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De Nunzio C, Tema G, Lombardo R, Trucchi A, Bellangino M, Esperto F, Deroma M, Proietti F, Vecchione A, Tubaro A. Cigarette smoking is not associated with prostate cancer diagnosis and aggressiveness: a cross sectional Italian study. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2018; 70:598-605. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-2249.18.03182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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52
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Li XD, Zi H, Fang C, Zeng XT. Association between HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44910-44916. [PMID: 28415653 PMCID: PMC5546530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) gene has been suggested to play a critical role in cancer progression, and the relationship between HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism and risk of prostate cancer has been investigated in previous studies. Nevertheless, conflicting results have been obtained. Hence, we reevaluated this issue by means of this meta-analysis, with the purpose of providing more precise conclusion on this issue. The electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as well as other sources were searched for relevant reports concerning on the role of HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism in the occurrence of prostate cancer. The strength of the relationship was determined by calculating odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Besides, subgroup analyses by ethnicity and source of control were further performed to examine this relationship. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA software 12.0. Although HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism showed a tendency of increasing the risk of prostate cancer, no statistical significance was detected under any genetic models. Similar results were also revealed in subgroup analyses on the basis of ethnicity and control source. Our findings indicate that HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism may not independently play a significant role in the occurrence of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Urology, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Management Office of Scientific Research and Postgraduate Affairs, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hao Zi
- Department of Urology, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Management Office of Scientific Research and Postgraduate Affairs, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Management Office of Scientific Research and Postgraduate Affairs, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sierra PS, Damodaran S, Jarrard D. Clinical and pathologic factors predicting reclassification in active surveillance cohorts. Int Braz J Urol 2018; 44:440-451. [PMID: 29368876 PMCID: PMC5996796 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of small, lower risk well-differentiated prostate cancer is increasing and almost half of the patients with this diagnosis are candidates for initial conservative management in an attempt to avoid overtreatment and morbidity associated with surgery or radiation. A proportion of patients labeled as low risk, candidates for Active Surveillance (AS), harbor aggressive disease and would benefit from definitive treatment. The focus of this review is to identify clinicopathologic features that may help identify these less optimal AS candidates. A systematic Medline/PubMed Review was performed in January 2017 according to PRISMA guidelines; 83 articles were selected for full text review according to their relevance and after applying limits described. For patients meeting AS criteria including Gleason Score 6, several factors can assist in predicting those patients that are at higher risk for reclassification including higher PSA density, bilateral cancer, African American race, small prostate volume and low testosterone. Nomograms combining these features improve risk stratification. Clinical and pathologic features provide a significant amount of information for risk stratification (>70%) for patients considering active surveillance. Higher risk patient subgroups can benefit from further evaluation or consideration of treatment. Recommendations will continue to evolve as data from longer term AS cohorts matures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivashankar Damodaran
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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Valberg M, Stensrud MJ, Aalen OO. The surprising implications of familial association in disease risk. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:135. [PMID: 29334951 PMCID: PMC5769446 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide range of diseases show some degree of clustering in families; family history is therefore an important aspect for clinicians when making risk predictions. Familial aggregation is often quantified in terms of a familial relative risk (FRR), and although at first glance this measure may seem simple and intuitive as an average risk prediction, its implications are not straightforward. METHODS We use two statistical models for the distribution of disease risk in a population: a dichotomous risk model that gives an intuitive understanding of the implication of a given FRR, and a continuous risk model that facilitates a more detailed computation of the inequalities in disease risk. Published estimates of FRRs are used to produce Lorenz curves and Gini indices that quantifies the inequalities in risk for a range of diseases. RESULTS We demonstrate that even a moderate familial association in disease risk implies a very large difference in risk between individuals in the population. We give examples of diseases for which this is likely to be true, and we further demonstrate the relationship between the point estimates of FRRs and the distribution of risk in the population. CONCLUSIONS The variation in risk for several severe diseases may be larger than the variation in income in many countries. The implications of familial risk estimates should be recognized by epidemiologists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Valberg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, POB. 1122, Blindern, Oslo, N-0317 Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Julius Stensrud
