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Baker MG, Simpson CD, Stover B, Sheppard L, Checkoway H, Racette BA, Seixas NS. Blood manganese as an exposure biomarker: state of the evidence. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:210-7. [PMID: 24579750 PMCID: PMC3965573 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.852280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to manganese (Mn), biomarkers of exposure are poorly understood. To enhance understanding, mean blood Mn (MnB) and mean air Mn (MnA) were extracted from 63 exposure groups in 24 published papers, and the relationship was modeled using segmented regression. On a log/log scale, a positive association between MnA and MnB was observed among studies reporting MnA concentrations above about 10 μg/m(3), although interpretation is limited by largely cross-sectional data, study design variability, and differences in exposure monitoring methods. Based on the results of the segmented regression, we hypothesize that below the concentration of about 10 μg/m(3), Mn in the body is dominated by dietary Mn, and additional inhaled Mn only causes negligible changes in Mn levels unless the inhaled amount is substantial. However, stronger study designs are required to account for temporal characteristics of the MnA to MnB relationships that reflect the underlying physiology and toxicokinetics of Mn uptake and distribution. Thus, we present an inception cohort study design we have conducted among apprentice welders, and the analytical strengths this study design offers. To determine if blood could be a useful biomarker for Mn to be utilized by industrial hygienists in general industry requires additional time-specific analyses, which our inception cohort study design will allow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa G. Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bert Stover
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Brad A. Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Noah S. Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Karki P, Lee E, Aschner M. Manganese neurotoxicity: a focus on glutamate transporters. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013; 25:4. [PMID: 24472696 PMCID: PMC3886254 DOI: 10.1186/2052-4374-25-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is required in trace amount for normal growth, development as well maintenance of proper function and regulation of numerous cellular and biochemical reactions. Yet, excessive Mn brain accumulation upon chronic exposure to occupational or environmental sources of this metal may lead to a neurodegenerative disorder known as manganism, which shares similar symptoms with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, Mn exposure has gained public health interest for two primary reasons: continuous increased usage of Mn in various industries, and experimental findings on its toxicity, linking it to a number of neurological disorders. Since the first report on manganism nearly two centuries ago, there have been substantial advances in the understanding of mechanisms associated with Mn-induced neurotoxicity. This review will briefly highlight various aspects of Mn neurotoxicity with a focus on the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in triggering its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215-B Garland Avenue, 11415 MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232-0414, USA
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53
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Gabriel D, Riffel APK, Finamor IA, Saccol EMH, Ourique GM, Goulart LO, Kochhann D, Cunha MA, Garcia LO, Pavanato MA, Val AL, Baldisserotto B, Llesuy SF. Effects of subchronic manganese chloride exposure on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) tissues: oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:659-667. [PMID: 23440445 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress parameters in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) exposed to 3.88 mg l(-1) Mn(2+) for 96 hours. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as content of reduced glutathione (GSH), were analyzed in gill, liver, brain, and kidney. The presence of Mn(2+) in the water corresponded to increased levels of Mn(2+) accumulation according to the following sequence: gill > kidney > brain > liver. There was a significant increase in TBARS levels (40 %) and SOD activity (80 %) in addition to a significant decrease in GSH content (41 %) in gills of fish exposed to waterborne Mn(2+). In hepatic tissue of the exposed animals, TBARS levels decreased significantly (35 %), whereas SOD (82 %) and GST activities (51 %) as well as GSH content (43 %) increased significantly. In brain of exposed juvenile fish, only significant decreases in SOD (32 %) and CAT activities (65 %) were observed. Moreover, the kidney of exposed fish showed a significant increase in TBARS levels (53 %) and a significant decrease in SOD activity (41 %) compared with the control. Thus, the changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress were different in the tissues, showing a specific toxicity of this metal to each organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
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54
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Takács SZ, Szabó A, Oszlánczi G, Pusztai P, Sápi A, Kónya Z, Papp A. Repeated simultaneous cortical electrophysiological and behavioral recording in rats exposed to manganese-containing nanoparticles. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:426-40. [PMID: 23134600 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male Wistar rats wearing chronically implanted cortical electrodes were exposed to Mn-containing nanoparticles via the airways for 8 weeks following a 2-week pre-exposure period. The rats' cortical electrical activity and open field motility was recorded simultaneously, in weekly repetitions. It was supposed that this technique can provide better insight in the development of Mn-induced CNS damage. Decreased motility (less distance covered, longer periods of immobility) and increased total power of cortical electrical activity developed in parallel in the first 4-5 weeks of treatment but showed little change afterwards. Both the behavioral and the electrophysiological effect were in fair correlation with the rats' internal Mn exposure determined from brain samples. The results confirmed the non-linear dose- and time-dependence of Mn effects suggested by previous studies. Repeated simultaneous behavioral and electrophysiological recording during a longer treatment with neurotoxic metals (or other xenobiotics) seems to be a promising method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Takács
- Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
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55
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The relationship between manganism and the workplace environment in China. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012; 25:501-5. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractManganese is a trace element and a cofactor of many enzymes, so it is essential for physiologic functioning, but it is also a neurotoxin at high doses. Manganism is most often caused by occupational exposure. It is manifested by a myriad of signs and symptoms ranging from the neurasthenia syndrome, such as headache and dizziness, to the Parkinson-like syndrome, depending on the blood manganese levels as well as the duration of exposure. We are reporting a case of manganism using both clinical and occupational hygiene investigation methods. The patient presented the neurasthenia syndrome accompanied by hypertonicity of arm muscles and was diagnosed to have mild chronic manganism. Finally, the patient was discharged from the hospital after the treatment had improved her condition. In China, there are many chronic manganese cases, partly due to a rapid industrial development with great use of Mn and the low self-protection awareness among the workers and the factories management that cannot catch up with the speed of the economical development. Therefore, factories are responsible for improving the conditions at the workplace.
