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Mohammadi S, Moosaie F, Aarabi MH. Understanding the Immunologic Characteristics of Neurologic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Immunological Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5263-5275. [PMID: 32869183 PMCID: PMC7458880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Similar to its predecessors, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits neurotrophic properties, which lead to progression of neurologic sequelae. Besides direct viral invasion to the central nervous system (CNS), indirect CNS involvement through viral-mediated immune response is plausible. Aberrant immune pathways such as extreme release of cytokines (cytokine storm), autoimmunity mediated by cross-reactivity between CNS components and viral particles, and microglial activation propagate CNS damage in these patients. Here, we review the currently available evidence to discuss the plausible immunologic pathways that may contribute to the development of COVID-19 neurological complications, namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizure, and brainstem involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mohammadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moosaie
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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52
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Pagan FL, Wilmarth B, Torres-Yaghi Y, Hebron ML, Mulki S, Ferrante D, Matar S, Ahn J, Moussa C. Long-Term Safety and Clinical Effects of Nilotinib in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:740-749. [PMID: 33215762 PMCID: PMC8048914 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nilotinib is US Food and Drug Administration-approved for leukemia, and this open-label study investigated the safety, tolerability, and potential clinical effects of nilotinib in medically optimized patients with Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVES Safety and tolerability were the primary objectives, and clinical outcomes were exploratory. METHODS A total of 63 patients completed a 15-month phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and were rerandomized 1:1 into an open-label study of nilotinib 150 mg versus 300 mg for 12 months. RESULTS Nilotinib was safe and tolerated, and no adverse effects seemed to be related to the drug, and no differences in adverse events were observed between groups. Exploratory clinical outcomes showed that nilotinib 300 mg was remarkably stable from baseline to 27 months using partial and total Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale (UPDRS). Nilotinib 150 mg versus 300 mg, significantly declined using partial or the sum of UPDRS Parts I and II. There was no significant difference in nilotinib 150 mg versus 300 mg using UPDRS Part III (on levodopa) and total UPDRS Parts I to III. Subgroup analysis showed that late-start nilotinib 150 mg significantly worsened using the sum of UPDRS Parts II + III and total UPDRS Parts I to III compared with late-start nilotinib 300 mg. Quality of life using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire in nilotinib 150 mg significantly declined between 15 and 27 months compared with nilotinib 300 mg, and there was no change in cognition using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment between groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that nilotinib is safe and tolerated in Parkinson's disease. The exploratory clinical data will inform an adequately powered larger study to evaluate the efficacy of nilotinib 300 mg in Parkinson's disease. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Pagan
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Barbara Wilmarth
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Yasar Torres-Yaghi
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michaeline L Hebron
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sanjana Mulki
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dalila Ferrante
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sara Matar
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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53
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Wildburger NC, Hartke AS, Schidlitzki A, Richter F. Current Evidence for a Bidirectional Loop Between the Lysosome and Alpha-Synuclein Proteoforms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598446. [PMID: 33282874 PMCID: PMC7705175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence collected in recent decades suggests that lysosomal dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, especially if amyloid proteins are involved. Among these, alpha-synuclein (aSyn) that progressively accumulates and aggregates in Lewy bodies is undisputedly a main culprit in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis. Lysosomal dysfunction is evident in brains of PD patients, and mutations in lysosomal enzymes are a major risk factor of PD. At first glance, the role of protein-degrading lysosomes in a disease with pathological protein accumulation seems obvious and should guide the development of straightforward and rational therapeutic targets. However, our review demonstrates that the story is more complicated for aSyn. The protein can possess diverse posttranslational modifications, aggregate formations, and truncations, all of which contribute to a growing known set of proteoforms. These interfere directly or indirectly with lysosome function, reducing their own degradation, and thereby accelerating the protein aggregation and disease process. Conversely, unbalanced lysosomal enzymatic processes can produce truncated aSyn proteoforms that may be more toxic and prone to aggregation. This highlights the possibility of enhancing lysosomal function as a treatment for PD, if it can be confirmed that this approach effectively reduces harmful aSyn proteoforms and does not produce novel, toxic proteoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Hartke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alina Schidlitzki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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54
