51
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Camley BA. Collective gradient sensing and chemotaxis: modeling and recent developments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:223001. [PMID: 29644981 PMCID: PMC6252055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aabd9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells measure a vast variety of signals, from their environment's stiffness to chemical concentrations and gradients; physical principles strongly limit how accurately they can do this. However, when many cells work together, they can cooperate to exceed the accuracy of any single cell. In this topical review, I will discuss the experimental evidence showing that cells collectively sense gradients of many signal types, and the models and physical principles involved. I also propose new routes by which experiments and theory can expand our understanding of these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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52
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Bashirzadeh Y, Poole J, Qian S, Maruthamuthu V. Effect of pharmacological modulation of actin and myosin on collective cell electrotaxis. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:289-298. [PMID: 29663474 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrotaxis-the directional migration of cells in response to an electric field-is most evident in multicellular collectives and plays an important role in physiological contexts. While most cell types respond to applied electric fields of the order of a Volt per centimeter, our knowledge of the factors influencing this response is limited. This is especially true for collective cell electrotaxis, in which the subcellular migration response within a cell has to be coordinated with coupled neighboring cells. Here, we investigated the effect of the level of actin cytoskeleton polymerization and myosin activity on collective cell electrotaxis of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells in response to a weak electric field of physiologically relevant magnitude. We modulated the polymerization state of the actin cytoskeleton using the depolymerizing agent cytochalasin D or the polymerizing agent jasplakinolide. We also modulated the contractility of the cell using the myosin motor inhibitor blebbistatin or the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A. While all the above pharmacological treatments altered cell speed to various extents, we found that only increasing the contractility and a high level of increase/stabilization of polymerized actin had a strong inhibitory effect specifically on the directedness of collective cell electrotaxis. On the other hand, even as the effect of the actin modulators on collective cell migration was varied, most conditions of actin and myosin pharmacological modulation-except for high level of actin polymerization/stabilization-resulted in cell speeds that were similar in the absence or presence of the electric field. Our results led us to speculate that the applied electric field may largely impact the cellular apparatus specifying the polarity of collective cell migration, rather than the functioning of the migratory apparatus. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:289-298, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Poole
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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53
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Walshe J, Richardson NA, Al Abdulsalam NK, Stephenson SA, Harkin DG. A potential role for Eph receptor signalling during migration of corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:92-100. [PMID: 29476773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of epithelial cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and is essential for maintenance of corneal transparency. Wound healing within the corneal endothelium typically occurs through cell spreading and migration rather than through proliferation. The mechanisms that control corneal endothelial cell migration are unclear. In this study we demonstrate that cultures of corneal endothelial cells display reduced migration in scratch wound assays, and reduced levels of E-cadherin mRNA, following suppression of ligand-activated Eph receptor signalling by treatment with lithocholic acid. Two Eph receptors, EphA1 and EphA2, were subsequently detected in corneal endothelial cells, and their potential involvement during migration was explored through gene silencing using siRNAs. EphA2 siRNA reduced levels of mRNA for both EphA2 and N-cadherin, but increased levels of mRNA for both EphA1 and E-cadherin. No effect, however, was observed for EphA2 siRNA on migration. Our results indicate a potential role for Eph receptor signalling during corneal endothelial cell migration via changes in cadherin expression. Nevertheless, defining a precise role for select Eph receptors is likely to be complicated by crosstalk between Eph-mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walshe
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
| | - Neil A Richardson
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Najla Khaled Al Abdulsalam
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Damien G Harkin
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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54
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Advedissian T, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Nkosi R, Peyret G, Nguyen T, Poirier F, Viguier M, Deshayes F. E-cadherin dynamics is regulated by galectin-7 at epithelial cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17086. [PMID: 29213102 PMCID: PMC5719072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-epithelialisation of wounded epidermis is ensured by collective cell migration of keratinocytes. Efficient collective migration requires the maintenance of intercellular adhesion, notably through adherens junctions, to favour cell communication, support tension forces and coordinated movement . Galectin-7, a soluble lectin expressed in stratified epithelia, has been previously implicated in cell migration and intercellular adhesion. Here, we revealed a new function of galectin-7 in the control of directionality and collective behaviour in migrating keratinocytes. Consistently, we identified galectin-7 as a direct partner of E-cadherin, a key component of adherens junctions. Unexpectedly, this interaction does not require glycosylation motifs. Focusing on the underlying mechanisms, we showed that galectin-7 stabilizes E-cadherin at the plasma membrane, restraining its endocytosis. Interestingly, galectin-7 silencing decreases E-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. Consequently, this study not only identifies a new stabilizer of adherens junctions but also emphasises the importance of the interplay between E-cadherin turnover and intercellular adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Advedissian
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Proux-Gillardeaux
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.,Team Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Nkosi
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Peyret
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
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55
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Zeppieri M, Salvetat ML, Beltrami A, Cesselli D, Russo R, Alcalde I, Merayo-Lloves J, Brusini P, Parodi PC. Adipose Derived Stem Cells for Corneal Wound Healing after Laser Induced Corneal Lesions in Mice. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120115. [PMID: 29206194 PMCID: PMC5742804 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of topical adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) treatment in laser induced corneal wounds in mice by comparing epithelial repair, inflammation, and histological analysis between treatment arms. Corneal lesions were performed on both eyes of 40 mice by laser induced photorefractive keratectomy. All eyes were treated with topical azythromycin bid for three days. Mice were divided in three treatment groups (n = 20), which included: control, stem cells and basic serum; which received topical treatment three times daily for five consecutive days. Biomicroscope assessments and digital imaging were performed by two masked graders at 30, 54, 78, 100, and 172 h to analyze extent of fluorescein positive epithelial defect, corneal inflammation, etc. Immunohistochemical techniques were used in fixed eyes to assess corneal repair markers Ki67, α Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and E-Cadherin. The fluorescein positive corneal lesion areas were significantly smaller in the stem cells group on days 1 (p < 0.05), 2 (p < 0.02) and 3. The stem cell treated group had slightly better and faster re-epithelization than the serum treated group in the initial phases. Comparative histological data showed signs of earlier and better corneal repair in epithelium and stromal layers in stem cell treated eyes, which showed more epithelial layers and enhanced wound healing performance of Ki67, E-Cadherin, and α-SMA. Our study shows the potential clinical and histological advantages in the topical ADSC treatment for corneal lesions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Salvetat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Antonio Beltrami
- Department of Pathology, University of Udine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Pathology, University of Udine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Paolo Brusini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Udine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.
