51
|
Paronis CA, Thakur GA, Bajaj S, Nikas SP, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, Bergman J. Diuretic effects of cannabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:8-14. [PMID: 23019138 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo effects of cannabinoid (CB) agonists are often assessed using four well-established measures: locomotor activity, hypothermia, cataleptic-like effects, and analgesia. The present studies demonstrate that doses of CB agonists that produce these effects also reliably increase diuresis. Diuretic effects of several CB agonists were measured in female rats over 2 hours immediately after drug injection, and results were compared with hypothermic effects. Direct-acting CB1 agonists, including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, WIN 55,212 [R-(1)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone mesylate], AM2389 [9β-hydroxy-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-hexahydrocannabinol], and AM4054 [9β-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(1-adamantyl)-hexahydrocannabinol], produced dose-dependent increases in diuresis and decreases in colonic temperature, with slightly lower ED(50) values for diuresis than for hypothermia. The highest doses of cannabinoid drugs yielded, on average, 26-32 g/kg urine; comparable effects were obtained with 10 mg/kg furosemide and 3.0 mg/kg trans-(-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide (U50-488). Methanandamide (10.0 mg/kg) had lesser effect than other CB agonists, and the CB2 agonist AM1241 [1-(methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-3-(2-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)indole], the anandamide transport inhibitor AM404, and the CB antagonist rimonabant did not have diuretic effects. In further studies, the diuretic effects of the CB1 agonist AM4054 were similar in male and female rats, displayed a relatively rapid onset to action, and were dose-dependently antagonized by 30 minutes pretreatment with rimonabant, but not by the vanilloid receptor type I antagonist capsazepine, nor were the effects of WIN 55,212 antagonized by the CB2 antagonist AM630 [(6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl) methanone)]. These data indicate that cannabinoids have robust diuretic effects in rats that are mediated via CB1 receptor mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Paronis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Mailstop 206, 140TF 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Philyppov IB, Paduraru ON, Andreev YA, Grishin EV, Shuba YM. Modulation of TRPV1-dependent contractility of normal and diabetic bladder smooth muscle by analgesic toxins from sea anemone Heteractis crispa. Life Sci 2012; 91:912-20. [PMID: 22982418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TRPV1-expressing, capsaicin (CAP)-sensitive afferent fibers innervating bladder in addition to sensory function also exhibit "efferent" features consisting in TRPV1-dependent release of tachykinins (TAC) affecting detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) contractions. Our aim was to investigate the effects of two novel polypeptide inhibitors of TRPV1 from the venom of tropical sea anemone Heteractis crispa, APHC1 and APHC3, on the contractions of DSM from bladders of normal and diabetic rats. MAIN METHODS Experiments were conducted on urothelium-devoid DSM strips from normal rats and rats 8weeks after streptozotocin-induced diabetes by means of contraction force measurements. KEY FINDINGS Pre-exposure of DSM strips to APHC1 or APHC3 (200nM) specifically inhibited CAP-induced, TRPV1-dependent contractions. Both peptides also transiently enhanced basal tone and spontaneous contractions of DSM strips followed by delayed suppression of electric field stimulation (EFS)-evoked nonadrenergic-noncholinergic (NANC) contractions. The decrease of the amplitude of EFS-evoked NANC contractions by АРНС1 or АРНС3 reached 38.5±3.4% and 25.1±1.6%, respectively, in normal DSM strips and 46.3±3.3% and 43.9±1.8%, respectively, in diabetic ones. APHC-peptide-induced transient enhancement of basal tone could be mimicked by serine protease inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl)bezenesulfonyl fluoride (300 μM). SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that АРНС1 and АРНС3 may be considered as effective inhibitors of bladder contractility especially during diabetic cystopathy. Modality of action of APHC-polypeptides via the mechanisms involving decreased TRPV1-dependent release of TAC from bladder afferents and suppression of TAC degradation due to their activity as endogenous proteases inhibitors is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Philyppov
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Birder LA, Ruggieri M, Takeda M, van Koeveringe G, Veltkamp S, Korstanje C, Parsons B, Fry CH. How does the urothelium affect bladder function in health and disease? ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31:293-9. [PMID: 22275289 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium is a multifunctional tissue that not only acts as a barrier between the vesical contents of the lower urinary tract and the underlying tissues but also acts as a sensory organ by transducing physical and chemical stresses to the attendant afferent nervous system and underlying smooth muscle. This review will consider the nature of the stresses that the urothelium can transduce; the transmitters that mediate the transduction process; and how lower urinary pathologies, including overactive bladder syndrome, painful bladder syndrome and bacterial infections, are associated with alterations to this sensory system. In particular, the role of muscarinic receptors and the TRPV channels system will be discussed in this context. The urothelium also influences the contractile state of detrusor smooth muscle, both through modifying its contractility and the extent of spontaneous activity; potential pathways are discussed. The potential role that the urothelium may play in bladder underactivity is introduced, as well as potential biomarkers for the condition that may cross the urothelium to the urine. Finally, consideration is given to vesical administration of therapeutic agents that influence urinary tract function and how the properties of the urothelium may determine the effectiveness of this mode of delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Birder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Saban MR, Davis CA, Avelino A, Cruz F, Maier J, Bjorling DE, Sferra TJ, Hurst RE, Saban R. VEGF signaling mediates bladder neuroplasticity and inflammation in response to BCG. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 11:16. [PMID: 22059553 PMCID: PMC3226567 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background This work tests the hypothesis that increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) observed during bladder inflammation modulates nerve plasticity. Methods Chronic inflammation was induced by intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) into the urinary bladder and the density of nerves expressing the transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) or pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 was used to quantify alterations in peripheral nerve plasticity. Some mice were treated with B20, a VEGF neutralizing antibody to reduce the participation of VEGF. Additional mice were treated systemically with antibodies engineered to specifically block the binding of VEGF to NRP1 (anti-NRP1B) and NRP2 (NRP2B), or the binding of semaphorins to NRP1 (anti-NRP1 A) to diminish activity of axon guidance molecules such as neuropilins (NRPs) and semaphorins (SEMAs). To confirm that VEGF is capable of inducing inflammation and neuronal plasticity, another group of mice was instilled with recombinant VEGF165 or VEGF121 into the urinary bladder. Results The major finding of this work was that chronic BCG instillation resulted in inflammation and an overwhelming increase in both PGP9.5 and TRPV1 immunoreactivity, primarily in the sub-urothelium of the urinary bladder. Treatment of mice with anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (B20) abolished the effect of BCG on inflammation and nerve density. NRP1A and NRP1B antibodies, known to reduce BCG-induced inflammation, failed to block BCG-induced increase in nerve fibers. However, the NRP2B antibody dramatically potentiated the effects of BCG in increasing PGP9.5-, TRPV1-, substance P (SP)-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity (IR). Finally, instillation of VEGF121 or VEGF165 into the mouse bladder recapitulated the effects of BCG and resulted in a significant inflammation and increase in nerve density. Conclusions For the first time, evidence is being presented supporting that chronic BCG instillation into the mouse bladder promotes a significant increase in peripheral nerve density that was mimicked by VEGF instillation. Effects of BCG were abolished by pre-treatment with neutralizing VEGF antibody. The present results implicate the VEGF pathway as a key modulator of inflammation and nerve plasticity, introduces a new animal model for investigation of VEGF-induced nerve plasticity, and suggests putative mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Santos-Silva A, Charrua A, Cruz CD, Gharat L, Avelino A, Cruz F. Rat detrusor overactivity induced by chronic spinalization can be abolished by a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist. Auton Neurosci 2011; 166:35-8. [PMID: 22037502 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist GRC 6211 on neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) of spinal origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cystometries under urethane anaesthesia were obtained in 14 chronic spinalized rats to confirm NDO. Two groups were created. In the first one (n=10), GRC 6211 (0.01, 0.1 and 1mg/kg weight) was administered via the duodenum in cumulative doses and cystometries performed 150 min after the administration of each dose of the drug. In the second group (n=4), used as control, the animals were submitted to cystometries during 12 hours, without administration of GRC 6211. Frequency and amplitude of bladder contractions were recorded in both groups. RESULTS The mean (±SDev) bladder detrusor muscle contraction frequency of spinalized rats was 0.7±0.27 contractions/min. GRC 6211 produced a significant dose-dependent effect, with the frequency diminished to 0.53±0.23, 0.40±0.20 and 0.20±0.13 contractions/min, respectively. The mean (± SDev) amplitude of bladder contractions was 48.4±4.4 cmH(2)O. After administration of 0.01 mg/kg, 0.1mg/kg and 1mg/kg of GRC 6211, the amplitude decreased to 47.1±4.3, 45.6±5.6 and 40.2±4.1 cm H(2)O respectively. The effect was significant at 0.1 and 1mg/kg doses. Cystometries performed in the control group of spinalized rats showed no evidence of detrusor fatigue caused by the urethane anaesthesia and long duration of the experiment. CONCLUSION TRPV1 antagonists may be very effective in reducing NDO of spinal origin. This finding may have profound implications for the pathogenesis and future treatment options of patients with spinal NDO.
Collapse
|
56
|
Aizawa N, Wyndaele JJ, Homma Y, Igawa Y. Effects of TRPV4 cation channel activation on the primary bladder afferent activities of the rat. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 31:148-55. [PMID: 22038643 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) may affect afferent pathways innervating the bladder. We investigated the effects of GSK1016790A (GSK) and RN1734, a TRPV4 agonist and antagonist, respectively, and P2X-purinoceptor antagonists (TNP-ATP and PPADS) on cystometry (CMG), and the effect of GSK on single afferent fiber activities (SAAs) of the rat bladder and its relationship with capsaicin (Cap)-sensitivity. METHODS Conscious female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for CMG measurements. In SAA measurements, under urethane anesthesia, SAA was identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by bladder distention. Cystometric parameters were measured before and after intravesical drug instillation. In SAA measurements, response with saline instillation served as baseline. Then, GSK was instilled three times, and finally Cap was instilled to investigate the relationship with Cap-sensitivity. RESULTS Intravesical GSK-instillation transiently decreased bladder capacity and voided volume, which were counteracted by RN1734, TNP-ATP, and PPADS. In SAA measurements, Aδ-fibers (n = 7) were not affected by either GSK or Cap. Based on the Cap-sensitivity, C-fibers could be divided into two subtypes: Cap-insensitive (n = 14) and Cap-sensitive (n = 8). In the Cap-insensitive C-fibers, GSK significantly increased the SAAs during the first instillation, but the increase attenuated with time, whereas GSK did not significantly affect the Cap-sensitive C-fibers. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that activation of TRPV4 in the bladder, probably urothelium, facilitates the micturition reflex by activation of the mechanosensitive, Cap-insensitive C-fibers of the primary bladder afferents in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Aizawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
The members of transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cationic ion channels represent universal sensors, which convert multiple exogenous and endogenous chemical and physical stimuli into electrical and functional cellular responses. TRPs are widely distributed in many different tissues, and expression of numerous TRP types has been reported in lower urinary tract (LUT) tissues, neuronal fibers innervating the bladder and urethra, and epithelial and muscular layers of the bladder and urethral walls, where they are mainly involved in nociception and mechanosensory transduction. As such, they represent attractive targets for treating LUT disorders. Although information on the functional significance of many of the TRP proteins in the LUT remains very limited, compelling evidence has accumulated for a pivotal role of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1 in normal and pathological LUT function, mainly as sensors of stretch and chemical irritation. Further studies into these and other TRPs in the LUT will facilitate the development of improved therapeutic strategies to target these channels in LUT disorders.
Collapse
|
58
|
Svalø J, Hansen HH, Rønn LCB, Sheykhzade M, Munro G, Rode F. Kv7 Positive Modulators Reduce Detrusor Overactivity and Increase Bladder Capacity in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:145-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
59
|
Acid-sensing channels in human bladder: expression, function and alterations during bladder pain syndrome. J Urol 2011; 186:1509-16. [PMID: 21855903 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the possible role of H(+) activated acid-sensing ion channels in pain perception. We characterized expression in bladder dome biopsies from patients with bladder pain syndrome and controls, in cultured human urothelium and in urothelial TEU-2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cold cut biopsies from the bladder dome were obtained in 8 asymptomatic controls and 28 patients with bladder pain syndrome symptoms. Acid-sensing ion channel expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Channel function was measured by electrophysiology. RESULTS Acid-sensing ion channel 1a, 2a and 3 mRNA was detected in the human bladder. Similar amounts of acid-sensing ion channel 1a and 3 were detected in detrusor smooth muscle while in urothelium acid-sensing ion channel 3 levels were higher than levels of acid-sensing ion channel 1a. Acid-sensing ion channel 2a mRNA levels were lower than acid-sensing ion channel 1a and 3 levels in each layer. Acid-sensing ion channel currents were measured in TEU-2 cells and in primary cultures of human urothelium. Activated acid-sensing ion channel expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TEU-2 cell differentiation caused acid-sensing ion channel 2a and 3 mRNA up-regulation, and acid-sensing ion channel 1a mRNA down-regulation. Patients with bladder pain syndrome showed up-regulation of acid-sensing ion channel 2a and 3 mRNA but acid-sensing ion channel 1a remained unchanged. In contrast, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 mRNA was down-regulated during bladder pain syndrome. All differences were statistically significant (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Several acid-sensing ion channel subunits are expressed in human bladder and TEU-2 cells, in which levels are regulated during urothelial differentiation. Up-regulation of acid-sensing ion channel 2a and 3 in patients with bladder pain syndrome suggests involvement in increased pain and hyperalgesia. Down-regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 mRNA might indicate that a different regulatory mechanism controls its expression in the human bladder.
