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Kuriyama M, Kato J, Fujimoto T, Nasu J, Miyaike J, Morita T, Okada H, Suzuki S, Shiode J, Yamamoto H, Shiratori Y. Risk factors and indications for colectomy in ulcerative colitis patients are different according to patient's clinical background. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:1307-15. [PMID: 16741598 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite progress in medical treatment for ulcerative colitis, a considerable fraction of ulcerative colitis patients undergo colectomy. We analyzed the clinical variables of ulcerative colitis patients and determined the risk factors and indications for colectomy. METHODS The clinical records of 981 consecutive Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis were reviewed both retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS Of 981 patients with ulcerative colitis, 85 patients underwent colectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that male gender (risk ratio, 2.16; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.37-3.42), onset year during and after 2000 (risk ratio, 2.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.31-6.22), severe disease activity (risk ratio, 2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15-3.48), corticosteroid resistance (risk ratio, 7.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.29-11.59), and complications because of corticosteroid administration (risk ratio, 3.55; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.08-6.06) were significant risk factors for colectomy. In patients with disease duration of more than five years, only corticosteroid resistance and complications because of corticosteroid were significant risk factors for colectomy. When we stratified indications for colectomy for the 85 cases via patient disease duration, massive hemorrhage was a relatively frequent cause of colectomy in patients with a disease duration of less than five years (P = 0.091). On the other hand, colon dysplasia or cancer was a major cause for colectomy in patients with a disease duration of more than ten years (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In ulcerative colitis patients, the risk factors and indications for colectomy were different according to the patient's clinical background. Our findings may help to predict patients with ulcerative colitis who have a high risk for colectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Kuriyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Kayo S, Ikura Y, Suekane T, Shirai N, Sugama Y, Ohsawa M, Adachi K, Watanabe K, Nakamura S, Fujiwara Y, Oshitani N, Higuchi K, Maeda K, Hirakawa K, Arakawa T, Ueda M. Close association between activated platelets and neutrophils in the active phase of ulcerative colitis in humans. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:727-35. [PMID: 16917228 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200608000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are considered to play a causative role in inflammatory mucosal injury in ulcerative colitis (UC), and an association between platelets and neutrophils may contribute to the progression of the inflammatory processes. To test this hypothesis, we performed immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses on tissue and blood samples from patients with UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colonic mucosal tissues of patients with active (n = 27) or inactive (n = 16) UC and normal controls (n = 11) were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for markers of activated platelets (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and P-selectin) and neutrophils (neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and CD66b). The amounts of stained cells were evaluated by computer-aided morphometry. Peripheral blood samples from patients (n = 8) and healthy volunteers (n = 8) were subjected to comparative flow cytometric analysis of activated platelets. RESULTS P-selectin-positive activated platelets were frequently aggregated in the inflamed mucosa, especially in ulcerative lesions, and were close to regions of dense neutrophil infiltration. An increase in the number of activated platelets in the colonic lesions was associated with an increase in infiltrating neutrophils and was related to the severity of the disease. The flow cytometric analysis indicated that circulating platelets of patients with UC were highly activated. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that a close association between activated platelets and neutrophils is a prominent pathological change in both the affected colonic mucosa and peripheral blood of patients with active-phase UC. This suggests that platelet-neutrophil association may play an important role in the progression of inflammatory processes in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kayo
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Wolf DC, Katz S, Safdi M, Schwartz DA, Hanauer SB. Pilot feasibility studies of leukocytapheresis with the Adacolumn Apheresis System in patients with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40:482-9. [PMID: 16825929 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200607000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GOALS Two uncontrolled, multicenter feasibility studies evaluated safety and pilot efficacy of selective granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GMA) with the Adacolumn Apheresis System for treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) patients refractory/intolerant to conventional pharmacologic therapy. BACKGROUND Patients with UC and CD, characterized by elevations in peripheral blood granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and proinflammatory mediators, may benefit from reductions in activated granulocytes and monocytes by selective apheresis. METHODS Patients underwent weekly Adacolumn sessions for 5 weeks. Pilot efficacy assessments used disease activity index (DAI) for UC (0-12) or CD activity index (CDAI; 0-600) for CD. RESULTS Eleven of 15 UC patients completed all 5 treatments. Mean DAI scores fell from 8.4+/-1.3 (baseline) to 5.2+/-2.9 (week 7). Five patients had DAI reductions of > or = 3 points at week 7. Fourteen of 15 CD patients completed all 5 treatments. Mean CDAI scores fell from 308.0+/-76.5 (baseline) to 200.6+/-117.4 (week 7). Nine CD patients responded (CDAI reductions > or = 70 points) at week 7. Remission (CDAI score < or = 150 at week 7) was observed in 6 patients. There were no device-related serious adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with Adacolumn may be feasible and effective in patients with moderate-to-severe refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Larger sham-controlled studies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Sands
- Gastrointestinal Unit and MGH Crohn's and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Fukunaga K, Fukuda Y, Yokoyama Y, Ohnishi K, Kusaka T, Kosaka T, Hida N, Ohda Y, Miwa H, Matsumoto T. Activated platelets as a possible early marker to predict clinical efficacy of leukocytapheresis in severe ulcerative colitis patients. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:524-32. [PMID: 16868799 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is an effective adjunct for patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC). Because LCAP may have the potential to remove and modulate not only leukocytes but also platelets, we evaluated the correlation between activated platelets and the therapeutic response to LCAP. METHODS Fourteen patients with severe UC received weekly LCAP for 5 consecutive weeks. Their average clinical activity index (CAI) and endoscopic index (EI) were 9.6 +/- 3.4 and 10.9 +/- 1.0, respectively. Their peripheral blood was sampled before and after every LCAP and stained with fluorescent antibodies to the activation-dependent surface antigens of platelets (CD63, CD62-P) prior to flow cytometry. Endoscopic evaluations were performed after the last LCAP. RESULTS Clinical remission (CAI < 4) was induced in 50% of the patients (7/14) after 5 weeks, and there were no significant differences observed in clinical background between the responder group (RG) and the nonresponder group (NG). In the RG, the populations of CD63(+) (P < 0.03) and CD62-P(+) (P < 0.05) platelets were significantly decreased after the first LCAP, and their reduction ratio decreased gradually with repeated LCAP. A significant improvement of the EI score, especially mucosal damage, was achieved in RG (P < 0.04) but not in NG. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the therapeutic responses to LCAP were reflected in modulations of population and/or platelet functions, especially after the first session. The decrease of such activated platelets immediately after the first LCAP may be an early marker for predicting the response in patients with severe UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukunaga
- Division of Lower Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
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55