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, POB. 1122, Blindern, Oslo, N-0317 Norway
| | - Odd O. Aalen
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, POB. 1122, Blindern, Oslo, N-0317 Norway
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55
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Cheng THT, Lam W, Teoh JYC. Molecular Basics on Genitourinary Malignancies. Urol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_45-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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56
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Leão RRN, Price AJ, James Hamilton R. Germline BRCA mutation in male carriers-ripe for precision oncology? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 21:48-56. [PMID: 29242595 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the known heritable cancers with individual variations attributed to genetic factors. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes with crucial roles in repairing DNA and thereby maintaining genomic integrity. Germline BRCA mutations predispose to multiple familial tumour types including PC. METHODS We performed a Pubmed database search along with review of reference lists from prominent articles to capture papers exploring the association between BRCA mtuations and prostate cancer risk and prognosis. Articles were retrieved until May 2017 and filtered for relevance, and publication type. RESULTS We explored familial PC genetics; discussed the discovery and magnitude of the association between BRCA mutations and PC risk and outcome; examined implications of factoring BRCA mutations into PC screening; and discussed the rationale for chemoprevention in this high-risk population. We confirmed that BRCA1/2 mutations confer an up to 4.5-fold and 8.3-fold increased risk of PC, respectively. BRCA2 mutations are associated with an increased risk of high-grade disease, progression to metastatic castration-resistant disease, and 5-year cancer-specific survival rates of 50 to 60%. CONCLUSION Despite the growing body of research on DNA repair genes, deeper analysis is needed to understand the aetiological role of germline BRCA mutations in the natural history of PC. There is a need for awareness to screen for this marker of PC risk. There is similarly an opportunity for structured PC screening programs for BRCA mutation carriers. Finally, further research is required to identify potential chemopreventive strategies for this high-risk subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aryeh Joshua Price
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert James Hamilton
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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‘Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator’ mobile applications (Apps): a systematic review and scoring using the validated user version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS). World J Urol 2017; 36:565-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-017-2150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Men with family history of prostate cancer have a higher risk of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. World J Urol 2017; 36:177-185. [PMID: 29164326 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-017-2122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine if family history (FH) of prostate cancer (PC) influenced cancer control after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS Patients were evaluated in a prospectively-collected PC family database: The focus was on hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) defined by Johns Hopkins criteria and sporadic prostate cancer (SPC), rigorously defined by absence of prostate cancer in ≥ 2 brothers aged ≥ 60 years. Additionally, patients with first-degree (FPC) and non-first-degree PC (non-FPC) were assessed. Endpoints were biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) and prostate cancer-specific survival (CSS). Finally, clinico-pathological characteristics were compared and multiple proportional hazards regression was used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS In total 11,654 patients were included (807 HPC, 2251 FPC, 8072 non-FPC and 524 SPC). Familial imposition (HPC/FPC) was associated with a younger age at diagnosis. Thus, HPC patients were diagnosed 2.9 years earlier than SPC patients with more locally advanced tumors (≥ pT3). With a median follow up of 6.2 years (range 0-31.5) BRFS was significantly different when stratified by FH. In pairwise analyses BRFS differed significantly for HPC compared to SPC (HR = 1.27). Consecutively FH was identified as prognostic factor for BRFS (p = 0.021) together with age, PSA, pathologic characteristics and adjuvant androgen deprivation. Analyses of CSS did not show a difference. CONCLUSION Patients with FH of PC are likely to be diagnosed earlier and present a higher proportion of locally advanced disease. In addition, men with FH are at higher risk of biochemical recurrence after surgery but reveal similar outcomes regarding prostate cancer-specific survival.