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56
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Gao T, Wang F, Li S, Luo X, Zhang K. Manganese regulates manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression in the primary broiler myocardial cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:695-704. [PMID: 21671088 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that dietary manganese can increase the MnSOD mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in the heart of broilers. In order to explore the specific mechanism of the MnSOD expression induced by manganese, a model of MnSOD expression was developed with primary cultured broiler myocardial cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the model was working or not and to determine how manganese affects the expression of the enzyme in broiler myocardial cells in vitro. In experiment 1, various amount of manganese (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mM) were added into the cultures for 24-h incubation to investigate MnSOD expression and for 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-h incubation to measure the cell viability. In experiment 2, the most suitable Mn supplementation based on the results of experiment 1 was added into cultures for 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-h incubation. The results showed that MnSOD mRNA, MnSOD protein, and MnSOD activity were induced by manganese in dose- and time-dependent manner. Manganese regulates MnSOD expression not only at transcriptional level but also at translational and/or posttranslational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianquan Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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57
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Wilson K, Kielkowski D, Theodoru P, Naik I. A trace metal survey of non-occupationally exposed Gauteng residents. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:66-78. [PMID: 20878366 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific reference values for background levels of body burden of trace metals are not available for South Africa. Currently, laboratories measuring trace metal levels in workers use internationaly established values for comparison. A preliminary cross-sectional survey of 107 non-occupationally exposed volunteers of both genders and all races provided blood and urine samples. The samples were collected with consideration for possible routes of contamination. Seven metals were measured in blood and ten in urine. Reference ranges for a Gauteng population were then calculated using the central 95% of data to provide lower and upper limits, which were then compared to international limits. The trace metal levels described had both lower and higher reference ranges in blood and urine compared to international studies. This reflects the differences in the environments. Statistically significant differences in metal levels were observed by gender. The differences in detected trace metal levels in our sample as compared to other published data demonstrate the need for the establishment of local reference values for laboratories. The establishment of local 95% reference ranges would also allow South Africa to determine its exposure levels compared to those internationally. This would assist with establishing pollution control priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wilson
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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58
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Jothimuthu P, Wilson RA, Herren J, Haynes EN, Heineman WR, Papautsky I. Lab-on-a-chip sensor for detection of highly electronegative heavy metals by anodic stripping voltammetry. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:695-703. [PMID: 21479538 PMCID: PMC3824972 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work describes development of a lab-on-a-chip sensor for electrochemical detection of highly electronegative heavy metals such as manganese and zinc by anodic stripping voltammetry. The sensor consists of a three-electrode system, with a bismuth working electrode, a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a Au auxiliary electrode. Hydrolysis at the auxiliary electrode is a critical challenge in such electrochemical sensors as its onset severely limits the ability to detect electronegative metals. The bismuth working electrode is used due to its comparable negative detection window and reduced toxicity with respect to a conventional mercury electrode. Through optimization of the sensor layout and the working electrode surface, effects of hydrolysis were substantially reduced and the potential window was extended to the -0.3 to -1.9 V range (vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode), which is far more negative than what is possible with conventional Au, Pt, or carbon electrodes. The described lab-on-a-chip sensor for the first time permits reliable and sensitive detection of the highly electronegative manganese. The favorable performance of the bismuth electrode coupled with its environmentally-friendly nature make the described sensor attractive for applications where disposable chips are desirable. With further development and integrated sample preparation, the lab-on-a-chip may be converted into a point-of-care platform for monitoring heavy metals in blood (e.g., assessment of manganese exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Jothimuthu
- BioMicroSystems Laboratory, School of Electronics and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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59
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Wiwanitkit V. Minor heavy metal: A review on occupational and environmental intoxication. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2011; 12:116-21. [PMID: 20040969 PMCID: PMC2796739 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.44692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal is widely used in industries and presents as a problematic environmental pollution. Some heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, are well described for their occupational and environmental intoxication whereas the other minor heavy metals are less concerned. In this article, the author will present the details of occupational and environmental minor heavy metal intoxication. This review focuses mainly on aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, chromium, cadmium and nickel.
