51
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Mion F, Vetrano S, Tonon S, Valeri V, Piontini A, Burocchi A, Petti L, Frossi B, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Pucillo CE. Reciprocal influence of B cells and tumor macro and microenvironments in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1336593. [PMID: 28919998 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1336593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the immune system is its dynamism, meant as the ability to change and readapt according to the organism needs. Following an insult, we assist to the spontaneous organization of different immune cells which cooperate, locally and at distance, to build up an appropriate response. Throughout tumor progression, adaptations within the systemic tumor environment, or macroenvironment, result in the promotion of tumor growth, tumor invasion and metastasis to distal organs, but also to dramatic changes in the activity and composition of the immune system. In this work, we show the changes of the B-cell arm of the immune system following tumor progression in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Tumor macroenvironment leads to an increased proportion of total and IL-10-competent B cells in draining LNs while activates a differentiation route that leads to the expansion of IgA+ lymphocytes in the spleen and peritoneum. Importantly, serum IgA levels were significantly higher in ApcMin/+ than Wt mice. The peculiar involvement of IgA response in the adenomatous transformation had correlates in the gut-mucosal compartment where IgA-positive elements increased from normal mucosa to areas of low grade dysplasia while decreasing upon overt carcinomatous transformation. Altogether, our findings provide a snapshot of the tumor education of B lymphocytes in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Understanding how tumor macroenvironment affects the differentiation, function and distribution of B lymphocytes is pivotal to the generation of specific therapies, targeted to switching B cells to an anti-, rather than pro-, tumoral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Piontini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Petti
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
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52
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Maglioco A, Machuca DG, Badano MN, Nannini P, Camerano GV, Costa H, Meiss R, Ruggiero RA, Giordano M, Dran GI. B cells inhibit the antitumor immunity against an established murine fibrosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3225-3232. [PMID: 28521429 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the classic role of B cells in favoring the immune response, an inhibitory action of B lymphocytes in tumor immunity has emerged in certain studies. In methylcolanthrene-induced murine fibrosarcoma (MCC), the loss of immunogenicity and the establishment of tolerance are paralleled by systemic immune suppression and the appearance of B+IL-10+ cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. The present study aimed to assess the role of the B+IL-10+ cell population in the immune evasion and tolerance induced by MCC through the depletion of B cells in mice at various times of tumor progression: Prior to or subsequent to tumor implantation. Tumor growth and immunological parameters were evaluated. B cell depletion prior to tumor inoculum enhanced tumor growth, initiating the onset of the tumor-induced systemic immune response; however, an increase in the T regulatory cells (Tregs) at the tumor-draining lymph node could account for tumor exacerbation. B cell depletion once the tumor was established resulted in decreased tumor growth and a delayed onset of tolerance. Additionally, B cell absence exacerbated T cell dependent-tumor rejection, reduced Tregs and increased cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In vitro analysis showed a direct effect of B cells upon T cell proliferation. In conclusion, B cell depletion exerts opposite effects when performed prior to or subsequent to tumor implantation. In this initially immunogenic tumor, B cell absence would delay the establishment of immunological tolerance probably by unmasking a pre-existing antitumor response. The present findings elucidate the convenience of modulating B cells in the development of future and more effective immunotherapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maglioco
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina.,Center for Higher Studies in Social Sciences and Health (CAECIHS), Interamerican Open University (UAI), Buenos Aires C1270AAH, Argentina
| | - Damián G Machuca
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - María Noel Badano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IMEX, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Paula Nannini
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, IMEX, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Camerano
- IMEX, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Héctor Costa
- IMEX, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Roberto Meiss
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Oncology Studies, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Raúl A Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Mirta Giordano
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, IMEX, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
| | - Graciela I Dran
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires C1425AUM, Argentina
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53
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Significance of B10 cell in patients with thymoma complicated with myasthenia gravis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73774-73786. [PMID: 29088744 PMCID: PMC5650299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of regulatory B cells in humans has been identified as B10 cell which has the function of secreting interleukin-10. We evaluated the significance of B10 cell in patients with thymoma complicated with myasthenia gravis. In this study, 156 patients diagnosed with thymoma were enrolled, FCM was used to detected the percentage of Breg/CD19+B cells and CD19+B cells/PBMC, ELISA to evaluate the serum concentration of the relevant immunological markers; purified CD19+B cells in tissues by MACS; gene and protein expressions of CD19 and IL-10 by Real-time PCR and Western-Blot; double immunofluorescence staining to detect the distribution of CD19 and IL-10 in thymus tissues. Thymoma patients without MG mainly display the types A and AB of thymoma, whereas the thymoma patients with MG mainly display type B (B1, B2 and B3) thymoma; AChR-Ab in Tm + MG group was the highest, with the progress of the disease, the percentage of Breg/CD19+B cells increased and B10/CD19+B cells decreased (p < 0.05); ROC curve showed that B10 had the greatest significance for the clinical directivity of Tm+MG and cut-off point = 0.55%; in accordance with the Con, Tm and Tm+MG group, the content of CD19+IL-10+B10 cells increased gradually (p < 0.05); meanwhile, the gene and protein expression levels of CD19 and IL-10 gradually increased in the same way. It is concluded that with the progress of thymoma, the infiltration of Breg in tumour tissue increases; however, as the severity of MG increases, the function of Breg (B10 cell) in peripheral blood decreases and the cut-off point is 0.55%.