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Okada H, Takenaka R, Hiraoka S, Makidono C, Hori SI, Kato J, Okazaki H, Kawamoto H, Mizuno M, Shiratori Y. Centrifugal Leukocytapheresis Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Without Concurrent Corticosteroid Administration. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:242-6. [PMID: 16817788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid administration is an important therapy for active ulcerative colitis. However, long-term corticosteroid use is associated with serious complications such as osteoporosis, diabetes, and growth retardation. The effect of combination therapy corticosteroid plus leukocytapheresis has been previously reported, but that of leukocytapheresis with no corticosteroid is unknown. We carried out a preliminary study of six patients (two men and four women) with active ulcerative colitis (severe in two, moderately severe in four) who did not respond to 5-aminosalicylate derivatives, but refused corticosteroid use. Centrifugal leukocytapheresis was carried out once per week totaling four sessions per course. Treatment was considered effective when patients experienced clinical remission, which was defined as a frequency of diarrhea of four times or less and absence of visible blood in the stool, after one course. Leukocytapheresis was effective in five of six patients(83%). With cases stratified by severity, both severe cases and three of four moderately severe cases showed effectiveness. Clinical activity scores according to Lichtiger et al. in cases where leukocytapheresis was effective decreased from 9.8 to 6.6 at 1 week (P < 0.0001), declining further 2.4 at the end of the course. No obvious complications of leukocytapheresis were noted except for a decrease in hemoglobin by 1 g/dL. Centrifugal leukocytapheresis without corticosteroid treatment can induce remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis, and might be particularly beneficial for patients in whom adverse effects preclude the use of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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Kanekura T, Hiraishi K, Kawahara K, Maruyama I, Kanzaki T. Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis (GCAP) for Refractory Skin Diseases Caused by Activated Neutrophils and Psoriatic Arthritis: Evidence that GCAP Removes Mac-1-Expressing Neutrophils. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:247-56. [PMID: 16817789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have shown that granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP), an extracorporeal apheresis instrument whose column contains cellulose acetate (CA) beads, is useful for skin diseases attributable to activated granulocytes and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We assessed the clinical effectiveness of GCAP and investigated the mechanisms underlying the adsorption of pathogenic granulocytes. The effect of GCAP was assessed in 14 patients with neutrophilic dermatoses and 16 with PsA. The mechanisms by which the instrument adsorbs activated granulocytes were investigated using an in vitro mini-column system that mimics the GCAP. Skin lesions and arthropathy improved in 22 of 29 patients (75.9%) and 14 of 18 (77.8%), respectively. Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) expression on the peripheral neutrophils, increased compared with normal subjects, was reduced by GCAP. In the mini-column system, CA beads adsorbed 50% neutrophils; and adsorption was inhibited significantly by treating plasma with EDTA and blood cells with antihuman CD11b monoclonal antibody. GCAP was useful for treating neutrophilic dermatoses and PsA. GCAP adsorbs Mac-1-expressing neutrophils to the CA beads by the binding of complement component (iC3b) on CA beads and CD11b expressed on activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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57
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Kanekura T, Yoshii N, Kawahara K, Maruyama I, Kanzaki T. Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis for Cutaneous Allergic Vasculitis. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:287-90. [PMID: 16817796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous allergic vasculitis (CAV) is characterized clinically by purpuric patches with secondary ulcerations, and histologically by leukocytoclastic vasculitis with neutrophil infiltrates. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP) is an extracorporeal apheresis instrument using a column containing cellulose acetate beads designed to remove pathogenic granulocytes. Here we report our assessment of the efficacy of GCAP for recurrent leg ulcers in a 49-year-old woman with CAV. She underwent five GCAP treatments at one-week intervals. In each treatment session, 1800 mL of blood was processed. Her leg ulcers responded well and her white blood cell and neutrophil counts and the expression level of CD11b/CD18, a marker for activated neutrophils, on her peripheral neutrophils were reduced from 7500/microL to 6500/microL, 4350/microL to 3315/microL, and 64.9 MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) to 27.0 MFI (normal controls: 10.5 +/- 1.2 MFI) by GCAP, respectively. These results suggest that GCAP is useful for skin disorders with leucocytoclastic vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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58
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Yagi Y, Andoh A, Inatomi O, Bamba S, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Yoshida T. Modulation of platelet aggregation responses by leukocytapheresis therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:540-6. [PMID: 16868801 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that platelet activation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of leukocytapheresis (LCAP) on platelet functions in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS Thirteen patients with active UC (five women and eight men) were treated with LCAP therapy. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared, and platelet aggregation in response to agonist solution (epinephrine, collagen, and ADP) was measured with a platelet aggregometer. Platelet-derived microparticle (PDMP) plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Nine patients responded to LCAP therapy, but no clinical responses were observed in four patients. The aggregation response to 0.1 microg/ml epinephrine was enhanced in all patients. In all responders, enhanced epinephrine aggregation was normalized after the LCAP session. However, in the four nonresponders, enhanced epinephrine aggregation was maintained after the LCAP session. In responders, the mean maximum aggregation induced by 0.1 microg/ml epinephrine was 76.8 +/- 5.0% before and 15.4 +/- 3.8% after LCAP, respectively (P < 0.05). Increased aggregation responses to both 0.2 microg/ml collagen and 1.0 microM ADP were observed, and LCAP also normalized these enhanced responses. LCAP significantly reduced circulating PDMP levels (56.8 +/- 28.3 U/ml before and 46.3 +/- 30.4 U/ml after LCAP, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LCAP reduced enhanced platelet aggregation responses in active UC patients. Because platelets play an important role in inflammatory and immune responses, therapeutic effects of LCAP may be partially mediated by reduction of increased platelet aggregation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Yagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
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59
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Kanai T, Hibi T, Watanabe M. The logics of leukocytapheresis as a natural biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:453-66. [PMID: 16610976 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.5.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are debilitating idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) with symptoms that impair ability to function and quality of life. The aetiology of IBD is inadequately understood and, therefore, drug therapy has been empirical instead of based on sound understanding of the disease mechanisms. This has been a major factor for poor drug efficacy and treatment-related side effects that often add to disease complications. The development of biologicals, notably infliximab, to block TNF-alpha reflects some progress, but there is major concern about their side effects and lack of long-term safety and efficacy profiles. However, IBD by its very nature is exacerbated and perpetuated by inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12, for which activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes are major sources. Hence, activated leukocytes should be appropriate targets of therapy. At present, three strategies are available for removing excess and activated leukocytes by leukocytapheresis: centrifugation, Adacolumn and Cellsorba. Centrifugation can deplete lymphocytes or total leukocytes, whereas Adacolumn selectively adsorbs granulocytes and monocytes together with a smaller fraction of lymphocytes (FcgammaR- and complement receptor-bearing leukocytes), and Cellsorba non-selectively removes all three major leukocyte populations. Efficacy has ranged from 'none' to an impressive 93% together with excellent safety profiles and downmodulation of inflammation factors. Furthermore, leukocytapheresis has shown strong drug-sparing effects and reduced the number of patients requiring colectomy or exposure to unsafe immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin A. Leukocytapheresis removes from the body cells that contribute to IBD and, therefore, unlike drugs, it is not expected to induce dependency or refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Tanaka H, Tsugawa K, Nakahata T, Suzuki K, Ito E. Leukocytapheresis for the treatment of refractory systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 26:1014-6. [PMID: 16565893 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although leukocytapheresis (LCAP) has been reported to be effective for the treatment of various autoimmune disorders, little information has been published yet on the efficacy and safety of LCAP for the treatment of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA). A pilot trial of LCAP was therefore conducted on two children with refractory SOJIA using a granulocyte apheresis filter packed with cellulose acetate beads in an attempt to control the disease flares. Following three to eight sessions of LCAP, the joint symptoms gradually resolved without any increase in the dose of corticosteroids. The procedure was associated with a decrease in the serum interleukin-6. No severe adverse effects were observed except for mild nausea. However, efficacy of LCAP sustained in a short time since both patients subsequently developed flares after 3 months of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
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61
