of action potential by individual cells and the subsequent conduction of the action potential from cell to cell through intercellular gap junctions. Excitation of the cellular membrane results in opening of the voltage-gated L-type calcium ion (Ca2+) channels, thereby allowing a small amount of Ca2+ to enter the cell, which in turn triggers the release of a much greater amount of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular Ca2+ store, and gives rise to the systolic Ca2+ transient and contraction. These processes are highly regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which ensures the acute and reliable contractile function of the heart and the short-term modulation of this function upon changes in heart rate or workload. It has recently become evident that discrete clusters of different ion channels and regulatory receptors are present in the sarcolemma, where they form an interacting network and work together as a part of a macro-molecular signalling complex which in turn allows the specificity, reliability and accuracy of the autonomic modulation of the excitation-contraction processes by a variety of neurohormonal pathways. Disruption in subcellular targeting of ion channels and associated signalling proteins may contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of cardiac diseases, including heart failure and certain arrhythmias. Recent methodological advances have made it possible to routinely image the topography of live cardiomyocytes, allowing the study of clustering functional ion channels and receptors as well as their coupling within a specific microdomain. In this review we highlight the emerging understanding of the functionality of distinct subcellular microdomains in cardiac myocytes (e.g. T-tubules, lipid rafts/caveolae, costameres and intercalated discs) and their functional role in the accumulation and regulation of different subcellular populations of sodium, Ca2+ and potassium ion channels and their contributions to cellular signalling and cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Balycheva
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, 4th Floor National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cardiosurgery Department, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Cardiosurgery Department, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Alexey V Glukhov
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, 4th Floor National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, 4th Floor National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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97
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Moreno-Beltrán B, Díaz-Moreno I, González-Arzola K, Guerra-Castellano A, Velázquez-Campoy A, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Quintana A. Respiratory complexes III and IV can each bind two molecules of cytochrome c at low ionic strength. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:476-83. [PMID: 25595453 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transient interactions of respiratory cytochrome c with complexes III and IV is herein investigated by using heterologous proteins, namely human cytochrome c, the soluble domain of plant cytochrome c1 and bovine cytochrome c oxidase. The binding molecular mechanisms of the resulting cross-complexes have been analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Our data reveal that the two cytochrome c-involving adducts possess a 2:1 stoichiometry - that is, two cytochrome c molecules per adduct - at low ionic strength. We conclude that such extra binding sites at the surfaces of complexes III and IV can facilitate the turnover and sliding of cytochrome c molecules and, therefore, the electron transfer within respiratory supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Moreno-Beltrán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain.
| | - Katiuska González-Arzola
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alejandra Guerra-Castellano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) - Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Fundacion ARAID, Government of Aragon, Maria de Luna 11, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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98
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Guzun R, Kaambre T, Bagur R, Grichine A, Usson Y, Varikmaa M, Anmann T, Tepp K, Timohhina N, Shevchuk I, Chekulayev V, Boucher F, Dos Santos P, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Kuznetsov AV, Dzeja P, Aliev M, Saks V. Modular organization of cardiac energy metabolism: energy conversion, transfer and feedback regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:84-106. [PMID: 24666671 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To meet high cellular demands, the energy metabolism of cardiac muscles is organized by precise and coordinated functioning of intracellular energetic units (ICEUs). ICEUs represent structural and functional modules integrating multiple fluxes at sites of ATP generation in mitochondria and ATP utilization by myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma ion-pump ATPases. The role of ICEUs is to enhance the efficiency of vectorial intracellular energy transfer and fine tuning of oxidative ATP synthesis maintaining stable metabolite levels to adjust to intracellular energy needs through the dynamic system of compartmentalized phosphoryl transfer networks. One of the key elements in regulation of energy flux distribution and feedback communication is the selective permeability of mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) which represents a bottleneck in adenine nucleotide and other energy metabolite transfer and microcompartmentalization. Based on the experimental and theoretical (mathematical modelling) arguments, we describe regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis within ICEUs allowing heart workload to be linearly correlated with oxygen consumption ensuring conditions of metabolic stability, signal communication and synchronization. Particular attention was paid to the structure-function relationship in the development of ICEU, and the role of mitochondria interaction with cytoskeletal proteins, like tubulin, in the regulation of MOM permeability in response to energy metabolic signals providing regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Emphasis was given to the importance of creatine metabolism for the cardiac energy homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Guzun
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics; INSERM U1055; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiology; University Hospital; Grenoble France
| | - T. Kaambre
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - R. Bagur
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics; INSERM U1055; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
- Experimental, Theoretical and Applied Cardio-Respiratory Physiology; Laboratory TIMC-IMAG; UMR5525; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
| | - A. Grichine
- Life Science Imaging - In Vitro Platform; IAB CRI INSERM U823; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
| | - Y. Usson
- Experimental, Theoretical and Applied Cardio-Respiratory Physiology; Laboratory TIMC-IMAG; UMR5525; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
| | - M. Varikmaa
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - T. Anmann
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - K. Tepp
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - N. Timohhina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - I. Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - V. Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics; National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics; Tallinn Estonia
| | - F. Boucher
- Experimental, Theoretical and Applied Cardio-Respiratory Physiology; Laboratory TIMC-IMAG; UMR5525; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
| | - P. Dos Santos
- University of Bordeaux Segalen; INSERM U1045; Bordeaux France
| | - U. Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics; INSERM U1055; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
| | - T. Wallimann
- Emeritus; Biology Department; ETH; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. V. Kuznetsov
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory; Department of Heart Surgery; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - P. Dzeja
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases; Department of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - M. Aliev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology; Cardiology Research Center; Moscow Russia
| | - V. Saks
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics; INSERM U1055; Joseph Fourier University; Grenoble France
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99
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Sarewicz M, Osyczka A. Electronic connection between the quinone and cytochrome C redox pools and its role in regulation of mitochondrial electron transport and redox signaling. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:219-43. [PMID: 25540143 PMCID: PMC4281590 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration, an important bioenergetic process, relies on operation of four membranous enzymatic complexes linked functionally by mobile, freely diffusible elements: quinone molecules in the membrane and water-soluble cytochromes c in the intermembrane space. One of the mitochondrial complexes, complex III (cytochrome bc1 or ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), provides an electronic connection between these two diffusible redox pools linking in a fully reversible manner two-electron quinone oxidation/reduction with one-electron cytochrome c reduction/oxidation. Several features of this homodimeric enzyme implicate that in addition to its well-defined function of contributing to generation of proton-motive force, cytochrome bc1 may be a physiologically important point of regulation of electron flow acting as a sensor of the redox state of mitochondria that actively responds to changes in bioenergetic conditions. These features include the following: the opposing redox reactions at quinone catalytic sites located on the opposite sides of the membrane, the inter-monomer electronic connection that functionally links four quinone binding sites of a dimer into an H-shaped electron transfer system, as well as the potential to generate superoxide and release it to the intermembrane space where it can be engaged in redox signaling pathways. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding how cytochrome bc1 may accomplish this regulatory physiological function, what is known and remains unknown about catalytic and side reactions within the quinone binding sites and electron transfers through the cofactor chains connecting those sites with the substrate redox pools. We also discuss the developed molecular mechanisms in the context of physiology of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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100
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Wang ZP, Ding XZ, Wang J, Li YM. Double-edged sword in cells: chemical biology studies of the vital role of cytochrome c in the intrinsic pre-apoptotic mitochondria leakage pathway. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides functioning as an electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cytochrome c (cyt c) is also one of the determinants in the execution of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Wang
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xiao-Zhe Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
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