Collapse
|
60
|
Moran MM, McAlexander MA, Bíró T, Szallasi A. Transient receptor potential channels as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:601-20. [PMID: 21804597 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels have been among the most aggressively pursued drug targets over the past few years. Although the initial focus of research was on TRP channels that are expressed by nociceptors, there has been an upsurge in the amount of research that implicates TRP channels in other areas of physiology and pathophysiology, including the skin, bladder and pulmonary systems. In addition, mutations in genes encoding TRP channels are the cause of several inherited diseases that affect a variety of systems including the renal, skeletal and nervous system. This Review focuses on recent developments in the TRP channel-related field, and highlights potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene M Moran
- Hydra Biosciences, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
TRP channels in urinary bladder mechanosensation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 704:861-79. [PMID: 21290331 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
62
|
Cheng Y, Mansfield KJ, Sandow SL, Sadananda P, Burcher E, Moore KH. Porcine bladder urothelial, myofibroblast, and detrusor muscle cells: characterization and ATP release. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:27. [PMID: 21713125 PMCID: PMC3113165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is released from the bladder mucosa in response to stretch, but the cell types responsible are unclear. Our aim was to isolate and characterize individual populations of urothelial, myofibroblast, and detrusor muscle cells in culture, and to examine agonist-stimulated ATP release. Using female pig bladders, urothelial cells were isolated from bladder mucosa following trypsin-digestion of the luminal surface. The underlying myofibroblast layer was dissected, minced, digested, and cultured until confluent (10–14 days). A similar protocol was used for muscle cells. Cultures were used for immunocytochemical staining and/or ATP release investigations. In urothelial cultures, immunoreactivity was present for the cytokeratin marker AE1/AE3 but not the contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or the cytoskeletal filament vimentin. Neither myofibroblast nor muscle cell cultures stained for AE1/AE3. Myofibroblast cultures partially stained for α-SMA, whereas muscle cultures were 100% stained. Both myofibroblast and muscle stained for vimentin, however, they were morphologically distinct. Ultrastructural studies verified that the suburothelial layer of pig bladder contained abundant myofibroblasts, characterized by high densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Baseline ATP release was higher in urothelial and myofibroblast cultures, compared with muscle. ATP release was significantly stimulated by stretch in all three cell populations. Only urothelial cells released ATP in response to acid, and only muscle cells were stimulated by capsaicin. Tachykinins had no effect on ATP release. In conclusion, we have established a method for culture of three cell populations from porcine bladder, a well-known human bladder model, and shown that these are distinct morphologically, immunologically, and pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Detrusor Muscle Laboratory, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Inflammation of the lower urinary tract occurs frequently in people. The causes remain obscure, with the exception of urinary tract infection. Animal models have proven useful for investigating and assessing mechanisms underlying symptoms associated with lower urinary tract inflammation and options for suppressing these symptoms. This review will discuss various animal models of lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline spontaneous (interstitial) cystitis, neurogenic cystitis, autoimmune cystitis, cystitis induced by intravesical instillation of chemicals or bacterial products (particularly lipopolysaccharide or LPS), and prostatic inflammation initiated by transurethral instillation of bacteria. Animal models will continue to be of significant value in identifying mechanisms resulting in bladder inflammation, but the relevance of some of these models to the causes underlying clinical disease is unclear. This is primarily because of the lack of understanding of causes of these disorders in people. Comparative and translational studies are required if the full potential of findings obtained with animal models to improve prevention and treatment of lower urinary tract inflammation in people is to be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Asfaw TS, Hypolite J, Northington GM, Arya LA, Wein AJ, Malykhina AP. Acute colonic inflammation triggers detrusor instability via activation of TRPV1 receptors in a rat model of pelvic organ cross-sensitization. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1392-400. [PMID: 21474425 PMCID: PMC3119151 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00804.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain of unknown etiology is a common clinical condition and may develop as a result of cross-sensitization in the pelvis when pathological changes in one of the pelvic organs result in functional alterations in an adjacent structure. The aim of the current study was to compare transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activated pathways on detrusor contractility in vivo and in vitro using a rat model of pelvic organ cross-sensitization. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 56) were included in the study. Animals received intracolonic saline (control), resiniferatoxin (RTX, TRPV1 agonist, 10(-7) M), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, colonic irritant), or double treatment (RTX followed by TNBS). Detrusor muscle contractility was assessed under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Intracolonic RTX increased the contractility of the isolated detrusor in response to electric field stimulation (EFS) by twofold (P ≤ 0.001) and enhanced the contractile response of the bladder smooth muscle to carbachol (CCh). Acute colonic inflammation reduced detrusor contractility upon application of CCh in vitro, decreased bladder capacity by 28.1% (P ≤ 0.001), and reduced micturition volume by 60% (P ≤ 0.001). These changes were accompanied by an increased number of nonmicturition contractions from 3.7 ± 0.7 to 15 ± 2.7 (N = 6 in both groups, P ≤ 0.001 vs. control). Desensitization of intracolonic TRPV1 receptors before the induction of acute colitis restored the response of isolated detrusor strips to CCh but not to EFS stimulation. Cystometric parameters were significantly improved in animals with double treatment and approximated the control values. Our data suggest that acute colonic inflammation triggers the occurrence of detrusor instability via activation of TRPV1-related pathways. Comparison of the results obtained under in vitro vs. in vivo conditions provides evidence that intact neural pathways are critical for the development of an overactive bladder resulting from pelvic organ cross talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirsit S Asfaw
- Division of Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036-2307, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Yoshimura N, Chancellor M. Functional role of cannabinoid receptors in urinary bladder. Indian J Urol 2011; 26:26-35. [PMID: 20535281 PMCID: PMC2878434 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.60440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa (maijuana), and their derivatives produce a wide spectrum of central and peripheral effects, some of which may have clinical applications. The discovery of specific cannabinoid receptors and a family of endogenous ligands of those receptors has attracted much attention to the general cannabinoid pharmacology. In recent years, studies on the functional role of cannabinoid receptors in bladder have been motivated by the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids on voiding dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. In this review, we shall summarize the literature on the expression of cannabinoid receptors in urinary bladder and the peripheral influence of locally and systemically administered cannabinoids in the bladder. The ongoing search for cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies devoid of psychotropic effects can be complemented with local delivery into bladder by the intravesical route. A greater understanding of the role of the peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptor system in lower urinary tract is necessary to allow the development of new treatment for pelvic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tyagi
- Departments of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Capasso R, Aviello G, Borrelli F, Romano B, Ferro M, Castaldo L, Montanaro V, Altieri V, Izzo AA. Inhibitory Effect of Standardized Cannabis sativa Extract and Its Ingredient Cannabidiol on Rat and Human Bladder Contractility. Urology 2011; 77:1006.e9-1006.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
67
|
Kalogris C, Caprodossi S, Amantini C, Lambertucci F, Nabissi M, Morelli MB, Farfariello V, Filosa A, Emiliozzi MC, Mammana G, Santoni G. Expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in urothelial cancers of human bladder: relation to clinicopathological and molecular parameters. Histopathology 2011; 57:744-52. [PMID: 21083604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel protein (TRPV1) in normal and neoplastic urothelial tissues and to correlate TRPV1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and disease-specific survival. METHODS AND RESULTS TRPV1 expression was analysed in normal and neoplastic urothelial samples at both mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. TRPV1 downregulation was found in urothelial cancer (UC) specimens, which correlated with tumour progression. Moreover, TRPV1 mRNA levels were associated with clinicopathological parameters to assess the role of TRPV1 downregulation as a negative prognostic factor for survival. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly shorter survival in patients showing TRPV1 mRNA downregulation. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated further that TRPV1 mRNA expression retained its significance as an independent risk factor. CONCLUSIONS The progression of UC of human bladder is associated with a marked decrease in TRPV1 expression, with a progressive loss in high-grade muscle invasive UC. Downregulation of TRPV1 mRNA expression may represent an independent negative prognostic factor for bladder cancer patients.