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Sidorova YA, Saarma M. Can Growth Factors Cure Parkinson's Disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:909-922. [PMID: 33198924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) hold considerable promise for disease modification in neurodegenerative disorders because they can protect and restore degenerating neurons and also enhance their functional activity. However, extensive efforts applied to utilize their therapeutic potential in humans have achieved limited success so far. Multiple clinical trials with GFs were performed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, in whom diagnostic symptoms of the disease are caused by advanced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons (DNs), but the results of these trials are controversial. This review discusses recent developments in the field of therapeutic use of GFs, problems and obstacles related to this use, suggests the ways to overcome these issues, and alternative approaches that can be used to utilize the potential ofGFsin PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Sidorova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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55
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Fowler AJ, Hebron M, Balaraman K, Shi W, Missner AA, Greenzaid JD, Chiu TL, Ullman C, Weatherdon E, Duka V, Torres-Yaghi Y, Pagan FL, Liu X, Ressom H, Ahn J, Wolf C, Moussa C. Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 is a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2882-2898. [PMID: 32776088 PMCID: PMC7566445 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDRs) is poorly understood in neurodegeneration. DDRs are upregulated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD), and DDRs knockdown reduces neurotoxic protein levels. Here we show that potent and preferential DDR1 inhibitors reduce neurotoxic protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Partial or complete deletion or inhibition of DDR1 in a mouse model challenged with α-synuclein increases autophagy and reduces inflammation and neurotoxic proteins. Significant changes of cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs that control inflammation, neuronal injury, autophagy and vesicular transport genes are observed in PD with and without dementia and Lewy body dementia, but these changes are attenuated or reversed after treatment with the DDR1 inhibitor, nilotinib. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DDR1 regulates autophagy and reduces neurotoxic proteins and inflammation and is a therapeutic target in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Fowler
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Georgetown Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Michaeline Hebron
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Wangke Shi
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Alexander A Missner
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jonathan D Greenzaid
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Timothy L Chiu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Clementina Ullman
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ethan Weatherdon
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Val Duka
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yasar Torres-Yaghi
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Fernando L Pagan
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Habtom Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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56
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Airavaara M, Parkkinen I, Konovalova J, Albert K, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin-Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e88. [PMID: 32049438 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as non-motor features like sleep disturbances, loss of ability to smell, depression, constipation, and pain. Motor symptoms are caused by depletion of dopamine in the striatum due to the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Approximately 10% of PD cases are familial arising from genetic mutations in α-synuclein, LRRK2, DJ-1, PINK1, parkin, and several other proteins. The majority of PD cases are, however, idiopathic, i.e., having no clear etiology. PD is characterized by progressive accumulation of insoluble inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, mostly composed of α-synuclein and membrane components. The cause of PD is currently attributed to cellular proteostasis deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are likely interdependent. In addition, neuroinflammation is present in brains of PD patients, but whether it is the cause or consequence of neurodegeneration remains to be studied. Rodents do not develop PD or PD-like motor symptoms spontaneously; however, neurotoxins, genetic mutations, viral vector-mediated transgene expression and, recently, injections of misfolded α-synuclein have been successfully utilized to model certain aspects of the disease. Here, we critically review the advantages and drawbacks of rodent PD models and discuss approaches to advance pre-clinical PD research towards successful disease-modifying therapy. © 2020 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrina Albert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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57
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Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N. From Synaptic Protein to Prion: The Long and Controversial Journey of α-Synuclein. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:584536. [PMID: 33071772 PMCID: PMC7536368 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.584536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery 30 years ago, α-synuclein (α-syn) has been one of the most studied proteins in the field of neuroscience. Dozens of groups worldwide have tried to reveal not only its role in the CNS but also in other organs. α-syn has been linked to several processes essential in brain homeostasis such as neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and plasticity. However, despite the efforts made in this direction, the main function of α-syn is still unknown. Moreover, α-syn became a protein of interest for neurologists and neuroscientists when mutations in its gene were found associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and even more when α-syn protein deposits were observed in the brain of PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. At present, the abnormal accumulation of α-syn constitutes one of the pathological hallmarks of these disorders, also referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and it is used for post-mortem diagnostic criteria. Whether α-syn aggregation is cause or consequence of the pathogenic events underlying α-synucleinopathies remains unclear and under discussion. Recently, different in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of pathogenic α-syn to spread between cells, not only within the CNS but also from peripheral locations such as the gut, salivary glands, and through the olfactory network into the CNS, inducing abnormal misfolding of endogenous α-syn and leading to neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairment in animal models. Thus, it has been suggested that α-syn should be considered a prion protein. Here we present an update of what we know about α-syn function, aggregation and spreading, and its role in neurodegeneration. We also discuss the rationale and findings supporting the hypothetical prion nature of α-syn, its weaknesses, and future perspectives for research and the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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58