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56
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Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Cell-to-cell variation sets a tissue-rheology-dependent bound on collective gradient sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10074-E10082. [PMID: 29114053 PMCID: PMC5703308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712309114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When a single cell senses a chemical gradient and chemotaxes, stochastic receptor-ligand binding can be a fundamental limit to the cell's accuracy. For clusters of cells responding to gradients, however, there is a critical difference: Even genetically identical cells have differing responses to chemical signals. With theory and simulation, we show collective chemotaxis is limited by cell-to-cell variation in signaling. We find that when different cells cooperate, the resulting bias can be much larger than the effects of ligand-receptor binding. Specifically, when a strongly responding cell is at one end of a cell cluster, cluster motion is biased toward that cell. These errors are mitigated if clusters average measurements over times long enough for cells to rearrange. In consequence, fluid clusters are better able to sense gradients: We derive a link between cluster accuracy, cell-to-cell variation, and the cluster rheology. Because of this connection, increasing the noisiness of individual cell motion can actually increase the collective accuracy of a cluster by improving fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218;
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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57
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Wen J, Zheng T, Hu K, Zhu C, Guo L, Ye G. Promoter methylation of tumor-related genes as a potential biomarker using blood samples for gastric cancer detection. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77783-77793. [PMID: 29100425 PMCID: PMC5652815 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene promoter methylation has been reported in gastric cancer (GC). However, the potential applications of blood-based gene promoter methylation as a noninvasive biomarker for GC detection remain to be evaluated. Hence, we performed this analysis to determine whether promoter methylation of 11 tumor-related genes could become a promising biomarker in blood samples in GC. We found that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16), E-cadherin (CDH1), runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), human mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), RAS association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (p15), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), TP53 dependent G2 arrest mediator candidate (Reprimo), and O6-methylguanine-DNAmethyl-transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation was notably higher in blood samples of patients with GC compared with non-tumor controls. While death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) promoter methylation was not correlated with GC. Further analyses demonstrated that RUNX3, RASSF1A and Reprimo promoter methylation had a good diagnostic capacity in blood samples of GC versus non-tumor controls (RUNX3: sensitivity = 63.2% and specificity = 97.5%, RASSF1A: sensitivity = 61.5% and specificity = 96.3%, Reprimo: sensitivity = 82.0% and specificity = 89.0%). Our findings indicate that promoter methylation of the RUNX3, RASSF1A and Reprimo genes could be powerful and potential noninvasive biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of GC in blood samples in clinical practices, especially Reprimo gene. Further well-designed (multi-center) and prospective clinical studies with large populations are needed to confirm these findings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo No.1 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, People's Republic of China
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58
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Hakim V, Silberzan P. Collective cell migration: a physics perspective. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:076601. [PMID: 28282028 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa65ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells have traditionally been viewed either as independently moving entities or as somewhat static parts of tissues. However, it is now clear that in many cases, multiple cells coordinate their motions and move as collective entities. Well-studied examples comprise development events, as well as physiological and pathological situations. Different ex vivo model systems have also been investigated. Several recent advances have taken place at the interface between biology and physics, and have benefitted from progress in imaging and microscopy, from the use of microfabrication techniques, as well as from the introduction of quantitative tools and models. We review these interesting developments in quantitative cell biology that also provide rich examples of collective out-of-equilibrium motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Paris, France
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59
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Zhang Y, Xu G, Lee RM, Zhu Z, Wu J, Liao S, Zhang G, Sun Y, Mogilner A, Losert W, Pan T, Lin F, Xu Z, Zhao M. Collective cell migration has distinct directionality and speed dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3841-3850. [PMID: 28612218 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When a constraint is removed, confluent cells migrate directionally into the available space. How the migration directionality and speed increase are initiated at the leading edge and propagate into neighboring cells are not well understood. Using a quantitative visualization technique-Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)-we revealed that migration directionality and speed had strikingly different dynamics. Migration directionality increases as a wave propagating from the leading edge into the cell sheet, while the increase in cell migration speed is maintained only at the leading edge. The overall directionality steadily increases with time as cells migrate into the cell-free space, but migration speed remains largely the same. A particle-based compass (PBC) model suggests cellular interplay (which depends on cell-cell distance) and migration speed are sufficient to capture the dynamics of migration directionality revealed experimentally. Extracellular Ca2+ regulated both migration speed and directionality, but in a significantly different way, suggested by the correlation between directionality and speed only in some dynamic ranges. Our experimental and modeling results reveal distinct directionality and speed dynamics in collective migration, and these factors can be regulated by extracellular Ca2+ through cellular interplay. Quantitative visualization using PIV and our PBC model thus provide a powerful approach to dissect the mechanisms of collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Guoqing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Rachel M Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simon Liao
- Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Gong Zhang
- Seven Oaks Hospital Wellness Institute, 1075 Leila Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R2P 2W7, Canada.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Rd, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yaohui Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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60
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Oda Y, Hu L, Nguyen T, Fong C, Tu CL, Bikle DD. Combined Deletion of the Vitamin D Receptor and Calcium-Sensing Receptor Delays Wound Re-epithelialization. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1929-1938. [PMID: 28368538 PMCID: PMC5460927 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When the skin is injured, keratinocytes proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to regenerate the epidermis. We recently showed that ablation of the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) in keratinocytes delays wound re-epithelialization in mice also fed a low-calcium diet, implicating a cooperative role of Vdr and calcium signaling in this process. In this study, we examined the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in wound healing by deleting their receptors, Vdr and the calcium-sensing receptor (Casr). Gene expression profiling of neonatal epidermis lacking both Vdr and Casr [Vdr and Casr double knockout (DKO)] specifically in keratinocytes revealed that DKO affects a number of pathways relevant to wound healing, including Vdr, β-catenin, and adherens junction (AJ) signaling. In adult skin, DKO caused a significant delay in wound closure and re-epithelialization, whereas myofibroblast numbers and matrix deposition were unaffected. The injury-induced proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes was blunted in both epidermis and hair follicles, and expression of β-catenin target genes was reduced in the DKO. Expression of E-cadherin and desmoglein 1 was reduced in the shortened leading edges of the epithelial tongues re-epithelializing the wounds, consistent with the decreased migration rate of DKO keratinocytes in vitro. These results demonstrate that Vdr and Casr are required for β-catenin-regulated cell proliferation and AJ formation essential for re-epithelialization after wounding. We conclude that vitamin D and calcium signaling in keratinocytes are required for a normal regenerative response of the skin to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Thai Nguyen
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Chak Fong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Chia-ling Tu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
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61
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Cheng CC, Chao WT, Liao CC, Tseng YH, Lai YCC, Lai YS, Hsu YH, Liu YH. Plectin deficiency in liver cancer cells promotes cell migration and sensitivity to sorafenib treatment. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:19-27. [PMID: 28276928 PMCID: PMC5810502 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1288789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin involved in activation of kinases in cell signaling pathway and plays important role in cell morphology and migration. Plectin knockdown promotes cell migration by activating focal adhesion kinase and Rac1-GTPase activity in liver cells. Sorafenib is a multi-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor that improves patient survival on hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the expression of plectin and cell migration as well as the sensitivity of hepatoma cell lines exposing to sorafenib. Hepatoma cell lines PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 were used to examine the level of plectin expression and cell migration in comparison with Chang liver cell line. In addition, sensitivity of the 3 cell lines to sorafenib treatment was also measured. Expression of plectin was lower in PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 hepatoma cells than that of Chang liver cells whereas HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells exhibit higher rate of cell migration in trans-well migration assay. Immunohistofluorecent staining on E-cadherin revealed the highest rate of collective cell migration in HepG2 cells and the lowest was found in Chang liver cells. Likewise, HepG2 cell line was most sensitive to sorafenib treatment and Chang liver cells exhibited the least sensitivity. The drug sensitivity to sorafenib treatment showed inverse correlation with the expression of plectin. We suggest that plectin deficiency and increased E-cadherin in hepatoma cells were associated with higher rates of cell motility, collective cell migration as well as higher drug sensitivity to sorafenib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Lugang Town , Taiwan ; Center for General Education, Providence University , Taichung City , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- b Department of Life Science , Tunghai University , Taichung City , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chun Liao
- b Department of Life Science , Tunghai University , Taichung City , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Tseng
- b Department of Life Science , Tunghai University , Taichung City , Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Clark Lai
- c Department of Pathology , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shyong Lai
- d Department of Pathology , Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Lugang Town , Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- e Department of Pathology , Tzu Chi University Hualien City , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Liu
- f Department of Pathology , Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Lugang Town , Taiwan ; Department of Pathology , Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Changhua City , Taiwan , Department of Pathology , Tzu Chi University , Hualien City , Taiwan
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62
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Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Physical models of collective cell motility: from cell to tissue. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:113002. [PMID: 28989187 PMCID: PMC5625300 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa56fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review physics-based models of collective cell motility. We discuss a range of techniques at different scales, ranging from models that represent cells as simple self-propelled particles to phase field models that can represent a cell's shape and dynamics in great detail. We also extensively review the ways in which cells within a tissue choose their direction, the statistics of cell motion, and some simple examples of how cell-cell signaling can interact with collective cell motility. This review also covers in more detail selected recent works on collective cell motion of small numbers of cells on micropatterns, in wound healing, and the chemotaxis of clusters of cells.