Collapse
|
68
|
Li S, Bode AM, Zhu F, Liu K, Zhang J, Kim MO, Reddy K, Zykova T, Ma WY, Carper AL, Langfald AK, Dong Z. TRPV1-antagonist AMG9810 promotes mouse skin tumorigenesis through EGFR/Akt signaling. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:779-85. [PMID: 21349818 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to capsaicin, a transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) agonist, two kinds of antagonists against this receptor are used as therapeutic drugs for pain relief. Indeed, a number of small molecule TRPV1 antagonists are currently undergoing Phase I/II clinical trials to determine their effect on relieving chronic inflammatory pain and migraine headache pain. However, we previously reported that the absence of TRPV1 in mice results in a striking increase in skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that chronic blockade of TRPV1 might increase the risk of tumor development. In this study, we found that a typical TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810, promotes mouse skin tumor development. The topical application of AMG9810 resulted in a significant increase in the expression level of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling pathway. This increase was not only observed in AMG9810-treated tumor tissue but was also found in skin tissue treated with AMG9810. In telomerase-immortalized primary human keratinocytes, AMG9810 promoted proliferation that was mediated through the EGFR/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway. In summary, our data suggest that the TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810, promotes mouse skin tumorigenesis mediated through EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling. Thus, the application of this compound for pain relief might increase the risk of skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue North East, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Li M, Sun Y, Simard JM, Chai TC. Increased transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) signaling in idiopathic overactive bladder urothelial cells. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:606-11. [PMID: 21351130 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To measure transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) signaling in human bladder urothelial cells (BUC) from non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) patients and control subjects (NB) BUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary BUC cell cultures were derived from cystoscopic biopsies from two OAB and two NB subjects. TRPV1 expression was detected by immunofluorescence, PCR and Western blot staining. TRPV1 function was assessed by capsaicin (CAP, 6 µM)-evoked intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) changes measured by microfluorimetry imaging. CAP evoked changes in inward and outward currents were recorded electrophysiologically using excised outside-out patches and whole cell configurations using various protocols. RESULTS OAB BUC had significantly increased expression of TRPV1 compared to NB BUC on Western blot. CAP evoked significantly higher maximal [Ca(2+)](i) change over baseline in OAB (84.71 ± 8.96%) compared to NB BUC (60.32 ± 7.93%) (P < 0.05). CAP induced significantly greater percent change in single channel open probability (205.94 ± 20.53% OAB vs. 141.26 ± 16.53% NB, P < 0.05) and normalized inward currents (13.54 ± 1.6 4 pA/pF OAB vs. 8.28 ± 0.89 pA/pF NB, P < 0.05). CAP caused significantly higher percent increase from baseline of whole cell outward currents in OAB (177.12 ± 44.46%) compared to NB BUC (135.98 ± 44.28%) (P < 0.05). Similarly thermal stimulus (45°C solution) evoked significantly higher percent increase in whole cell outward currents in OAB (183.93 ± 14.07%) compared to NB (145.61 ± 10.12%) BUC (P < 0.05). These responses were blocked by 10 µM capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Because only a few subjects were studied, augmented TRPV1 signaling cannot be generalized to all OAB subjects. However, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BUC are involved in sensory signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Athanasopoulos A, Cruz F. The medical treatment of overactive bladder, including current and future treatments. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1041-55. [PMID: 21299469 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.554399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
71
|
Andersson KE, Gratzke C, Hedlund P. The role of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation-selective channels in the management of the overactive bladder. BJU Int 2011; 106:1114-27. [PMID: 21156013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
• The pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), detrusor overactivity (DO), and the overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is multifactorial and remains poorly understood. • The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily has been shown to be involved in nociception and mechanosensory transduction in various organ systems, and studies of the LUT have indicated that several TRP channels, including TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1, are expressed in the bladder, and may act as sensors of stretch and/or chemical irritation. • However, the roles of these individual channels for normal LUT function and in LUTS/DO/OAB, have not been established. • TRPV1 is the channel best investigated. It is widely distributed in LUT structures, but despite extensive information on morphology and function in animal models, the role of this channel in normal human bladder function is still controversial. Conversely, its role in the pathophysiology and treatment of particularly neurogenic DO is well established. • TRPV1 is co-expressed with TRPA1, and TRPA1 is known to be present on capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones. Activation of this channel can induce DO in animal models. • TRPV4 is a Ca(2+)-permeable stretch-activated cation channel, involved in stretch-induced ATP release, and TRPV4-deficient mice exhibit abnormal frequencies of voiding and non-voiding contractions in cystometric experiments. • TRPM8 is a cool receptor expressed in the urothelium and suburothelial sensory fibres. It has been implicated in the bladder-cooling reflex and in idiopathic DO. • The occurrence of other members of the TRP superfamily in the LUT has been reported, but information on their effects on LUT functions is scarce. There seem to be several links between activation of different members of the TRP superfamily and LUTS/DO/OAB, and further exploration of the involvement of these channels in LUT function, normally and in dysfunction, may be rewarding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Erik Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sánchez Freire V, Burkhard FC, Schmitz A, Kessler TM, Monastyrskaya K. Structural differences between the bladder dome and trigone revealed by mRNA expression analysis of cold-cut biopsies. BJU Int 2011; 108:E126-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
73
|
|
74
|
Urinary Nerve Growth Factor Levels in Overactive Bladder Syndrome and Lower Urinary Tract Disorders. J Formos Med Assoc 2010; 109:862-78. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
75
|
Kavia RBC, De Ridder D, Constantinescu CS, Stott CG, Fowler CJ. Randomized controlled trial of Sativex to treat detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010; 16:1349-59. [PMID: 20829244 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510378020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder dysfunction is a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE In this study we aimed to assess the efficacy, tolerability and safety of Sativex(®) (nabiximols) as an add-on therapy in alleviating bladder symptoms in patients with MS. METHODS We undertook a 10-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 135 randomized subjects with MS and overactive bladder (OAB). RESULTS The primary endpoint was the reduction in daily number of urinary incontinence episodes from baseline to end of treatment (8 weeks). Other endpoints included incidence of nocturia and urgency, overall bladder condition (OBC), daytime frequency, Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL), Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC) and volume voided. The primary endpoint showed little difference between Sativex and placebo. Four out of seven secondary endpoints were significantly in favour of Sativex: number of episodes of nocturia (adjusted mean difference -0.28, p = 0.010), OBC (-1.16, p = 0.001), number of voids/day (-0.85, p = 0.001) and PGIC (p = 0.005). Of the other endpoints, number of daytime voids was statistically significantly in favour of Sativex (-0.57, p = 0.044). The improvement in I-QOL was in favour of Sativex but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Although the primary endpoint did not reach statistical significance, we conclude that Sativex did have some impact on the symptoms of overactive bladder in patients with MS, providing evidence of some improvement in symptoms associated with bladder dysfunction in these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B C Kavia