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Dominguez-Meijide A, Vasili E, König A, Cima-Omori MS, Ibáñez de Opakua A, Leonov A, Ryazanov S, Zweckstetter M, Griesinger C, Outeiro TF. Effects of pharmacological modulators of α-synuclein and tau aggregation and internalization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12827. [PMID: 32732936 PMCID: PMC7393090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly and, therefore, affect a growing number of patients worldwide. Both diseases share, as a common hallmark, the accumulation of characteristic protein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies (LB) in PD, and neurofibrillary tangles in AD. LBs are primarily composed of misfolded α-synuclein (aSyn), and neurofibrillary tangles are primarily composed of tau protein. Importantly, upon pathological evaluation, most AD and PD/Lewy body dementia cases exhibit mixed pathology, with the co-occurrence of both LB and neurofibrillary tangles, among other protein inclusions. Recent studies suggest that both aSyn and tau pathology can spread and propagate through neuronal connections. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanisms underlying aggregation and propagation of these proteins for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we assessed the effects of different pharmacological interventions on the aggregation and internalization of tau and aSyn. We found that anle138b and fulvic acid decrease aSyn and tau aggregation, that epigallocatechin gallate decreases aSyn aggregation, and that dynasore reduces tau internalization. Establishing the effects of small molecules with different chemical properties on the aggregation and spreading of aSyn and tau will be important for the development of future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria-Sol Cima-Omori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alain Ibáñez de Opakua
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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59
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Chmielarz P, Saarma M. Neurotrophic factors for disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson's disease: gaps between basic science and clinical studies. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1195-1217. [PMID: 32700249 PMCID: PMC7550372 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Background Neurotrophic factors are endogenous proteins promoting the survival of different neural cells. Therefore, they elicited great interest as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s Disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, scientifically characterized more than 200 years ago and initially linked with motor abnormalities. Currently, the disease is viewed as a highly heterogeneous, progressive disorder with a long presymptomatic phase, and both motor and non-motor symptoms. Presently only symptomatic treatments for PD are available. Neurohistopathological changes of PD affected brains have been described more than 100 years ago and characterized by the presence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and degeneration of dopamine neurons. Despite more than a century of investigations, it has remained unclear why dopamine neurons die in PD. Methods This review summarizes literature data from preclinical studies and clinical trials of neurotrophic factor based therapies for PD and discuss it from the perspective of the current understanding of PD biology. Results Newest data point towards dysfunctions of mitochondria, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, unfolded protein response and prion protein-like spreading of misfolded alpha-synuclein that is the major component of Lewy bodies. Yet, the exact chain of events leading to the demise of dopamine neurons is unclear and perhaps different in subpopulations of patients. Conclusions Gaps in our understanding of underlying disease etiology have hindered our attempts to find treatments able to slow down the progression of PD. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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60
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Katsikoudi A, Ficulle E, Cavallini A, Sharman G, Guyot A, Zagnoni M, Eastwood BJ, Hutton M, Bose S. Quantitative propagation of assembled human Tau from Alzheimer's disease brain in microfluidic neuronal cultures. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13079-13093. [PMID: 32699110 PMCID: PMC7489902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregation and hyperphosphorylation is a key neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the temporospatial spread of Tau observed during clinical manifestation suggests that Tau pathology may spread along the axonal network and propagate between synaptically connected neurons. Here, we have developed a cellular model that allows the study of human AD-derived Tau propagation from neuron to neuron using microfluidic devices. We show by using high-content imaging techniques and an in-house developed interactive computer program that human AD-derived Tau seeds rodent Tau that propagates trans-neuronally in a quantifiable manner in a microfluidic culture model. Moreover, we were able to convert this model to a medium-throughput format allowing the user to handle 16 two-chamber devices simultaneously in the footprint of a standard 96-well plate. Furthermore, we show that a small molecule inhibitor of aggregation can block the trans-neuronal transfer of Tau aggregates, suggesting that the system can be used to evaluate mechanisms of Tau transfer and find therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Katsikoudi