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54
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Staun-Ram E, Miller A. Effector and regulatory B cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:11-25. [PMID: 28461106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease, is becoming eminent in recent years, but the specific contribution of the distinct B cell subsets remains to be elucidated. Several B cell subsets have shown regulatory, anti-inflammatory capacities in response to stimuli in vitro, as well as in the animal model of MS: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the functional role of the B regulatory cells (Bregs) in vivo and specifically in the human disease is yet to be clarified. In the present review, we have summarized the updated information on the roles of effector and regulatory B cells in MS and the immune-modulatory effects of MS therapeutic agents on their phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsebeth Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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55
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Chien CH, Yu HC, Chen SY, Chiang BL. Characterization of c-Maf +Foxp3 - Regulatory T Cells Induced by Repeated Stimulation of Antigen-Presenting B Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46348. [PMID: 28402334 PMCID: PMC5389357 DOI: 10.1038/srep46348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells in the development of CD4+ regulatory T cells has been emphasized recently. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the antigen-presenting splenic B cells converted naïve CD4+CD25− T cells into CD4+CD25+Foxp3− T cells without additional cytokines or chemicals with regulatory activity and that referred to as Treg-of-B cells. The present study further showed that Treg-of-B cells increased the IL-10-producing population, and the expression of c-Maf, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) after repeated stimulation of B cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Long-term cultured Treg-of-B cells exerted IL-10 and CTLA4-mediated antigen-specific suppressive activity; moreover, the single antigen-specific Treg-of-B cells inhibited in a non-antigen-specific fashion. In conclusion, these results suggest that repeated stimulation of B cells induced IL-10-producing CD4+Foxp3− regulatory T cells in a contact-dependent manner and these Treg-of-B cells possess IL-10 and CTLA4-dependent suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hui-Chieh Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Szu-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan R.O.C
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56
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The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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57
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CpG-based immunotherapy impairs antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitors in a B-cell-dependent manner. Oncogene 2017; 36:4081-4086. [PMID: 28263973 PMCID: PMC5509483 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combining immunotherapy with targeted therapy has increasingly become an appealing therapeutic paradigm for cancer treatment due to its great potential for generating durable and synergistic antitumor response. In this study, however, we unexpectedly found that two types of CpG-based tumor peptide vaccine treatments consistently negated the antitumor activity of a selective BRAF inhibitor in tumors with BRAF mutation rather than showing a synergistic antitumor effect. Our further studies demonstrated that CpG alone was sufficient to dampen BRAF inhibitor-induced antitumor responses, suggesting that the impaired antitumor activity of the BRAF inhibitor observed in mice receiving CpG-based peptide vaccine is mainly dependent upon the use of CpG. Mechanistically, CpG increased the number of circulating B cells, which produced elevated amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) that contributed to the increased tumor resistance to BRAF inhibitors. More importantly, B-cell depletion or TNFα neutralization can restore the antitumor effect of BRAF inhibition in mice receiving CpG treatment, indicating that TNFα-secreting B cells play an indispensable role in BRAF inhibitor resistance induced by CpG. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that precautions must be implemented when designing combinatorial approaches for cancer treatment, because distinct regimens, despite their respective therapeutic benefit as monotherapy, may together provide antagonistic clinical outcomes.
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58
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Chiaruttini G, Mele S, Opzoomer J, Crescioli S, Ilieva KM, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. B cells and the humoral response in melanoma: The overlooked players of the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1294296. [PMID: 28507802 PMCID: PMC5414880 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1294296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of tumor-resident mature B cell and antibody compartments and reports of associations with favorable prognosis in malignant melanoma suggest that humoral immunity could participate in antitumor defense. Likely striving to confer immunological protection while being subjected to tumor-promoting immune tolerance, B cells may engender multiple functions, including antigen processing and presentation, cytokine-mediated signaling, antibody class switching, expression and secretion. We review key evidence in support of multifaceted immunological mechanisms by which B cells may counter or contribute to malignant melanoma, and we discuss their potential translational implications. Dissecting the contributions of tumor-associated humoral responses can inform future treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiaruttini
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - James Opzoomer
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, UK
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59
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Ellis JS, Braley-Mullen H. Mechanisms by Which B Cells and Regulatory T Cells Influence Development of Murine Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6020013. [PMID: 28134752 PMCID: PMC5332917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments with B cell-deficient (B−/−) mice indicate that a number of autoimmune diseases require B cells in addition to T cells for their development. Using B−/− Non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NOD.H-2h4 mice, we demonstrated that development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), Sjogren’s syndrome and diabetes do not develop in B−/− mice, whereas all three diseases develop in B cell-positive wild-type (WT) mice. B cells are required early in life, since reconstitution of adult mice with B cells or autoantibodies did not restore their ability to develop disease. B cells function as important antigen presenting cells (APC) to initiate activation of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. If B cells are absent or greatly reduced in number, other APC will present the antigen, such that Treg are preferentially activated and effector T cells are not activated. In these situations, B−/− or B cell-depleted mice develop the autoimmune disease when T regulatory cells (Treg) are transiently depleted. This review focuses on how B cells influence Treg activation and function, and briefly considers factors that influence the effectiveness of B cell depletion for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Helen Braley-Mullen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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60
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are thought to develop as a result of complex interactions between host genetics, the immune system and the environment including the gut microbiome. Although an improved knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of IBDs has led to great advances in therapy such as the highly effective anti-tumor necrosis factor class of medications, a significant proportion of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis do not respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies. Further understanding of the different immune pathways involved in the genesis of chronic intestinal inflammation is required to help find effective treatments for IBDs. In this review, the role of the mucosal innate and adaptive immune system in IBD is summarized, highlighting new areas of discovery which may hold the key to identifying novel predictive or prognostic biomarkers and new avenues of therapeutic discovery.
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61
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Mehdipour F, Razmkhah M, Hosseini A, Bagheri M, Safaei A, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. Increased B Regulatory Phenotype in Non-Metastatic Lymph Nodes of Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:195-202. [PMID: 26708831 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are centre in orchestrating the immune responses against cancer. The cellularity and lymphocyte subpopulations change in the process of cancer progression and lymph node involvement. B lymphocyte subsets and their function in breast cancer-draining lymph nodes have not been well elucidated. Here, we studied the influence of tumour metastasis on the frequencies of different B cell subsets including naïve and memory B cells as well as those which are known to be enriched in the regulatory pool in TDLNs of 30 patients with breast cancer. Lymphocytes were obtained from a fresh piece of each lymph node and stained for CD19 and other B cell-associated markers and subjected to flow cytometry. Our investigation revealed that metastatic TDLN showed a significant decrease in active, memory and class-switched B cells while the frequencies of B cells with regulatory phenotypes were not changed. However, CD27(hi) CD25(+) and CD1d(hi) CD5(+) B regulatory subsets significantly increased in non-metastatic lymph nodes (nMLNs) of node-positive patients compared with node-negative patients. Our data provided evidence that in breast cancer, metastasis of tumour to axillary lymph nodes altered B cell populations in favour of resting, inactive and unswitched phenotypes. We assume that the lymphatic involvement may cause an increase in a subset of regulatory B cells in non-metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mehdipour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Hosseini
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Bagheri
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Central Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Safaei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A-R Talei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Ghaderi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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62