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63
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Lalli ML, Wojeski B, Asthagiri AR. Label-Free Automated Cell Tracking: Analysis of the Role of E-cadherin Expression in Collective Electrotaxis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 10:89-101. [PMID: 31719851 PMCID: PMC6816619 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays an important role in wound healing, organogenesis, and the progression of metastatic disease. Analysis of collective migration typically involves laborious and time-consuming manual tracking of individual cells within cell clusters over several dozen or hundreds of frames. Herein, we develop a label-free, automated algorithm to identify and track individual epithelial cells within a free-moving cluster. We use this algorithm to analyze the effects of partial E-cadherin knockdown on collective migration of MCF-10A breast epithelial cells directed by an electric field. Our data show that E-cadherin knockdown in free-moving cell clusters diminishes electrotactic potential, with empty vector MCF-10A cells showing 16% higher directedness than cells with E-cadherin knockdown. Decreased electrotaxis is also observed in isolated cells at intermediate electric fields, suggesting an adhesion-independent role of E-cadherin in regulating electrotaxis. In additional support of an adhesion-independent role of E-cadherin, isolated cells with reduced E-cadherin expression reoriented within an applied electric field 60% more quickly than control. These results have implications for the role of E-cadherin expression in electrotaxis and demonstrate proof-of-concept of an automated algorithm that is broadly applicable to the analysis of collective migration in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Brooke Wojeski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Anand R. Asthagiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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64
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Lobastova L, Kraus D, Glassmann A, Khan D, Steinhäuser C, Wolff C, Veit N, Winter J, Probstmeier R. Collective cell migration of thyroid carcinoma cells: a beneficial ability to override unfavourable substrates. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 40:63-76. [PMID: 27826898 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are life threatening events. Invasive tumor cells tend to migrate as collective sheets. In the present in vitro study we aimed to (i) assess whether collective tumor cells gain benefits in their migratory potential compared to single cells and (ii) to identify its putative underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The migratory potential of single and collective carcinoma cells was assessed using video time lapse microscopy and cell migration assays in the absence and presence of seven potential gap junction inhibitors or the Rac1 inhibitor Z62954982. The perturbation of gap junctions was assessed using a dye diffusion assay. In addition, LDH-based cytotoxicity and RT-PCR-based expression analyses were performed. RESULTS Whereas single breast, cervix and thyroid carcinoma cells were virtually immobile on unfavourable plastic surfaces, we found that they gained pronounced migratory capacities as collectives under comparable conditions. Thyroid carcinoma cells, that were studied in more detail, were found to express specific subsets of connexins and to form active gap junctions as revealed by dye diffusion analysis. Although all potential gap junction blockers suppressed intercellular dye diffusion in at least one of the cell lines tested, only two of them were found to inhibit collective cell migration and none of them to inhibit single cell migration. In the presence of the Rac1 inhibitor Z62954982 collective migration, but not single cell migration, was found to be reduced up to 20 %. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that collective migration enables tumor cells to cross otherwise unfavourable substrate areas. This capacity seems to be independent of intercellular communication via gap junctions, whereas Rac1-dependent intracellular signalling seems to be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Lobastova
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dilaware Khan
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Wolff
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Veit
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany.
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65
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Shen Z, Zhou C, Li J, Deng H, Li Q, Wang J. The association, clinicopathological significance, and diagnostic value of CDH1 promoter methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 23 studies. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6763-6773. [PMID: 27826202 PMCID: PMC5096767 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cadherin (encoded by the CDH1 gene) is a tumor suppressor glycoprotein that plays a role in the invasion and metastasis of human cancers. As previous studies regarding the association between CDH1 promoter methylation and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have yielded inconsistent conclusions, a meta-analysis was performed. A systematic literature review was undertaken from four databases: PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Finally, a total of 23 studies (including 1,727 cases of HNSCC and 555 normal controls) were included in the present study. Our results showed that the frequency of CDH1 promoter methylation in HNSCC was statistically greater than in controls (odds ratio [OR] =5.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.36–10.51, P<0.001). In reported cases of HNSCC, CDH1 promoter methylation was statistically associated with tumor stage (OR =0.46, 95% CI: 0.27–0.78, P=0.004) and a history of alcohol consumption (OR =6.04, 95% CI: 2.41–15.14, P<0.001). Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the summary receiver operator characteristic for the included studies were 0.50 (95% CI: 0.4–0.61), 0.89 (95% CI: 0.79–0.95), and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.70–0.78), respectively. In conclusion, our meta-analyses indicated that CDH1 promoter methylation was associated with HNSCC risk, and may be utilized as a valuable diagnostic biomarker for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Ningbo University
| | - Jinyun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Ningbo University
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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66
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Gupta T, Kumar A, Cattenoz PB, VijayRaghavan K, Giangrande A. The Glide/Gcm fate determinant controls initiation of collective cell migration by regulating Frazzled. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27740455 PMCID: PMC5114015 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective migration is a complex process that contributes to build precise tissue and organ architecture. Several molecules implicated in cell interactions also control collective migration, but their precise role and the finely tuned expression that orchestrates this complex developmental process are poorly understood. Here, we show that the timely and threshold expression of the Netrin receptor Frazzled triggers the initiation of glia migration in the developing Drosophila wing. Frazzled expression is induced by the transcription factor Glide/Gcm in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the glial determinant also regulates the efficiency of collective migration. NetrinB but not NetrinA serves as a chemoattractant and Unc5 contributes as a repellant Netrin receptor for glia migration. Our model includes strict spatial localization of a ligand, a cell autonomously acting receptor and a fate determinant that act coordinately to direct glia toward their final destination. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15983.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Gupta
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre B Cattenoz
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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67
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Lee E, Ewald ML, Sedarous M, Kim T, Weyers BW, Truong RH, Yamada S. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin reduces, but does not eliminate, traction force-transmission. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1640-6. [PMID: 27596967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells is an integral part of embryonic development, wound healing, tissue renewal and carcinoma invasion. While previous studies have focused on cell-extracellular matrix adhesion as a site of migration-driving, traction force-transmission, cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion is also capable of force-transmission. Using a soft elastomer coated with purified N-cadherin as a substrate and a Hepatocyte Growth Factor-treated, transformed MDCK epithelial cell line as a model system, we quantified traction transmitted by N-cadherin-mediated contacts. On a substrate coated with purified extracellular domain of N-cadherin, cell surface N-cadherin proteins arranged into puncta. N-cadherin mutants (either the cytoplasmic deletion or actin-binding domain chimera), however, failed to assemble into puncta, suggesting the assembly of focal adhesion like puncta requires the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic domain deleted N-cadherin expressing cells exerted lower traction stress than the full-length or the actin binding domain chimeric N-cadherin. Our data demonstrate that N-cadherin junctions exert significant traction stress that requires the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin, but the loss of the cytoplasmic domain does not completely eliminate traction force transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Makena L Ewald
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Mary Sedarous
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Timothy Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Brent W Weyers
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Rose Hong Truong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, United States.