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ficulle
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Cavallini
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Sharman
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amelie Guyot
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems & Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Eastwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hutton
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Suchira Bose
- Department of Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Company Limited, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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61
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Jiang Z, Xu X, Gu X, Ou R, Luo X, Shang H, Song W. Effects of Higher Serum Lipid Levels on the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:597. [PMID: 32670190 PMCID: PMC7332704 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The causal relationship between serum lipid levels and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains largely uncertain. We summarized the existing controversial evidence on this topic. Methods: We searched the electronic databases for observational studies from January 1988 to March 2020. We applied random-effects models to calculate pooled relative risk (RR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Random-effects dose-response meta-analyses were further conducted to explore the dose-risk relationship. Results: Twelve cohort studies and three case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. Higher levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were inversely associated with the subsequent risk of PD (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57–0.93), whereas, there were no associations between serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73–1.13), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.73–1.27), or triglycerides (TG) (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.55–1.29) and the risk of PD. Further dose-response meta-analysis revealed that every 38.6 mg/dL (1mmol/L) increase in serum LDL-C correlates with a 7% decreased risk of PD. Conclusions: Our paper supports the protective effect of higher serum LDL-C on the subsequent risk of PD. More prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm the conclusion, and further fundamental researches are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Gu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Luo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ferreira C, Almeida C, Tenreiro S, Quintas A. Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10060086. [PMID: 32545328 PMCID: PMC7344445 DOI: 10.3390/life10060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is currently the most rapid growing neurodegenerative disease and over the past generation, its global burden has more than doubled. The onset of PD can arise due to environmental, sporadic or genetic factors. Nevertheless, most PD cases have an unknown etiology. Chemicals, such as the anthropogenic pollutant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amphetamine-type stimulants, have been associated with the onset of PD. Conversely, cannabinoids have been associated with the treatment of the symptoms'. PD and medical cannabis is currently under the spotlight, and research to find its benefits on PD is on-going worldwide. However, the described clinical applications and safety of pharmacotherapy with cannabis products are yet to be fully supported by scientific evidence. Furthermore, the novel psychoactive substances are currently a popular alternative to classical drugs of abuse, representing an unknown health hazard for young adults who may develop PD later in their lifetime. This review addresses the neurotoxic and neuroprotective impact of illicit substance consumption in PD, presenting clinical evidence and molecular and cellular mechanisms of this association. This research area is utterly important for contemporary society since illicit drugs' legalization is under discussion which may have consequences both for the onset of PD and for the treatment of its symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário–Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, P-4200–319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Almeida
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Sandra Tenreiro
- CEDOC–Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (C.F.); (C.A.)
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário–Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, P-2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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63
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Anti-aggregation Effects of Phenolic Compounds on α-synuclein. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102444. [PMID: 32456274 PMCID: PMC7288075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (αS) are major pathologic features of Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other α-synucleinopathies. The propagation of αS pathology in the brain plays a key role in the onset and progression of clinical phenotypes. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing strategies that attenuate αS aggregation and propagation. Based on cumulative evidence that αS oligomers are neurotoxic and critical species in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies, we and other groups reported that phenolic compounds inhibit αS aggregation including oligomerization, thereby ameliorating αS oligomer-induced cellular and synaptic toxicities. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota may influence the efficacy of dietary polyphenol metabolism. Our recent studies on the brain-penetrating polyphenolic acids 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-diHBA), and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPPA), which are derived from gut microbiota-based metabolism of dietary polyphenols, demonstrated an in vitro ability to inhibit αS oligomerization and mediate aggregated αS-induced neurotoxicity. Additionally, 3-HPPA, 3,4-diHBA, 3-HBA, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly attenuated intracellular αS seeding aggregation in a cell-based system. This review focuses on recent research developments regarding neuroprotective properties, especially anti-αS aggregation effects, of phenolic compounds and their metabolites by the gut microbiome, including our findings in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies.