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Mundbjerg K, Chopra S, Alemozaffar M, Duymich C, Lakshminarasimhan R, Nichols PW, Aron M, Siegmund KD, Ukimura O, Aron M, Stern M, Gill P, Carpten JD, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD, Weisenberger DJ, Jones PA, Duddalwar V, Gill I, Liang G. Identifying aggressive prostate cancer foci using a DNA methylation classifier. Genome Biol 2017; 18:3. [PMID: 28081708 PMCID: PMC5234101 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow-growing prostate cancer (PC) can be aggressive in a subset of cases. Therefore, prognostic tools to guide clinical decision-making and avoid overtreatment of indolent PC and undertreatment of aggressive disease are urgently needed. PC has a propensity to be multifocal with several different cancerous foci per gland. RESULTS Here, we have taken advantage of the multifocal propensity of PC and categorized aggressiveness of individual PC foci based on DNA methylation patterns in primary PC foci and matched lymph node metastases. In a set of 14 patients, we demonstrate that over half of the cases have multiple epigenetically distinct subclones and determine the primary subclone from which the metastatic lesion(s) originated. Furthermore, we develop an aggressiveness classifier consisting of 25 DNA methylation probes to determine aggressive and non-aggressive subclones. Upon validation of the classifier in an independent cohort, the predicted aggressive tumors are significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases and invasive tumor stages. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides molecular-based support for determining PC aggressiveness with the potential to impact clinical decision-making, such as targeted biopsy approaches for early diagnosis and active surveillance, in addition to focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Mundbjerg
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sameer Chopra
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mehrdad Alemozaffar
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Christopher Duymich
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Peter W Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Manju Aron
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Kimberly D Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Monish Aron
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mariana Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Parkash Gill
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - John D Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Torben F Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Peter A Jones
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Department of Radiology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Inderbir Gill
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Gangning Liang
- USC Institute of Urology and the Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, Fossati N, Gross T, Henry AM, Joniau S, Lam TB, Mason MD, Matveev VB, Moldovan PC, van den Bergh RCN, Van den Broeck T, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH, Rouvière O, Schoots IG, Wiegel T, Cornford P. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. Eur Urol 2016; 71:618-629. [PMID: 27568654 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2191] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a summary of the 2016 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU) - European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO) - International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) Guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent of clinically localised prostate cancer (PCa). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The working panel performed a literature review of the new data (2013-2015). The guidelines were updated and the levels of evidence and/or grades of recommendation were added based on a systematic review of the evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS BRCA2 mutations have been added as risk factors for early and aggressive disease. In addition to the Gleason score, the five-tier 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology grading system should now be provided. Systematic screening is still not recommended. Instead, an individual risk-adapted strategy following a detailed discussion and taking into account the patient's wishes and life expectancy must be considered. An early prostate-specific antigen test, the use of a risk calculator, or one of the promising biomarker tools are being investigated and might be able to limit the overdetection of insignificant PCa. Breaking the link between diagnosis and treatment may lower the overtreatment risk. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging using standardised reporting cannot replace systematic biopsy, but robustly nested within the diagnostic work-up, it has a key role in local staging. Active surveillance always needs to be discussed with very low-risk patients. The place of surgery in high-risk disease and the role of lymph node dissection have been clarified, as well as the management of node-positive patients. Radiation therapy using dose-escalated intensity-modulated technology is a key treatment modality with recent improvement in the outcome based on increased doses as well as combination with hormonal treatment. Moderate hypofractionation is safe and effective, but longer-term data are still lacking. Brachytherapy represents an effective way to increase the delivered dose. Focal therapy remains experimental while cryosurgery and HIFU are still lacking long-term convincing results. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge in the field of diagnosis, staging, and treatment of localised PCa is evolving rapidly. The 2016 EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on PCa summarise the most recent findings and advice for the use in clinical practice. These are the first PCa guidelines endorsed by the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology and the International Society of Geriatric Oncology and reflect the multidisciplinary nature of PCa management. A full version is available from the EAU office and online (http://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/). PATIENT SUMMARY The 2016 EAU-STRO-IOG Prostate Cancer (PCa) Guidelines present updated information on the diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised prostate cancer. In Northern and Western Europe, the number of men diagnosed with PCa has been on the rise. This may be due to an increase in opportunistic screening, but other factors may also be involved (eg, diet, sexual behaviour, low exposure to ultraviolet radiation). We propose that men who are potential candidates for screening should be engaged in a discussion with their clinician (also involving their families and caregivers) so that an informed decision may be made as part of an individualised risk-adapted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mottet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, St. Etienne, France.