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Araki I, Yoshiyama M, Kobayashi H, Mochizuki T, Du S, Okada Y, Takeda M. Emerging Families of Ion Channels Involved in Urinary Bladder Nociception. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2248-2267. [PMID: 27713353 PMCID: PMC4036652 DOI: 10.3390/ph3072248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of multiple ion channels and receptors is essential for nociceptors to detect noxious stimuli of a thermal, mechanical or chemical nature. The peripheral sensory transduction systems of the urinary bladder include sensory nerve endings, urothelial cells and others whose location is suitable for transducing mechanical and chemical stimuli. There is an increasing body of evidence implicating the Deg/ENaC and TRP channel families in the control of bladder afferent excitability under physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacological interventions targeting these ion channels may provide a new strategy for the treatment of pathological bladder sensation and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Araki
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Mitsuharu Yoshiyama
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Mochizuki
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Shuqi Du
- Department of Urology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yusaku Okada
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yoshiyama M, Araki I, Kobayashi H, Zakoji H, Takeda M. Functional roles of TRPV1 channels in lower urinary tract irritated by acetic acid: in vivo evaluations of the sex difference in decerebrate unanesthetized mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F1351-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00695.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in activity of the lower urinary tract (LUT) responding to acid irritation in mice have been revealed. This study, using continuous infusion cystometry with acetic acid (AA; pH 3.0), was conducted to examine whether the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels expressed in the mouse LUT are involved in the sex difference in functional responses of the bladder and urethra to irritation. No differences were found between effects of capsazepine (a TRPV1 blocker; 100 μM) and those of its vehicle on any of the cystometric changes by intravesical AA in either female or male mice. However, capsazepine eliminated the acid-induced sex differences in parameters associated with bladder contraction phase (i.e., maximal voiding pressure, closing peak pressure, 2nd-phase contraction, bladder contraction duration), whereas capsazepine did not affect those in parameters associated with bladder-filling period (i.e., intercontraction interval, actual collecting time). In males, capsazepine reduced the number of bladder contractions accompanying fluid dribbling at 2nd-phase contraction, which is indicative of the urethral response to irritation, whereas in females it increased the number. Together, these results suggest the possibilities that TRPV1 channels in the bladder and urethra are involved in the sex difference in the LUT response to acid irritation and that these participate, e.g., via “cross talk” between the bladder and urethra, in the fine-tuning of intravesical pressure (or bladder emptying) at the bladder contraction phase under irritated LUT conditions but not in sensing for bladder filling during the storage period, although the contribution of the mechanism may be small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Yoshiyama
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi; and
- Yumura Onsen Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Isao Araki
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi; and
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi; and
| | - Hidenori Zakoji
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi; and
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Yamanashi; and
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Pan XQ, Gonzalez JA, Chang S, Chacko S, Wein AJ, Malykhina AP. Experimental colitis triggers the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the urinary bladder via TRPV1 signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:262-73. [PMID: 20501335 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data provide evidence of high level of co-morbidity among genitourinary and gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic pelvic pain. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that colonic inflammation can impact the function of the urinary bladder via activation of TRPV1 signaling pathways followed by alterations in gene and protein expression of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons and in the bladder. Inflammation was induced by intracolonic instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 12.5mg/kg), and desensitization of TRPV1 receptors was evoked by intracolonic resiniferatoxin (RTX, 10(-)(7)M). mRNA and protein concentrations of CGRP and SP were measured at 3, 5 and 30 days. RTX instillation in the colon caused 3-fold up-regulation of SP mRNA in the urinary bladder at day 5 (n=7, p ≤ 0.05) followed by 35-fold increase at day 30 (n=5, p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, TNBS colitis triggered 15.8-fold up-regulation of SP mRNA 1 month after TNBS (n=5, p ≤ 0.05). Desensitization of colonic TRPV1 receptors prior to TNBS abolished SP increase in the urinary bladder. RTX led to 4.3-fold increase of CGRP mRNA at day 5 (n=7, p ≤ 0.05 to control) in the bladder followed by 28-fold increase at day 30 post-RTX (n=4, p ≤ 0.05). Colitis did not alter CGRP concentration during acute phase; however, at day 30 mRNA level was increased by 17.8 ± 6.9-fold (n=5, p ≤ 0.05) in parallel with 4-fold increase in CGRP protein (n=5, p ≤ 0.01) in the detrusor. Protein concentration of CGRP in the spinal cord was diminished by 45-65% (p ≤ 0.05) during colitis. RTX pretreatment did not affect CGRP concentration in the urinary bladder; however, it caused a reduction in CGRP release from lumbosacral DRG neurons during acute phase (3 and 5 days post-TNBS). Our results clearly demonstrate that colonic inflammation triggers the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides SP and CGRP in the urinary bladder via activation of TRPV1 signaling mechanisms enunciating the neurogenic nature of pelvic organ cross-sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Pan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
TAKEDA M, MOCHIZUKI T, YOSHIYAMA M, NAKAGOMI H, KOBAYASHI H, SAWADA N, ZAKOHJI H, DU S, ARAKI I. Sensor Mechanism and Afferent Signal Transduction of the Urinary Bladder: Special Focus on transient receptor potential Ion Channels. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2010; 2:51-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2010.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
80
|