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68
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Vargas DA, Sun M, Sadykov K, Kukuruzinska MA, Zaman MH. The Integrated Role of Wnt/β-Catenin, N-Glycosylation, and E-Cadherin-Mediated Adhesion in Network Dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005007. [PMID: 27427963 PMCID: PMC4948889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular network composed of the evolutionarily conserved metabolic pathways of protein N-glycosylation, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion plays pivotal roles in determining the balance between cell proliferation and intercellular adhesion during development and in maintaining homeostasis in differentiated tissues. These pathways share a highly conserved regulatory molecule, β-catenin, which functions as both a structural component of E-cadherin junctions and as a co-transcriptional activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, whose target is the N-glycosylation-regulating gene, DPAGT1. Whereas these pathways have been studied independently, little is known about the dynamics of their interaction. Here we present the first numerical model of this network in MDCK cells. Since the network comprises a large number of molecules with varying cell context and time-dependent levels of expression, it can give rise to a wide range of plausible cellular states that are difficult to track. Using known kinetic parameters for individual reactions in the component pathways, we have developed a theoretical framework and gained new insights into cellular regulation of the network. Specifically, we developed a mathematical model to quantify the fold-change in concentration of any molecule included in the mathematical representation of the network in response to a simulated activation of the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway with Wnt3a under different conditions. We quantified the importance of protein N-glycosylation and synthesis of the DPAGT1 encoded enzyme, GPT, in determining the abundance of cytoplasmic β-catenin. We confirmed the role of axin in β-catenin degradation. Finally, our data suggest that cell-cell adhesion is insensitive to E-cadherin recycling in the cell. We validate the model by inhibiting β-catenin-mediated activation of DPAGT1 expression and predicting changes in cytoplasmic β-catenin concentration and stability of E-cadherin junctions in response to DPAGT1 inhibition. We show the impact of pathway dysregulation through measurements of cell migration in scratch-wound assays. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of numerical analyses of cellular networks dynamics to gain insights into physiological processes and potential design of therapeutic strategies to prevent epithelial cell invasion in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khikmet Sadykov
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria A Kukuruzinska
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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69
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Kumar S, Kapoor A, Desai S, Inamdar MM, Sen S. Proteolytic and non-proteolytic regulation of collective cell invasion: tuning by ECM density and organization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19905. [PMID: 26832069 PMCID: PMC4735823 DOI: 10.1038/srep19905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells manoeuvre through extracellular matrices (ECMs) using different invasion modes, including single cell and collective cell invasion. These modes rely on MMP-driven ECM proteolysis to make space for cells to move. How cancer-associated alterations in ECM influence the mode of invasion remains unclear. Further, the sensitivity of the two invasion modes to MMP dynamics remains unexplored. In this paper, we address these open questions using a multiscale hybrid computational model combining ECM density-dependent MMP secretion, MMP diffusion, ECM degradation by MMP and active cell motility. Our results demonstrate that in randomly aligned matrices, collective cell invasion is more efficient than single cell invasion. Although increase in MMP secretion rate enhances invasiveness independent of cell-cell adhesion, sustenance of collective invasion in dense matrices requires high MMP secretion rates. However, matrix alignment can sustain both single cell and collective cell invasion even without ECM proteolysis. Similar to our in-silico observations, increase in ECM density and MMP inhibition reduced migration of MCF-7 cells embedded in sandwich gels. Together, our results indicate that apart from cell intrinsic factors (i.e., high cell-cell adhesion and MMP secretion rates), ECM density and organization represent two important extrinsic parameters that govern collective cell invasion and invasion plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sejal Desai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
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70
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Iosifidis T, Garratt LW, Coombe DR, Knight DA, Stick SM, Kicic A. Airway epithelial repair in health and disease: Orchestrator or simply a player? Respirology 2016; 21:438-48. [PMID: 26804630 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells represent the most important surface of contact in the body and form the first line of defence of the body to external environment. Consequently, epithelia have numerous roles in order to maintain a homeostatic defence barrier. Although the epithelium has been extensively studied over several decades, it remains the focus of new research, indicating a lack of understanding that continues to exist around these cells in specific disease settings. Importantly, evidence is emerging that airway epithelial cells in particular have varied complex functions rather than simple passive roles. One area of current interest is its role following injury. In particular, the epithelial-specific cellular mechanisms regulating their migration during wound repair remain poorly understood and remain an area that requires much needed investigation. A better understanding of the physiological, cellular and molecular wound repair mechanisms could assist in elucidating pathological processes that contribute to airway epithelial pathology. This review attempts to highlight migration-specific and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) aspects of repair used by epithelial cells under normal and disease settings, in the context of human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deirdre R Coombe
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen M Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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71
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Mayor R, Etienne-Manneville S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:97-109. [PMID: 26726037 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration has a key role during morphogenesis and during wound healing and tissue renewal in the adult, and it is involved in cancer spreading. In addition to displaying a coordinated migratory behaviour, collectively migrating cells move more efficiently than if they migrated separately, which indicates that a cellular interplay occurs during collective cell migration. In recent years, evidence has accumulated confirming the importance of such intercellular communication and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are based both on direct physical interactions, which coordinate the cellular responses, and on the collective cell behaviour that generates an optimal environment for efficient directed migration. The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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72
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Sun YH, Sun Y, Zhu K, Draper BW, Zeng Q, Mogilner A, Zhao M. An Experimental Model for Simultaneous Study of Migration of Cell Fragments, Single Cells, and Cell Sheets. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1407:251-272. [PMID: 27271908 PMCID: PMC5470548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3480-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated distinctive motility and responses to extracellular cues of cells in isolation, cells collectively in groups, and cell fragments. Here we provide a protocol for generating cell sheets, isolated cells, and cell fragments of keratocytes from zebrafish scales. The protocol starts with a comprehensive fish preparation, followed by critical steps for scale processing and subsequent cell sheet generation, single cell isolation, and cell fragment induction, which can be accomplished in just 3 days including a 36-48 h incubation time. Compared to other approaches that usually produce single cells only or together with either fragments or cell groups, this facile and reliable methodology allows generation of all three motile forms simultaneously. With the powerful genetics in zebrafish our model system offers a useful tool for comparison of the mechanisms by which cell sheets, single cells, and cell fragments respond to extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hui Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bruce W Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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73
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Cao L, Pu J, Scott RH, Ching J, McCaig CD. Physiological electrical signals promote chain migration of neuroblasts by up-regulating P2Y1 purinergic receptors and enhancing cell adhesion. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:75-86. [PMID: 25096637 PMCID: PMC4333314 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblasts migrate as directed chains of cells during development and following brain damage. A fuller understanding of the mechanisms driving this will help define its developmental significance and in the refinement of strategies for brain repair using transplanted stem cells. Recently, we reported that in adult mouse there are ionic gradients within the extracellular spaces that create an electrical field (EF) within the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and that this acts as a guidance cue for neuroblast migration. Here, we demonstrate an endogenous EF in brain slices and show that mimicking this by applying an EF of physiological strength, switches on chain migration in mouse neurospheres and in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Firstly, we detected a substantial endogenous EF of 31.8 ± 4.5 mV/mm using microelectrode recordings from explants of the subventricular zone (SVZ). Pharmacological inhibition of this EF, effectively blocked chain migration in 3D cultures of SVZ explants. To mimic this EF, we applied a physiological EF and found that this increased the expression of N-cadherin and β-catenin, both of which promote cell-cell adhesion. Intriguingly, we found that the EF up-regulated P2Y purinoceptor 1 (P2Y1) to contribute to chain migration of neuroblasts through regulating the expression of N-cadherin, β-catenin and the activation of PKC. Our results indicate that the naturally occurring EF in brain serves as a novel stimulant and directional guidance cue for neuronal chain migration, via up-regulation of P2Y1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Jin Pu
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Roderick H. Scott
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Jared Ching
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Colin D. McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