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Bolla
- Department of Radiation Therapy, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Fossati
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tobias Gross
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ann M Henry
- Leeds Cancer Centre, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK; University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Lam
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Urology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Paul C Moldovan
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Radiology Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Henk G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olivier Rouvière
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Radiology Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wiegel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Cornford
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Valberg M, Grotmol T, Tretli S, Veierød MB, Moger TA, Devesa SS, Aalen OO. Prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer: Depleting a limited pool of susceptible individuals? Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 32:511-520. [PMID: 27431530 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After the introduction of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test in the 1980s, a sharp increase in the incidence rate of prostate cancer was seen in the United States. The age-specific incidence patterns exhibited remarkable shifts to younger ages, and declining rates were observed at old ages. Similar trends were seen in Norway. We investigate whether these features could, in combination with PSA testing, be explained by a varying degree of susceptibility to prostate cancer in the populations. We analyzed incidence data from the United States' Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program for 1973-2010, comprising 511,027 prostate cancers in men ≥40 years old, and Norwegian national incidence data for 1953-2011, comprising 113,837 prostate cancers in men ≥50 years old. We developed a frailty model where only a proportion of the population could develop prostate cancer, and where the increased risk of diagnosis due to the massive use of PSA testing was modelled by encompassing this heterogeneity in risk. The frailty model fits the observed data well, and captures the changing age-specific incidence patterns across birth cohorts. The susceptible proportion of men is [Formula: see text] in the United States and [Formula: see text] in Norway. Cumulative incidence rates at old age are unchanged across birth cohort exposed to PSA testing at younger and younger ages. The peaking cohort-specific age-incidence curves of prostate cancer may be explained by the underlying heterogeneity in prostate cancer risk. The introduction of the PSA test has led to a larger number of diagnosed men. However, no more cases are being diagnosed in total in birth cohorts exposed to the PSA era at younger and younger ages, even though they are diagnosed at younger ages. Together with the earlier peak in the age-incidence curves for younger cohorts, and the strong familial association of the cancer, this constitutes convincing evidence that the PSA test has led to a higher proportion, and an earlier timing, of diagnoses in a limited pool of susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Valberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tom Grotmol
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Tretli
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tron A Moger
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan S Devesa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Odd O Aalen
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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McCrow JP, Petersen DC, Louw M, Chan EKF, Harmeyer K, Vecchiarelli S, Lyons RJ, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. Spectrum of mitochondrial genomic variation and associated clinical presentation of prostate cancer in South African men. Prostate 2016; 76:349-58. [PMID: 26660354 PMCID: PMC4832339 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are significantly increased in African-American men, but limited studies have been performed within Sub-Saharan African populations. As mitochondria control energy metabolism and apoptosis we speculate that somatic mutations within mitochondrial genomes are candidate drivers of aggressive prostate carcinogenesis. METHODS We used matched blood and prostate tissue samples from 87 South African men (77 with African ancestry) to perform deep sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes. Clinical presentation was biased toward aggressive disease (Gleason score >7, 64%), and compared with men without prostate cancer either with or without benign prostatic hyperplasia. RESULTS We identified 144 somatic mtDNA single nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which 80 were observed in 39 men presenting with aggressive disease. Both the number and frequency of somatic mtDNA SNVs were associated with higher pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS Besides doubling the total number of somatic PCa-associated mitochondrial genome mutations identified to date, we associate mutational load with aggressive prostate cancer status in men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desiree C. Petersen