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Schwartz M, Zhang Y, Rosenblatt JD. B cell regulation of the anti-tumor response and role in carcinogenesis. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27437104 PMCID: PMC4950763 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between immune effector cells such as T cells and natural killer cells, and immunosuppressive Treg cells, dendritic, myeloid and monocytic sub-populations in the tumor microenvironment acts to calibrate the immune response to malignant cells. Accumulating evidence is pointing to a role for B cells in modulating the immune response to both solid tumors and hematologic cancer. Evidence from murine autoimmune models has defined B regulatory cell (Breg) subsets that express cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β, and/or express immune regulatory ligands such as PD-L1, which can suppress T cell and/or natural killer cell responses. Multiple murine tumor models exhibit decreased tumor growth in B cell deficient or B cell depleted mice. In several of these models, B cells inhibit T cell mediated tumor immunity and/or facilitate conversion of T cells to CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regs, which act to attenuate the innate and/or adaptive antitumor immune response. Mechanisms of suppression include the acquisition of inhibitory ligand expression, and phosphorylation of Stat3, and induction of IL-10 and TGF-β, resulting in a Breg phenotype. Breg suppressive activity may affect diverse cell subtypes, including T effector cells, NK cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and/or tumor associated macrophages. B cells may also directly promote tumorigenesis through recruitment of inflammatory cells, and upregulation of pro-angiogenic genes and pro-metastatic collagenases. Breg infiltration has now been identified in a variety of solid tumor malignancies including but not limited to ovarian, gastric, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic, esophageal, head and neck, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Increasing evidence suggests that recruitment of B cells and acquisition of suppressive activity within the tumor bed may be an important mechanism through which B cells may modulate innate and/or adaptive anti-tumor immunity. B cell depletion in the clinic using anti-CD20 antibodies and/or inhibitors of BTK and/or other signaling pathways, may be a useful strategy for augmenting the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; UM Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Joseph D Rosenblatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; UM Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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63
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Song H, Xi J, Li GG, Xu S, Wang C, Cheng T, Li H, Zhang Y, Liu X, Bai J. Upregulation of CD19⁺CD24(hi)CD38(hi) regulatory B cells is associated with a reduced risk of acute lung injury in elderly pneumonia patients. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:415-23. [PMID: 26758063 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-015-1377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication in elderly pneumonia patients who have a rapid progression, and is accompanied by a high mortality rate. Because the treatment options of ALI are limited to supportive care, identifying pneumonia patients who are at higher risk of ALI development is the emphasis of many studies. Here, we approach this problem from an immunological perspective by examining CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells, an important participant in acute and chronic inflammation. We find that elderly pneumonia patients have elevated CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cell frequency compared to healthy individuals. This B cell population may express a higher level of IL-10, which has been was shown to suppress CD4(+) T cell-mediated proinflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNg) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) production, through an IL-10-dependent mechanism. We also observe that the frequency of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cell is positively correlated with the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Tregs in peripheral blood. Moreover, consistent with CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cell's anti-inflammatory role, we find that pneumonia patients who later developed ALI have reduced level of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells. Together, our results demonstrated that CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells in pneumonia patients possess regulatory function in vivo, and are associated with a reduced ALI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianjun Xi
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Guang-Gang Li
- ICU, Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shumin Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiandong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianwen Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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64
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Lee KE, Spata M, Bayne LJ, Buza EL, Durham AC, Allman D, Vonderheide RH, Simon MC. Hif1a Deletion Reveals Pro-Neoplastic Function of B Cells in Pancreatic Neoplasia. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:256-69. [PMID: 26715642 PMCID: PMC4783189 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with an exceedingly low 5-year survival rate. PDAC tumors are characterized by an extensive desmoplastic stromal response and hypovascularity, suggesting that tumor hypoxia could regulate PDAC initiation and/or progression. Using a well-defined, autochthonous Kras(G12D)-driven murine model, as well as human tumors, we demonstrate that hypoxia and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a principal mediator of hypoxic adaptation, emerge early during preinvasive stages of PDAC. Surprisingly, pancreas-specific Hif1a deletion drastically accelerated Kras(G12D)-driven pancreatic neoplasia and was accompanied by significant increases in intrapancreatic B lymphocytes, featuring prominent influx of a rare "B1b" B-cell subtype. Finally, treatment of HIF1α-deficient mice with B cell-depleting αCD20 monoclonal antibodies inhibited progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Our data reveal a previously unrecognized role for B cells in promoting pancreatic tumorigenesis and implicate HIF1α as a critical regulator of PDAC development. SIGNIFICANCE We show here that pancreas-specific Hif1a deletion promotes PDAC initiation, coincident with increased intrapancreatic accumulation of B cells, and that B-cell depletion suppresses pancreatic tumorigenesis. We therefore demonstrate a protective role for HIF1α in pancreatic cancer initiation and uncover a previously unrecognized function of B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL13/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/deficiency
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Eun Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Spata
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren J Bayne
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Durham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Allman
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
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65
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Wang X, Wei Y, Xiao H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Zhang L, Ma N, Shen B, Li Y, Egwuagu CE, Wang R. Pre-existing CD19-independent GL7(-) Breg cells are expanded during inflammation and in mice with lupus-like disease. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:54-63. [PMID: 26852110 PMCID: PMC11315234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory B-cells (Bregs) suppress inflammatory responses that mediate autoimmune diseases. However, it is unknown whether Bregs derive from a pre-existing dedicated B-cell lineage or if any B-cell can differentiate into Bregs in response to BCR or TLR activation. GL7(+) B-cells are antigen-experienced differentiated B-cells while GL7(-/lo) are at an early stage of B-cell differentiation. While both GL7(-/lo) and GL7(+) B cells can produce IL-10, differentiation of GL7(-) B-cells into Bregs does not require CD19- or Bcl6-induced signals, suggesting that BCR-induced proliferation or Ig class-switching is not necessary for generation of Breg cells. Of particular importance, we show that GL7(-) Breg cells are dramatically expanded in lupus-like mice and GL7(-) Bregs suppressed inflammatory responses in lupus-like mice by inducing expansion of Foxp3(+)Treg cells. Taken together, these results suggest that pre-existing GL7(-)IL-10(+) cells are expanded during inflammation, differentiate into GL7(+) Bregs and contribute to immune-regulation in lupus-like mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yinxiang Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - He Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Nephrology, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
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66
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Zhang Y, Morgan R, Chen C, Cai Y, Clark E, Khan WN, Shin SU, Cho HM, Al Bayati A, Pimentel A, Rosenblatt JD. Mammary-tumor-educated B cells acquire LAP/TGF-β and PD-L1 expression and suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Int Immunol 2016; 28:423-33. [PMID: 26895637 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a role in inhibiting the immune response against certain tumors, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. EMT-6 mammary tumors grow well in wild-type (WT) mice but show reduced growth in B-cell-deficient μ(-/-) BALB/c mice (BCDM). WT mice demonstrate extensive B-cell infiltration into the tumor bed, reduced CD8(+) T cell and CD49(+) NK cell infiltration, and markedly reduced cytolytic T-cell response relative to BCDM. Expression of LAP/TGF-β1, CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 is significantly increased in tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B) relative to splenic B cells. LAP/TGF-β1 expression on TIL-B progressively increased from 5.4±1.7% on day 8 to 43.1±6.1% by day 21 post tumor implantation. Co-culture of EMT-6 tumor cells with Naive-B cells ex vivo generated B cells (EMT6-B) with a similar immunophenotype to TIL-B. Purified TIL-B, or in-vitro-generated EMT6-B suppressed CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cell proliferation, and Th1 cytokine secretion, and also suppressed purified NK-cell proliferation in response to IL-15, compared to naive splenic B cells. Acquired B regulatory function required direct tumor cell: B-cell contact, and was partially reversed by antibody to TGF-β or PD-L1, leading to tumor rejection in vivo B-cell acquisition of a suppressive phenotype following tumor infiltration may result in profound inhibition of T-cell anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Richard Morgan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yancheng Cai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Emily Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Wasif Noor Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Seung-Uon Shin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Hyun-Mi Cho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ahmed Al Bayati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Augustin Pimentel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joseph D Rosenblatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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67
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Cai C, Zhang J, Li M, Wu ZJ, Song KH, Zhan TW, Wang LH, Sun YH. Interleukin 10-expressing B cells inhibit tumor-infiltrating T cell function and correlate with T cell Tim-3 expression in renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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68
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Ding T, Yan F, Cao S, Ren X. Regulatory B cell: New member of immunosuppressive cell club. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:615-21. [PMID: 26385479 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the pivotal role of B cells or B lymphocytes in immunity has been attributed to the production of antibodies. They were also demonstrated to present antigens to T cells and to secrete cytokines, thereby acting as positive regulators in immune responses. A series of studies on autoimmune diseases, however, led researchers to find a unique subset of B cells, later described as "regulatory B cells" (Bregs), that has the ability to suppress immune responses. Bregs occur not only in autoimmune diseases, but also in inflammation and transplantation. Furthermore, recently published literatures suggested that Bregs contributed to the growth and metastasis of certain cancers. In this review, we will discuss these unique subsets of B cells in different kinds of disorders, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of their immunoregulatory role that were collected from mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China
| | - Shui Cao
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China.