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Pastor-Clerigues A, Serrano A, Milara J, Marti-Bonmati E, Lopez-Perez FJ, Garcia-Montanes S, Sanfeliu J, Saval-Victoria AC, Cortijo J. Evaluation of the Ocular Tolerance of Three Tacrolimus Topical Pharmaceutical Preparations by Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:890-6. [PMID: 26554729 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1082187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tacrolimus ocular preparations are commonly employed in autoimmune or inflammatory ocular disorders. However, currently there are not yet approved ocular formulations. Tacrolimus ocular side effects have been reported in clinical use, so the evaluation of different pharmaceutical preparations is mandatory. In this study, the local corneal tolerance and safety profile of three common tacrolimus 0.03% pharmaceutical preparations were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Corneal irritation and permeability of tacrolimus preparations were evaluated with the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) test. Complementary corneal hematoxylin/eosin and immunohistochemistry staining for tight junctions and adherent junctions E-cadherin, VE-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 were examined and scored to evaluate and to confirm corneal disruption and irritation scores obtained with the BCOP method. RESULTS Commercial brand ointment (Protopic®), topical compounded eye ointment (pharmacy elaboration) and tacrolimus suspension eye drops (elaborated from parenteral prograf®) were tested as potential ocular preparations to be used in clinics. Tacrolimus preparations hereby studied do not alter the opacity and permeability of the bovine cornea by more than three units, measured by the In Vitro Irritancy Score, neither affected the immunohistochemical parameters, composite score or transepithelial electrical resistance. CONCLUSIONS Tacrolimus preparations studied can be safely applied as a topical ocular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pastor-Clerigues
- a Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b Hospital Pharmacy , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain
| | - Adela Serrano
- a Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,c CIBERES , Health Institute Carlos III , Valencia , Spain
| | - Javier Milara
- a Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b Hospital Pharmacy , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain.,c CIBERES , Health Institute Carlos III , Valencia , Spain.,d Clinical Research Unit (UIC) , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ezequiel Marti-Bonmati
- a Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b Hospital Pharmacy , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain
| | | | | | - Joan Sanfeliu
- b Hospital Pharmacy , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Julio Cortijo
- a Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b Hospital Pharmacy , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain.,c CIBERES , Health Institute Carlos III , Valencia , Spain.,d Clinical Research Unit (UIC) , University General Hospital Consortium , Valencia , Spain.,e Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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75
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KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines to sense weak extracellular electric fields in galvanotaxis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8532. [PMID: 26449415 PMCID: PMC4603535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak electric fields guide cell migration, known as galvanotaxis/electrotaxis. The sensor(s) cells use to detect the fields remain elusive. Here we perform a large-scale screen using an RNAi library targeting ion transporters in human cells. We identify 18 genes that show either defective or increased galvanotaxis after knockdown. Knockdown of the KCNJ15 gene (encoding inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.2) specifically abolishes galvanotaxis, without affecting basal motility and directional migration in a monolayer scratch assay. Depletion of cytoplasmic polyamines, highly positively charged small molecules that regulate Kir4.2 function, completely inhibits galvanotaxis, whereas increase of intracellular polyamines enhances galvanotaxis in a Kir4.2-dependent manner. Expression of a polyamine-binding defective mutant of KCNJ15 significantly decreases galvanotaxis. Knockdown or inhibition of KCNJ15 prevents phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) from distributing to the leading edge. Taken together these data suggest a previously unknown two-molecule sensing mechanism in which KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines in sensing weak electric fields. Directed cell migration in weak electric fields is known as galvanotaxis, but the cellular sensor and mechanism is not known. Here Nakajima et al. identify inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.2 as an important mediator of galvanotaxis, that depends on the cytoplasmic distribution of intracellular polyamines.
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76
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Study of the Chemotactic Response of Multicellular Spheroids in a Microfluidic Device. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139515. [PMID: 26444904 PMCID: PMC4596573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first application of a microfluidic device to observe chemotactic migration in multicellular spheroids. A microfluidic device was designed comprising a central microchamber and two lateral channels through which reagents can be introduced. Multicellular spheroids were embedded in collagen and introduced to the microchamber. A gradient of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was established across the central chamber by addition of growth media containing serum into one of the lateral channels. We observe that spheroids of oral squamous carcinoma cells OSC–19 invade collectively in the direction of the gradient of FBS. This invasion is more directional and aggressive than that observed for individual cells in the same experimental setup. In contrast to spheroids of OSC–19, U87-MG multicellular spheroids migrate as individual cells. A study of the exposure of spheroids to the chemoattractant shows that the rate of diffusion into the spheroid is slow and thus, the chemoattractant wave engulfs the spheroid before diffusing through it.
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77
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Moving epithelia: Tracking the fate of mammalian limbal epithelial stem cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:203-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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78
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Collective cell migration: guidance principles and hierarchies. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:556-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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79
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Worley KE, Shieh D, Wan LQ. Inhibition of cell–cell adhesion impairs directional epithelial migration on micropatterned surfaces. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:580-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Worley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Morphogenesis, 2147 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA. Web: http://www.rpi.edu/∼wanq; Fax: +1-518-276-3035; Tel: +1-518-276-2505
| | - David Shieh
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Morphogenesis, 2147 Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA. Web: http://www.rpi.edu/∼wanq; Fax: +1-518-276-3035; Tel: +1-518-276-2505
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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80
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Collective migration exhibits greater sensitivity but slower dynamics of alignment to applied electric fields. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:247-257. [PMID: 26692908 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and disease, cells migrate collectively in response to gradients in physical, chemical and electrical cues. Despite its physiological significance and potential therapeutic applications, electrotactic collective cell movement is relatively less well understood. Here, we analyze the combined effect of intercellular interactions and electric fields on the directional migration of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells, MCF-10A. Our data show that clustered cells exhibit greater sensitivity to applied electric fields but align more slowly than isolated cells. Clustered cells achieve half-maximal directedness with an electric field that is 50% weaker than that required by isolated cells; however, clustered cells take ∼2-4 fold longer to align. This trade-off in greater sensitivity and slower dynamics correlates with the slower speed and intrinsic directedness of collective movement even in the absence of an electric field. Whereas isolated cells exhibit a persistent random walk, the trajectories of clustered cells are more ballistic as evidenced by the superlinear dependence of their mean square displacement on time. Thus, intrinsically-directed, slower clustered cells take longer to redirect and align with an electric field. These findings help to define the operating space and the engineering trade-offs for using electric fields to affect cell movement in biomedical applications.
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81
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Gao J, Raghunathan VK, Reid B, Wei D, Diaz RC, Russell P, Murphy CJ, Zhao M. Biomimetic stochastic topography and electric fields synergistically enhance directional migration of corneal epithelial cells in a MMP-3-dependent manner. Acta Biomater 2015; 12:102-112. [PMID: 25311684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Directed migration of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) is critical for maintenance of corneal homeostasis as well as wound healing. Soluble cytoactive factors and the intrinsic chemical attributes of the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) participate in stimulating and directing migration. The central importance of the intrinsic biophysical attributes of the microenvironment of the cell in modulating an array of fundamental epithelial behaviors including migration has been widely documented. Among the best measures of these attributes are the intrinsic topography and stiffness of the ECM and electric fields (EFs). How cells integrate these multiple simultaneous inputs is not well understood. Here, we present a method that combines the use of (i) topographically patterned substrates (mean pore diameter 800nm) possessing features that approximate those found in the native corneal basement membrane; and (ii) EFs (0-150mVmm(-1)) mimicking those at corneal epithelial wounds that the cells experience in vivo. We found that topographic cues and EFs synergistically regulated directional migration of human CECs and that this was associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3). MMP3 expression and activity were significantly elevated with 150mVmm(-1) applied-EF while MMP2/9 remained unaltered. MMP3 expression was elevated in cells cultured on patterned surfaces against planar surfaces. The highest single-cell migration rate was observed with 150mVmm(-1) applied EF on patterned and planar surfaces. When cultured as a confluent sheet, EFs induced collective cell migration on stochastically patterned surfaces compared with dissociated single-cell migration on planar surfaces. These results suggest significant interaction of biophysical cues in regulating cell behaviors and will help define design parameters for corneal prosthetics and help to better understand corneal wound healing.