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60
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Khalid M, Aoun RA, Mathews TA. Altered striatal dopamine release following a sub-acute exposure to manganese. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 202:182-91. [PMID: 21740928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain metals that are necessary for regulating biological function at trace levels hold the potential to become neurotoxic when in excess. Specifically, chronic exposure to high levels of manganese leads to manganism, a neurological disorder that exhibits both motor and learning deficits similar to Parkinson's disease. Since Parkinson's disease symptomatology is primarily attributed to dopamine neurodegeneration in the striatum, dopamine system dysfunction has been implicated in the onset of manganism. In this study, dopamine system function in the dorsal striatum was evaluated in C57Bl/6 mice, 1, 7, and 21 days following repeated injections of manganese(II) chloride (50 mg/kg, subcutaneous) intermittently for 7 days. Tissue content analysis confirmed the presence of persistent accumulation of manganese in the striatum up to 21 days after cessation of treatment. In vitro fast scan cyclic voltammetry examined the effect of sub-acute manganese on electrically stimulated dopamine release and uptake in the striatum. While no difference was observed in uptake rates following manganese treatment, dopamine release was attenuated on days 7 and 21, compared to control levels. Basal levels of extracellular dopamine determined by the zero net flux microdialysis method were significantly lower in manganese-treated mice at 7 days post-treatment. On the other hand, potassium stimulated increases in extracellular dopamine were attenuated at all three time points. Together, these findings indicate that repeated manganese exposure has long-term effects on the regulation of exocytotic dopamine release in the striatum, which may be involved in the mechanism underlying manganese toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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61
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Frick R, Müller-Edenborn B, Schlicker A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Raemy DO, Günther D, Hattendorf B, Stark W, Beck-Schimmer B. Comparison of manganese oxide nanoparticles and manganese sulfate with regard to oxidative stress, uptake and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:163-72. [PMID: 21669262 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their physicochemical characteristics, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) interact differently with cells compared to larger particles or soluble metals. Oxidative stress and cellular metal uptake were quantified in rat type II alveolar epithelial cells in culture exposed to three different NPs: manganese(II,III) oxide nanoparticles (Mn(3)O(4)-NPs), the soluble manganese sulfate (Mn-salt) at corresponding equivalent doses, titanium dioxide (TiO(2)-NPs) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO(2)-NPs). In the presence of reactive oxygen species an increased apoptosis rate was hypothesized. Oxidative stress was assessed by detection of fluorescently labeled reactive oxygen species and by measuring intracellular oxidized glutathione. Catalytic activity was determined by measuring catalyst-dependent oxidation of thiols (DTT-assay) in a cell free environment. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to quantify cellular metal uptake. Apoptosis rate was determined assessing the activity of caspase-3 and by fluorescence microscopic quantification of apoptotic nuclei. Reactive oxygen species were mainly generated in cells treated with Mn(3)O(4)-NPs. Only Mn(3)O(4)-NPs oxidized intracellular glutathione. Catalytic activity could be exclusively shown for Mn(3)O(4)-NPs. Cellular metal uptake was similar for all particles, whereas Mn-salt could hardly be detected within the cell. Apoptosis was induced by both, Mn(3)O(4)-NPs and Mn-salt. The combination of catalytic activity and capability of passing the cell membrane contributes to the toxicity of Mn(3)O(4)-NPs. Apoptosis of samples treated with Mn-salt is triggered by different, potentially extracellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Frick
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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62
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Laohaudomchok W, Lin X, Herrick RF, Fang SC, Cavallari JM, Christiani DC, Weisskopf MG. Toenail, blood, and urine as biomarkers of manganese exposure. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:506-10. [PMID: 21494156 PMCID: PMC3092003 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821854da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the correlation between manganese exposure and manganese concentrations in different biomarkers. METHODS Air measurement data and work histories were used to determine manganese exposure over a work shift and cumulative exposure. Toenail samples (n = 49), as well as blood and urine before (n = 27) and after (urine, n = 26; blood, n = 24) a work shift were collected. RESULTS Toenail manganese, adjusted for age and dietary manganese, was significantly correlated with cumulative exposure in 7 to 9, 10 to 12, and 7 to 12 months before toenail clipping date, but not 1 to 6 months. Manganese exposure over a work shift was not correlated with changes in blood nor urine manganese. CONCLUSIONS Toenails appeared to be a valid measure of cumulative manganese exposure 7 to 12 months earlier. Neither change in blood nor urine manganese appeared to be suitable indicators of exposure over a typical work shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisanti Laohaudomchok
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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63
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Gil F, Hernández AF, Márquez C, Femia P, Olmedo P, López-Guarnido O, Pla A. Biomonitorization of cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel and lead in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva in an occupationally exposed population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1172-80. [PMID: 21211822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination from occupational origin is a cause for concern because of its potential accumulation in the environment and in living organisms leading to long term toxic effects. This study was aimed to assess Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb levels in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva from 178 individuals with occupational exposure to heavy metals. Levels of metal compounds were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. We collected information on occupation, lifestyle habits and food intake by questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses for metal ion concentration in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva were adjusted for age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption, lifetime workplace exposure, residence area and food habits. Overall, blood and urine median concentrations found for the five metals analyzed do not exceed biological exposure indexes, so that they are very similar to a non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicokinetic differences may account for the lack of correlations found for metal levels in hair and saliva with those in blood or urine. For those heavy metals showing higher median levels in blood with respect to hair (Cd, Mn and Pb) indicating lesser hair incorporation from blood, the lifetime working experience was inversely correlated with their hair levels. The longer the lifetime working experience in industrial environments, the higher the Mn and Ni concentration in saliva. Axillary hair and saliva may be used as additional and/or alternative samples to blood or urine for biomonitoring hair Mn, and saliva Ni in subjects with occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, School of Medicine, Spain.