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China.
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69
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Yang S, Ding W, Feng D, Gong H, Zhu D, Chen B, Chen J. Loss of B cell regulatory function is associated with delayed healing in patients with tibia fracture. APMIS 2015; 123:975-85. [PMID: 26303993 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Dapeng Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Haiyang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics; The 81st Hospital of PLA; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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70
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Guan H, Lan Y, Wan Y, Wang Q, Wang C, Xu L, Chen Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Li Y, Gu Y, Wang Z, Xie F. PD-L1 mediated the differentiation of tumor-infiltrating CD19 + B lymphocytes and T cells in Invasive breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1075112. [PMID: 27057444 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1075112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that B cells play important roles in inhibiting the immune response in autoimmune disorders and human tumors as well as murine tumor models. In an effort to explore the role of B cells in human breast cancer etiology, we examined the presence of CD19+ B lymphocytes in 134 cases of invasive breast carcinoma (IBCa) and 31 breast fibroadenoma, and assessed its relationship with PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression in breast cancer. We found that the density of CD19+ B lymphocytes was higher in IBCa compared with fibroadenoma, and significantly associated with increasing tumor grade, negative estrogen status. Similar findings were observed for the expression of IL-10 in IBCa. Meanwhile, CD19+ B lymphocytes were shown to be highly coincident with PD-L1 and IL-10 in IBCa. We further demonstrated that CD19+ B cells can differentiate into CD19+CD24+CD38+ B cells when co-cultured with PD-L1hi MDA-MB231 cells. In addition, the percentage of CD19+CD24+CD38+ B cells was higher in breast tissue and peripheral blood cells of IBCa patients than that of benign tumor and health individuals. And CD19+CD24+CD38+ B cells were found to be IL-10 secreting B cells. Finally, we showed that CD19+ B cells from IBCa patients but not healthy individuals induced formation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells when co-cultured with T cells from IBCa patients and healthy subjects (80.4% and 30.8% respectively). The induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells by CD19+ B cells was further shown to be mediated by PD-L1. Together, these results are suggestive of a role for CD19+ B lymphocytes in immune suppression and tumor evasion via PD-L1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggeng Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Third People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiu Wan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department Immunology, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Ultrasonagraphy Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongjing Chen
- Department Immunology, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu stem cell lab center , Jiangsu, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yecheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Gu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zemin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, P. R. China
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71
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Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are immunosuppressive cells that support immunological tolerance. Through the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-35, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Breg cells suppress immunopathology by prohibiting the expansion of pathogenic T cells and other pro-inflammatory lymphocytes. Recent work has shown that different inflammatory environments induce distinct Breg cell populations. Although these findings highlight the relevance of inflammatory signals in the differentiation of Breg cells, they also raise other questions about Breg cell biology and phenotype. For example, what are the functional properties and phenotype of Breg cells? Can a Breg cell arise at every stage in B cell development? Is inflammation the primary requisite for Breg cell differentiation? Here, we use these questions to discuss the advances in understanding Breg cell biology, with a particular emphasis on their ontogeny; we propose that multiple Breg cell subsets can be induced in response to inflammation at different stages in development.
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72
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Robinson RH, Meissler JJ, Fan X, Yu D, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. A CB2-Selective Cannabinoid Suppresses T-Cell Activities and Increases Tregs and IL-10. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:318-32. [PMID: 25980325 PMCID: PMC4528965 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that agonists selective for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), including O-1966, inhibit the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR), an in vitro correlate of organ graft rejection, predominantly through effects on T-cells. Current studies explored the mechanism of this immunosuppression by O-1966 using mouse spleen cells. Treatment with O-1966 dose-relatedly decreased levels of the active nuclear forms of the transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT in wild-type T-cells, but not T-cells from CB2 knockout (CB2R k/o) mice. Additionally, a gene expression profile of purified T-cells from MLR cultures generated using a PCR T-cell activation array showed that O-1966 decreased mRNA expression of CD40 ligand and CyclinD3, and increased mRNA expression of Src-like-adaptor 2 (SLA2), Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 5 (SOCS5), and IL-10. The increase in IL-10 was confirmed by measuring IL-10 protein levels in MLR culture supernatants. Further, an increase in the percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) was observed in MLR cultures. Pretreatment with anti-IL-10 resulted in a partial reversal of the inhibition of proliferation and blocked the increase of Tregs. Additionally, O-1966 treatment caused a dose-related decrease in the expression of CD4 in MLR cultures from wild-type, but not CB2R k/o, mice. These data support the potential of CB2-selective agonists as useful therapeutic agents to prolong graft survival in transplant patients, and strengthens their potential as a new class of immunosuppressive agents with broader applicability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisoles/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclohexanols
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. Robinson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Manager, Flow Cytometry Facility, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Martin W. Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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73