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83
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Effects of the novel compound DK223 ([1E,2E-1,2-Bis(6-methoxy-2H-chromen-3-yl)methylene]hydrazine) on migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes and primary dermal fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13091-110. [PMID: 25056546 PMCID: PMC4139893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150713091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing plays an important role in protecting the human body from external infection. Cell migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts are essential for proper wound healing. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that secondary compounds produced in plants could affect skin cells migration and proliferation. In this study, we identified a novel compound DK223 ([1E,2E-1,2-bis(6-methoxy-2H-chromen-3-yl)methylene]hydrazine) that concomitantly induced human keratinocyte migration and dermal fibroblast proliferation. We evaluated the regulation of epithelial and mesenchymal protein markers, such as E-cadherin and Vimentin, in human keratinocytes, as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and metalloproteinase families in dermal fibroblasts. DK223 upregulated keratinocyte migration and significantly increased the epithelial marker E-cadherin in a time-dependent manner. We also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased significantly in keratinocytes after 2 h of DK223 exposure, returning to normal levels after 24 h, which indicated that DK223 had an early shock effect on ROS production. DK223 also stimulated fibroblast proliferation, and induced significant secretion of ECM proteins, such as collagen I, III, and fibronectin. In dermal fibroblasts, DK223 treatment induced TGF-β1, which is involved in a signaling pathway that mediates proliferation. In conclusion, DK223 simultaneously induced both keratinocyte migration via ROS production and fibroblast proliferation via TGF-β1 induction.
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84
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DC electric fields direct breast cancer cell migration, induce EGFR polarization, and increase the intracellular level of calcium ions. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:1115-25. [PMID: 23657921 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migration of cancer cells leads to invasion of primary tumors to distant organs (i.e., metastasis). Growing number of studies have demonstrated the migration of various cancer cell types directed by applied direct current electric fields (dcEF), i.e., electrotaxis, and suggested its potential implications in metastasis. MDA-MB-231 cell, a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, has been shown to migrate toward the anode of dcEF. Further characterizations of MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and investigation of its underlying signaling mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of electrically guided cancer cell migration and metastasis. Therefore, we quantitatively characterized MDA-MB-231 cell electrotaxis and a few associated signaling events. Using a microfluidic device that can create well-controlled dcEF, we showed the anode-directing migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, surface staining of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and confocal microscopy showed the dcEF-induced anodal EGFR polarization in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, we showed an increase of intracellular calcium ions in MDA-MB-231 cells upon dcEF stimulation. Altogether, our study provided quantitative measurements of electrotactic migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and demonstrated the electric field-mediated EGFR and calcium signaling events, suggesting their involvement in breast cancer cell electrotaxis.
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85
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Etienne-Manneville S. Neighborly relations during collective migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:51-9. [PMID: 24997300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The collective migration of sheets, cohorts, chains or streams of cells contributes to embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair as well as to cancer invasion. The functional coordination between neighboring cells is at the heart of collective migration, during which cells migrate with a similar speed in an identical direction. Far from being the result of the simultaneous migration of isolated cells, collective migration relies on the intercellular communication between migrating cells. Although the mechanisms of cell coordination are far from being completely understood, accumulated evidence show that exchange of mechanical and chemical information by direct intercellular contacts and by soluble extracellular signals orchestrate the coordinated behavior of collectively migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur - CNRS URA 2582, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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86
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Abstract
Collective cell migration depends on multicellular mechanocoupling between leader and follower cells to coordinate traction force and position change. Co-registration of Rho GTPase activity and forces in migrating epithelial cell sheets now shows how RhoA controls leader-follower cell hierarchy, multicellular cytoskeletal contractility and mechanocoupling, to prevent ectopic leading edges and to move the cell sheet forward.
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87
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Zhang Y, Ng SS, Wang Y, Feng H, Chen WN, Chan-Park MB, Li C, Chan V. Collective cell traction force analysis on aligned smooth muscle cell sheet between three-dimensional microwalls. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20130056. [PMID: 24748953 PMCID: PMC3982447 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, novel biomaterial scaffold for cell attachment and culture has been developed for applications in tissue engineering, biosensing and regeneration medicine. Tissue engineering of blood vessels remains a challenge owing to the complex three-layer histology involved. In order to engineer functional blood vessels, it is essential to recapitulate the characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) inside the tunica media, which is known to be critical for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the circulatory system. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer during the transformation from viable synthetic to quiescent contractile phenotypes. In this study, microfabricated arrays of discontinuous microwalls coated with fluorescence microbeads were developed to probe the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer. First, the system was exploited for stimulating the formation of a highly aligned orientation of SMCs in native tunica medium. Second, atomic force microscopy in combination with regression analysis was applied to measure the elastic modulus of a polyacrylamide gel layer coated on the discontinuous microwall arrays. Third, the conventional traction force assay for single cell measurement was extended for applications in three-dimensional cell aggregates. Then, the biophysical effects of discontinuous microwalls on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer undergoing cell alignment were probed. Generally, the cooperative multiple cell-cell and cell-microwall interactions were accessed quantitatively by the newly developed assay with the aid of finite-element modelling. The results show that the traction forces of highly aligned cells lying in the middle region between two opposing microwalls were significantly lower than those lying adjacent to the microwalls. Moreover, the spatial distributions of Von Mises stress during the cell alignment process were dependent on the collective cell layer orientation. Immunostaining of the SMC sheet further demonstrated that the collective mechanotransduction induced by three-dimensional topographic cues was correlated with the reduction of actin and vinculin expression. In addition, the online two-dimensional LC-MS/MS analysis verified the modulation of focal adhesion formation under the influence of microwalls through the regulation in the expression of three key cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yilei Wang
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huixing Feng
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Vincent Chan
- Center of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
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88
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Cohen DJ, Nelson WJ, Maharbiz MM. Galvanotactic control of collective cell migration in epithelial monolayers. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:409-417. [PMID: 24608142 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many normal and pathological biological processes involve the migration of epithelial cell sheets. This arises from complex emergent behaviour resulting from the interplay between cellular signalling networks and the forces that physically couple the cells. Here, we demonstrate that collective migration of an epithelium can be interactively guided by applying electric fields that bias the underlying signalling networks. We show that complex, spatiotemporal cues are locally interpreted by the epithelium, resulting in rapid, coordinated responses such as a collective U-turn, divergent migration, and unchecked migration against an obstacle. We observed that the degree of external control depends on the size and shape of the cell population, and on the existence of physical coupling between cells. Together, our results offer design and engineering principles for the rational manipulation of the collective behaviour and material properties of a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cohen
- Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology and Molelcular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michel M Maharbiz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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89
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Li YX, Lu Y, Li CY, Yuan P, Lin SS. Role of CDH1 promoter methylation in colorectal carcinogenesis: a meta-analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:455-62. [PMID: 24684676 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the role of CDH1 promoter methylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. The PubMed, CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases were searched for relevant articles published before November 1st, 2013 without any language restrictions. Meta-analysis was conducted using the STATA 12.0 software. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Nine clinical cohort studies met all our inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. A total of 883 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were assessed. Our meta-analysis results revealed that the frequencies of CDH1 promoter methylation in CRC tissues were higher than those in control tissues (OR=2.61, 95% CI=1.24-5.50, p=0.012). A subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed that CDH1 promoter methylation was closely linked to the pathogenesis of CRC among Asians and Africans (Asians: OR=2.90, 95% CI=1.26-6.67, p=0.012; Africans: OR=3.81, 95% CI=1.56-9.34, p=0.003; respectively), but not among Caucasians (OR=1.68, 95% CI=0.24-11.72, p=0.598). A further subgroup analysis by type of control tissues suggested that CRC tissues also exhibited higher frequencies of CDH1 promoter methylation than those of normal and adjacent tissues (normal: OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.12-2.21, p=0.009; adjacent: OR=5.07, 95% CI=2.91-8.82, p<0.001; respectively). However, we found no evidence for any significant difference in the frequencies of CDH1 promoter methylation between CRC tissues and adenomas tissues (OR=1.18, 95% CI=0.74-1.90, p=0.485). Our findings provide empirical evidence that CDH1 promoter methylation may play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Thus, CDH1 promoter methylation may be a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Li