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64
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Analytical Approaches for Sampling and Sample Preparation for Heavy Metals Analysis in Biological Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND EFFECTS ON CHILD MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0253-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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65
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Functional neurotoxicity of Mn-containing nanoparticles in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:2004-9. [PMID: 20863568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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66
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Zheng W, Fu SX, Dydak U, Cowan DM. Biomarkers of manganese intoxication. Neurotoxicology 2010; 32:1-8. [PMID: 20946915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), upon absorption, is primarily sequestered in tissue and intracellular compartments. For this reason, blood Mn concentration does not always accurately reflect Mn concentration in the targeted tissue, particularly in the brain. The discrepancy between Mn concentrations in tissue or intracellular components means that blood Mn is a poor biomarker of Mn exposure or toxicity under many conditions and that other biomarkers must be established. For group comparisons of active workers, blood Mn has some utility for distinguishing exposed from unexposed subjects, although the large variability in mean values renders it insensitive for discriminating one individual from the rest of the study population. Mn exposure is known to alter iron (Fe) homeostasis. The Mn/Fe ratio (MIR) in plasma or erythrocytes reflects not only steady-state concentrations of Mn or Fe in tested individuals, but also a biological response (altered Fe homeostasis) to Mn exposure. Recent human studies support the potential value for using MIR to distinguish individuals with Mn exposure. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in combination with noninvasive assessment of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), provides convincing evidence of Mn exposure, even without clinical symptoms of Mn intoxication. For subjects with long-term, low-dose Mn exposure or for those exposed in the past but not the present, neither blood Mn nor MRI provides a confident distinction for Mn exposure or intoxication. While plasma or erythrocyte MIR is more likely a sensitive measure, the cut-off values for MIR among the general population need to be further tested and established. Considering the large accumulation of Mn in bone, developing an X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy or neutron-based spectroscopy method may create yet another novel non-invasive tool for assessing Mn exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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67
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Haynes EN, Heckel P, Ryan P, Roda S, Leung YK, Sebastian K, Succop P. Environmental manganese exposure in residents living near a ferromanganese refinery in Southeast Ohio: a pilot study. Neurotoxicology 2010; 31:468-74. [PMID: 19879291 PMCID: PMC2891785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, yet is neurotoxic in excess. The majority of Mn research has been conducted on occupationally exposed adults with few studies focused on an environmentally exposed population. Marietta, OH is home to one of the largest airborne Mn emission sources in the United States, a ferromanganese refinery. In preparation for a community-based participatory research study, a preliminary pilot study was initiated to characterize the community's exposure to Mn in ambient air and to evaluate the relationship between biological indices of Mn exposure and genes associated with Mn metabolism in Marietta area residents. Participants in the pilot study were recruited through newspaper advertisement, fliers and direct mailing. Exposure to ambient Mn was estimated using an air pollution dispersion model, AERMOD. A total of 141 residents participated in the pilot study ranging in age from 2 to 81 years. Estimated annual average ambient air Mn concentrations in the study area obtained from AERMOD varied from 0.02 to 2.61 microg/m(3). Mean blood and hair Mn values were 9.12 microg/L (SD 3.90) and 5.80 microg/g (SD 6.40 microg/g), respectively and were significantly correlated (r=0.30, p<0.01). Blood and hair Mn was significantly associated within families (r=0.27, p=<0.02 and r=0.43, p<0.01), respectively. The relationship between hair Mn and estimated ambient air Mn became significant when genes for iron metabolism were included in linear models. The preliminary ambient air and biological concentrations of Mn found in this population demonstrate the need for further research into potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Haynes
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental Health, USA.
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Fitsanakis VA, Zhang N, Garcia S, Aschner M. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe): interdependency of transport and regulation. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:124-31. [PMID: 19921534 PMCID: PMC7909719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are transition metals that are crucial to the appropriate growth, development, function, and maintenance of biological organisms. Because of their chemical similarity, in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals they share and compete for many protein transporters, such as the divalent metal transporter-1. As such, during conditions of low Fe, abnormal Mn accumulation occurs. Conversely, when Mn concentrations are altered, the homeostasis and deposition of Fe and other transition metals are disrupted. Our lab has undertaken a series of studies in rats involving pregnant dams, neo- and perinatal pups, and adult animals. Animals were exposed to various concentrations of dietary Fe and/or Mn, and protein transporter expression, blood Mn and Fe concentrations, brain transition metal concentrations, and temporal brain deposition patterns were examined. As a result, we have demonstrated the importance of the interdependence of the transport of Mn and Fe, and established brain metal concentrations in several longitudinal studies. The purpose of this review is to examine these studies in their entirety and highlight the importance of monitoring the deposition and accumulation of both Mn and Fe when designing future studies related to either dietary or environmental changes in transition metal levels. Finally, this review will provide information about various transport proteins currently under investigation in the research community related to Fe and Mn regulation and transport.
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69
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Cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and nickel concentrations in blood of women in non-polluted areas in Japan, as determined by inductively coupled plasma-sector field-mass spectrometry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:139-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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70