- J. Craig Venter InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New SouthWales Australia, RandwickNSWAustralia
| | - Melanie Louw
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Eva K. F. Chan
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New SouthWales Australia, RandwickNSWAustralia
| | - Katherine Harmeyer
- J. Craig Venter InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stefano Vecchiarelli
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ruth J. Lyons
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - M. S. Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public HealthUniversity of PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Vanessa M. Hayes
- J. Craig Venter InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer GenomicsGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurst, SydneyNSWAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New SouthWales Australia, RandwickNSWAustralia
- School of Health Systems and Public HealthUniversity of PretoriaSouth Africa
- Central Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdown, SydneyNSWAustralia
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Lynch HT, Kosoko‐Lasaki O, Leslie SW, Rendell M, Shaw T, Snyder C, D'Amico AV, Buxbaum S, Isaacs WB, Loeb S, Moul JW, Powell I. Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2579-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry T. Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Omofolasade Kosoko‐Lasaki
- Departments of Surgery, Preventive Medicine & Public HealthCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Stephen W. Leslie
- Department of Surgery (Urology)Creighton University Medical Center601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700Omaha NE
| | - Marc Rendell
- Department of Internal MedicineCreighton University Medical Center601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700Omaha NE
| | - Trudy Shaw
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Carrie Snyder
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Anthony V. D'Amico
- Department of Radiation OncologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston MA
| | - Sarah Buxbaum
- Jackson State University School of Health Sciences350 W. Woodrow Wilson DriveJackson MS
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Departments of Urology and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Marburg 115, Johns Hopkins Hospital600 N. Wolfe StBaltimore MD
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population HealthNew York University550 1st Ave VZ30 (#612)New York NY
| | - Judd W. Moul
- Duke Prostate Center, Division of Urologic Surgery, DUMC 3707‐Room 1562 Duke SouthDuke University Medical CenterDurham NC
| | - Isaac Powell
- Department of UrologyWayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, University Health Center 7‐CDetroit MI
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Rand KA, Rohland N, Tandon A, Stram A, Sheng X, Do R, Pasaniuc B, Allen A, Quinque D, Mallick S, Le Marchand L, Kaggwa S, Lubwama A, Stram DO, Watya S, Henderson BE, Conti DV, Reich D, Haiman CA. Whole-exome sequencing of over 4100 men of African ancestry and prostate cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:371-81. [PMID: 26604137 PMCID: PMC4865031 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in males, with a ∼1.5-2-fold higher incidence in African American men when compared with whites. Epidemiologic evidence supports a large heritable contribution to prostate cancer, with over 100 susceptibility loci identified to date that can explain ∼33% of the familial risk. To explore the contribution of both rare and common variation in coding regions to prostate cancer risk, we sequenced the exomes of 2165 prostate cancer cases and 2034 controls of African ancestry at a mean coverage of 10.1×. We identified 395 220 coding variants down to 0.05% frequency [57% non-synonymous (NS), 42% synonymous and 1% gain or loss of stop codon or splice site variant] in 16 751 genes with the strongest associations observed in SPARCL1 on 4q22.1 (rs13051, Ala49Asp, OR = 0.78, P = 1.8 × 10(-6)) and PTPRR on 12q15 (rs73341069, Val239Ile, OR = 1.62, P = 2.5 × 10(-5)). In gene-level testing, the two most significant genes were C1orf100 (P = 2.2 × 10(-4)) and GORAB (P = 2.3 × 10(-4)). We did not observe exome-wide significant associations (after correcting for multiple hypothesis testing) in single variant or gene-level testing in the overall case-control or case-case analyses of disease aggressiveness. In this first whole-exome sequencing study of prostate cancer, our findings do not provide strong support for the hypothesis that NS coding variants down to 0.5-1.0% frequency have large effects on prostate cancer risk in men of African ancestry. Higher-coverage sequencing efforts in larger samples will be needed to study rarer variants with smaller effect sizes associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Rand