- Department of Coloproctological, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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90
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Li L, Han R, Xiao H, Lin C, Wang Y, Liu H, Li K, Chen H, Sun F, Yang Z, Jiang J, He Y. Metformin sensitizes EGFR-TKI-resistant human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of IL-6 signaling and EMT reversal. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2714-26. [PMID: 24644001 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) have become a standard therapy in patients with EGFR-activating mutations. Unfortunately, acquired resistance eventually limits the clinical effects and application of EGFR-TKIs. Studies have shown that suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the interleukin (IL)-6/STAT3 pathway may abrogate this acquired mechanism of drug resistance of TKIs. This study aims to investigate the effect of metformin on sensitizing EGFR-TKI-resistant human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of IL-6 signaling and EMT reversal. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of metformin on reversing TKI resistance was examined in vitro and in vivo using MTT, BrdUrd incorporation assay, invasion assay, flow cytometry analysis, immunostaining, Western blot analysis, and xenograft implantation. RESULTS In this study, metformin, a widely used antidiabetic agent, effectively increased the sensitivity of TKI-resistant lung cancer cells to erlotinib or gefitinib. Metformin reversed EMT and decreased IL-6 signaling activation in TKI-resistant cells, while adding IL-6 to those cells bypassed the anti-TKI-resistance effect of metformin. Furthermore, overexpression or addition of IL-6 to TKI-sensitive cells induced TKI resistance, which could be overcome by metformin. Finally, metformin-based combinatorial therapy effectively blocked tumor growth in xenografts with TKI-resistant cancer cells, which was associated with decreased IL-6 secretion and expression, EMT reversal, and decreased IL-6-signaling activation in vivo. CONCLUSION Metformin, generally considered nontoxic and remarkably inexpensive, might be used in combination with TKIs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, harboring EGFR mutations to overcome TKI resistance and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Han
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hualiang Xiao
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kunlin Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hengyi Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong He
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology; and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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91
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Bui NT, Ho MT, Kim YM, Lim Y, Cho M. Flavonoids promoting HaCaT migration: II. Molecular mechanism of 4',6,7-trimethoxyisoflavone via NOX2 activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:570-577. [PMID: 24388604 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are major active ingredients in plants and are considered components of food that provide medical or health benefits. They have diversified structures and have effects on human health, including wound healing induction. More than a hundred flavonoids were screened for HaCaT keratinocytes cellular migration measurements and the relationships between their structural properties and the effects promoting cellular migration were examined. Here, among flavonoids used in the previous structure-activity relationship calculations, 4',6,7-trimethoxyisoflavone (TMF) was one of the compounds showing the best activity, so that its molecular mechanism of the wound healing effect on HaCaT keratinocytes was investigated in more detail. Our data revealed that TMF increased the wound healing rate, but not the proliferation rate, in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of keratinocytes with TMF influenced signaling pathways, affecting the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in a time-dependent manner. TMF also induced the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, which is essential for promoting collective cell migration. Furthermore, the TMF treatment group also showed higher ROS and NOX2 transcriptional and protein levels. Correlating with matrix metalloproteinase induction by TMF, levels of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens I and III were significantly lower in the treatment group. To confirm that the effects of TMF occur through the NOX2 pathway, we co-treated cells with TMF plus an NADPH inhibitor (DPI) or a ROS scavenger (NAC). Western blotting revealed that DPI and NAC attenuated the effect of TMF, suggesting that TMF induces ROS through the NOX2 pathway and regulates keratinocyte migration. In summary, TMF promotes wound healing through NOX2 induction, which leads to collective migration and MMP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thuy Bui
- Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Manh Tin Ho
- Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea; Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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92
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Wu J, Lin F. Recent Developments in Electrotaxis Assays. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:149-155. [PMID: 24761355 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: A wide range of cell types can migrate in response to physiological or externally applied direct current electric field (dcEF), a process termed electrotaxis. In particular, electrotaxis of epithelial cells to wound-generated dcEF for mediating wound healing is a well-accepted mechanism. In addition, various immune cells have been demonstrated to undergo electrotaxis, suggesting a link between electrotaxis and inflammatory responses in wound healing. Electrotaxis research will generate important insight into the electrical guiding mechanism for cell migration thereby providing the scientific basis to further develop clinical applications for wound care. Development of advanced electrotaxis assays will critically enable in-depth experimental electrotaxis studies in vitro. Recent Advances: Recently, a number of new electrotaxis assays or new uses of previously developed assays for electrotaxis studies have been reported. These new developments provide improved solutions for experimental throughput, configuration of three-dimensional cell migration environments and coexisting guiding signals, measurements of collective electrotactic cell migration, and sorting electrotactic populations. Critical Issues: These new developments face the challenge of playing a more important role to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying electrotaxis, in addition to making a stronger impact on relevant applications. Future Directions: On one hand, specific electrotaxis assays should be further developed to improve its function and tested for a broader range of experimental conditions and electrotactic populations. On the other hand, joint efforts among electrotaxis researchers are needed to integrate the unique features of specific electrotaxis assays, allowing more advanced and efficient electrotaxis analyses to answer both basic science and clinical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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93
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Reid B, Zhao M. The Electrical Response to Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:184-201. [PMID: 24761358 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Natural, endogenous electric fields (EFs) and currents arise spontaneously after wounding of many tissues, especially epithelia, and are necessary for normal healing. This wound electrical activity is a long-lasting and regulated response. Enhancing or inhibiting this electrical activity increases or decreases wound healing, respectively. Cells that are responsible for wound closure such as corneal epithelial cells or skin keratinocytes migrate directionally in EFs of physiological magnitude. However, the mechanisms of how the wound electrical response is initiated and regulated remain unclear. Recent Advances: Wound EFs and currents appear to arise by ion channel up-regulation and redistribution, which are perhaps triggered by an intracellular calcium wave or cell depolarization. We discuss the possibility of stimulation of wound healing via pharmacological enhancement of the wound electric signal by stimulation of ion pumping. Critical Issues: Chronic wounds are a major problem in the elderly and diabetic patient. Any strategy to stimulate wound healing in these patients is desirable. Applying electrical stimulation directly is problematic, but pharmacological enhancement of the wound signal may be a promising strategy. Future Directions: Understanding the molecular regulation of wound electric signals may reveal some fundamental mechanisms in wound healing. Manipulating fluxes of ions and electric currents at wounds might offer new approaches to achieve better wound healing and to heal chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reid
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Min Zhao
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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94
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Van Itallie CM, Tietgens AJ, Aponte A, Fredriksson K, Fanning AS, Gucek M, Anderson JM. Biotin ligase tagging identifies proteins proximal to E-cadherin, including lipoma preferred partner, a regulator of epithelial cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:885-95. [PMID: 24338363 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Known proteins associated with the cell-adhesion protein E-cadherin include catenins and proteins involved in signaling, trafficking and actin organization. However, the list of identified adherens junction proteins is likely to be incomplete, limiting investigation into this essential cell structure. To expand the inventory of potentially relevant proteins, we expressed E-cadherin fused to biotin ligase in MDCK epithelial cells, and identified by mass spectrometry neighboring proteins that were biotinylated. The most abundant of the 303 proteins identified were catenins and nearly 40 others that had been previously reported to influence cadherin function. Many others could be rationalized as novel candidates for regulating the adherens junction, cytoskeleton, trafficking or signaling. We further characterized lipoma preferred partner (LPP), which is present at both cell contacts and focal adhesions. Knockdown of LPP demonstrated its requirement for E-cadherin-dependent adhesion and suggested that it plays a role in coordination of the cell-cell and cell-substrate cytoskeletal interactions. The analysis of LPP function demonstrates proof of principle that the proteomic analysis of E-cadherin proximal proteins expands the inventory of components and tools for understanding the function of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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95