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Olmedo P, Pla A, Hernández AF, López-Guarnido O, Rodrigo L, Gil F. Validation of a method to quantify chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead in human whole blood, urine, saliva and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:60-7. [PMID: 20103106 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For biological monitoring of heavy metal exposure in occupational toxicology, usually whole blood and urine samples are the most widely used and accepted matrix to assess internal xenobiotic exposure. Hair samples and saliva are also of interest in occupational and environmental health surveys but procedures for the determination of metals in saliva and hair are very scarce and to our knowledge there is no validation of a method to quantify Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni and Pb in four different human biological materials (whole blood, urine, saliva and axilary hair) by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). In the present study, quantification methods for the determination of Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni and Pb in whole blood, urine, saliva and axilary hair were validated according to the EU common standards. Pyrolisis and atomization temperatures have been determined. The main parameters evaluated were: detection and quantification limits, linearity range, repeatability, reproducibility, recovery and uncertainty. Accuracy of the methods was tested with the whole blood, urine and hair certified reference materials and recoveries of the spiked samples were acceptable ranged from 96.3 to 107.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada, School of Medicine, Spain
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71
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72
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Yin Z, Jiang H, Lee ESY, Ni M, Erikson KM, Milatovic D, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Ferroportin is a manganese-responsive protein that decreases manganese cytotoxicity and accumulation. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1190-8. [PMID: 20002294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for human development and growth, chronic exposure to excessive Mn levels can result in psychiatric and motor disturbances, referred to as manganism. However, there are no known mechanism(s) for efflux of excess Mn from mammalian cells. Here, we test the hypothesis that the cytoplasmic iron (Fe) exporter ferroportin (Fpn) may also function as a Mn exporter to attenuate Mn toxicity. Using an inducible human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell model, we examined the influence of Fpn expression on Mn-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular Mn concentrations. We found that induction of an Fpn-green fluorescent protein fusion protein in HEK293T cells was cytoprotective against several measures of Mn toxicity, including Mn-induced cell membrane leakage and Mn-induced reductions in glutamate uptake. Fpn-green fluorescent protein mediated cytoprotection correlated with decreased Mn accumulation following Mn exposure. Thus, Fpn expression reduces Mn toxicity concomitant with reduced Mn accumulation. To determine if mammalian cells may utilize Fpn in response to increased intracellular Mn concentrations and toxicity, we assessed endogenous Fpn levels in Mn-exposed HEK293T cells and in mouse brain in vivo. We find that 6 h of Mn exposure in HEK293T cells is associated with a significant increase in Fpn levels. Furthermore, mice exposed to Mn showed an increase in Fpn levels in both the cerebellum and cortex. Collectively, these results indicate that (i) Mn exposure promotes Fpn protein expression, (ii) Fpn expression reduces net Mn accumulation, and (iii) reduces cytotoxicity associated with exposure to this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Yin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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73
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Moreno JA, Yeomans EC, Streifel KM, Brattin BL, Taylor RJ, Tjalkens RB. Age-dependent susceptibility to manganese-induced neurological dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:394-404. [PMID: 19812362 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) produces a spectrum of cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with a neurodegenerative disorder resembling Parkinson's disease. The effects of high-dose exposure to Mn in occupational cohorts and in adult rodent models of the disease are well described but much less is known about the behavioral and neurochemical effects of Mn in the developing brain. We therefore exposed C57Bl/6 mice to Mn by intragastric gavage as juveniles, adults, or both, postulating that mice exposed as juveniles and then again as adults would exhibit greater neurological and neurochemical dysfunction than mice not preexposed as juveniles. Age- and sex-dependent vulnerability to changes in locomotor function was detected, with juvenile male mice displaying the greatest sensitivity, characterized by a selective increase in novelty-seeking and hyperactive behaviors. Adult male mice preexposed as juveniles had a decrease in total movement and novelty-seeking behavior, and no behavioral changes were detected in female mice. Striatal dopamine levels were increased in juvenile mice but were decreased in adult preexposed as juveniles. Levels of Mn, Fe, and Cu were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, with the greatest accumulation of Mn detected in juvenile mice in the striatum, substantia nigra (SN), and cortex. Only modest changes in Fe and Cu were detected in Mn-treated mice, primarily in the SN. These results reveal that developing mice are more sensitive to Mn than adult animals and that Mn exposure during development enhances behavioral and neurochemical dysfunction relative to adult animals without juvenile exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Milatovic D, Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Yu Y, Aschner M. Oxidative damage and neurodegeneration in manganese-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:219-25. [PMID: 19607852 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to excessive manganese (Mn) levels results in neurotoxicity to the extrapyramidal system and the development of Parkinson's disease (PD)-like movement disorder, referred to as manganism. Although the mechanisms by which Mn induces neuronal damage are not well defined, its neurotoxicity appears to be regulated by a number of factors, including oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. To investigate the mechanisms underlying Mn neurotoxicity, we studied the effects of Mn on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, changes in high-energy phosphates (HEP), neuroinflammation mediators and associated neuronal dysfunctions both in vitro and in vivo. Primary cortical neuronal cultures showed concentration-dependent alterations in biomarkers of oxidative damage, F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and mitochondrial dysfunction (ATP), as early as 2 h following Mn exposure. Treatment of neurons with 500 microM Mn also resulted in time-dependent increases in the levels of the inflammatory biomarker, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In vivo analyses corroborated these findings, establishing that either a single or three (100 mg/kg, s.c.) Mn injections (days 1, 4 and 7) induced significant increases in F2-IsoPs and PGE2 in adult mouse brain 24 h following the last injection. Quantitative morphometric analyses of Golgi-impregnated striatal sections from mice exposed to single or three Mn injections revealed progressive spine degeneration and dendritic damage of medium spiny neurons (MSNs). These findings suggest that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are underlying mechanisms in Mn-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Toxicology, 2215-B Garland Avenue, 11415 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA.
