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Dimuccio V, Peruzzi L, Brizzi MF, Cocchi E, Fop F, Boido A, Gili M, Gallo S, Biancone L, Camussi G, Bussolati B. Acute and chronic glomerular damage is associated with reduced CD133 expression in urinary extracellular vesicles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F486-F495. [PMID: 31869243 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00404.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released into urine (uEVs) can represent interesting biomarkers of renal cell damage. CD133, a stem/progenitor cell marker expressed by renal progenitor cells, is highly expressed in uEVs of healthy individuals. In the present study, we evaluated the level of CD133 in the uEVs of patients with acute and chronic glomerular damage by cytofluorimetric analysis. The level of CD133+ uEVs was significantly decreased in pediatric patients with acute glomerulonephritis during the acute phase of renal damage, while it was restored after the subsequent recovery. A similar decrease was also observed in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Moreover, CD133+ uEVs significantly declined in patients with type 2 diabetes, used as validation group, with the lowest levels in patients with albuminuria with diabetic nephropathy. Indeed, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis indicates the ability of CD133+ uEV values to discriminate the health condition from that of glomerular disease. In parallel, a significant decrease of CD133 in renal progenitor cells and in their derived EVs was observed in vitro after cell treatment with a combination of glucose and albumin overload, mimicking the diabetic condition. These data indicate that the level of CD133+ uEVs may represent an easily accessible marker of renal normal physiology and could provide information on the "reservoir" of regenerating cells within tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Dimuccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Cocchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fop
- Division of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Boido
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Gili
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Gallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Biancone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Division of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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52
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Ruzicka M, Xiao F, Abujrad H, Al-Rewashdy Y, Tang VA, Langlois MA, Sorisky A, Ooi TC, Burger D. Effect of hemodialysis on extracellular vesicles and circulating submicron particles. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:294. [PMID: 31375072 PMCID: PMC6679543 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hemodialysis is a highly effective treatment for diffusive clearance of low molecular weight uremic toxins, its effect on circulating extracellular vesicles and submicron particles is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hemodialysis on circulating levels of submicron particles. METHODS Plasma samples from patients were collected immediately before and after the mid-week hemodialysis session. Total submicron particles were assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and levels of endothelial (CD144+), platelet (CD41+), leukocyte (CD45+), and total (Annexin V+) membrane microparticles (MPs) were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Total submicron particle number was significantly lower post-dialysis with reductions in particles < 40 nm, 40-100 nm, and 100-1000 nm in size. Circulating annexin V+ MPs, platelet MPs, leukocyte MPs, and endothelial MPs were all reduced following dialysis. Assessment of protein markers suggested that extracellular vesicles were not present in the dialysate, but rather adsorbed to the dialysis membrane. CONCLUSIONS In summary, hemodialysis is associated with reductions in circulating submicron particles including membrane MPs. Accordingly, there may be significant interdialytic variation in circulating submicron particles. Investigators interested in measuring extracellular vesicles in patients undergoing hemodialysis should therefore carefully consider the timing of biosampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ruzicka
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5 Canada
- Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Riverside Campus, Room 5-21, Riverside 1967, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 7W9 Canada
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Hussein Abujrad
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Yasamin Al-Rewashdy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Vera A. Tang
- uOttawa Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- uOttawa Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Alexander Sorisky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Teik Chye Ooi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5 Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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53
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The role of extracellular vesicles in renal fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:367. [PMID: 31068572 PMCID: PMC6506498 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a particularly important mediator of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proved to be extensively involved in various system diseases over the past two decades, including in renal diseases. As is well-known, renal fibrosis is the common pathological process of any ongoing renal disease or adaptive repair of kidney injury based on current knowledge. Although much work has been performed focusing on EVs in various renal diseases, the role of EVs in renal fibrosis has not been described in detail and summarized. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the definition, classification and biological process of EVs. Then, the potential mechanisms of EVs in renal fibrosis are illustrated. Lastly, recent advances in EVs and the implications of EVs for diagnosis and therapy in renal fibrosis disease are introduced. We look forward to a more comprehensive understanding of EVs in renal fibrosis, which could be a boon to patients with renal fibrosis disease.
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54
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Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Microparticle-Mediated Cellular Injury in Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6475187. [PMID: 30915196 PMCID: PMC6399542 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6475187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles shed from the cytoplasmic membrane of healthy, activated, or apoptotic cells. MPs are very heterogeneous in size (100–1,000 nm), and they harbor proteins and surface antigens specific to cells they originate from. Virtually, all cells can shed MPs, and therefore, they can be found in all body fluids, but also entrapped in tissues. Of interest and because of their easy detection using a variety of techniques, circulating MPs were recognized as biomarkers for cell activation. MPs were also found to mediate critical actions in intercellular communication and transmitting biological messages by acting as paracrine vehicles. High plasma numbers of MPs were reported in many cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances that are closely associated with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation and have been linked to adverse actions on cardiovascular function. This review highlights the involvement of MPs in cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes and discusses the molecular mechanisms that underpin the pathophysiological role of MPs in the onset and progression of cellular injury in diabetes.