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Advances in modelling alpha-synuclein-induced Parkinson’s diseases in rodents: Virus-based models versus inoculation of exogenous preformed toxic species. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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Poewe W, Seppi K, Marini K, Mahlknecht P. New hopes for disease modification in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108085. [PMID: 32298705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, despite numerous clinical trials, no intervention has been demonstrated to modify the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, over the past decades encouraging progress has been made towards a better understanding of molecular pathways relevant for the neurodegenerative process in PD. This is also based on new insights into the genetic architecture of the disease, revealing multiple novel targets for potentially disease-modifying interventions. Important achievements have also been made in the field of risk markers and combinations thereof, in the form of risk algorithms, will hopefully soon provide the possibility to identify affected individuals at yet prediagnostic or prodromal stages of the illness. Such phases of the disease would provide an ideal window for neuroprotection trials. Taken together, these developments offer hope that a breakthrough towards modifying the course of PD might be reached. In this article we summarize various approaches currently pursued in this quest. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Marini
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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Meng Y, Qiao H, Ding J, He Y, Fan H, Li C, Qiu P. Effect of Parkin on methamphetamine-induced α-synuclein degradation dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01574. [PMID: 32086884 PMCID: PMC7177580 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug with complicated neurotoxicity, and abuse of METH is very common. Studies have shown that METH exposure causes alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation. However, the mechanism of α-syn accumulation has not been determined. METHODS In this study, we established cell and animal models of METH intoxication to evaluate how METH affects α-syn expression. In addition, to explore METH-induced neurotoxicity, we measured the level of Parkin and the phosphorylation levels of α-syn, Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), the proteasome activity marker CD3δ, and the apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3 and PARP. Parkin is a key enzyme in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In addition, the effect of Parkin on METH-induced neurotoxicity was investigated by overexpressing it in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS METH exposure increased polyubiquitin and α-syn expression, as did MG132. Furthermore, the level of Parkin and the interaction between Parkin and α-syn decreased after METH exposure. Importantly, the increases in α-syn expression and neurotoxicity were relieved by Parkin overexpression. CONCLUSIONS By establishing stable cell lines and animal models that overexpress Parkin, we confirmed Parkin as an important factor in METH-induced α-syn degradation dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. Parkin may be a promising target for the treatment of METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunle Meng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Qiao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong HuaTian Forensic Biology Judicial Evaluation Institute, Qingyuan, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitong He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoling Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cenci MA, Björklund A. Animal models for preclinical Parkinson's research: An update and critical appraisal. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:27-59. [PMID: 32247366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) are essential to investigate pathogenic pathways at the whole-organism level. Moreover, they are necessary for a preclinical investigation of potential new therapies. Different pathological features of PD can be induced in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species using toxins, drugs, or genetic perturbations. Each model has a particular utility and range of applicability. Invertebrate PD models are particularly useful for high throughput-screening applications, whereas mammalian models are needed to explore complex motor and non-motor features of the human disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and critical appraisal of the most commonly used mammalian models of PD, which are produced in rats and mice. A substantial loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons is necessary for the animal to exhibit a hypokinetic motor phenotype responsive to dopaminergic agents, thus resembling clinical PD. This level of dopaminergic neurodegeneration can be induced using specific neurotoxins, environmental toxicants, or proteasome inhibitors. Alternatively, nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration can be induced via overexpression of α-synuclein using viral vectors or transgenic techniques. In addition, protein aggregation pathology can be triggered by inoculating preformed fibrils of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra or the striatum. Thanks to the conceptual and technical progress made in the past few years a vast repertoire of well-characterized animal models are currently available to address different aspects of PD in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Cenci
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders Björklund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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68