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75
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Sárközi L, Horváth E, Kónya Z, Kiricsi I, Szalay B, Vezér T, Papp A. Subacute intratracheal exposure of rats to manganese nanoparticles: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and general toxicological effects. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21 Suppl 1:83-91. [PMID: 19558238 DOI: 10.1080/08958370902939406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Burton NC, Schneider JS, Syversen T, Guilarte TR. Effects of chronic manganese exposure on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter markers in the nonhuman primate brain. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:131-9. [PMID: 19520674 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurological sequelae of chronic Mn exposure include psychiatric, cognitive, and motor deficits, suggesting the potential involvement of multiple neurotransmitter systems and brain regions. Available evidence in rodents suggests that Mn causes dysregulation of glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurotransmitter systems. However, this has never been studied comprehensively in the nonhuman primate brain. Cynomolgus macaques were given weekly i.v. injections of 3.3-5.0 mg Mn/kg, 5.0-6.7 mg Mn/kg, or 8.3-10.0 mg Mn/kg for 7-59 weeks. Total glutamate, glycine, and GABA concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection in 13 brain areas in Mn-treated and control monkeys. Neurotransmitter concentrations did not change with chronic Mn exposure. Quantitative autoradiography of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, the GABAa receptor, and glutamate transporters was used to assess their regional distribution. Each of these neurotransmitter receptors remained almost universally unchanged with Mn treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of glutamine synthetase (GS) demonstrated a selective Mn-induced decrease in the globus pallidus, which could potentially alter synaptic and/or astrocytic levels of glutamate. This study shows that in nonhuman primates with previous documentation of Mn-induced brain pathology, the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems appear to be mostly unaffected by chronic Mn exposure with the exception of reduced GS expression in the globus pallidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal C Burton
- Department of Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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77
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Cowan DM, Fan Q, Zou Y, Shi X, Chen J, Aschner M, Rosenthal FS, Zheng W. Manganese exposure among smelting workers: blood manganese-iron ratio as a novel tool for manganese exposure assessment. Biomarkers 2009; 14:3-16. [PMID: 19283519 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902730672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unexposed control subjects (n = 106), power distributing and office workers (n = 122), and manganese (Mn)-exposed ferroalloy smelter workers (n = 95) were recruited to the control, low and high groups, respectively. Mn concentrations in saliva, plasma, erythrocytes, urine and hair were significantly higher in both exposure groups than in the controls. The Fe concentration in plasma and erythrocytes, however, was significantly lower in Mn-exposed workers than in controls. The airborne Mn levels were significantly associated with Mn/Fe ratio (MIR) of erythrocytes (eMIR) (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) and plasma (pMIR) (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). The results suggest that the MIR may serve as a useful biomarker to distinguish Mn-exposed workers from the unexposed, control population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas M Cowan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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78
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Burton NC, Guilarte TR. Manganese neurotoxicity: lessons learned from longitudinal studies in nonhuman primates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:325-32. [PMID: 19337503 PMCID: PMC2661898 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to excess levels of the essential trace element manganese produces cognitive, psychiatric, and motor abnormalities. The understanding of Mn neurotoxicology is heavily governed by pathologic and neurochemical observations derived from rodent studies that often employ acute Mn exposures. The comparatively sparse studies incorporating in vivo neuroimaging in nonhuman primates provide invaluable insights on the effects of Mn on brain chemistry. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to discuss important aspects of Mn neurotoxicology and to synthesize recent findings from one of the largest cohorts of nonhuman primates used to study the neurologic effects of chronic Mn exposure. DISCUSSION We reviewed our recent in vivo and ex vivo studies that have significantly advanced the understanding of Mn-induced neurotoxicity. In those studies, we administered weekly doses of 3.3-5.0 (n=4), 5.0-6.7 (n=5), or 8.3-10.0 mg Mn/kg (n=3) for 7-59 weeks to cynomolgus macaque monkeys. Animals expressed subtle deficits in cognition and motor function and decreases in the N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio in the parietal cortex measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy reflective of neuronal dysfunction. Impaired striatal dopamine release measured by positron emission tomography was observed in the absence of changes in markers of dopamine neuron degeneration. Neuropathology indicated decreased glutamine synthetase expression in the globus pallidus with otherwise normal markers of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Increased amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 1 gene expression with multiple markers of neurodegeneration and glial cell activation was observed in the frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new information on mechanisms by which Mn affects behavior, neurotransmitter function, and neuropathology in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomás R. Guilarte
- Address correspondence to T.R. Guilarte, Neurotoxicology and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Division of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Room E6622, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Telephone: (410) 955-2485. Fax: (410) 502-2470. E-mail:
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Standridge JS, Bhattacharya A, Succop P, Cox C, Haynes E. Effect of chronic low level manganese exposure on postural balance: a pilot study of residents in southern Ohio. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50:1421-9. [PMID: 19092498 PMCID: PMC2756152 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181896936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of non-occupational exposure to manganese (Mn) on postural balance. METHODS Residents living near a ferromanganese refinery provided hair and blood samples after postural balance testing. The relationship between hair Mn and postural balance was analyzed with logistic regression. Following covariate adjustment, postural balance was compared with control data by analysis of covariance. RESULTS Mean hair Mn was 4.4 microg/g. A significantly positive association was found between hair Mn and sway area (eyes open on the platform, P = 0.05; eyes closed on the platform, P = 0.04) and sway length (eyes open on the platform, P = 0.05; eyes closed on the platform, P = 0.04). Postural balance of residents was significantly larger than controls in 5 out of 8 postural balance outcomes. CONCLUSION Preliminary findings suggest subclinical impairment in postural balance among residents chronically exposed to ambient Mn. A prospective study with a larger sample size is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shawn Standridge
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
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80
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Stepens A, Logina I, Liguts V, Aldins P, Eksteina I, Platkājis A, Mārtinsone I, Tērauds E, Rozentāle B, Donaghy M. A Parkinsonian syndrome in methcathinone users and the role of manganese. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1009-17. [PMID: 18322282 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa072488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A distinctive extrapyramidal syndrome has been observed in intravenous methcathinone (ephedrone) users in Eastern Europe and Russia. METHODS We studied 23 adults in Latvia who had extrapyramidal symptoms and who had injected methcathinone for a mean (+/-SD) of 6.7+/-5.1 years. The methcathinone was manufactured under home conditions by potassium permanganate oxidation of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. All patients were positive for hepatitis C virus, and 20 were also positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). RESULTS The patients reported that the onset of their first neurologic symptoms (gait disturbance in 20 and hypophonia in 3) occurred after a mean of 5.8+/-4.5 years of methcathinone use. At the time of neurologic evaluation, all 23 patients had gait disturbance and difficulty walking backward; 11 patients were falling daily, and 1 of these patients used a wheelchair. Twenty-one patients had hypophonic speech in addition to gait disturbance, and one of these patients was mute. No patient reported decline in cognitive function. T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed symmetric hyperintensity in the globus pallidus and in the substantia nigra and innominata in all 10 active methcathinone users. Among the 13 former users (2 to 6 years had passed since the last use), lesser degrees of change in the MRI signal were noted. Whole-blood manganese levels (normal level, <209 nmol per liter) averaged 831 nmol per liter (range, 201 to 2102) in the active methcathinone users and 346 nmol per liter (range, 114 to 727) in former users. The neurologic deficits did not resolve after patients discontinued methcathinone use. CONCLUSIONS Our observation of a distinctive extrapyramidal syndrome, changes in the MRI signal in the basal ganglia, and elevated blood manganese levels in methcathinone users suggests that manganese in the methcathinone solution causes a persistent neurologic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainārs Stepens