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Zhang Y, Gallastegui N, Rosenblatt JD. Regulatory B cells in anti-tumor immunity. Int Immunol 2015; 27:521-30. [PMID: 25999597 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the immune microenvironment have highlighted the role of immunosuppressive T cell, myeloid, dendritic and monocytic sub-populations in inhibition of the anti-tumor immune response. The role of B cells in modulating the immune response to solid tumors as well as lymphoid malignancies is less well understood. Murine models of autoimmune disease have defined B regulatory cell (Breg) subsets with immune suppressive activity, including B cell subsets that express IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β, which can facilitate T regulatory cell recruitment and expansion. Multiple murine tumor models point to the existence of similar immune suppressive B cell sub-populations that can migrate into tumor deposits and acquire an immune suppressive phenotype, which then leads to attenuation of the local anti-tumor immune response. Other murine models of viral or chemically induced skin carcinogenesis have identified a pivotal role for B cells in promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis. While many human solid tumors demonstrate significant B cell infiltration and/or tertiary lymphoid structure formation, the functional properties of tumor-infiltrating B cells and their effects on immunity are poorly understood. Recent successes in early Phase I/II trials using anti-checkpoint inhibitor antibodies such as nivolumab or pidilizumab directed against PD-1 in the setting of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas validate the therapeutic utility of reversing B cell-mediated immune suppression. Further studies to define Breg subsets, and mechanisms of suppression, may provide new avenues for modulation of the immune response and meaningful therapeutic intervention in both lymphoid and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nicolas Gallastegui
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joseph D Rosenblatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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74
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Wang Z, Cheng Q, Tang K, Sun Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Luo S, Zhang H, Ye D, Huang B. Lipid mediator lipoxin A4 inhibits tumor growth by targeting IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 364:118-24. [PMID: 25979229 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), an arachidonic acid-derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediator, shows anti-tumor potential by regulating tumor immune microenvironments. However, the underlying molecular and cellular basis of this function remains unclear. IL-10-producing B (Breg) cells display tumor-promoting effects by negatively regulating anti-tumor immunity. Here we show that LXA4 inhibits tumor growth by suppressing the generation of Breg cells in tumor-bearing mice. The administration of LXA4 inhibited the induction of Breg cells. Breg cell deficiency, in turn, resulted in LXA4 losing its anti-tumor properties. Intriguingly, regulatory T (Treg) cells also had a role in this process. Targeting Breg cells by LXA4 decreased the number of Treg cells in draining lymph nodes and tumor tissues as well as enhanced cytotoxic T cell activities. In addition, we further demonstrated that LXA4 inhibited Breg cells through its dephosphorylating STAT3 and ERK. These findings unveil a new anti-tumor mechanism underlying LXA4 targeting Breg cells with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shunqun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Duyun Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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75
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Olalekan SA, Cao Y, Hamel KM, Finnegan A. B cells expressing IFN-γ suppress Treg-cell differentiation and promote autoimmune experimental arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:988-98. [PMID: 25645456 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anti-CD20 (Rituximab)-mediated B-cell depletion has garnered interest in the mechanisms by which B cells contribute to autoimmunity. We have reported that B-cell depletion in a murine model of proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) leads to an increase in Treg cells that correlate with decreased autoreactivity. Here, we demonstrate that the increase in Treg cells after B-cell depletion is due to an increase in the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into Treg cells. Since the development of PGIA is dependent on IFN-γ and B cells are reported to produce IFN-γ, we hypothesized that B-cell-specific IFN-γ plays a role in the development of PGIA. Accordingly, mice with B-cell-specific IFN-γ deficiency were as resistant to the induction of PGIA as mice that were completely IFN-γ deficient. Importantly, despite a normal frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells, B-cell-specific IFN-γ-deficient mice exhibited a higher percentage of Treg cells compared with that in WT mice. These data indicate that B-cell IFN-γ production inhibits Treg-cell differentiation and exacerbates arthritis. Thus, we have established that IFN-γ, specifically derived from B cells, uniquely contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity through prevention of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Olalekan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Chicago, IL, USA
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76
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Xing C, Ma N, Xiao H, Wang X, Zheng M, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Critical role for thymic CD19+CD5+CD1dhiIL-10+ regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:547-56. [PMID: 25516754 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0414-213rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that besides the spleen, LNs, peripheral blood, and thymus contain a regulatory IL-10-producing CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(high) B cell subset that may play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Indeed, this population was identified in the murine thymus, and furthermore, when cocultured with CD4(+) T cells, this population of B cells supported the maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro, in part, via the CD5-CD72 interaction. Mice homozygous for Cd19(Cre) (CD19(-/-)) express B cells with impaired signaling and humoral responses. Strikingly, CD19(-/-) mice produce fewer CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and a greater percentage of CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. Consistent with these results, transfer of thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells into CD19(-/-) mice resulted in significantly up-regulated numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs with a concomitant reduction in CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cell populations in the thymus, spleen, and LNs but not in the BM of recipient mice. In addition, thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells significantly suppressed autoimmune responses in lupus-like mice via up-regulation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and IL-10-producing Bregs. This study suggests that thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi)IL-10(+) Bregs play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
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Rosser EC, Blair PA, Mauri C. Cellular targets of regulatory B cell-mediated suppression. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:296-304. [PMID: 24556109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are defined by their ability to restrain inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) production by Bregs is thought to be central to their ability to regulate inflammation, largely due to IL-10s' ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production by effector lymphocytes and to maintain the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, with an increase in available published data, it has become evident that Bregs utilize a number of suppressive mechanisms in order to alter the activation of a variety of different lymphocytes. Here, we summarize the multiplicity of cellular targets of Breg-mediated suppression and describe the mechanisms employed by Bregs to suppress chronic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Rosser
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Blair
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.