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55
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Banales JM, Feldstein AE, Sänger H, Lukacs-Kornek V, Szabo G, Kornek M. Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases: Meeting Report from the International Liver Congress 2018. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:305-315. [PMID: 30766966 PMCID: PMC6357829 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small and heterogeneous membrane‐bound structures released by cells and found in all biological fluids. They are effective intercellular communicators, acting on a number of close and/or distant target cells. EV cargo may reflect the cell of origin as well as the specific stress that induces their formation and release. They transport a variety of bioactive molecules, including messenger RNA, noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, that can be transferred among cells, regulating various cell responses. Alteration in the concentration and composition of EVs in biological fluids is a typical hallmark of pathologies in different liver diseases. Circulating EVs can serve as biomarkers or as messengers following uptake by other cells. This review is a meeting report from the International Liver Congress 2018 (European Association for the Study of the Liver) celebrated in Paris (Symposium: Extracellular vesicles and signal transmission) that discusses the role of EVs in several liver diseases, highlighting their potential value as disease biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital University of the Basque Country, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque San Sebastian Spain
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of California San Diego San Diego CA
| | - Hanna Sänger
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center Saarland University Homburg Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn Germany
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery German Armed Forces Central Hospital Koblenz Germany
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56
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Cesselli D, Parisse P, Aleksova A, Veneziano C, Cervellin C, Zanello A, Beltrami AP. Extracellular Vesicles: How Drug and Pathology Interfere With Their Biogenesis and Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1394. [PMID: 30327618 PMCID: PMC6174233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are at the center of an intense activity of investigation, both for their possible employment as biomarkers of ongoing pathologic processes and for their broad range of biological activities. EV can promote tissue repair in very different pathologic settings, including hindlimb and myocardial ischemia. Importantly, the exact mode of action of EV is still partly understood, since they may act by modulating growth factors and cytokines, signaling pathways, and by transferring non-coding RNAs to target cells. However, the term EV identifies cell derived, enveloped particles very heterogeneous in size, composition, and biogenesis. Therefore, part of the controversies on the biological effects exerted by EV is a consequence of differences in methods of separation that result in the enrichment of different entities. Since technical challenges still hamper the highly specific sorting of different EV subpopulations, up to now only few investigators have tried to verify differences in the biological effects of specific EV subtypes. This review summarizes the current state of the art on the comprehension of mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis and release, which is a prerequisite for understanding and investigating the impact that pathology and drug therapy may exert on the secretion and composition of EV. Finally, we described both the mechanism involved in the modulation of EV secretion by drugs commonly used in patients affected by heart failure, and how pathophysiological mechanisms involved in heart disease modify EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste - University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Zanello
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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57
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Munkonda MN, Akbari S, Landry C, Sun S, Xiao F, Turner M, Holterman CE, Nasrallah R, Hébert RL, Kennedy CRJ, Burger D. Podocyte-derived microparticles promote proximal tubule fibrotic signaling via p38 MAPK and CD36. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1432206. [PMID: 29435202 PMCID: PMC5804677 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1432206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a hallmark of advanced diabetic kidney disease that is linked to a decline in renal function, however the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Microparticles (MPs) are 100–1000 nm vesicles shed from injured cells that are implicated in intercellular signalling. Our lab recently observed the formation of MPs from podocytes and their release into urine of animal models of type 1 and 2 diabetes and in humans with type 1 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of podocyte MPs in tubular epithelial cell fibrotic responses. MPs were isolated from the media of differentiated, untreated human podocytes (hPODs) and administered to cultured human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Treatment with podocyte MPs increased p38 and Smad3 phosphorylation and expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and collagen type IV. MP-induced responses were attenuated by co-treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB202190. A transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor inhibitor (LY2109761) blocked MP-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and ECM protein expression but not p38 phosphorylation suggesting that these responses occurred downstream of p38. Finally, blockade of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 completely abrogated MP-mediated p38 phosphorylation, downstream Smad3 activation and fibronectin/collagen type IV induction. Taken together our results suggest that podocyte MPs interact with proximal tubule cells and induce pro-fibrotic responses. Such interactions may contribute to the development of tubular fibrosis in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes N Munkonda
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shareef Akbari
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chloe Landry
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Suzy Sun
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maddison Turner
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rania Nasrallah
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher R J Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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58
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Isolation and characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles: implications for biomarker discovery. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:731-749. [PMID: 29081510 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urine is a valuable diagnostic medium and, with the discovery of urinary extracellular vesicles, is viewed as a dynamic bioactive fluid. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-enclosed structures that can be classified into three categories: exosomes, microvesicles (or ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. This classification is based on the mechanisms by which membrane vesicles are formed: fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membranes (exosomes), budding of vesicles directly from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or those shed from dying cells (apoptotic bodies). During their formation, urinary extracellular vesicles incorporate various cell-specific components (proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) that can be transferred to target cells. The rigour needed for comparative studies has fueled the search for optimal approaches for their isolation, purification, and characterization. RNA, the newest extracellular vesicle component to be discovered, has received substantial attention as an extracellular vesicle therapeutic, and compelling evidence suggests that ex vivo manipulation of microRNA composition may have uses in the treatment of kidney disorders. The results of these studies are building the case that urinary extracellular vesicles act as mediators of renal pathophysiology. As the field of extracellular vesicle studies is burgeoning, this Review focuses on primary data obtained from studies of human urine rather than on data from studies of laboratory animals or cultured immortalized cells.