Pinto R, Frias B, Allen S, Dawbarn D, McMahon SB, Cruz F, Cruz CD. Sequestration of brain derived nerve factor by intravenous delivery of TrkB-Ig2 reduces bladder overactivity and noxious input in animals with chronic cystitis. Neuroscience 2010; 166:907-16. [PMID: 20079809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain derived nerve factor (BDNF) is a trophic factor belonging to the neurotrophin family. It is upregulated in various inflammatory conditions, where it may contribute to altered pain states. In cystitis, little is known about the relevance of BDNF in bladder-generated noxious input and bladder overactivity, a matter we investigated in the present study. Female rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with cyclophosphamide (CYP; 200 mg/kg). They received saline or TrkB-Ig(2) via intravenously (i.v.) or intravesical administration. Three days after CYP-injection, animals were anaesthetized and cystometries performed. All animals were perfusion-fixed and the spinal cord segments L6 collected, post-fixed and processed for c-Fos and phosphoERK immunoreactivity. BDNF expression in the bladder, as well as bladder histology, was also assessed. Intravesical TrkB-Ig(2) did not change bladder reflex activity of CYP-injected rats. In CYP-animals treated with i.v. TrkB-Ig(2) a decrease in the frequency of bladder reflex contractions, in comparison with saline-treated animals, was observed. In spinal sections from the latter group of animals, the number of phosphoERK and c-Fos immunoreactive neurons was lower than in sections from saline-treated CYP-animals. BDNF immunoreactivity was higher during cystitis but was not changed by TrkB-Ig(2) i.v. treatment. Evaluation of the bladder histology showed similar inflammatory signs in the bladders of inflamed animals, irrespective of the treatment. Data show that i.v. but not intravesical administration of TrkB-Ig(2) reduced bladder hyperactivity in animals with cystitis to levels comparable to those observed in unirritated rats. Since i.v. TrkB-Ig(2) also reduced spinal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, it is possible that BDNF contribution to inflammation-induced bladder hyperactivity is via spinal activation of the ERK pathway. Finally, the reduction in c-Fos expression indicates that TrkB-Ig(2) also reduced bladder-generated noxious input. Our results show that sequestration of BDNF may be considered a new therapeutic strategy to treat chronic cystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pinto
- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal; Department of Urology, Hospital de S João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Jara-Oseguera A, Simon SA, Rosenbaum T. TRPV1: on the road to pain relief. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2010; 1:255-69. [PMID: 20021438 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210801030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically, drug research targeted to pain treatment has focused on trying to prevent the propagation of action potentials in the periphery from reaching the brain rather than pinpointing the molecular basis underlying the initial detection of the nociceptive stimulus: the receptor itself. This has now changed, given that many receptors of nociceptive stimuli have been identified and/or cloned. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels have been implicated in several physiological processes such as mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli detection. Ten years after the cloning of TRPV1, compelling data has been gathered on the role of this channel in inflammatory and neuropathic states. TRPV1 activation in nociceptive neurons, where it is normally expressed, triggers the release of neuropeptides and transmitters resulting in the generation of action potentials that will be sent to higher CNS areas where they will often be perceived as pain. Its activation also will evoke the peripheral release of pro-inflammatory compounds that may sensitize other neurons to physical, thermal or chemical stimuli. For these reasons as well as because its continuous activation causes analgesia, TRPV1 has become a viable drug target for clinical use in the management of pain. This review will provide a general picture of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the TRPV1 channel and of its structural, pharmacological and biophysical properties. Finally, it will provide the reader with an overall view of the status of the discovery of potential therapeutic agents for the management of chronic and neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Jara-Oseguera
- Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Sadananda P, Shang F, Liu L, Mansfield KJ, Burcher E. Release of ATP from rat urinary bladder mucosa: role of acid, vanilloids and stretch. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1655-62. [PMID: 19860742 PMCID: PMC2801206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ATP, released from urothelial cells, modulates afferent nerve firing from the urinary bladder. Here, we have characterized ATP release from the rat bladder mucosa in response to acid, capsaicin, electrical field stimulation (EFS) and stretch, using agonists and antagonists at transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat mucosal strips (containing urothelium and lamina propria) in Perspex microbaths were superfused with Krebs solution. ATP was measured after exposure of matched strips to acid (pH 6.6-5.0), capsaicin (0.1-10 microM), EFS or stretch (150% of original length). KEY RESULTS Median basal ATP release was 3.46 nmol g(-1). The mucosal strips responded to stimuli with potency order (median, IQR): acid (pH 5.6-6.0) 286 (103-555) > 10 microM capsaicin 188 (117-431) > 10 Hz EFS 63.0 (13.3-96.4) > stretch 24.4 (6.73-55.1) nmol ATP g(-1). ATP release in response to acid was pH dependent (P < 0.05). Responses to capsaicin did not desensitize nor were they concentration dependent. TRPV1 antagonist, capsazepine (10 microM) abolished capsaicin-evoked ATP release, and reduced acid-evoked (pH 6.5) release to 30% (P < 0.001). The ASIC channel antagonists gadolinium (0.1 mM) and amiloride (0.3 microM) reduced (P < 0.05) the acid-evoked (pH 6.5) release to 40 and 6.5% respectively. ASIC (ASIC1, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3) and two TRPV1 gene products were detected in mucosal and detrusor extracts. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Capsaicin (at TRPV1) and acid (at both TRPV1 and ASIC) induce ATP release from the rat bladder mucosa. This ATP appears to be principally of urothelial origin. This study highlights the importance of ATP and acid as signalling molecules in modulating bladder function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sadananda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Intravesical Botulinum Toxin Injection for Overactive Bladder—What We Can Learn From Previous Clinical Trials. Tzu Chi Med J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(09)60056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
84
|
Michel MC, Chapple CR. Basic mechanisms of urgency: roles and benefits of pharmacotherapy. World J Urol 2009; 27:705-9. [PMID: 19588154 PMCID: PMC2780647 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since urgency is key to the overactive bladder syndrome, we have reviewed the mechanisms underlying how bladder filling and urgency are sensed, what causes urgency and how this relates to medical therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of published literature. RESULTS As urgency can only be assessed in cognitively intact humans, mechanistic studies of urgency often rely on proxy or surrogate parameters, such as detrusor overactivity, but these may not necessarily be reliable. There is an increasing evidence base to suggest that the sensation of ‘urgency’ differs from the normal physiological urge to void upon bladder filling. While the relative roles of alterations in afferent processes, central nervous processing, efferent mechanisms and in intrinsic bladder smooth muscle function remain unclear, and not necessarily mutually exclusive, several lines of evidence support an important role for the latter. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of urgency and its causes may help to develop more effective treatments for voiding dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christian Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Charrua A, Reguenga C, Cordeiro JM, Correiade-Sá P, Paule C, Nagy I, Cruz F, Avelino A. Functional Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 is Expressed in Human Urothelial Cells. J Urol 2009; 182:2944-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Charrua
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Department of Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correiade-Sá
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cleope Paule
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Avelino