- Department of Neurology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Sahni V, Léger Y, Panaro L, Allen M, Giffin S, Fury D, Hamm N. Case report: a metabolic disorder presenting as pediatric manganism. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1776-9. [PMID: 18087599 PMCID: PMC2137101 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Manganese is a trace element, essential for physiologic functioning but neurotoxic at high doses. Common exposure sources include dietary intake as well as drinking water in some regions; toxicity is most often associated with inhalation exposures in occupational settings. In this article we describe the investigation of a pediatric case of manganism using both clinical and environmental assessment methods. CASE PRESENTATION A previously healthy 6-year-old child presented with severe Mn neurotoxicity, iron deficiency, and elevated cobalt levels. Immediate and selected extended family members had elevated plasma Mn but remained asymptomatic. An exposure assessment identified seasonal ingestion exposures to Mn at the family's summer cottage; these were common to the four immediate family members. Well water used for drinking and cooking exceeded recommended guidelines, and foods high in Mn predominated in their diet. No inhalation exposures were identified. Only pica was unique to the patient. DISCUSSION The combined evidence of the environmental assessment and biomonitoring of blood Mn levels supported a seasonal ingestion exposure source; this alone was insufficient to explain the toxicity because the patient's 7-year-old sibling was asymptomatic with almost identical exposures (except pica). A metabolic disorder involving divalent metals (Mn, Fe, and Co) interacting with environmental exposures is the most likely explanation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL OR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE This case report adds to the emerging body of evidence linking neurologic effects to ingestion Mn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Sahni
- Canadian Field Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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82
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Santamaria AB, Cushing CA, Antonini JM, Finley BL, Mowat FS. State-of-the-science review: Does manganese exposure during welding pose a neurological risk? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:417-65. [PMID: 17710609 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600975004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies report that exposure to manganese (Mn), an essential component of welding electrodes and some steels, results in neurotoxicity and/or Parkinson's disease (PD) in welders. This "state-of-the-science" review presents a critical analysis of the published studies that were conducted on a variety of Mn-exposed occupational cohorts during the last 100 yr, as well as the regulatory history of Mn and welding fumes. Welders often perform a variety of different tasks with varying degrees of duration and ventilation, and hence, to accurately assess Mn exposures that occurred in occupational settings, some specific information on the historical work patterns of welders is desirable. This review includes a discussion of the types of exposures that occur during the welding process--for which limited information relating airborne Mn levels with specific welding activities exists--and the human health studies evaluating neurological effects in welders and other Mn-exposed cohorts, including miners, millers, and battery workers. Findings and implications of studies specifically conducted to evaluate neurobehavioral effects and the prevalence of PD in welders are also discussed. Existing exposure data indicate that, in general, Mn exposures in welders are less than those associated with the reports of clinical neurotoxicity (e.g., "manganism") in miners and smelter workers. It was also found that although manganism was observed in highly exposed workers, the scant exposure-response data available for welders do not support a conclusion that welding is associated with clinical neurotoxicity. The available data might support the development of reasonable "worst-case" exposure estimates for most welding activities, and suggest that exposure simulation studies would significantly refine such estimates. Our review ends with a discussion of the data gaps and areas for future research.
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83
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Nnorom I, . O. Estimation of Consumption Emissions of Lead and Cadmium from Dry Cell Battery Importation in Nigeria: 1980-1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.1499.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Suzuki T, Tsukamoto I. Manganese-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 525:48-53. [PMID: 16293243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the apoptosis induced by manganese (Mn) in hepatocytes in vivo, rats received a single injection of manganese chloride immediately after partial hepatectomy. Characteristic DNA fragmentation was observed at 4 h after partial hepatectomy with Mn-injection. The activation of caspase-3 by Mn-injection was detected as early as 30 min and peaked at 1 h after partial hepatectomy. The activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) increased to a maximal level, which was about 10-fold the maximal level of the control, at 15 min after partial hepatectomy and this increase was maintained for 4 h in Mn-injected rats, while a transient increase was observed at 1 h in the control. No effect of the Mn-injection on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed. Western blot analysis revealed that the injection of Mn markedly increased c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun protein levels at 1 h after partial hepatectomy. An increase in p53 was also observed at 30 min after the Mn-injection and followed by the upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) protein expression at 2 h after partial hepatectomy. These results suggested that the activation of JNK and the upregulation of c-Jun, p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) were involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by partial hepatectomy with manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630 Japan
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85
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Aschner M, Erikson KM, Dorman DC. Manganese dosimetry: species differences and implications for neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2005; 35:1-32. [PMID: 15742901 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590905920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential mineral that is found at low levels in food, water, and the air. Under certain high-dose exposure conditions, elevations in tissue manganese levels can occur. Excessive manganese accumulation can result in adverse neurological, reproductive, and respiratory effects in both laboratory animals and humans. In humans, manganese-induced neurotoxicity (manganism) is the overriding concern since affected individuals develop a motor dysfunction syndrome that is recognized as a form of parkinsonism. This review primarily focuses on the essentiality and toxicity of manganese and considers contemporary studies evaluating manganese dosimetry and its transport across the blood-brain barrier, and its distribution within the central nervous system (CNS). These studies have dramatically improved our understanding of the health risks posed by manganese by determining exposure conditions that lead to increased concentrations of this metal within the CNS and other target organs. Most individuals are exposed to manganese by the oral and inhalation routes of exposure; however, parenteral injection and other routes of exposure are important. Interactions between manganese and iron and other divalent elements occur and impact the toxicokinetics of manganese, especially following oral exposure. The oxidation state and solubility of manganese also influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of manganese. Manganese disposition is influenced by the route of exposure. Rodent inhalation studies have shown that manganese deposited within the nose can undergo direct transport to the brain along the olfactory nerve. Species differences in manganese toxicokinetics and response are recognized with nonhuman primates replicating CNS effects observed in humans while rodents do not. Potentially susceptible populations, such as fetuses, neonates, individuals with compromised hepatic function, individuals with suboptimal manganese or iron intake, and those with other medical states (e.g., pre-parkinsonian state, aging), may have altered manganese metabolism and could be at greater risk for manganese toxicity.
