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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 PMCID: PMC4120193 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Hoffmann J, Altenbuchner J. Hyaluronic acid production with Corynebacterium glutamicum: effect of media composition on yield and molecular weight. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:663-78. [PMID: 24863652 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Corynebacterium glutamicum was tested as an alternative host for heterologous production of hyaluronic acid (HA). METHODS AND RESULTS A set of expression vectors containing hasA, encoding HA synthase from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, alone or in combination with genes encoding enzymes for HA precursor production (hasB, hasC, glmU from Pseudomonas putida KT2440) or bacterial haemoglobin (vgb from Vitreoscilla sp.) was constructed. Recombinant Coryne. glutamicum strains were cultivated in two different minimal media, CGXII and MEK700. HA was isolated from the culture broth by ethanol precipitation or ultrafiltration. Analyses of the isolated HA revealed that overall production was higher in CGXII medium (1241 mg l(-1)) than in MEK700 medium (363 mg l(-1)), but molecular weight of the product was higher in MEK700 (>1·4 MDa) than in CGXII (<270 kDa). Coexpression of hasB, hasC or glmU had no effect on HA yield and did not improve molecular weight of the product. Coexpression of vgb lowered HA yield about 1·5-fold and did not affect molecular weight of the product. Microscopy of negative-stained cultures revealed that Coryne. glutamicum produces no distinct HA capsule. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of cell growth and gene expression level of hasA are reasonable starting points for controlling the molecular weight of HA produced by Coryne. glutamicum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Corynebacterium glutamicum has a great potential as an alternative production host for HA. The fact that Coryne. glutamicum produces no distinct HA capsule facilitates HA isolation and improves overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoffmann
- Institute of Industrial Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Jeong E, Shim WY, Kim JH. Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for production of hyaluronic acid with high molecular weight. J Biotechnol 2014; 185:28-36. [PMID: 24892811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight (>1 MDa) of hyaluronic acid (HA) is important for its biological functions. The reported limiting factors for the production of HA with high molecular weight (MW) by microbial fermentation are the insufficient HA precursor pool and cell growth inhibition. To overcome these issues, the Xenopus laevis xhasA2 and xhasB genes encoding hyaluronan synthase 2 (xhasA2) and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (xhasB), were expressed in Pichia pastoris widely used for production of heterologous proteins. In this study, expression vectors containing various combination cassettes of HA pathway genes including xhasA2 and xhasB from X. laevis as well as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (hasC), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (hasD) and phosphoglucose isomerase (hasE) from P. pastoris were constructed and tested. First, HA pathway genes were overexpressed using pAO815 and pGAPZB vectors, resulting in the production of 1.2 MDa HA polymers. Second, in order to decrease hyaluronan synthase expression a strong AOX1 promoter in the xhasA2 gene was replaced by a weak AOX2 promoter which increased the mean MW of HA to 2.1 MDa. Finally, the MW of HA polymer was further increased to 2.5 MDa by low-temperature cultivation (26 °C) which reduced cell growth inhibition. The yield of HA production by the P. pastoris recombinant strains in 1L of fermentation culture was 0.8-1.7 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euijoon Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro (373-1 Guseong-dong), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yong Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro (373-1 Guseong-dong), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro (373-1 Guseong-dong), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Freitas F, Alves VD, Reis MAM. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Production and Applications in Cosmetic Industry. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_63-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Shah MV, Badle SS, Ramachandran K. Hyaluronic acid production and molecular weight improvement by redirection of carbon flux towards its biosynthesis pathway. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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From physiology to systems metabolic engineering for the production of biochemicals by lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:764-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu Q, Yang A, Zou W, Duan Z, Liu J, Chen J, Liu L. Transcriptional engineering ofEscherichia coliK4 for fructosylated chondroitin production. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1140-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Aihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Zuoying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Jiangshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Abstract
Hyaluronan is a polysaccharide with multiple functions in the human body being involved in creating flexible and protective layers in tissues and in many signalling pathways during embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Hyaluronan is an important component of active pharmaceutical ingredients for treatment of, for example, arthritis and osteoarthritis, and its commercial value far exceeds that of other microbial extracellular polysaccharides. Traditionally hyaluronan is extracted from animal waste which is a well-established process now. However, biotechnological synthesis of biopolymers provides a wealth of new possibilities. Therefore, genetic/metabolic engineering has been applied in the area of tailor-made hyaluronan synthesis. Another approach is the controlled artificial (in vitro) synthesis of hyaluronan by enzymes. Advantage of using microbial and enzymatic synthesis for hyaluronan production is the simpler downstream processing and a reduced risk of viral contamination. In this paper an overview of the different methods used to produce hyaluronan is presented. Emphasis is on the advancements made in the field of the synthesis of bioengineered hyaluronan.
