51
|
Hadden M, Mittal A, Samra J, Zreiqat H, Sahni S, Ramaswamy Y. Mechanically stressed cancer microenvironment: Role in pancreatic cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188418. [PMID: 32827581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies in the world due to its insensitivity to current therapies and its propensity to metastases from the primary tumor mass. This is largely attributed to its complex microenvironment composed of unique stromal cell populations and extracellular matrix (ECM). The recruitment and activation of these cell populations cause an increase in deposition of ECM components, which highly influences the behavior of malignant cells through disrupted forms of signaling. As PDAC progresses from premalignant lesion to invasive carcinoma, this dynamic landscape shields the mass from immune defenses and cytotoxic intervention. This microenvironment influences an invasive cell phenotype through altered forms of mechanical signaling, capable of enacting biochemical changes within cells through activated mechanotransduction pathways. The effects of altered mechanical cues on malignant cell mechanotransduction have long remained enigmatic, particularly in PDAC, whose microenvironment significantly changes over time. A more complete and thorough understanding of PDAC's physical surroundings (microenvironment), mechanosensing proteins, and mechanical properties may help in identifying novel mechanisms that influence disease progression, and thus, provide new potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hadden
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Samra
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Estaras M, Martinez-Morcillo S, García A, Martinez R, Estevez M, Perez-Lopez M, Miguez MP, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Blanco G, Lopez D, Roncero V, Salido GM, Gonzalez A. Pancreatic stellate cells exhibit adaptation to oxidative stress evoked by hypoxia. Biol Cell 2020; 112:280-299. [PMID: 32632968 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Pancreatic stellate cells play a key role in the fibrosis that develops in diseases such as pancreatic cancer. In the growing tumour, a hypoxia condition develops under which cancer cells are able to proliferate. The growth of fibrotic tissue contributes to hypoxia. In this study, the effect of hypoxia (1% O2 ) on pancreatic stellate cells physiology was investigated. Changes in intracellular free-Ca2+ concentration, mitochondrial free-Ca2+ concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential were studied by fluorescence techniques. The status of enzymes responsible for the cellular oxidative state was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, high-performance liquid chromatography, spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods and by Western blotting analysis. Cell viability and proliferation were studied by crystal violet test, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine cell proliferation test and Western blotting analysis. Finally, cell migration was studied employing the wound healing assay. RESULTS Hypoxia induced an increase in intracellular and mitochondrial free-Ca2+ concentration, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased. An increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production was observed. Additionally, an increase in the oxidation of proteins and lipids was detected. Moreover, cellular total antioxidant capacity was decreased. Increases in the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 were observed and superoxide dismutase activity was augmented. Hypoxia evoked a decrease in the oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio. An increase in the phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor and in expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase-1 were detected. The expression of cyclin A was decreased, whereas expression of cyclin D and the content of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine were increased. This was accompanied by an increase in cell viability. The phosphorylation state of c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase was increased, whereas that of p44/42 and p38 was decreased. Finally, cells subjected to hypoxia maintained migration ability. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia creates pro-oxidant conditions in pancreatic stellate cells to which cells adapt and leads to increased viability and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo García
- Department of Animal Production, Cicytex-La Orden, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Remigio Martinez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Mario Estevez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, Food Technology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, 10003, Spain
| | - Marcos Perez-Lopez
- Unit of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria P Miguez
- Unit of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Caceres, Spain
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gerardo Blanco
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Lopez
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ahn-Jarvis J, Lombardo E, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Badi N, Crowe O, Kaul S, Komar H, Krishna SG, Lesinski GB, Mace TA, Ramsey ML, Roberts K, Stinehart K, Traczek M, Conwell DL, Vodovotz Y, Hart PA. Reduction of inflammation in chronic pancreatitis using a soy bread intervention: A feasibility study. Pancreatology 2020; 20:852-859. [PMID: 32595109 PMCID: PMC7780088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which progresses to fibrosis. Currently there are no interventions to delay or stop the progression to irreversible organ damage. In this study, we assessed the tolerability and feasibility of administering soy bread to reduce circulating inflammatory mediators. METHODS Subjects with chronic pancreatitis diagnosed using the American Pancreatic Association diagnostic guidelines were enrolled. During the dose escalation (DE) phase, subjects received one week of soy bread based using a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, which was then followed by a maximally tolerated dose (MTD) phase with four weeks of intervention. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were monitored. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using a Meso Scale Discovery multiplex assay kit. Isoflavonoid excretion in 24-h urine collection was used to measure soy bread compliance. RESULTS Nine subjects completed the DE phase, and one subject completed the MTD phase without any DLTs at a maximum dosage of three slices (99 mg of isoflavones) per day. Reported compliance to soy bread intervention was 98%, and this was confirmed with urinary isoflavones and their metabolites detected in all subjects. There was a significant decline in the TNF-α level during the DE phase (2.667 vs 2.382 pg/mL, p = 0.039); other levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS In this feasibility study, there was excellent compliance with a short-term intervention using soy bread in chronic pancreatitis. Reduction was seen in at least one pro-inflammatory cytokine with short-term intervention. Larger cohorts and longer interventions with soy are warranted to assess the efficacy of reducing pro-inflammatory mediators of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ahn-Jarvis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin Lombardo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Niharika Badi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Olivia Crowe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sabrina Kaul
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Komar
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Somashekar G Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Ramsey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Medical Dietetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Stinehart