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Theurich S, Schlaak M, Steguweit H, Heukamp LC, Wennhold K, Kurschat P, Rabenhorst A, Hartmann K, Schlösser H, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Holtick U, Hallek M, Stadler R, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Targeting Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 34:e110-6. [PMID: 25348001 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.50.9471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Schlaak
- University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Udo Holtick
- University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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79
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Fremd C, Schuetz F, Sohn C, Beckhove P, Domschke C. B cell-regulated immune responses in tumor models and cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e25443. [PMID: 24073382 PMCID: PMC3782133 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role played by T cells in anticancer immunity is widely accepted. The immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells are central for tumor progression and have been endowed with a robust predictive value. Increasing evidence indicates that also B cells have a crucial part in the regulation of T-cell responses against tumors. Although experiments reporting the production of natural antitumor antibodies and the induction of cytotoxic immune responses have revealed a tumor-protective function for B cells, other findings suggest that B cells may also exert tumor-promoting functions, resulting in a controversial picture. Here, we review recent evidence on the interactions between B and T cells in murine models and cancer patients and their implications for cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fremd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Hospital of Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany
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80
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Abstract
Living on a sun-drenched planet has necessitated adaption to and protection from the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly skin cancer. However, convincing epidemiological and recent empirical evidence also supports a protective effect of UV against a range of diseases including multiple sclerosis, asthma and cardiovascular disease. Despite years of research attention into the biological effects of sunlight exposure, we are still far from being able to fully answer the question: How much sunlight is enough? This is probably because the answer is dependent on many complex and interacting variables. Many talented researchers are focused on exploring whether UV-induced vitamin D explains some of these effects. This perspectives article proposes an alternative hypothesis, namely that targeting UV-induced immune suppression by affecting the activation of regulatory cells and molecules will be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
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81
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Mann ER, Li X. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: Crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9653-9664. [PMID: 25110405 PMCID: PMC4123356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
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82
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Zhang Y, Morgan R, Podack ER, Rosenblatt J. B cell regulation of anti-tumor immune response. Immunol Res 2014; 57:115-24. [PMID: 24293009 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has been investigating the role of B cells on tumor immunity. We have studied the immune response in mice that are genetically lacking in B cells (BCDM) using a variety of syngeneic mouse tumors and compared immune responses in BCDM with those seen in wild type (WT) immunocompetent mice (ICM). A variety of murine tumors are rejected or inhibited in their growth in BCDM, compared with ICM, including the EL4 thymoma, and the MC38 colon carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice, as well as the EMT-6 breast carcinoma in BALB/c mice. In all three murine models, tumors show reduced growth in BCDM which is accompanied by increased T cell and NK cell infiltration, and a more vigorous Th1 cytokine response, and increased cytolytic T cell response in the absence of B cells. Reconstitution of the mice with B cells results in augmented tumor growth due to a diminished anti-tumor immune response and in reduction in CD8+ T cell and NK cell infiltration. Studies involving BCR transgenic mice indicated that B cells inhibit anti-tumor T cell responses through antigen non-specific mechanisms. More recent studies using the EMT-6 model demonstrated that both the number and function of Treg cells in ICM was increased relative to that seen in BCDM. Increased expansion of Treg cells was evident following EMT-6 implantation in ICM relative to that seen in non-tumor-bearing mice or BCDM. The percentage and number of Tregs in spleen, tumor draining lymph nodes, and the tumor bed are increased in ICM compared with BCDM. Treg functional capacity as measured by suppression assays appears to be reduced in BCDM compared with ICM. In contrast to other described types of B regulatory activity, adoptive transfer of B cells can rescue tumor growth independently of the ability of B cells to secrete IL-10, and also independently of MHC-II expression. In experiments using the MC38 adenocarcinoma model, BCDM reconstituted with WT B cells support tumor growth while tumor growth continues to be inhibited in BCDM reconstituted with OX40L(-/-) B cells. This suggests that interaction between OX40 on T cells and OX40-ligand on B cells may be important in modulating anti-tumor immune response. Ongoing experiments in the laboratory indicate that B cells migrate to the site of tumor and acquire expression of immunosuppressive ligands and/or cytokines that contribute to the inhibition of anti-tumor immune response. Significant infiltration of human tumors by Treg cells as well as B cells suggests that observations made in murine systems may be applicable to human tumors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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83
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Zheng M, Xing C, Xiao H, Ma N, Wang X, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Interaction of CD5 and CD72 is involved in regulatory T and B cell homeostasis. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:705-16. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.917096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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84
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Affara NI, Ruffell B, Medler TR, Gunderson AJ, Johansson M, Bornstein S, Bergsland E, Steinhoff M, Li Y, Gong Q, Ma Y, Wiesen JF, Wong MH, Kulesz-Martin M, Irving B, Coussens LM. B cells regulate macrophage phenotype and response to chemotherapy in squamous carcinomas. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:809-821. [PMID: 24909985 PMCID: PMC4063283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells foster squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development through deposition of immunoglobulin-containing immune complexes in premalignant tissue and Fcγ receptor-dependent activation of myeloid cells. Because human SCCs of the vulva and head and neck exhibited hallmarks of B cell infiltration, we examined B cell-deficient mice and found reduced support for SCC growth. Although ineffective as a single agent, treatment of mice bearing preexisting SCCs with B cell-depleting αCD20 monoclonal antibodies improved response to platinum- and Taxol-based chemotherapy. Improved chemoresponsiveness was dependent on altered chemokine expression by macrophages that promoted tumor infiltration of activated CD8(+) lymphocytes via CCR5-dependent mechanisms. These data reveal that B cells, and the downstream myeloid-based pathways they regulate, represent tractable targets for anticancer therapy in select tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine I. Affara
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Terry R. Medler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J. Gunderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia Bornstein
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Emily Bergsland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yijin Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qian Gong
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jane F. Wiesen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Molly Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Address for correspondence: L.M. Coussens, Ph.D. Cell & Developmental Biology Oregon Health & Sciences University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code L215, Rm 5508, Richard Jones Hall Portland, OR 97239-3098
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85
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Chen Z, Chen X, Zhou E, Chen G, Qian K, Wu X, Miao X, Tang Z. Intratumoral CD8⁺ cytotoxic lymphocyte is a favorable prognostic marker in node-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95475. [PMID: 24743335 PMCID: PMC3990637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic effect of tumor infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) in breast cancer is controversial. We analyzed the association between CD8+ CTLs and survival of untreated node-negative breast cancer patients. Material and Methods CD8+ CTLs infiltrate was evaluated by immunostaining in a cohort of 332 node-negative breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 152 months. The prognostic significance of CD8+ CTLs for disease-free survival (DFS) and breast cancer-specific overall survival (OS) was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis as well as univariate analysis and multivariate Cox analysis adjusted for age at diagnosis, pT stage, histological grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67 expression and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status. Results 285 (85.8%) patients showed strong CD8+ CTLs infiltrate positive status. Univariate analysis showed that CD8+ CTLs had statistically significant association with DFS (P = 0.004, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.454, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.265–0.777) and OS (P = 0.014, HR = 0.430, 95% CI = 0.220–0.840) in the entire cohort. The significance of CD8+ CTLs was especially strong in ER negative, HER-2 negative and ER, PR, HER-2 triple-negative breast cancers. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, CD8+ CTLs had significant effect on prognosis of patients (Log-rank test: P = 0.003 for DFS and P = 0.011 for OS), independent of established clinical factors for DFS (P = 0.002, HR = 0.418, 95% CI = 0.242–0.724) as well as for OS (P = 0.009, HR = 0.401, 95% CI = 0.202–0.797).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xianyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Enxiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ganlong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Qian
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Pathology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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86
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Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:633-41. [PMID: 24743305 PMCID: PMC4048323 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 10-producing regulatory B-cells (Breg-cells) suppress autoimmune diseases while aberrant elevation of Breg-cells prevents sterilizing immunity, promotes carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis by converting resting CD4+ T-cells to regulatory T-cells (Tregs). It is therefore of interest to discover factors that induce Breg-cells. Here we show that IL-35 induces Breg-cells in-vivo and promotes their conversion to a unique Breg subset that produces IL-35 (IL-35+Breg). Treatment of mice with IL-35 conferred protection from uveitis and mice lacking IL-35 or defective in IL-35-signaling produced less Breg-cells and developed severe uveitis. Ex-vivo generated Breg-cells also suppressed uveitis by inhibiting pathogenic Th17/Th1 while promoting Tregs expansion. We further show that IL-35 induced the conversion of human B-cells into Breg-cells and suppressed uveitis by activating STAT1/STAT3 through IL-35-Receptor comprising IL-12Rβ2/IL-27Rα subunits. Discovery that IL-35 converts human B-cells into Breg-cells, allows ex-vivo production of autologous Breg-cells for immunotherapy and investigating Breg/IL-35+Breg cells roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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87
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Salidroside attenuates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis via modulating cytokines secretion and lymphocyte migration in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:314081. [PMID: 24808635 PMCID: PMC3997989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/314081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salidroside, isolated from the medicinal plant Rhodiola, was reported to serve as an “adaptogen.” This study was designed to explore the protective effect of salidroside on concanavalin A- (Con A-) induced hepatitis in mice and investigate potential mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, Con A group, and salidroside group. Salidroside (50 mg/kg) was injected intravenously followed by Con A administration. The levels of ALT, AST, inflammatory cytokines and CXCL-10 were examined. The pathological damage of livers was assessed, the amounts of phosphorylated IκBα and p65 were measured, and the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and infiltrated in the liver were calculated. Our results showed that salidroside pretreatment reduced the levels of ALT, AST dramatically and suppressed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines through downregulating the activity of NF-κB partly. Salidroside altered the distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte in the liver and spleen through regulating CXCL-10 and decreased the severity of liver injuries. In conclusion, these results confirm the efficacy of salidroside in the prevention of immune mediated hepatitis in mice.