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Teil M, Arotcarena ML, Faggiani E, Laferriere F, Bezard E, Dehay B. Targeting α-synuclein for PD Therapeutics: A Pursuit on All Fronts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030391. [PMID: 32138193 PMCID: PMC7175302 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized both by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy Bodies. These Lewy Bodies contain the aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which has been shown to be able to propagate from cell to cell and throughout different regions in the brain. Due to its central role in the pathology and the lack of a curative treatment for PD, an increasing number of studies have aimed at targeting this protein for therapeutics. Here, we reviewed and discussed the many different approaches that have been studied to inhibit α-syn accumulation via direct and indirect targeting. These analyses have led to the generation of multiple clinical trials that are either completed or currently active. These clinical trials and the current preclinical studies must still face obstacles ahead, but give hope of finding a therapy for PD with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Arotcarena
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Faggiani
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Laferriere
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.T.); (M.-L.A.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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Hu S, Hu M, Liu J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Zhou FH, Wang L, Dong J. Phosphorylation of Tau and α-Synuclein Induced Neurodegeneration in MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:651-663. [PMID: 32184604 PMCID: PMC7061418 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the pathologic hallmark of PD. It is known that α-Synuclein is phosphorylated (p-α-Synuclein) in PD and tau-hyperphosphorylation (p-Tau) is also a pathologic feature of PD. However, the relationship between p-Synuclein and p-Tau in PD is not clear, in particular in the MPTP model of PD. The purpose of this study was to reveal their relationship in the mouse MPTP model. METHODS Firstly, the p-α-Synuclein, α-Synuclein, p-Tau and Tau protein levels were analyzed. Then, GSK3β activation was determined using immunoblot and immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the dopaminergic neurodegeneration was assessed using Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) staining and retrograde labeling and microglial marker were labeled. Microglial activation and nigrostriatal pathway degeneration were observed. RESULTS The results showed that p-α-Synuclein, α-Synuclein, p-Tau and Tau were upregulated in both hippocampus and substantia nigra of the PD mouse model. Furthermore, p-α-Synuclein and p-Tau were localized in the same regions of substantial nigra (SN) and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus (Hippo). The activated form of GSK3β (phosphor GSK3β Y216) was increased in multiple brain areas. The GSK3β inhibitor AZD1080 injected in MPTP mice suppressed the expression of p-Tau and p-GSK3β and improved motor functions. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that p-α-Synuclein and p-Tau proteins are key pathological events leading to neurodegeneration and motor dysfunctions in the mouse MPTP model of PD. Our data suggest that the interference with the GSK3β activity may be an effective approach for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Good Clinical Practice Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meigui Hu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Fiona H Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Stott SRW, Wyse RK, Brundin P. Novel approaches to counter protein aggregation pathology in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:451-492. [PMID: 32247372 PMCID: PMC10019778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary neuropathological characteristics of the Parkinsonian brain are the loss of nigral dopamine neurons and the aggregation of alpha synuclein protein. Efforts to development potentially disease-modifying treatments have largely focused on correcting these aspects of the condition. In the last decade treatments targeting protein aggregation have entered the clinical pipeline. In this chapter we provide an overview of ongoing clinical trial programs for different therapies attempting to reduce protein aggregation pathology in Parkinson's disease. We will also briefly consider various novel approaches being proposed-and being developed preclinically-to inhibit/reduce aggregated protein pathology in Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
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71
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Saravanan MS, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Nicolai J, Praest P, Giese A, Winter R, Khemtemourian L, Griesinger C, Killian JA. The small molecule inhibitor anle145c thermodynamically traps human islet amyloid peptide in the form of non-cytotoxic oligomers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19023. [PMID: 31836748 PMCID: PMC6911113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with aggregation of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) into cytotoxic amyloid species. Here we tested the effect of a diphenylpyrazole (DPP)-derived small molecule inhibitor, anle145c, on cytotoxicity and on aggregation properties of hIAPP. We demonstrate that incubation of hIAPP with the inhibitor yields ~10 nm-sized non-toxic oligomers, independent of the initial aggregation state of hIAPP. This suggests that anle145c has a special mode of action in which anle145c-stabilized oligomers act as a thermodynamic sink for the preferred aggregation state of hIAPP and anle145c. We also demonstrate that the inhibitor acts in a very efficient manner, with sub-stoichiometric concentrations of anle145c being sufficient to (i) inhibit hIAPP-induced death of INS-1E cells, (ii) prevent hIAPP fibril formation in solution, and (iii) convert preformed hIAPP fibrils into non-toxic oligomers. Together, these results indicate that anle145c is a promising candidate for inhibition of amyloid formation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikam S Saravanan