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arti Tandon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Ron Do
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Allen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dominique Quinque
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | - Alex Lubwama
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda and
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephen Watya
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda and Uro Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,
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Öztürk H, Karapolat I. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for detection of disease in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse following radical treatment of a local-stage prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:316-322. [PMID: 26870210 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to retrospectively review the contribution of 18F-fluorodeoxygluose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the assessment of biochemical recurrence in patients with a diagnosis of local-stage prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) or received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). A total of 28 patients who underwent RP or received EBRT for PCa between July 2007 and April 2013, and who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for re-staging due to biochemical recurrence were included in the present study. The mean age of the patients was 65.07 years and the standard deviation was 7.51 years (range, 51-82 years). Of the 28 patients, 23 (82.1%) underwent RP and 5 (17.9%) received definitive EBRT. Prior to scanning, all patients were required to fast for 6 h, and ~1 h after the intravenous injection of 555 MBq 18F-FDG, whole-body PET scans were performed from the skull base to the upper thighs. Whole-body CT scans were performed in the craniocaudal direction. 18F-FDG PET images were reconstructed using CT data for attenuation correction. Histopathology examination or clinical follow-up was used to confirm any suspicious recurrent or metastatic lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT were 61.6, 75.0, 61.6, 75.0 and 71.4%, respectively. 18F-FDG PET/CT can detect local and distant metastases with a high accuracy in the assessment of biochemical recurrence, thus detecting occult metastases and allowing the re-staging of PCa in the patients receiving definitive treatment. It is considered that 18F-FDG PET/CT may be useful in re-assessing the patients with PCa receiving definitive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Öztürk
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sifa University, Izmir 35240, Turkey
| | - Inanç Karapolat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Sifa University, Izmir 35240, Turkey
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Berndt SI, Wang Z, Yeager M, Alavanja MC, Albanes D, Amundadottir L, Andriole G, Beane Freeman L, Campa D, Cancel-Tassin G, Canzian F, Cornu JN, Cussenot O, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Grönberg H, Haiman CA, Henderson B, Hutchinson A, Hunter DJ, Key TJ, Kolb S, Koutros S, Kraft P, Le Marchand L, Lindström S, Machiela MJ, Ostrander EA, Riboli E, Schumacher F, Siddiq A, Stanford JL, Stevens VL, Travis RC, Tsilidis KK, Virtamo J, Weinstein S, Wilkund F, Xu J, Lilly Zheng S, Yu K, Wheeler W, Zhang H, Sampson J, Black A, Jacobs K, Hoover RN, Tucker M, Chanock SJ. Two susceptibility loci identified for prostate cancer aggressiveness. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6889. [PMID: 25939597 PMCID: PMC4422072 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer will experience indolent disease; hence, discovering genetic variants that distinguish aggressive from nonaggressive prostate cancer is of critical clinical importance for disease prevention and treatment. In a multistage, case-only genome-wide association study of 12,518 prostate cancer cases, we identify two loci associated with Gleason score, a pathological measure of disease aggressiveness: rs35148638 at 5q14.3 (RASA1, P=6.49 × 10(-9)) and rs78943174 at 3q26.31 (NAALADL2, P=4.18 × 10(-8)). In a stratified case-control analysis, the SNP at 5q14.3 appears specific for aggressive prostate cancer (P=8.85 × 10(-5)) with no association for nonaggressive prostate cancer compared with controls (P=0.57). The proximity of these loci to genes involved in vascular disease suggests potential biological mechanisms worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA