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Alawi K, Keeble J. The paradoxical role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:181-95. [PMID: 19896501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transient potential receptor vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor is a non-selective cation channel that is chemically activated by capsaicin, the pungent component of hot peppers. In addition, endogenous compounds, in particular the endogenous cannabinoid receptor activator, anandamide, have been demonstrated to activate TRPV1 in vivo. TRPV1 receptors are also activated by temperatures within the noxious range (>43 degrees C) and low pH (<pH 6.0). TRPV1 receptors are predominantly expressed in primary afferent fibres which are peptidergic sensory neurones, such as the thinly myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C-fibres. TRPV1 receptors have also been demonstrated to be present in non-neuronal cells. Historically, TRPV1 has been considered as a pro-inflammatory receptor due to its key role in several conditions, including neuropathic pain, joint inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease, amongst others. However, the purpose of this review is to underline the emerging new evidence which demonstrate paradoxical, protective functions for this unique receptor in vivo. For example, in experimentally induced sepsis, TRPV1 null mice demonstrated elevated levels of pathological markers in comparison to wild-type mice. In addition to the pro-inflammatory and protective roles of TRPV1 in pathophysiological states, TRPV1 has also been shown to have important functions under normal physiological conditions, for example in urinary bladder function, thermoregulation and neurogenesis. The emerging functions of TRPV1 highlight the necessity for further research in light of increasing reports of potential TRPV1 antagonists undergoing pre-clinical experimentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Alawi
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE19NH, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Masuda H, Ichiyanagi N, Yokoyama M, Sakai Y, Kihara K, Chancellor MB, de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Muscarinic receptor activation in the lumbosacral spinal cord ameliorates bladder irritation in rat cystitis models. BJU Int 2009; 104:1531-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
88
|
Yang Z, Dolber PC, Fraser MO. Differential vulnerabilities of urethral afferents in diabetes and discovery of a novel urethra-to-urethra reflex. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F118-24. [PMID: 19864303 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00281.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral reflexes are important regulators of micturition, and impairment of urethral afferent neuronal function may disrupt coordinated bladder and urethral activity, thereby contributing to voiding dysfunction in lower urinary tract disorders. Chemical stimulation by intraurethral irritant solution perfusion was used to determine whether urethral afferent neuronal function is altered in diabetes mellitus (DM). Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 10 wk after streptozotocin injection to induce DM or vehicle alone. Escalating doses of capsaicin (0.1-30 microM) or acetic acid (0.01-1%; AA) were perfused intraurethrally while recording isovolumetric bladder activity, urethral perfusion pressure, and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter (EUS-EMG). Some rats were additionally treated with alpha-bungarotoxin, hexamethonium, or bilateral transection of the sensory branches of the pudendal nerves (PudSNx). Intraurethral capsaicin inhibited bladder contractions in six out of seven control rats but not in any of six DM rats. Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) of intraurethral pressure were observed in five out of six control rats with capsaicin-induced bladder inhibition. In contrast, intraurethral AA inhibited bladder contractions and enhanced tonic EUS-EMG activity in six out of six control and five out of six DM rats. LFOs occurred in four out of six control and three of five DM rats with AA-induced bladder inhibition. Chemically induced bladder inhibition and LFOs were not prevented by alpha-bungarotoxin but were eliminated by PudSNx and hexamethonium. Finally, LFOs were followed by phasic EUS activity. These findings show that DM affects urethral afferent neurons differentially, compromising those expressing TRPV1 receptors. Urethral smooth muscle LFOs are neurogenically mediated and induce EUS activity, revealing the existence of a hitherto undescribed reflex pathway: a smooth-to-striated muscle urethra-to-urethra reflex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongguang Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Cefalu JS, Guillon MA, Burbach LR, Zhu QM, Hu DQ, Ho MJ, Ford AP, Nunn PA, Cockayne DA. Selective Pharmacological Blockade of the TRPV1 Receptor Suppresses Sensory Reflexes of the Rodent Bladder. J Urol 2009; 182:776-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
90
|
Michel MC, Chapple CR. Basic Mechanisms of Urgency: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Eur Urol 2009; 56:298-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
91
|
Mochizuki T, Sokabe T, Araki I, Fujishita K, Shibasaki K, Uchida K, Naruse K, Koizumi S, Takeda M, Tominaga M. The TRPV4 cation channel mediates stretch-evoked Ca2+ influx and ATP release in primary urothelial cell cultures. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21257-64. [PMID: 19531473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channels have recently been implicated in physiological functions in a urogenital system. In this study, we investigated the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels in a stretch sensing mechanism in mouse primary urothelial cell cultures. The selective TRPV4 agonist, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alpha-PDD) evoked Ca(2+) influx in wild-type (WT) urothelial cells, but not in TRPV4-deficient (TRPV4KO) cells. We established a cell-stretch system to investigate stretch-evoked changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and ATP release. Stretch stimulation evoked intracellular Ca(2+) increases in a stretch speed- and distance-dependent manner in WT and TRPV4KO cells. In TRPV4KO urothelial cells, however, the intracellular Ca(2+) increase in response to stretch stimulation was significantly attenuated compared with that in WT cells. Stretch-evoked Ca(2+) increases in WT urothelium were partially reduced in the presence of ruthenium red, a broad TRP channel blocker, whereas that in TRPV4KO cells did not show such reduction. Potent ATP release occurred following stretch stimulation or 4alpha-PDD administration in WT urothelial cells, which was dramatically suppressed in TRPV4KO cells. Stretch-dependent ATP release was almost completely eliminated in the presence of ruthenium red or in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). These results suggest that TRPV4 senses distension of the bladder urothelium, which is converted to an ATP signal in the micturition reflex pathway during urine storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Mochizuki
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Amantini C, Ballarini P, Caprodossi S, Nabissi M, Morelli MB, Lucciarini R, Cardarelli MA, Mammana G, Santoni G. Triggering of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) by capsaicin induces Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis of urothelial cancer cells in an ATM-dependent manner. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1320-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
93
|
Kobayashi H, Yoshiyama M, Zakoji H, Takeda M, Araki I. Sex differences in the expression profile of acid-sensing ion channels in the mouse urinary bladder: a possible involvement in irritative bladder symptoms. BJU Int 2009; 104:1746-51. [PMID: 19493263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expressions and sex differences of acid-sensitive ion channels (i.e. ASIC and transient receptor potential channel V1, TRPV1; both key receptors for extracellular protons that might underlie the acid-evoked pain perception) and other nociceptive ion channels in the mouse bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mucosa and muscle layers of the urinary bladder were separately taken from male and female mice. The gene expressions of ASIC subunits, TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8 were quantified using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The localization of ASIC protein was explored using immunohistochemistry. Continuous-filling cystometry was used to examine the effects of capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker, on the bladder response to acetic acid. RESULTS ASIC1 was the dominant ASIC subunit expressed in bladder epithelium, whereas both ASIC1 and ASIC2 were expressed in bladder smooth muscle. ASIC3 expression was much less abundant, but localized in the subepithelial region. In the mucosa, the ASIC1 gene was more highly expressed in male than in female mice, whereas the expression level of ASIC2 in the bladder muscle was higher in female than in male mice. The expression of TRPV1 in the bladder showed a sex difference (male < female), but it was much lower than ASIC genes. Furthermore, the intravesical administration of 100 microm capsazepine showed no effect on bladder irritation by acetic acid. TRPA1 and TRPM8 did not show sex differences in their expression. CONCLUSION The expression of ASIC subunit in the bladder was abundant and showed significant sex differences. Thus, ASICs might be involved in the sex difference in the bladder response to acidic irritation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Chuo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