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Ihrig A, Dietz MC. Einsatz einer psychologischen Testbatterie bei Arbeitnehmern zur Prävention neurotoxischer Erkrankungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ARBEITS-UND ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2003. [DOI: 10.1026//0932-4089.47.2.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Psychologische Testbatterien werden in der arbeitsmedizinischen Feldforschung zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von neurotoxischen Effekten seit längerem eingesetzt. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Bewertung und der Vergleich von psychologischen Untersuchungsbefunden des Arbeitsmedizinisch-Neurotoxischen Evaluierungs-Systems (ANES) im Rahmen von drei Feldstudien bei Stichproben mit unterschiedlicher beruflicher neurotoxischer Belastung (Lösungsmittel, Mangan, Quecksilber). Bei Lösungsmittelexponierten konnten signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen der Expositionshöhe und den Ergebnissen in Testverfahren zu kognitiven Fähigkeiten und gesundheitlichen Beschwerdenangaben gefunden werden. Bei Manganexponierten finden sich Expositions-Effekt-Beziehungen mit den psychomotorischen Variablen. Bei den Quecksilberexponierten liegen dahingegen keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge vor. Das ANES ist für die betriebliche Vorsorge bei der Exposition gegenüber neurotoxischen Substanzen hinsichtlich Praktikabilität und Sensitivität geeignet.
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Oubrahim H, Stadtman ER, Chock PB. Mitochondria play no roles in Mn(II)-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9505-10. [PMID: 11493712 PMCID: PMC55482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.181319898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2001] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese(II) has been shown to exhibit catalase-like activity under physiological conditions. In the course of studies to test the antioxidant activity of Mn(II) on HeLa cells, it was observed at high concentrations (1-2 mM) that Mn(II) also induced apoptosis, as judged by changes in cell morphology, caspase-3 activation, cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose, and DNA condensation. However, in contrast to established mechanisms, the Mn(II)-induced apoptosis is associated with an increase rather than a decrease in mitochondrial inner-membrane potential, as monitored by the fluorescent probe tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester. Based on immunochemical analysis, Mn(II)-induced apoptosis does not lead to the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. These and other measurements show that treatment with Mn(II) leads to enhancement of the mitochondrial "membrane mass," has no effect on mitochondrial volume, and does not affect the permeability transition pore. Together, these results support the view that Mn(II)-induced apoptosis occurs by a heretofore unrecognized mechanism. In addition, it was demonstrated that Mn(II) treatment leads to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (peroxides) and to the induction of the manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase activities but has no effect on the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oubrahim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Draper WM. Biological monitoring: exquisite research probes, risk assessment, and routine exposure measurement. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2745-60. [PMID: 11432702 DOI: 10.1021/ac010394s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W M Draper
- Sanitation and Radiation Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA
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Dietz MC, Ihrig A, Wrazidlo W, Bader M, Jansen O, Triebig G. Results of magnetic resonance imaging in long-term manganese dioxide-exposed workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 85:37-40. [PMID: 11161650 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2000.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Within a cross-sectional study, the neurotoxic effects of occupational exposure to manganese were examined. From a group of 90 (58 male and 32 female) workers, 11 men with long-term and high exposure to manganese dioxide (MnO2) dust were defined as exposed workers. Eleven age-matched workers of similar socioeconomic status were used as a reference group. Ambient air and biological monitoring (blood, urine, hair), clinical (Webster Rating Scale, WRS), neurophysiological (visual evoked potentials (VEP), nerve conduction velocity (NCV), electroencephalography (EEG)), and motor performance (Wiener Testsystem) examinations were performed. The pallidal index (PI), the ratio of globus pallidus to subcortical frontal white-matter signal intensity in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) planes multiplied by 100, was used. For the individual body burden, manganese in blood was the most reliable biomarker. A "job-exposure matrix" for the cumulative Mn-exposure index (CEI) was calculated for each worker. The results of WRS, VEP, NCV, EEG, and motor performance tests showed no significant group differences. However, the pallidal index was increased in Mn-exposed persons. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between CEI and pallidal index. The results of other studies are discussed. The meaning of MRI findings for health status as well as gender-specific differences should be examined in further follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dietz
- Institute and Polyclinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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