| | - Michael C Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laufey Amundadottir
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Laura Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniele Campa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Nicolas Cornu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, UPMC University Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fred Schumacher
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janet L Stanford
- 1] Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Fredrik Wilkund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - William Wheeler
- Information Management Services Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Virlogeux V, Graff RE, Hoffmann TJ, Witte JS. Replication and heritability of prostate cancer risk variants: impact of population-specific factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:938-43. [PMID: 25809866 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates vary across populations, with African American men exhibiting the highest rates. To date, genome-wide association studies have identified 104 SNPs independently associated with prostate cancer in men of European ancestry. METHODS We investigated whether the ability to replicate findings for these 104 SNPs in African American, Asian, and Latino populations depends on variation in risk allele frequencies (RAF), strength of associations, and/or patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the associated loci. We extracted estimates of effect from the literature, and determined RAF and LD information across the populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. RESULTS Risk variants were largely replicated across populations. Relative to Europeans, 83% had smaller effect sizes among African Americans and 73% demonstrated smaller effect sizes among Latinos. Among Asians, however, 56% showed larger effect sizes than among Europeans. The largest difference in RAFs was observed between European and African ancestry populations, but this difference did not impact our ability to replicate. The extent of LD within 250 kb of risk loci in Asian ancestry populations was suggestively lower for variants that did not replicate (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Despite substantial overlap in prostate cancer risk SNPs across populations, the variation in prostate cancer incidence among different populations may still in part reflect unique underlying genetic architectures. IMPACT Studying different ancestral populations is crucial for deciphering the genetic basis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Virlogeux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Hjelmborg JB, Scheike T, Holst K, Skytthe A, Penney KL, Graff RE, Pukkala E, Christensen K, Adami HO, Holm NV, Nuttall E, Hansen S, Hartman M, Czene K, Harris JR, Kaprio J, Mucci LA. The heritability of prostate cancer in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2303-10. [PMID: 24812039 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is thought to be the most heritable cancer, although little is known about how this genetic contribution varies across age. METHODS To address this question, we undertook the world's largest prospective study in the Nordic Twin Study of Cancer cohort, including 18,680 monozygotic (MZ) and 30,054 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex male twin pairs. We incorporated time-to-event analyses to estimate the risk concordance and heritability while accounting for censoring and competing risks of death, essential sources of biases that have not been accounted for in previous twin studies modeling cancer risk and liability. RESULTS The cumulative risk of prostate cancer was similar to that of the background population. The cumulative risk for twins whose co-twin was diagnosed with prostate cancer was greater for MZ than for DZ twins across all ages. Among concordantly affected pairs, the time between diagnoses was significantly shorter for MZ than DZ pairs (median, 3.8 versus 6.5 years, respectively). Genetic differences contributed substantially to variation in both the risk and the liability [heritability = 58% (95% confidence interval, 52%-63%)] of developing prostate cancer. The relative contribution of genetic factors was constant across age through late life with substantial genetic heterogeneity even when diagnosis and screening procedures vary. CONCLUSIONS Results from the population-based twin cohort indicate a greater genetic contribution to the risk of developing prostate cancer when addressing sources of bias. The role of genetic factors is consistently high across age. IMPACT Findings affect the search for genetic and epigenetic markers and frame prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hjelmborg
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark.