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Ashizuka S, Nishiura R, Ishikawa N, Yamaga J, Inatsu H, Fujimoto S, Eto T. Leukocytapheresis for Ulcerative Colitis: A Comparative Study of Anticoagulant (Nafamostat Mesilate vs. Dalteparin Sodium) for Reducing Clinical Complications. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:54-8. [PMID: 16556137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is a therapeutic strategy for extra corporeal immunomodulation that has been used to treat several immunological disorders, including ulcerative colitis (UC), with encouraging results, inducing remission in steroid-resistant patients. However, we have experienced some complications during or after LCAP therapy. Common adverse effects include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. One of the reasons for these adverse effects might be the use of nafamostat mesilate (NM) as an anticoagulant. In the present study, 75 patients with UC were divided into two groups, an NM group and a dalteparin sodium (DS) group. The clinical efficacy of these treatments, improvement after treatment, changes in leukocyte differential count, and adverse effects after LCAP therapy were then compared. The clinical efficacy, improvement after treatment, and changes in leukocyte classification were not significantly different between the two groups, while some adverse effects were observed in the NM group but not in the DS group. In conclusion, LCAP therapy is a useful therapy for patients with moderate to severe UC who fail to respond to glucocorticoid therapy, however, a safe anticoagulant should be used to avoid its related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ashizuka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Inatomi O, Deguchi Y, Hata K, Kitoh K, Sasaki M, Mitsuyama K, Fujiyama Y. Suppression of inflammatory cytokine secretion by granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis in active ulcerative colitis. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 9:123-7. [PMID: 15828923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1774-9987.2005.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of granulocyte/monocyte adsorption apheresis, changes were investigated in the cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Four patients with active UC were enrolled. All patients responded to granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis. A total of 20 sessions of four patients were analyzed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood within 5 min before and after each session of granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis. The cells were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha for 24 h, and the secreted IL-8 and IL-6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1beta-induced IL-8 and IL-6 secretion was significantly decreased after granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis. TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 secretion was also significantly decreased after apheresis, but there was no significant difference in TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion (P = 0.052). In conclusion, granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis down-regulates the IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory responses in PBMC. The induction of hyporesponsiveness to pro-inflammatory cytokines may be an important factor mediating the clinical effects of granulocyte/macrophage adsorptive apheresis in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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63
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Abstract
Initially used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, nonselective therapeutic leukocytapheresis was applied to the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as early as the 1980s. Since then, the process has been further refined and 2 blood perfusion systems using membrane filtration are presently employed in Japan and Europe for the selective removal of leukocytes in patients with IBD: Cellsorba is a column of polyethylenephtarate fibers that captures lymphocytes and granulocytes, and Adacolumn is a column of cellulose acetate beads that selectively adsorb granulocytes and monocytes. These systems overcome the limitations of centrifugation. Leukocytapheresis has been shown to exert an overall anti-inflammatory effect, as peripheral leukocytes demonstrated a diminished capacity to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1beta. In addition, down-regulation in the expression of adhesion molecule L-selectin and a shift toward a more immature granulocyte phenotype were observed in the peripheral blood. The safety and beneficial therapeutic effect of leukocytapheresis in IBD are being investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Pineda
- Therapeutic Apheresis Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota 54114, USA.
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Abstract
In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), centrifugation has been attempted to remove leukocyte components from whole blood; however, the use of selective filters has proved to result in more active modification of cellular immunity in that 4 times as many white blood cells are removed, which may result in a greater therapeutic effect. Selective apheresis for treatment of IBD, in particular ulcerative colitis (UC), has been used in Japan and some European countries for several years; pilot studies with Adacolumn, a selective therapeutic granulocyte/monocyte apheresis device, in patients with IBD have recently been completed in the United States with favorable results. Unlike conventional pharmacological treatments, selective apheresis may be associated with a relatively low rate of adverse events. Multiple studies have suggested that selective apheresis may be of benefit as a steroid-sparing treatment. In an unblinded randomized trial in 69 steroid-dependent patients with active UC randomized to selective apheresis with Adacolumn or an increased dose of prednisolone, 83% of patients receiving Adacolumn achieved remission compared with 65% of those receiving an increased dose of prednisolone. In another uncontrolled study of 60 patients with active UC, treatment with Adacolumn selective apheresis enabled nearly 70% of steroid-dependent patients to discontinue prednisolone. An unblinded randomized controlled trial of a different selective apheresis device (Cellsorba) versus high-dose prednisolone in patients with active UC showed a greater therapeutic effect (74%) than high-dose prednisolone (38%) and lower frequency of adverse effects (24% versus 68%).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Kanekura T, Kawahara K, Maruyama I, Kanzaki T. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis. Ther Apher Dial 2005; 9:292-6. [PMID: 16076369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2005.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum is an intractable skin disorder characterized by the development of erythematous pustules or nodules that rapidly progress to destructive, necrotizing, non-infective ulcers. We assessed the efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP) therapy in two new patients, a 67-year-old man with ulcerations on his lower leg, and a 44-year-old man with turgid erythematous lesions with burrowing abscesses and sinus formation on his hip, groin, and thighs. Both patients received 10 GCAP treatments at 5-day intervals. Their skin lesions responded well. The 9 cmx6 cm ulcer on the lower right leg of the 67-year-old patient was completely covered by regenerated skin at the completion of therapy. The turgid skin lesions containing pustules and ulcers of the other patient showed amelioration and a marked decrease in the volume of exudate. Our results suggest that GCAP is a useful treatment modality for pyoderma gangrenosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Honma T, Sugimura K, Asakura H, Matsuzawa J, Suzuki K, Kobayashi M, Aoyagi Y. Leukocytapheresis is effective in inducing but not in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:886-90. [PMID: 16208112 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000180638.59140.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
GOALS AND BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by dense infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and monocyte-macrophages into the colonic mucosa. Leukocytapheresis is a procedure for selectively removing white blood cells from withdrawn blood. It is used for the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of leukocytapheresis for inducing and maintaining remission in corticosteroid-resistant UC, as compared with corticosteroid-responsive UC. STUDY Forty-five patients with active UC who were treated with a dose of 1 mg/kg per day or more of prednisolone given systemically for at least 2 weeks were evaluated. Twenty patients (6 males, 14 females) in whom improvement was induced only by high doses of prednisolone were allocated as the corticosteroid-responsive group. The other 25 patients (11 males, 14 females) who did not respond to the above-mentioned dose of prednisolone therapy were allocated as the corticosteroid-resistant group and received leukocytapheresis therapy once a week for 5 weeks. Of patients who had a remission, the corticosteroid-responsive group continued to have the conventional therapy and the corticosteroid-resistant group were given leukocytapheresis once every 4 weeks for at least 2 years as maintenance therapy. RESULTS Remission was induced by 5 weeks of leukocytapheresis in 23 of the 25 (92%) patients with corticosteroid-resistant active UC. The number of days required to achieve remission of UC was fewer in patients who received leukocytapheresis than in those who did not. Follow-up study of the patients who had remission showed similar relapse rates at 2 years in the patients who received leukocytapheresis and those given high doses of prednisolone alone. CONCLUSIONS Leukocytapheresis is an effective treatment of acute corticosteroid-resistant UC but does not prevent the recurrence of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terasu Honma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibanchou, Asahimachidori, Niigata, Japan.