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88
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Luu VP, Vazquez MI, Zlotnik A. B cells participate in tolerance and autoimmunity through cytokine production. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.856006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Layered signaling regulatory networks analysis of gene expression involved in malignant tumorigenesis of non-resolving ulcerative colitis via integration of cross-study microarray profiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67142. [PMID: 23825635 PMCID: PMC3692446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) was the most frequently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and closely linked to colorectal carcinogenesis. By far, the underlying mechanisms associated with the disease are still unclear. With the increasing accumulation of microarray gene expression profiles, it is profitable to gain a systematic perspective based on gene regulatory networks to better elucidate the roles of genes associated with disorders. However, a major challenge for microarray data analysis is the integration of multiple-studies generated by different groups. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, firstly, we modeled a signaling regulatory network associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation via integration of cross-study microarray expression data sets using Empirical Bayes (EB) algorithm. Secondly, a manually curated human cancer signaling map was established via comprehensive retrieval of the publicly available repositories. Finally, the co-differently-expressed genes were manually curated to portray the layered signaling regulatory networks. Results Overall, the remodeled signaling regulatory networks were separated into four major layers including extracellular, membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, which led to the identification of five core biological processes and four signaling pathways associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. As a result, our biological interpretation highlighted the importance of EGF/EGFR signaling pathway, EPO signaling pathway, T cell signal transduction and members of the BCR signaling pathway, which were responsible for the malignant transition of CRC from the benign UC to the aggressive one. Conclusions The present study illustrated a standardized normalization approach for cross-study microarray expression data sets. Our model for signaling networks construction was based on the experimentally-supported interaction and microarray co-expression modeling. Pathway-based signaling regulatory networks analysis sketched a directive insight into colorectal carcinogenesis, which was of significant importance to monitor disease progression and improve therapeutic interventions.
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90
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Kalampokis I, Yoshizaki A, Tedder TF. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 23566714 PMCID: PMC3624502 DOI: 10.1186/ar3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell abnormalities contribute to the development and progress of autoimmune disease.
Traditionally, the role of B cells in autoimmune disease was thought to be predominantly limited to
the production of autoantibodies. Nevertheless, in addition to autoantibody production, B cells have
other functions potentially relevant to autoimmunity. Such functions include antigen presentation to
and activation of T cells, expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Recently,
the ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has been
described and the concept of regulatory B cells has emerged. A variety of cytokines produced by
regulatory B cell subsets have been reported, with IL-10 being the most studied. In this review,
this specific IL-10-producing subset of regulatory B cells has been labeled B10 cells to highlight
that the regulatory function of these rare B cells is mediated by IL-10, and to distinguish them
from other B cell subsets that regulate immune responses through different mechanisms. B10 cells are
a functionally defined subset currently identified only by their competency to produce and secrete
IL-10 following appropriate stimulation. Although B10 cells share surface markers with other
previously defined B cell subsets, currently there is no cell surface or intracellular phenotypic
marker or set of markers unique to B10 cells. The recent discovery of an effective way to expand B10
cells ex vivo opens new horizons in the potential therapeutic applications of this rare B
cell subset. This review highlights the current knowledge on B10 cells and discusses their potential
as novel therapeutic agents in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kalampokis
- Box 3010, Department of Immunology, Room 353 Jones Building, Research Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Zhang Y, Eliav Y, Shin SU, Schreiber TH, Podack ER, Tadmor T, Rosenblatt JD. B lymphocyte inhibition of anti-tumor response depends on expansion of Treg but is independent of B-cell IL-10 secretion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:87-99. [PMID: 22772949 PMCID: PMC11029618 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which B lymphocytes inhibit anti-tumor immunity remain poorly understood. Murine EMT-6 mammary tumors grow readily in immune competent mice (BALB/c), but poorly in B-cell-deficient μ(-/-) BALB/c mice (BCDM). T regulatory cell (Treg) expansion and function were impaired in BCDM compared with BALB/c. In this study, we compared tumor growth, Treg cell proliferation, tumor lymphocyte infiltration and cytolytic T cell activity in BALB/c, BCDM and BCDM partially reconstituted with B cells by adoptive transfer (BCDM+B). Partial reconstitution of BCDM with adoptively transferred B cells restored EMT-6 tumor growth, which was independent of IL-10 secretion by B cells. Instead, high frequencies of intratumoral B cells were associated with increased recruitment and proliferation of Treg cells within the tumor microenvironment. The B-cell-dependent accumulation of Treg within the tumor microenvironment was associated with reduced tumor infiltration by CD49+ NK and CD8+ T cells and reduced cytotoxic T cell activity against EMT-6 targets. Our studies indicate that tumor-dependent immunosuppression of T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity is coordinated within the tumor microenvironment by B-cell-dependent cross talk with Treg cells, which does not require production of IL-10 by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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92
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Kaminski DA, Wei C, Qian Y, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Advances in human B cell phenotypic profiling. Front Immunol 2012; 3:302. [PMID: 23087687 PMCID: PMC3467643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To advance our understanding and treatment of disease, research immunologists have been called-upon to place more centralized emphasis on impactful human studies. Such endeavors will inevitably require large-scale study execution and data management regulation (“Big Biology”), necessitating standardized and reliable metrics of immune status and function. A well-known example setting this large-scale effort in-motion is identifying correlations between eventual disease outcome and T lymphocyte phenotype in large HIV-patient cohorts using multiparameter flow cytometry. However, infection, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity are also characterized by correlative and functional contributions of B lymphocytes, which to-date have received much less attention in the human Big Biology enterprise. Here, we review progress in human B cell phenotyping, analysis, and bioinformatics tools that constitute valuable resources for the B cell research community to effectively join in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
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93