|
95
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Kullmann FA, Shah MA, Birder LA, de Groat WC. Functional TRP and ASIC-like channels in cultured urothelial cells from the rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F892-901. [PMID: 19158342 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90718.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are molecular detectors of chemical, mechanical, thermal, and nociceptive stimuli in sensory neurons. They have been identified in the urothelium, a tissue considered part of bladder sensory pathways, where they might play a role in bladder function. This study investigated functional properties of TRP and ASIC channels in cultured urothelial cells from the rat using patch-clamp and fura 2 Ca(2+) imaging techniques. The TRPV4 agonist 4alpha-phorbol-12,13 didecanoate (4alpha-PDD; 1-5 microM) and the TRPA1/TRPM8 agonist icilin (50-100 microM) elicited transient currents in a high percentage of cells (>70%). 4alpha-PDD responses were suppressed by the TRPV4 antagonist HC-010961 (10 microM). The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (1-100 microM) and the TRPA1/TRPM8 agonist menthol (5-200 microM) elicited transient currents in a moderate percentage of cells ( approximately 25%). All of these agonists increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Most cells responded to more than one TRP agonist (e.g., capsaicin and 4alpha-PDD), indicating coexpression of different TRP channels. In the presence of the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (10 microM), changes in pH induced by HCl elicited ionic currents (pH 5.5) and increased [Ca(2+)](i) (pH 6.5) in approximately 50% of cells. Changes in pH using acetic acid (pH 5.5) elicited biphasic-like currents. Responses induced by acid were sensitive to amiloride (10 microM). In summary, urothelial cells express multiple TRP and ASIC channels, whose activation elicits ionic currents and Ca(2+) influx. These "neuron-like" properties might be involved in transmitter release, such as ATP, that can act on afferent nerves or smooth muscle to modulate their responses to different stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E 1340 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Everaerts W, Sepúlveda MR, Gevaert T, Roskams T, Nilius B, De Ridder D. Where is TRPV1 expressed in the bladder, do we see the real channel? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 379:421-5. [PMID: 19153713 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel-vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) is an important target in the treatment of bladder overactivity. This receptor is suggested to function as a mechanosensor in the normal bladder and to mediate the development of bladder overactivity during cystitis. Our aim was to determine the cellular distribution of TRPV1 in mouse and rat bladder tissue. We used three different commercial TRPV1 antibodies to perform immunohistochemistry on bladder tissue from rats and wild-type and TRPV1(-/-) mice, using trigeminal ganglia as a control tissue for TRPV1 expression. Although two of the antibodies seemed to react specifically in trigeminal ganglion tissue, all the antibodies produced a similar staining pattern in the urothelium of wild-type and TRPV1(-/-) mice. These data show that TRPV1 antibodies can cause an aspecific immunostaining in bladder tissue, urging for additional research to confirm the exact distribution of TRPV1 in bladder. In conclusion, we think that the use of negative controls on knockout mice, whenever available, is mandatory when conducting immunohistochemical localization studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Everaerts
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Bus 7003, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
Acidosis is a noxious condition associated with inflammation, ischaemia or defective acid containment. As a consequence, acid sensing has evolved as an important property of afferent neurons with unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nerve fibres. Protons evoke multiple currents in primary afferent neurons, which are carried by several acid-sensitive ion channels. Among these, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) ion channels have been most thoroughly studied. ASICs survey moderate decreases in extracellular pH, whereas TRPV1 is activated only by severe acidosis resulting in pH values below 6. Two-pore-domain K(+) (K(2P)) channels are differentially regulated by small deviations of extra- or intracellular pH from physiological levels. Other acid-sensitive channels include TRPV4, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPP2 (PKD2L1), ionotropic purinoceptors (P2X), inward rectifier K(+) channels, voltage-activated K(+) channels, L-type Ca(2+) channels, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels, gap junction channels, and Cl(-) channels. In addition, acid-sensitive G protein coupled receptors have also been identified. Most of these molecular acid sensors are expressed by primary sensory neurons, although to different degrees and in various combinations. Emerging evidence indicates that many of the acid-sensitive ion channels and receptors play a role in acid sensing, acid-induced pain and acid-evoked feedback regulation of homeostatic reactions. The existence and apparent redundancy of multiple pH surveillance systems attests to the concept that acid-base regulation is a vital issue for cell and tissue homeostasis. Since upregulation and overactivity of acid sensors appear to contribute to various forms of chronic pain, acid-sensitive ion channels and receptors are considered as targets for novel analgesic drugs. This approach will only be successful if the pathological implications of acid sensors can be differentiated pharmacologically from their physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
GRC-6211, a New Oral Specific TRPV1 Antagonist, Decreases Bladder Overactivity and Noxious Bladder Input in Cystitis Animal Models. J Urol 2009; 181:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
100
|
Ferreira SG, Lomaglio T, Avelino A, Cruz F, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA, Köfalvi A. N-acyldopamines control striatal input terminals via novel ligand-gated cation channels. Neuropharmacology 2008; 56:676-83. [PMID: 19101577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous analogues of capsaicin, N-acyldopamines, were previously identified from striatal extracts, but the putative presynaptic role of their receptor, the TRPV(1)R (formerly: vanilloid or capsaicin receptor) in the caudate-putamen is unclear. We found that the endogenous TRPV(1)R agonists, N-arachidonoyldopamine (NADA) and oleoyldopamine (OLDA) with EC(50) values in the nanomolar range, as well as the synthetic TRPV(1)R activator 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2APB), and palmytoyldopamine (PALDA, another endogenous N-acyldopamine inactive at the TRPV(1)R), but not capsaicin or other endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids, triggered a rapid Ca(2+) entry with the concomitant stimulation of glutamate and dopamine release. These effects persisted in the TRPV(1)R null-mutant mice, and were insensitive to antagonists of common ionotropic receptors, to several TRPV(1)R antagonists and to the absence of K(+). Furthermore, these N-acyldopamine receptors in glutamatergic and dopaminergic terminals are different based on their different sensitivity to anandamide, capsazepine and Gd(3+) at nanomolar concentrations. Altogether, novel ion channels instead of the TRPV(1)R mediate the presynaptic action of N-acyldopamines in the striatum of adult rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira G Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 1 Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|