| | | | - Klaus Holst
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen
| | - Axel Skytthe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research. School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels V Holm
- The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark. Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery, National University Hospital and NUHS, Singapore. Division of Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Division of Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Centre for Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Hu Y, Zhao Q, Rao J, Deng H, Yuan H, Xu B. Longitudinal trends in prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival of patients from two Shanghai city districts: a retrospective population-based cohort study, 2000-2009. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:356. [PMID: 24731197 PMCID: PMC4005468 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting men of all ages in China, but robust surveillance data on its occurrence and outcome is lacking. The specific objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the longitudinal trends of prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in Shanghai from 2000 to 2009. Methods A retrospective population-based cohort study was performed using data from a central district (Putuo) and a suburban district (Jiading) of Shanghai. Records of all prostate cancer cases reported to the Shanghai Cancer Registry from 2000 to 2009 for the two districts were reviewed. Prostate cancer outcomes were ascertained by matching cases with individual mortality data (up to 2010) from the National Death Register. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze factors associated with prostate cancer survival. Results A total of 1022 prostate cancer cases were diagnosed from 2000 to 2009. The average age of patients was 75 years. A rapid increase in incidence occurred during the study period. Compared with the year 2000, 2009 incidence was 3.28 times higher in Putuo and 5.33 times higher in Jiading. Prostate cancer mortality declined from 4.45 per 105 individuals per year in 2000 to 1.94 per 105 in 2009 in Putuo and from 5.45 per 105 to 3.5 per 105 in Jiading during the same period. One-year and 5-year prostate cancer survival rates were 95% and 56% in Putuo, and 88% and 51% in Jiading, respectively. Staging of disease, Karnofsky Performance Scale Index, and selection of chemotherapy were three independent factors influencing the survival of prostate cancer patients. Conclusions The prostate cancer incidence increased rapidly from 2000 to 2009, and prostate cancer survival rates decreased in urban and suburban Chinese populations. Early detection and prompt prostate cancer treatment is important for improving health and for increasing survival rates of the Shanghai male population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Biao Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Influence of family history on psychosocial distress and perceived need for treatment in prostate cancer survivors. Fam Cancer 2014; 13:481-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cook MB, Gamborg M, Aarestrup J, Sørensen TI, Baker JL. Childhood height and birth weight in relation to future prostate cancer risk: a cohort study based on the copenhagen school health records register. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2232-40. [PMID: 24089459 PMCID: PMC3863763 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult height has been positively associated with prostate cancer risk. However, the exposure window of importance is currently unknown and assessments of height during earlier growth periods are scarce. In addition, the association between birth weight and prostate cancer remains undetermined. We assessed these relationships in a cohort of the Copenhagen School Health Records Register (CSHRR). METHODS The CSHRR comprises 372,636 school children. For boys born between the 1930s and 1969, birth weight and annual childhood heights-measured between ages 7 and 13 years-were analyzed in relation to prostate cancer risk. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS There were 125,211 males for analysis, 2,987 of who were subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2.57 million person-years of follow-up. Height z-score was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk at all ages (HRs, 1.13 to 1.14). Height at age 13 years was more important than height change (P = 0.024) and height at age 7 years (P = 0.024), when estimates from mutually adjusted models were compared. Adjustment of birth weight did not alter the estimates. Birth weight was not associated with prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS The association between childhood height and prostate cancer risk was driven by height at age 13 years. IMPACT Our findings implicate late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood growth periods as containing the exposure window(s) of interest that underlies the association between height and prostate cancer. The causal factor may not be singular given the complexity of both human growth and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Gamborg
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Aarestrup
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer L. Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals – Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA. Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:365-74. [PMID: 22504869 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of lethal prostate cancer is a critical public health challenge that would improve health and reduce suffering from this disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence surrounding specific lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. We present a summary of evidence for the following selected behavioral risk factors: obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, antioxidant intake, vitamin D and calcium, and coffee intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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73
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Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol 2012; 30:195-200. [PMID: 22476558 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-012-0824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a significant public health issue in the United States. It is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2011, 240,890 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 33,720 men died of it. METHODS A review of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted: American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results. Program data were assessed to describe trends in incidence, mortality, and survival rates and look at other predictors of risk of prostate cancer diagnosis and death. RESULTS Since 1985, there have been significant changing trends in prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as changes in the age distribution of the population diagnosed and even in the distribution of pathologies at diagnosis. Major risk factors for diagnosis include age, family history, race, and screening behavior. CONCLUSION While prostate cancer remains largely a disease diagnosed in older men (over age 65), screening has increased risk of diagnosis among men in their 40s and 50s. The incidence rates and 5-year survival rates are heavily influenced by the introduction of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and widespread screening. The effects of PSA usage and screening on mortality rates are less certain. Outcome studies among men treated with radical prostatectomy show that greater than 30% relapse rates are common. This suggests that many men who are diagnosed with "localized early stage disease" actually have "apparently localized early stage disease," which is really low volume metastatic disease.
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