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67
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Nishioka C, Aoyama N, Maekawa S, Shirasaka D, Nakahara T, Tamura T, Fukagawa M, Umezu M, Abe T, Kasuga M. Leukocytapheresis therapy for steroid-naïve patients with active ulcerative colitis: its clinical efficacy and adverse effects compared with those of conventional steroid therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1567-71. [PMID: 16174075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid administration currently plays a central role in the medical management of ulcerative colitis (UC); however, long-term steroid usage causes adverse effects, which necessitates stoppage of drug intake, leading to worsening of the disease. A steroid-sparing, well-tolerated treatment is therefore required. As several investigators have reported the efficacy of leukocytapheresis (LCAP) combined with steroid therapy, we investigated the clinical usefulness and safety of LCAP for steroid-naïve patients with active UC for comparison with those of conventional steroid therapy. METHODS Twenty-nine Japanese patients with active UC without a history of steroid usage were selected to be treated with LCAP (n = 9) or prednisolone (PSL) (n = 20). LCAP administration continued for 10 weekly cycles. In the PSL group, patients with moderately severe disease received 0.5 mg/kg per day of PSL and those with severe disease 1.0 mg/kg per day. The PSL dosage was gradually tapered in accordance with improvement. RESULTS Eight (88.9%) of the LCAP group and 16 (80.0%) of the PSL group showed clinical improvement and three (33.3%) of the LCAP group and seven (35.0%) of the PSL group achieved remission. As for the treatment complications, three major adverse effects were observed in the PSL group, but none were observed in the LCAP group. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the efficacy and safety of LCAP are equivalent, and in terms of severe adverse effects, superior to those of steroid therapy. LCAP therapy may thus be a promising candidate therapy for steroid-naïve patients with active UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nishioka
- Division of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
Artificial organs and regenerative medicine are the subjects of very active research and development (R&D) in Japan and various artificial organs are widely used in patients. Results of the R&D are presented at the annual conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs (JSAO). Progress in the fields of artificial organs and regenerative medicine are reviewed annually in the Japanese Journal of Artificial Organs. The official English-language journal of JSAO, Journal of Artificial Organs, also publishes many original articles by Japanese researchers. Although the annual conference and the publications of JSAO provide the world with update information on artificial organs and regenerative medicine in Japan, the information is not always understood appropriately in the rest of the world, mainly due to language problems. This article therefore introduces the current status of artificial organs and regenerative medicine in Japan. Artificial hearts and metabolic support systems are reviewed here and other interesting areas such as regenerative medicine can be found elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mitamura
- Department of Biomedical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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69
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Mitsuyama K, Suzuki A, Matsumoto S, Tomiyasu N, Takaki K, Takedatsu H, Masuda J, Handa K, Harada K, Nishida H, Toyonaga A, Sata M. Diminished cytokine signalling against bacterial components in mononuclear leucocytes from ulcerative colitis patients after leukocytapheresis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:130-40. [PMID: 15958079 PMCID: PMC1809412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration by circulating inflammatory cells is a prominent local inflammatory feature of ulcerative colitis (UC). Several trials have suggested that leukocytapheresis by filtration can benefit patients with active UC. We investigated how this therapy might modulate the inflammatory response. Patients with active UC who were beginning repeated filtration leukocytapheresis were studied. Mononuclear cell preparations were obtained from blood before and after the first treatment, and expression of cytokine signalling components and the cell-proliferative response were analysed in vitro. Leukocytapheresis reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, -6, -8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, P < 0.05 for all) and activation of intracellular signalling components (nuclear factor-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3), as well as surface expression of toll-like receptor-4 (P < 0.05) in mononuclear cells. The therapy also reduced the cell-proliferative response by mononuclear cells stimulated with sonicated bacterial preparations from autologous intestine (P < 0.05). These results indicate that activated mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active UC are removed by leukocytapheresis and replaced by cells with a lower activation status. This replacement may partly explain the therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitsuyama
- Second Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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70
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Sawada K, Kusugami K, Suzuki Y, Bamba T, Munakata A, Hibi T, Shimoyama T. Leukocytapheresis in ulcerative colitis: results of a multicenter double-blind prospective case-control study with sham apheresis as placebo treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:1362-9. [PMID: 15929771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is a method of therapeutic apheresis that removes peripheral leukocytes. Previous studies showed that in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), LCAP was more effective than high-dose steroid therapy, and it had few adverse effects. We investigated LCAP in a multicenter study using active and sham devices in a double-blind study in order to elucidate the placebo effect of extracorporeal treatment including anticoagulant medication. METHODS Twenty-five patients with active UC of severe or moderately severe grade were enrolled and assigned to the active group or the sham group. Six patients were excluded from the study and 19 (10 in the active group and nine in the sham group) were evaluated. LCAP (treatment using an active device or a sham device) was performed once a week for 5 wk, followed by two additional sessions during the next 4 wk at 2-wk intervals. Steroids and other medications were continued at the same dosage for 4 wk, which included a 2-wk pre-observation period and the first 2 wk after the start of the LCAP treatment. New medications or increase in the dosage of previous medication were prohibited until evaluation was conducted. RESULTS The clinical activity index (CAI) value of UC, indicated that the active group showed a significantly greater improvement (80%, 8/10) than the sham group (33%, 3/9; p<0.05). Adverse effects were observed in five patients (one in the active group and four in the sham group). None of these effects was severe and none of the sessions was terminated as a consequence of the adverse effects. CONCLUSION The results confirmed that LCAP is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with active UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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71
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Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Inatomi O, Deguchi Y, Sasaki M, Obata H, Mitsuyama K, Fujiyama Y. Leukocytapheresis Therapy Modulates Circulating T cell Subsets in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Ther Apher Dial 2005; 9:270-6. [PMID: 15967005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1774-9987.2005.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of leukocytapheresis (LCAP). We investigated the alterations in circulating T cell subsets after LCAP therapy in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Eighteen patients with UC were enrolled. Fourteen patients were responders, and four patients were non-responders. Peripheral venous blood was obtained within 5 min before and 5 min after LCAP therapy. Flow cytometric analysis for T cell markers and intracellular interferon (IFN)-gamma (Th1) and interleukin (IL)-4 (Th2) was then performed. The average numbers of lymphocytes, T and B cells were significantly decreased after LCAP therapy, respectively (P < 0.01). The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also significantly decreased, respectively (P < 0.01), but the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not changed. The number of CD45RO+ CD4+ memory T cells was significantly decreased. The number of CD25+ CD4+ T cells tended to decrease after LCAP therapy (not significant). However, the ratio of CD25+ CD4+-cells/CD25- CD4+-cells was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The number of IFN-gamma-positive (Th1) cells was significantly decreased after LCAP therapy, but there was no significant change in the number of IL-4-positive (Th2) cells. The Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly decreased after LCAP therapy. Some of the immuno-suppressive effects of LCAP therapy may be associated with a modulation of circulating T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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72