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Zhang C, Liu L, Teng L, Chen J, Liu J, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli BL21 for biosynthesis of heparosan, a bioengineered heparin precursor. Metab Eng 2012; 14:521-7. [PMID: 22781283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a precursor of bioengineered heparin, heparosan is currently produced from Escherichia coli K5, which is pathogenic bacteria potentially causing urinary tract infection. Thus, it would be advantageous to develop an alternative source of heparosan from a non-pathogeneic strain. In this work we reported the biosynthesis of heparosan via the metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic E. coli BL21 as a production host. Four genes, KfiA, KfiB, KfiC and KfiD, encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of heparosan in E. coli K5, were cloned into inducible plasmids pETDuet-1 and pRSFDuet-1 and further transformed into E. coli BL21, yielding six recombinant strains as follows: sA, sC, sAC, sABC, sACD and sABCD. The single expression of KfiA (sA) or KfiC (sC) in E. coli BL21 did not produce heparosan, while the co-expression of KfiA and KfiC (sAC) could produce 63 mg/L heparosan in shake flask. The strain sABC and sACD could produce 100 and 120 mg/L heparosan, respectively, indicating that the expression of KfiB or KfiD was beneficial for heparosan production. The strain sABCD could produce 334 mg/L heparosan in shake flask and 652 mg/L heparosan in 3-L batch bioreactor. The heparosan yield was further increased to 1.88 g/L in a dissolved oxygen-stat fed-batch culture in 3-L bioreactor. As revealed by the nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the chemical structure of heparosan from recombinant E. coli BL21 and E. coli K5 was identical. The weight average molecular weight of heparosan from E. coli K5, sAC, sABC, sACD, and sABCD was 51.67, 39.63, 91.47, 64.51, and 118.30 kDa, respectively. This work provides a viable process for the production of heparosan as a precursor of bioengineered heparin from a safer bacteria strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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DeAngelis PL. Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide biosynthesis and production: today and tomorrow. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:295-305. [PMID: 22391966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans [GAGs] are essential heteropolysaccharides in vertebrate tissues that are also, in certain cases, employed as virulence factors by microbes. Hyaluronan [HA], heparin, and chondroitin sulfate [CS] are GAGs currently used in various medical applications and together are multi-billion dollar products thus targets for production by animal-free manufacture. By using bacteria as the source of GAGs, the pathogen's sword may be converted into a plowshare to help avoid potential liabilities springing from the use of animal-derived GAGs including adventitious agents (e.g., prions, pathogens), antigenicity, degradation of the environment, and depletion of endangered species. HA from microbes, which have a chemical structure identical to human HA, has already been commercialized and sold at the ton-scale. Substantial progress towards microbial heparin and CS has been made, but these vertebrate polymers are more complicated structurally than the unsulfated bacterial polysaccharide precursors thus require additional processing steps. This review provides an overview of GAG structure, medical applications, microbial biosynthesis, and the state of bacterial GAG production systems. Representatives of all glycosyltransferase enzymes that polymerize the sugar chains of the three main GAGs have been identified and serve as the core technology to harness, but the proteins involved in sugar precursor formation and chain export steps of biosynthesis are also essential to the GAG production process. In addition, this review discusses future directions and potential important issues. Overall, this area is poised to make great headway to produce safer (both increased purity and more secure supply chains) non-animal GAG-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
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Prasad SB, Ramachandran KB, Jayaraman G. Transcription analysis of hyaluronan biosynthesis genes in Streptococcus zooepidemicus and metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1593-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cimini D, Rosa MD, Schiraldi C. Production of glucuronic acid-based polysaccharides by microbial fermentation for biomedical applications. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:237-50. [PMID: 22125298 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the properties, different biosynthetic machineries, and biotechnological production processes of four microbially derived glucuronic acid-based polysaccharides that are of interest for diverse biomedical purposes. In particular, the utilization of hyaluronic acid and heparin sulfate in high-value medical applications is already well established, whereas chondroitin sulfate and alginate show high potential within this ever-growing field. Furthermore, new strategies exploiting genetically engineered microorganisms generated through improving naturally existing pathways or de novo designed ones are described. These new developments result in increased fermentation titers, and thereby, pave the way towards feasible, or at least improved, process economy. Moreover, these strategies also allow for the future possibility of producing tailor-made biopolymers with specified characteristics, even novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Second University of Naples, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Naples, Italy
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Liu L, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges, and perspectives. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:99. [PMID: 22088095 PMCID: PMC3239841 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid with a molecular weight up to 6 million Daltons. With excellent viscoelasticity, high moisture retention capacity, and high biocompatibility, HA finds a wide-range of applications in medicine, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. Traditionally HA was extracted from rooster combs, and now it is mainly produced via streptococcal fermentation. Recently the production of HA via recombinant systems has received increasing interest due to the avoidance of potential toxins. This work summarizes the research history and current commercial market of HA, and then deeply analyzes the current state of microbial production of HA by Streptococcus zooepidemicus and recombinant systems, and finally discusses the challenges facing microbial HA production and proposes several research outlines to meet the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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