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR based structural biology, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR based structural biology, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Nicolai
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto Hahn Str. 4a, D-44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrique Praest
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3684CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians - University München, München, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto Hahn Str. 4a, D-44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lucie Khemtemourian
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (CBMN), CNRS UMR5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR based structural biology, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- DFG Research Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - J Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Longhena F, Faustini G, Brembati V, Pizzi M, Bellucci A. The good and bad of therapeutic strategies that directly target α-synuclein. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:590-600. [PMID: 31693290 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of either neuronal/axonal or glial insoluble proteinaceous aggregates mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-syn). Among them, the most common disorders are Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and some forms of familial parkinsonism. Both α-syn fibrils and oligomers have been found to exert toxic effects on neurons or oligodendroglial cells, can activate neuroinflammatory responses, and mediate the spreading of α-syn pathology. This poses the question of which is the most toxic α-syn species. What is worst, α-syn appears as a very peculiar protein, exerting multiple physiological functions in neurons, especially at synapses, but without acquiring a stable tertiary structure. Its conformation is particularly plastic, and the protein can exist in a natively unfolded state (mainly in solution), partially α-helical folded state (when it interacts with biological membranes), or oligomeric state (tetramers or dimers with debated functional profile). The extent of α-syn expression impinges on the resilience of neuronal cells, as multiplications of its gene locus, or overexpression, can cause neurodegeneration and onset of motor phenotype. For these reasons, one of the main challenges in the field of synucleinopathies, which still nowadays can only be managed by symptomatic therapies, has been the development of strategies aimed at reducing α-syn levels, oligomer formation, fibrillation, or cell-to-cell transmission. This review resumes the therapeutic approaches that have been proposed or are under development to counteract α-syn pathology by direct targeting of this protein and discuss their pros and cons in relation to the current state-of-the-art α-syn biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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73
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Nouri Z, Fakhri S, El-Senduny FF, Sanadgol N, Abd-ElGhani GE, Farzaei MH, Chen JT. On the Neuroprotective Effects of Naringenin: Pharmacological Targets, Signaling Pathways, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Perspective. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E690. [PMID: 31684142 PMCID: PMC6920995 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a group of progressive, chronic, and disabling disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect millions of people worldwide, and are on the rise. NDs are known as the gradual loss of neurons; however, their pathophysiological mechanisms have not been precisely revealed. Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind the neurodegeneration, investigating effective and multi-target treatments has remained a clinical challenge. Besides, appropriate neuroprotective agents are still lacking, which raises the need for new therapeutic agents. In recent years, several reports have introduced naturally-derived compounds as promising alternative treatments for NDs. Among natural entities, flavonoids are multi-target alternatives affecting different pathogenesis mechanisms in neurodegeneration. Naringenin is a natural flavonoid possessing neuroprotective activities. Increasing evidence has attained special attention on the variety of therapeutic targets along with complex signaling pathways for naringenin, which suggest its possible therapeutic applications in several NDs. Here, in this review, the neuroprotective effects of naringenin, as well as its related pharmacological targets, signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspective, are described. Moreover, the need to develop novel naringenin delivery systems is also discussed to solve its widespread pharmacokinetic limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Nouri
- Student's Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran.
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Fardous F El-Senduny
- Biochemistry division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol 7383198616, Iran.
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Ghada E Abd-ElGhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Jen-Tsung Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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74
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Jellinger KA. Animal models of synucleinopathies and how they could impact future drug discovery and delivery efforts. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:969-982. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1638908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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