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Sawada K, Egashira A, Ohnishi K, Fukunaga K, Kusaka T, Shimoyama T. Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) for management of fulminant ulcerative colitis with toxic megacolon. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:767-73. [PMID: 15844716 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-2571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is a method of therapeutic apheresis to remove patients' peripheral leukocytes by extracorporeal circulation. Previous studies showed that LCAP for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) was more effective and had fewer adverse effects compared to high-dose steroid therapy. However, there are no reports on the application of LCAP for UC patients with toxic megacolon (TM). This study reports the effectiveness and safety of LCAP in treating patients with severe or fulminant UC with TM. Six patients were enrolled in this study and LCAP sessions were performed three times per week for 2 weeks, followed by four further times in the next 4 weeks. After completion of therapy, four patients improved in TM and went into the remission stage of UC. The average Rachmilewitz clinical activity index of these four patients improved from 19.5 to 1. The remaining two patients had to undergo colectomy, however, the symptoms had been mitigated by LCAP and the operations were completed without any problems. These results suggest that LCAP is an additional effective and safe option for TM management in preventing colectomy or for bridging to a safer operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sawada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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73
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Ando T, Watanabe O, Furuta R, Maeda O, Nishio Y, Nishiwaki T, Ina K, Kusugami K, Goto H. Predictors of a response to cyclosporine or leukocyte removal therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Dig Endosc 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2005.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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74
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Abstract
A 42-year-old man presented with painful erythema with pustules and multiple small ulcers on the shins. He had suffered from ulcerative colitis (UC) and received oral glucocorticosteroid and salicylazosulfapyridine therapies for 7 years. Biopsy of the lesion demonstrated mixed cellular infiltrates with dominant neutrophils. The patient was diagnosed with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and underwent leukocytapheresis (LCAP), an extracorporeal leucocyte removal therapy, once a week for 5 weeks without changing the doses of the oral medications. The skin lesions as well as clinical signs of UC rapidly improved after LCAP, and no recurrence was seen during a follow-up period. There were no major complications during LCAP. LCAP will provide an effective and safe tool for the treatment of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defence Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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75
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Kohno H, Mizuno M, Nasu J, Makidono C, Hiraoka S, Inaba T, Yamamoto K, Okada H, Fujita T, Shiratori Y. Stool decay-accelerating factor as a marker for monitoring the disease activity during leukocyte apheresis therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:73-8. [PMID: 15610450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have shown previously that concentrations of stool decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), a complement regulatory protein, in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are increased in relation to the severity of the colonic mucosal inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of stool DAF as a marker for monitoring disease activity in patients with steroid-resistant active UC being treated with leukocyte apheresis performed with a centrifugal cell separator. METHODS Twenty-one patients with active and steroid-resistant UC were treated with leukocyte apheresis once a week for 4 weeks, and stool DAF concentrations were determined weekly by immunoassay. RESULTS After treatment, 11 (52%) of the 21 UC patients went into remission. Stool DAF concentrations decreased promptly and steadily in the responsive group. The difference reached statistical significance as soon as after the second apheresis session (P < 0.003), compared with values before the therapy and corresponding values in the non-responsive group (P = 0.024). The reduction in stool DAF concentrations after the second apheresis session was significantly greater in the responsive group (median 90%, range 22-90%) than in the non-responsive group (median -13%, range -307-94%) (P = 0.008). Hematological tests, that is, white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein, declined significantly during the apheresis therapy, but not in relation to therapeutic response. CONCLUSION Stool DAF concentration is a useful marker in the clinical response of UC patients to treatment with leukocyte apheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science (Medicine 1), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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76
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Irving
- Research Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London, London, UK.
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77
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Mori K, Yoshihara T, Ando T, Tsubai S, Matsuo S, Aoyama M, Yamamoto T, Kawase Y. Cytapheresis therapy for ulcerative colitis in three pediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:549-51. [PMID: 15572898 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200411000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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78
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Kawasaki Y, Suzuki J, Suzuki S, Suzuki H. Leukocytapheresis with leukocyte removal filter for severe ulcerative colitis in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:422-5. [PMID: 15448435 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200410000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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79
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Nagase K, Fukunaga K, Ohnishi K, Kusaka T, Matoba Y, Sawada K. Detection of specific IgE antibodies to nafamostat mesilate as an indication of possible adverse effects of leukocytapheresis using nafamostat mesilate as anticoagulant. Ther Apher Dial 2004; 8:45-51. [PMID: 15128019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-0968.2004.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine whether adverse effects of leukocytapheresis (LCAP) are related to nafamostat mesilate (NM) as an anticoagulant. Anti-NM IgE were detected in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who were administrated LCAP in our institute. Forty-nine patients (ulcerative colitis (UC)/Crohn's disease (CD): 30/19) were evaluated. Anti-NM IgE was measured by the ELISA method. Total IgE level and eosinophil count was tested concurrently. We retrospectively checked the presence of allergic symptoms and medications used concurrently with LCAP. Anti-NM IgE were present in six symptomatic patients (6/49; 12.2%) whose adverse effects were highly suspected to be from NM. However, 21 patients showed anti NM IgE-negative, in spite of the fact that their adverse effects were also highly suspected to be from NM. Through the detection of anti-NM IgE alone we could not estimate the relevance of NM as an anticoagulant to the adverse effects of LCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nagase
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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80
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Kanekura T, Kawabata H, Maruyama I, Kanzaki T. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:242-6. [PMID: 14726879 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP) is a new extracorporeal apheresis treatment modality that removes pathogenic granulocytes. Recently, we found that GCAP is useful for treating pyoderma gangrenosum and pustular psoriasis. We thought that this treatment may also be effective for treating other disorders attributable to activated granulocytes and studied the efficacy of GCAP in 4 patients with psoriatic arthritis. Treatment with GCAP resulted in remarkable clearing of joint pain, suggesting that GCAP is valuable for treating arthritis as well as skin disorders. We present a detailed description of these patients and this novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, University Faculty of Medicine, Kogoshima, Japan.