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59
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Lu CC, Ma KL, Ruan XZ, Liu BC. The Emerging Roles of Microparticles in Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1118-1125. [PMID: 29104503 PMCID: PMC5666327 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed from the outward budding of plasma membranes during cell apoptosis and/or activation. These microsized particles then release specific contents (e.g., lipids, proteins, microRNAs) which are active participants in a wide range of both physiological and pathological processes at the molecular level, e.g., coagulation and angiogenesis, inflammation, immune responses. Research limitations, such as confusing nomenclature and overlapping classification, have impeded our comprehension of these tiny molecules. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the greatest contributor to end-stage renal diseases (ESRD) worldwide, and its public health impact will continue to grow due to the persistent increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). MPs have recently been considered as potentially involved in DN onset and progression, and this review juxtaposes some of the research updates about the possible mechanisms from several relevant aspects and insights into the therapeutic perspectives of MPs in clinical management and pharmacological treatment of DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiong Zhong Ruan
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL) Medical School, Royal Free Campus, UK
| | - Bi Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
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60
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Burger D, Turner M, Xiao F, Munkonda MN, Akbari S, Burns KD. High glucose increases the formation and pro-oxidative activity of endothelial microparticles. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1791-1800. [PMID: 28601907 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Individuals with diabetes exhibit increases in circulating endothelial microparticles (eMPs, also referred to as endothelial microvesicles), which are associated with endothelial dysfunction and a heightened risk of cardiovascular complications. We have shown that eMPs are markers and mediators of vascular injury although their role in diabetes is unclear. We hypothesised that the composition and biological activity of eMPs are altered in response to high glucose exposure. We assessed the effects of high glucose on eMP formation, composition and signalling in cultured HUVECs. METHODS eMPs were isolated from the media of HUVECs cultured under conditions of normal glucose (eMPNG), high glucose (eMPHG) or osmotic control of L-glucose (eMPLG). eMP size, concentration and surface charge were assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry. eMP protein composition was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and eMP-mediated effects on coagulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and vessel function were assessed. RESULTS Exposure of HUVECs to high glucose for 24 h caused a threefold increase in eMP formation, increased mean particle size (269 ± 18 nm vs 226 ± 11 nm) and decreased surface charge. Compared with eMPNG or eMPLG, eMPHG possessed approximately threefold greater pro-coagulant activity, stimulated HUVEC ROS production to a greater extent (~250% of eMPNG) and were more potent inhibitors of endothelial-dependent relaxation. Proteomic analysis of eMPs identified 1212 independent proteins of which 68 were exclusively found in eMPHG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that eMPHG-exclusive proteins were associated with signalling pathways related to blood coagulation, cell signalling and immune cell activation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that elevated glucose is a potent stimulus for eMP formation that also alters their molecular composition leading to increased bioactivity. Such effects may contribute to progressive endothelial injury and subsequent cardiovascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Maddison Turner
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada
| | - Mercedes N Munkonda
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada
| | - Shareef Akbari
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Drive, Room 535, Ottawa, ON, K1H 7W9, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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61
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous population of microparticles released by virtually all living cells which have been recently widely investigated in different biological fields. They are typically composed of two primary types (exosomes and microvesicles) and are recently commanding increasing attention as mediators of cellular signaling. Indeed, these vesicles can affect recipient cells by carrying and delivering complex cargos of biomolecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids), protected from enzymatic degradation in the environment. Their importance has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of several organs, in particular in kidney, where different cell types secrete extracellular vesicles that mediate their communication with downstream urinary tract cells. Over the past few years, evidence has been shown that vesicles participate in kidney development and normal physiology. Moreover, EVs are widely demonstrated to be implicated in cellular signaling during renal regenerative and pathological processes. Although many EV mechanisms are still poorly understood, in particular in kidney, the discovery of their role could help to shed light on renal biological processes which are so far elusive. Lastly, extracellular vesicles secreted by renal cells gather in urine, thus becoming a great resource for disease or recovery markers and a promising non-invasive diagnostic instrument for renal disease. In the present review, we discuss the most recent findings on the role of extracellular vesicles in renal physiopathology and their potential implication in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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