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Chen Z, Gerhold-Ay A, Gebhard S, Boehm D, Solbach C, Lebrecht A, Battista M, Sicking I, Cotarelo C, Cadenas C, Marchan R, Stewart JD, Gehrmann M, Koelbl H, Hengstler JG, Schmidt M. Immunoglobulin kappa C predicts overall survival in node-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44741. [PMID: 23028600 PMCID: PMC3461001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers of the immune system are currently not used as prognostic factors in breast cancer. We analyzed the association of the B cell/plasma cell marker immunoglobulin kappa C (IGKC) and survival of untreated node-negative breast cancer patients. Material and Methods IGKC expression was evaluated by immunostaining in a cohort of 335 node-negative breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 152 months. The prognostic significance of IGKC for disease-free survival (DFS) and breast cancer-specific overall survival (OS) was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis as well as univariate and multivariate Cox analysis adjusted for age at diagnosis, pT stage, histological grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status. Results 160 patients (47.7%) showed strong expression of IGKC. Univariate analysis showed that IGKC was significantly associated with DFS (P = 0.017, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.570, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.360–0.903) and OS (P = 0.011, HR = 0.438, 95% CI = 0.233–0.822) in the entire cohort. The significance of IGKC was especially strong in ER negative and in luminal B carcinomas. In multivariate analysis IGKC retained its significance independent of established clinical factors for DFS (P = 0.004, HR = 0.504, 95% CI = 0.315–0.804) as well as for OS (P = 0.002, HR = 0.371, 95% CI = 0.196–0.705). Conclusion Expression of IGKC has an independent protective impact on DFS and OS in node-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aslihan Gerhold-Ay
- Department of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Boehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Lebrecht
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Battista
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabel Sicking
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joanna D. Stewart
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Koelbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang HX, Liu M, Weng SY, Li JJ, Xie C, He HL, Guan W, Yuan YS, Gao J. Immune mechanisms of Concanavalin A model of autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:119-25. [PMID: 22253517 PMCID: PMC3257438 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, the pa-thogenic mechanisms of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have not yet been elucidated, with prognosis and diagnosis remaining unsatisfied. Currently the only viable treatments of AIH are immunosuppressant application and liver transplantation. It is considered that lack of good animal AIH models is the main reason for the shortage of a simple and efficient cure. The Concanavalin A (Con A) model is a typical and well established model for investigating T-cell and macrophage dependent liver injury in mice, which closely mimics the pathogenesis mechanisms and pathological changes of patients, and is regarded as the best experimental model for AIH research so far. In this paper we elucidated the pathogenic mechanisms of AIH and the evolution of relative animal models. We go on to further focus on Con A-induced liver injury from the point of immunological mechanisms and the change of cytokine levels. Finally, we manifested the clinical significance of the AIH animal models and the challenges they would meet during their future development.
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Abstract
B cells are regarded for their capacity to produce antibody. However, recent advances in B cell biology have capitalized on old findings and demonstrated that B cells also release a broad variety of cytokines. As with T helper cells, B cells can be classified into subsets according to the cytokine milieu that they produce. One functional B cell subset, regulatory B cells (Bregs), has recently been shown to contribute to the maintenance of the fine equilibrium required for tolerance. Bregs restrain the excessive inflammatory responses that occur during autoimmune diseases or that can be caused by unresolved infections. Pivotal to Breg function is interleukin-10 (IL-10), which inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and supports regulatory T cell differentiation. This review reports and discusses the factors that are important for Breg differentiation and for their effector function in both mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mauri
- Center for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.
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96
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Abstract
Few immunotherapists would accept the concept of a single vaccination inducing a therapeutic anticancer immune response in a patient with advanced cancer. But what is the evidence to support the "more-is-better" approach of multiple vaccinations? Because we are unaware of trials comparing the effect of a single vaccine versus multiple vaccinations on patient outcome, we considered that an anticancer immune response might provide a surrogate measure of the effectiveness of vaccination strategies. Because few large trials include immunologic monitoring, the majority of information is gleaned from smaller trials in which an evaluation of immune responses to vaccine or tumor, before and at 1 or more times following the first vaccine, was performed. In some studies, there is convincing evidence that repeated administration of a specific vaccine can augment the immune response to antigens contained in the vaccine. In other settings, multiple vaccinations can significantly reduce the immune response to 1 or more targets. Results from 3 large adjuvant vaccine studies support the potential detrimental effect of multiple vaccinations as clinical outcomes in the control arms were significantly better than that for treatment groups. Recent research has provided insights into mechanisms that are likely responsible for the reduced responses in the studies noted above, but supporting evidence from clinical specimens is generally lacking. Interpretation of these results is further complicated by the possibility that the dominant immune response may evolve to recognize epitopes not present in the vaccine. Nonetheless, the Food and Drug Administration approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine and recent developments from preclinical models and clinical trials provide a substantial basis for optimism and a critical evaluation of cancer vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Church
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Medical Center, USA
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Fuenmayor J, Montaño RF. Novel antibody-based proteins for cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3370-93. [PMID: 24212958 PMCID: PMC3759200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative success of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and the vast manipulation potential of recombinant antibody technology have encouraged the development of novel antibody-based antitumor proteins. Many insightful reagents have been produced, mainly guided by studies on the mechanisms of action associated with complete and durable remissions, results from experimental animal models, and our current knowledge of the human immune system. Strikingly, only a small percent of these new reagents has demonstrated clinical value. Tumor burden, immune evasion, physiological resemblance, and cell plasticity are among the challenges that cancer therapy faces, and a number of antibody-based proteins are already available to deal with many of them. Some of these novel reagents have been shown to specifically increase apoptosis/cell death of tumor cells, recruit and activate immune effectors, and reveal synergistic effects not previously envisioned. In this review, we look into different approaches that have been followed during the past few years to produce these biologics and analyze their relative success, mainly in terms of their clinical performance. The use of antibody-based antitumor proteins, in combination with standard or novel therapies, is showing significant improvements in objective responses, suggesting that these reagents will become important components of the antineoplastic protocols of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaheli Fuenmayor
- Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas. Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
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