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81
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with an increasing incidence worldwide. The medical management of this disease continues to expand as drugs to induce and maintain remission are sought to avoid the need for colectomy. This article will review the standard of care for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis. The efficacy, optimal usage, and adverse events profile of agents such as 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine will be discussed and an algorithm for their use will be developed. Alternative and experimental therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, probiotics, and heparin will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mahadevan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Sakata H, Kawamura N, Horie T, Ohizumi H, Tamaki T, Kukita K, Meguro JI, Yonekawa M, Saitoh M, Kawamura A. Successful Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Leukocytapheresis Using Non-woven Polyester Filter. Ther Apher Dial 2003; 7:536-9. [PMID: 15018240 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2003.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the rectum and colon. Although the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is not fully elucidated, cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. Leukocytapheresis is a newly emerging therapy to eliminate activated leukocyte from systemic circulation. We have studied the effects of leukocytapheresis on patients with ulcerative colitis who had failed to respond to conventional therapy. A total of 51 patients with ulcerative colitis were treated with apheresis using a non-woven polyester fiber filter (Finecell, Asahi Medical Co.,Tokyo, Japan) originally developed as a microcoagulation elimination filter for massive transfusion. Of the 51 patients, 33 (64.7%) achieved clinical remission manifested by clinical activity and colonoscopic findings without any adverse effects. This result suggested that leukocytapheresis using Finecell might serve as an alternative therapy for ulcerative colitis as other leukocytapheresis using centrifugation or column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakata
- Department of Surgery, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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83
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Sawada K, Ohnishi K, Fukunaga K, Kusaka T, Ohdo M, Nagase K, Shimoyama T, Hada T. Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Report on Six Cases with High Plasma Viremia. Ther Apher Dial 2003; 7:547-53. [PMID: 15018242 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2003.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (GM) are known to constitute extra-hepatic sites for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and dissemination. Accordingly, we thought that selective GM adsorptive apheresis (GMA) might contribute to the treatment of HCV in patients with high viremia (HCV-RNA > 100 kIU/mL). Of six patients (three males and three females), mean age 62.2 years, five had not responded to interferon-alpha (INF-alpha) and one was INF-alpha naïve. Each patient received five GMA sessions, once a week for 5 weeks. The two antecubital veins were used as blood access and return lines and the apheresis was performed at 30 mL/min for 60 min. Treatment efficacy was assessed by monitoring changes in plasma HCV-RNA and aminotransferase. Granulocyte and monocyte/macrophage adsorptive apheresis was well tolerated. During each GMA, there was on average a 52.9% fall in plasma HCV-RNA, but HCV-RNA increased again during the time before the next GMA. There was no marked change in either aminotransferase during GMA. Furthermore, beyond the last GMA, HCV-RNA increased together with worsening aminotransferase in three of six patients. In conclusion, it would appear that GMA can partially reduce plasma HCV and GMA at a frequency of one session/week for 5 consecutive weeks but that this was inadequate to induce a sustained decrease in plasma HCV-RNA in patients with high viremia without simultaneous administration of antiviral medications. The most effective frequency of GMA needs to be determined in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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84
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Kanekura T, Yoshii N, Yonezawa T, Kawabata H, Saruwatari H, Kanzaki T. Treatment of pustular psoriasis with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:329-32. [PMID: 12894091 DOI: 10.1067/s0190-9622(03)00795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We studied the efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in 2 patients with pustular psoriasis, one localized, the other generalized. Treatment with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis resulted in remarkable clearing of the skin lesions, suggesting that this therapy is a valuable tool for treating patients with intractable skin diseases attributable to activated granulocytes. We present detailed descriptions of these patients and this novel therapy.
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85
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Abstract
Cellsorba is a leukocyte removal filter developed by Asahi Medical Co., which adsorbs white blood cells through the perfusion of peripheral blood by means of simple extracorporeal circulation. Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) therapy using the Cellsorba column has been reported to show therapeutic effects for many autoimmune related and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, neurologic disease, and so on. At present, Cellsorba is listed as a medical device covered by the Japanese national health insurance system for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis (UC) in Japan, and contributes to the improvement of quality of life in many UC patients. This paper reviews the use of Cellsorba and introduces several reports on therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shibata
- Development and Scientific Affairs Department, Asahi Medical Co., Tokyo, Japan.
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86
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Yamaji K, Yang K, Tsuda H, Hashimoto H. Fluctuations in the peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts in leukocytapheresis in healthy volunteers. THERAPEUTIC APHERESIS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS AND THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS 2002; 6:402-12. [PMID: 12460402 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytapheresis (LCP) for the treatment of patients with diseases that involve an abnormal autoimmune reaction aims to improve the condition of the patient's pathology and to correct imbalances in immunological regulation mechanisms by removing the responsible leukocytes from the peripheral blood. To clarify the mechanism of therapeutic effect, LCP was conducted in healthy volunteers to investigate changes in peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts over time during the treatment. The subjects were 10 healthy male volunteers. LCP was performed once in each volunteer for 3,000 ml of blood volume. The peripheral blood counts decreased significantly, reaching a minimum of 20.0% of the baseline number of leukocytes, 10.1% of the baseline number of neutrophils, and 40.3% of the baseline number of lymphocytes. The number of removed leukocytes was about 6.6 x 10(9) cells, including about 3.5 x 10(9) neutrophils, as well as about 5.0 x 10(11) platelets. After the completion of LCP, the peripheral leukocyte levels increased transiently (overshoot), and at 2 h after the completion of the treatment, they reached 193.4% of the baseline value. Since LCP is capable of reducing the peripheral blood leukocyte count over a short period of time, its impact on peripheral blood is great. In addition, in view of the overshoot phenomenon and the appearance of immature granulocytes, the LCP may affect not only the peripheral blood, but also the bone marrow pool, the marginal pool, and the leukocytes present in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamaji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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87
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Shinoda T. Photopheresis and leukocytapheresis: cytapheresis treatment against immune-mediated diseases. Ther Apher Dial 2002; 6:245-6. [PMID: 12164791 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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88
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Kohgo Y, Hibi H, Chiba T, Shimoyama T, Muto T, Yamamura K, Popovsky MA. Leukocyte apheresis using a centrifugal cell separator in refractory ulcerative colitis: a multicenter open label trial. Ther Apher Dial 2002; 6:255-60. [PMID: 12164793 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, successful results of ulcerative colitis (UC) treatments with leukocyte apheresis have been reported by several institutes. To certify the efficacy of leukocyte apheresis in refractory UC patients, a multicenter open label trial was conducted, and results were analyzed. Fifty patients diagnosed with active steroid-resistant UC were enrolled in this study from 14 medical centers. Using a centrifugal cell separator (Component Collection System, Haemonetics), leukocyte apheresis was performed once a week for 5 weeks. General conditions and abdominal symptoms were recorded daily, and laboratory tests were followed weekly. Changes of colonoscopic and histological manifestations of luminal activity through the study period were evaluated. At the end of the study period, stool frequency was decreased to less than 4 times a day in 68.4% (26 of 38) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was normalized in 56.7% (17 of 30) of the patients. Colonoscopic remission was achieved in 57.7% (26 of 45), and histological improvement was noted in 54.1% (20 of 37) of the patients tested. Improved disease activity was demonstrated in 74% (37 of 50) of the patients by general assessment criteria. Analysis of the trial data confirmed the valid clinical efficacy of leukocyte apheresis by centrifugal cell separator in refractory UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kohgo
- Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
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89
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Abstract
Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) long has been investigated with a leukocyte removal filter for the treatment of various kinds of autoimmune related and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and so on. A lot of patients with such diseases have been reported to respond to LCAP. Asahi Medical Co. has developed the leukocyte removal filter Cellsorba and an extracorporeal treatment unit Plasauto LC so that the LCAP technique can be performed easily with a high performance filter, easy attachment of the blood circuit tubing set, and automatic operation. Cellsorba E has been listed as a medical device reimbursed by Japanese national health insurance to be used in LCAP for active ulcerative colitis since October 2001. Although the effective mechanism of LCAP is still controversial, the removal of activated leukocyte from the peripheral blood and the reaction by blood contacting materials in Cellsorba can be triggers of the immunomodulation for the treatment of immune disorder. This review introduces the development of LCAP technologies and several reports on therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Shirokaze
- Development Planning, Development and Scientific Affairs Department, Asahi Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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90
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Takazoe M, Tanaka T, Kondo K, Ichimori T, Shinoda T. The present status and the recent development of the treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases: desirable effect of extracorporeal immunomodulation. Ther Apher Dial 2002; 6:305-11. [PMID: 12164801 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunological and genetic pathogeneses of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been well elucidated in the recent years. The pharmacologic treatment of IBDs accordingly becomes to focus upon the individual pathologic step (targeting therapy), whereas the therapeutic action is not yet a pinpoint one. It has been known recently that new drugs such as biological immunomodulating agents and anti-inflammatory cytokines have better short-term effects in some respects than the conventional drugs, and they might alter the treatment strategy of IBDs in the near future. The limitation of pharmacologic treatments mainly results from adverse effects of the drugs, i.e. infection susceptibility, oncogenesis, teratogenesis and so forth. The extracorporeal therapy such as leukocytapheresis and photopheresis is reportedly effective for IBDs probably through immunomodulation such as decrease in circulating activated T-lymphocytes and activated granulocytes that play a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD. It can be said that these extracorporeal treatment methods have advantage of rapid action and lack of serious adverse effects to drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Takazoe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Social Insurance Chuo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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91
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Fukunaga K, Sawada K, Fukuda Y, Matoba Y, Onishi K, Fukui S, Yamamura M, Satomi M, Shimoyama T. A case report: first case of filtration leukocytapheresis for a patient of aortitis syndrome associated with ulcerative colitis. THERAPEUTIC APHERESIS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS AND THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS 2002; 6:93-8. [PMID: 11886584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2002.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An 18-year-old woman was treated with leukocytapheresis (LCAP) for her combined ulcerative colitis (UC) and aortitis syndrome (AS). Because a close relationship between these two diseases has been suspected based on their etiological and/or pathological findings, we had hypothesized that LCAP, which has satisfactory effects on inflammatory bowel disease such as UC and Crohn's disease might be effective for both her UC and her AS. After informed consent, LCAP therapy was performed once a week for a total of 7 times. Endoscopic remission of the UC was observed. Even though there were no significant improvements in her subjective symptoms of AS such as side-neck pain and dizziness, objective evidence of improvement was obtained when the patient's condition was compared before and after LCAP by angiography, angio-magnetic resonance imaging, and the plethysmogram of her fingertips. These results suggest that LCAP may be valuable as a new adjunct therapy for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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92
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Kondo K, Shinoda T, Yoshimoto H, Takazoe M, Hamada T. Effective maintenance leukocytapheresis for patients with steroid dependent or resistant ulcerative colitis. THERAPEUTIC APHERESIS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS AND THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS 2001; 5:462-5. [PMID: 11800081 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively examined the effect of leukocytapheresis (LA) on the maintenance of remission in 7 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who were initially refractory to corticosteroid therapy (steroid resistant or steroid dependent). The patients with refractory UC had been in remission due to LA (induction LA) in combination with the steroid therapy. They were then treated with LA once or twice a month for the purpose of maintaining remission (maintenance LA). The maintenance LA was performed by either a centrifuge method in 5 patients or a polyester adsorbent column method in 2 patients. Steroid dosage was gradually tapered as little as possible without recurrence based on clinical and/or colonoscopical judgments. Four patients were maintained in remission without steroids over 12 months. Recurrence was observed in 3 patients at 3, 3, and 6 months after the beginning of the maintenance LA, respectively. Two of the 3 patients were again conducted to remission by the second induction LA and maintained in remission by the second maintenance LA. Two patients finally underwent total colectomy because of recurrence of UC in a severe form. It is concluded that the maintenance LA therapy might be effective in some patients with steroid dependent or resistant UC for the maintenance of remission without steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Social Insurance Chuo General Hospital, Hyakunincho, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Endo Y, Tsuzuki H, Fujino M, Tabata T, Oka H, Shimizu T, Hanasawa K, Tani T. Off-line leukapheresis using leukofiltration for active ulcerative colitis: a case report. THERAPEUTIC APHERESIS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS AND THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS 2001; 5:480-3. [PMID: 11800085 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The method of leukocytapheresis for ulcerative colitis (UC) by using extracorporeal circulation (on-line system) has been reported. To perform leukocytapheresis, we have applied leukocyte elimination filters for blood transfusion to leukocytapheresis without using extracorporeal circulation (off-line leukocytapheresis system). Four hundred milliliters of peripheral blood was collected and reinfused through a leukocyte elimination filter. This procedure was repeated 5 times, and up to 2,000 ml of peripheral blood was treated. This method has been applied once a week for 5 weeks. We applied the off-line leukapheresis system to a 31-year-old male ulcerative colitis patient. As a result, the frequency of defecation and the dose of medicine were effectively decreased, and endoscopic finding was also improved. Because of the absence of complications observed with the on-line system, the off-line leukocytapheresis system that we have applied to the clinical patient is simple, safe, and useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Endo
- 1st Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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94