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Spirli C, Locatelli L, Morell CM, Fiorotto R, Morton SD, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Protein kinase A-dependent pSer(675) -β-catenin, a novel signaling defect in a mouse model of congenital hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology 2013; 58:1713-23. [PMID: 23744610 PMCID: PMC3800498 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genetically determined loss of fibrocystin function causes congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), Caroli disease (CD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Cystic dysplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts and progressive portal fibrosis characterize liver pathology in CHF/CD. At a cellular level, several functional morphological and signaling changes have been reported including increased levels of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In this study we addressed the relationships between increased cAMP and β-catenin. In cholangiocytes isolated and cultured from Pkhd1(del4/del4) mice, stimulation of cAMP/PKA signaling (forskolin 10 μM) stimulated Ser(675) -phosphorylation of β-catenin, its nuclear localization, and its transcriptional activity (western blot and TOP flash assay, respectively) along with a down-regulation of E-cadherin expression (immunocytochemistry and western blot); these changes were inhibited by the PKA blocker, PKI (1 μM). The Rho-GTPase, Rac-1, was also significantly activated by cAMP in Pkhd1(del4/del4) cholangiocytes. Rac-1 inhibition blocked cAMP-dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of pSer(675) -β-catenin. Cell migration (Boyden chambers) was significantly higher in cholangiocytes obtained from Pkhd1(del4/del4) and was inhibited by: (1) PKI, (2) silencing β-catenin (siRNA), and (3) the Rac-1 inhibitor NSC 23766. CONCLUSION These data show that in fibrocystin-defective cholangiocytes, cAMP/PKA signaling stimulates pSer(675) -phosphorylation of β-catenin and Rac-1 activity. In the presence of activated Rac-1, pSer(675) -β-catenin is translocated to the nucleus, becomes transcriptionally active, and is responsible for increased motility of Pkhd1(del4/del4) cholangiocytes. β-Catenin-dependent changes in cell motility may be central to the pathogenesis of the disease and represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luigi Locatelli
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carola M. Morell
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stuart D. Morton
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center & Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of InterdisciplinaryMedicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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96
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Collective cell migration of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3481-92. [PMID: 23314710 PMCID: PMC11113167 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Directional cell migration is required for proper embryogenesis, immunity, and healing, and its underpinning regulatory mechanisms are often hijacked during diseases such as chronic inflammations and cancer metastasis. Studies on migratory epithelial tissues have revealed that cells can move as a collective group with shared responsibilities. First thought to be restricted to proper epithelial cell types able to maintain stable cell-cell junctions, the field of collective cell migration is now widening to include cooperative behavior of mesenchymal cells. In this review, we give an overview of the mechanisms driving collective cell migration in epithelial tissues and discuss how mesenchymal cells can cooperate to behave as a collective in the absence of bona fide cell-cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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97
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Zhang F, Jing S, Ren T, Lin J. MicroRNA-10b promotes the migration of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and downregulates the expression of E-cadherin. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1084-8. [PMID: 23921523 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to migrate is an important determinant of the efficiency of MSC transplant therapy. MicroRNA-10b (miR-10b) has been positively involved in the migration of a number of tumor cells lineages. To date, it remains unknown whether miR-10b affects the migration of MSCs. In the current study, the effect of miR-10b on the migration of mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs (bmMSCs) was investigated. Third-passage bmMSCs were transfected with miR-10b mimic and negative control precursor miRNA using Lipofectamine™ 2000. miR-10b and E-cadherin expression and bmMSC migration were determined. The present results showed that primary bmMSCs exhibit a spindled or triangular morphology and that third‑passage bmMSCs present a typical fibroblast-like morphology, exhibiting CD90-positive and CD45-negative expression. Compared with the transfection of negative control miRNA, transfection of miR-10b mimic markedly upregulated miR-10b expression in bmMSCs, increased their migration and downregulated E-cadherin expression. The current observations indicate that the upregulation of miR-10b increases bmMSC migration ability, which may be involved in the downregulation of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenxi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Sanquan College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China.
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98
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Li L, He Y, Zhao M, Jiang J. Collective cell migration: Implications for wound healing and cancer invasion. BURNS & TRAUMA 2013; 1:21-6. [PMID: 27574618 PMCID: PMC4994501 DOI: 10.4103/2321-3868.113331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic morphogenesis, wound repair and cancer invasion, cells often migrate collectively via tight cell-cell junctions, a process named collective migration. During such migration, cells move as coherent groups, large cell sheets, strands or tubes rather than individually. One unexpected finding regarding collective cell migration is that being a “multicellular structure” enables cells to better respond to chemical and physical cues, when compared with isolated cells. This is important because epithelial cells heal wounds via the migration of large sheets of cells with tight intercellular connections. Recent studies have gained some mechanistic insights that will benefit the clinical understanding of wound healing in general. In this review, we will briefly introduce the role of collective cell migration in wound healing, regeneration and cancer invasion and discuss its underlying mechanisms as well as implications for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 ; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Main Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042 P.R. China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, CA 95817 USA
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Main Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042 P.R. China
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99
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Muñoz-Soriano V, Belacortu Y, Paricio N. Planar cell polarity signaling in collective cell movements during morphogenesis and disease. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:609-22. [PMID: 23730201 PMCID: PMC3492801 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803759721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective and directed cell movements are crucial for diverse developmental processes in the animal kingdom, but they are also involved in wound repair and disease. During these processes groups of cells are oriented within the tissue plane, which is referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP). This requires a tight regulation that is in part conducted by the PCP pathway. Although this pathway was initially characterized in flies, subsequent studies in vertebrates revealed a set of conserved core factors but also effector molecules and signal modulators, which build the fundamental PCP machinery. The PCP pathway in Drosophila regulates several developmental processes involving collective cell movements such as border cell migration during oogenesis, ommatidial rotation during eye development, and embryonic dorsal closure. During vertebrate embryogenesis, PCP signaling also controls collective and directed cell movements including convergent extension during gastrulation, neural tube closure, neural crest cell migration, or heart morphogenesis. Similarly, PCP signaling is linked to processes such as wound repair, and cancer invasion and metastasis in adults. As a consequence, disruption of PCP signaling leads to pathological conditions. In this review, we will summarize recent findings about the role of PCP signaling in collective cell movements in flies and vertebrates. In addition, we will focus on how studies in Drosophila have been relevant to our understanding of the PCP molecular machinery and will describe several developmental defects and human disorders in which PCP signaling is compromised. Therefore, new discoveries about the contribution of this pathway to collective cell movements could provide new potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
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100
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Dana D, Davalos AR, De S, Rathod P, Gamage RK, Huestis J, Afzal N, Zavlanov Y, Paroly SS, Rotenberg SA, Subramaniam G, Mark KJ, Chang EJ, Kumar S. Development of cell-active non-peptidyl inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2975-87. [PMID: 23623677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are an important class of enzymes that coordinate a variety of important cellular processes, and are implicated in various types of human diseases. However, small molecule inhibitors that are cell-permeable and non-peptidyl in nature are scarcely available. Herein the synthesis and development of sulfonyloxiranes as covalent inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins are reported. From a library of compounds, compound 5 is identified as a selective inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins. Live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry of metastatic human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells document the efficacy of compound 5 in inhibiting cysteine cathepsin activity in living cells. A cell-motility assay demonstrates that compound 5 is effective in mitigating the cell-migratory potential of highly metastatic breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367-1597, USA
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