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Yotsuya S, Shikama H, Imamura M. Efficacy of the inflammatory cell infiltration inhibitor IS-741 on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in the rat. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 87:151-7. [PMID: 11700014 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.87.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the therapeutic effects of the inflammatory cell infiltration inhibitor IS-741 (N-(2-((ethylsulfonyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide monosodium salt monohydrate) on a rat colitis model. As a result of its effects on leukocyte infiltration, IS-741 inhibits cell adhesion, alleviates symptoms and signs of pancreatitis and multiple organ failure and demonstrates a life-saving effect in a model of severe acute pancreatitis. A rat model was prepared by inducing colitis with 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and maintaining pathology with 1% DSS. Repeated oral administration of IS-741 at 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg per day was conducted for 2 weeks (during treatment with 1% DSS). IS-741 at each dose decreased the area of erosion in the large intestine, thickening of the wall of the large intestine and anemia caused by melena. Some effects of IS-741 were nearly equivalent to those of the control compound salazosulfapyridine. Furthermore, IS-741 markedly alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration into the intestinal wall. IS-741 improved lesions in a rat DSS model by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration, suggesting the possibility of clinical application of this drug for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yotsuya
- Central Research Institute, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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95
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Yamaji K, Tsuda H, Hashimoto H. Current topics on cytapheresis technologies. THERAPEUTIC APHERESIS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS AND THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR APHERESIS 2001; 5:287-92. [PMID: 11724514 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytapheresis has been investigated recently for the treatment of autoimmune related diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis, and so on. A large number of physicians have indicated that patients with autoimmune diseases respond to cytapheresis treatment. The effective mechanism of cytapheresis for immune disorders is still controversial. However, the removal of the leukocyte including granulocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte may play a crucial role in correcting imbalance of the immune system. A session of cytapheresis including leukocytapheresis (LCAP) and granulocytapheresis (GCAP) may not create a sufficient amount of cell removal for the human body. However, the cell removal can be a trigger of the immunomodulation as the treatment for immune disorder. Furthermore, not only cell removal but also reaction by blood contacting with medical device materials may play a role as an immunomodulation for immune disorders. This review introduces current cytapheresis technologies and attempts to elucidate the effective mechanism of cytapheresis for immune disorders, focused on LCAP and/or GCAP for RA or IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamaji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Shimoyama T, Sawada K, Hiwatashi N, Sawada T, Matsueda K, Munakata A, Asakura H, Tanaka T, Kasukawa R, Kimura K, Suzuki Y, Nagamachi Y, Muto T, Nagawa H, Iizuka B, Baba S, Nasu M, Kataoka T, Kashiwagi N, Saniabadi AR. Safety and efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a multicenter study. J Clin Apher 2001; 16:1-9. [PMID: 11309823 DOI: 10.1002/jca.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by activation and infiltration of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages into the colonic mucosa. The infiltrated leukocytes can cause mucosal damage by releasing degradative proteases, reactive oxygen derivatives, and proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this trial (conducted in 14 specialist centers) was to assess safety and efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis in patients with active UC most of whom were refractory to conventional drug therapy. We used a new adsorptive type extracorporeal column (G-1 Adacolumn) filled with cellulose acetate beads (carriers) of 2 mm in diameter, which selectively adsorb granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Patients (n = 53) received five apheresis sessions, each of 60 minutes duration, flow rate 30 ml per minute for 5 consecutive weeks in combination with 24.4 +/- 3.60 mg prednisolone (mean +/- SE per patient per day, baseline dose). During 60 minutes apheresis, 26% of granulocytes, 19.5% of monocytes and 2% of lymphocytes adsorbed to the carriers. At week 7, 58.5% of patients had remission or improved, the dose of prednisolone was reduced to 14.2 +/- 2.25 mg (n = 37). The apheresis treatment was fairly safe, only eight non-severe side effects (in 5 patients) were reported. Based on our results, we believe that in patients with active severe UC, patients who are refractory to conventional drugs, granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis is a useful adjunct to conventional therapy. This procedure should have the potential to allow tapering the dose of corticosteroids, shorten the time to remission and delay relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimoyama
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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97
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Tomikawa S, Ando Y, Nomura Y, Bech Y. Leukocytopheresis therapy for chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1761-4. [PMID: 11119924 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tomikawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Tsujikawa T, Ohta N, Nakamura T, Satoh J, Uda K, Ihara T, Okamoto T, Araki Y, Andoh A, Sasaki M, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Medium-chain triglycerides modulate ileitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14:1166-72. [PMID: 10634152 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.02024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to develop an appropriate animal model for further investigation into inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We therefore investigated a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) ileitis model. Dietary fat in Crohn's disease is still a controversial risk factor for IBD. We therefore also studied the effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides (LCT) on TNBS ileitis. METHODS AND RESULTS An intraileal injection of TNBS induced ulceration and inflammation with thickening of the intestinal wall, which were characterized histologically by infiltration of polymorphic nuclear leucocytes and by granuloma formation. The mucosal damage score and serum sialic acid levels reached their highest 7 days after the TNBS injection and then gradually decreased. The mucosal damage series in the MCT group was significantly lower than in the LCT group, and levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) tended to be lower in the MCT group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that TNBS enteritis might be useful as an IBD animal model and that MCT modulates intestinal inflammation and is less damaging than LCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsujikawa
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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99
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Wall GC, Heyneman C, Pfanner TP. Medical options for treating Crohn's disease in adults: focus on antitumor necrosis factor-alpha chimeric monoclonal antibody. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:1138-52. [PMID: 10512063 DOI: 10.1592/phco.19.15.1138.30574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can present with symptoms throughout the gastrointestinal system. Though the etiology of Crohn's disease is unknown, genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role. An imbalance of proinflammatory versus antiinflammatory cytokines is responsible for many of the symptoms. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, plays a particularly important role. Several treatment modalities for Crohn's disease exist, recently including antitumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Treatment for Crohn's disease, including data on the safety and efficacy of cA2, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Wall
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311-4505, USA
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100
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Aburano T, Saito Y, Shuke N, Ayabe T, Kohgo Y, Sato J, Ishikawa Y. Tc-99m leukocyte imaging for evaluating disease severity and monitoring treatment response in ulcerative colitis: comparison with colonoscopy. Clin Nucl Med 1998; 23:509-13. [PMID: 9712382 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199808000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of Tc-99m leukocyte imaging for evaluating disease activity and monitoring treatment response in ulcerative colitis was compared with that of colonoscopy. A total of 48 studies were performed in 28 patients with ulcerative colitis. Forty-six studies had both Tc-99m leukocyte imaging and colonoscopy within 2 weeks of each other, and the remaining two studies had only Tc-99m leukocyte imaging. In 46 studies, semiquantitative grading of colonic radioactivity by comparison with iliac crest marrow activity on radionuclide imaging correlated well with macroscopic grading based on Matts' criteria on colonoscopy. Fourteen (82%) of 17 studies with slight colonoscopic change showed a negative result on the radionuclide image. In 15 patients treated with glucocorticoids or leukapheresis, radionuclide imaging showed nearly the same statistical results as colonoscopy in monitoring treatment response. Tc-99m leukocyte imaging could be used as an alternative to colonoscopy to evaluate the disease activity of ulcerative colitis or to monitor the treatment response, although it is insensitive for detecting disease with only slight macroscopic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aburano
- Department of Radiology, Asahikawa Medical College Hospital, Japan
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