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Madelyn Traczek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Enhancing the Efficacy of CAR T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061389. [PMID: 32481570 PMCID: PMC7353070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis and lowest survival rate among all types of cancers and thus, there exists a strong need for novel therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells present a new potential option after successful FDA-approval in hematologic malignancies, however, current CAR T cell clinical trials in pancreatic cancer failed to improve survival and were unable to demonstrate any significant response. The physical and environmental barriers created by the distinct tumor microenvironment (TME) as a result of the desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic cancer present major hurdles for CAR T cells as a viable therapeutic option in this tumor entity. Cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts express extracellular matrix molecules, enzymes, and growth factors, which can attenuate CAR T cell infiltration and efficacy. Recent efforts demonstrate a niche shift where targeting the TME along CAR T cell therapy is believed or hoped to provide a substantial clinical added value to improve overall survival. This review summarizes therapeutic approaches targeting the TME and their effect on CAR T cells as well as their outcome in preclinical and clinical trials in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
55
|
Su T, Yang B, Gao T, Liu T, Li J. Polymer nanoparticle-assisted chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920915978. [PMID: 32426046 PMCID: PMC7222269 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920915978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease characterized by highly dense stroma fibrosis. Only 15-20% of patients with pancreatic cancer have resectable tumors, and only around 20% of them survive to 5 years. Traditional cancer treatments have little effect on their prognosis, and successful surgical resection combined with effective perioperative therapy is the main method for maximizing long-term survival. For this reason, chemotherapy is an adjunct treatment for resectable cancer and is the main therapy for incurable pancreatic cancer, including metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, there are various side effects of chemotherapeutic medicine and low drug penetration because the complex tumor microenvironment limits the application of chemotherapy. As a novel strategy, polymer nanoparticles make it possible to target the tumor microenvironment, release cytotoxic agents through various responsive reactions, and thus overcome the treatment barrier. As drug carriers, polymer nanoparticles show marked advantages, such as increased drug delivery and efficiency, controlled drug release, decreased side effects, prolonged half-life, and evasion of immunogenic blockade. In this review, we discuss the factors that cause chemotherapy obstacles in pancreatic cancer, and introduce the application of polymer nanoparticles to treat pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianren Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Estaras M, Peña FJ, Tapia JA, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Roncero V, Blanco G, Lopez D, Salido GM, Gonzalez A. Melatonin modulates proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells through caspase-3 activation and changes in cyclin A and D expression. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:345-355. [PMID: 32361979 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of melatonin (1 μM-1 mM) on pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) have been examined. Cell viability and proliferation, caspase-3 activation, and the expression of cyclin A and cyclin D were analyzed. Our results show that melatonin decreased PSC viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This effect was not inhibited by treatment of cells with MT1, MT2, calmodulin, or ROR-alpha inhibitors prior to melatonin addition. Activation of caspase-3 in response to melatonin was detected. The expression of cyclin A and cyclin D was decreased in cells treated with melatonin. Finally, changes in BrdU incorporation into the newly synthesized DNA of proliferating cells were also observed in the presence of melatonin. We conclude that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, modulates proliferation of PSC through activation of apoptosis and involving crucial regulators of the cell cycle. These actions might not require specific melatonin receptors. Our observations suggest that melatonin, at high doses, could potentially exert anti-fibrotic effects and, thus, could be taken into consideration as supportive treatment in the therapy of pancreatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, E-10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando J Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A Tapia
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, E-10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Gerardo Blanco
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Lopez
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, E-10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, E-10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Stopa KB, Kusiak AA, Szopa MD, Ferdek PE, Jakubowska MA. Pancreatic Cancer and Its Microenvironment-Recent Advances and Current Controversies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3218. [PMID: 32370075 PMCID: PMC7246785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) causes annually well over 400,000 deaths world-wide and remains one of the major unresolved health problems. This exocrine pancreatic cancer originates from the mutated epithelial cells: acinar and ductal cells. However, the epithelia-derived cancer component forms only a relatively small fraction of the tumor mass. The majority of the tumor consists of acellular fibrous stroma and diverse populations of the non-neoplastic cancer-associated cells. Importantly, the tumor microenvironment is maintained by dynamic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In this article, we aim to review the most common drivers of PDAC. Then we summarize the current knowledge on PDAC microenvironment, particularly in relation to pancreatic cancer therapy. The focus is placed on the acellular stroma as well as cell populations that inhabit the matrix. We also describe the altered metabolism of PDAC and characterize cellular signaling in this cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga B. Stopa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka A. Kusiak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.A.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mateusz D. Szopa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.A.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Pawel E. Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.A.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Monika A. Jakubowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Vera RE, Fernandez-Zapico ME. Stromal deactivation by CSF1: a new feature of the aggressive pancreatic cancer microenvironment. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50468. [PMID: 32329185 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with one of the poorest prognosis among all malignancies. The initiation and evolution of this kind of tumor depends on a complex interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). In an elegant study, Steins et al [1] used a combination of relevant disease models to show that mesenchymal subtype of PDAC shows a distinct deactivation of stellate cells in a CSF1-dependent fashion. This study shedding light on a new role for the stroma driving an aggressive PDAC subtypes shifts the current paradigm for the requirement of an activated TME to regulate PDAC growth and maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo E Vera
- Schulze Center of Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Schulze Center of Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Gonzalez A, Estaras M, Martinez-Morcillo S, Martinez R, García A, Estévez M, Santofimia-Castaño P, Tapia JA, Moreno N, Pérez-López M, Míguez MP, Blanco-Fernández G, Lopez-Guerra D, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Mateos JM, Vara D, Roncero V, Salido GM. Melatonin modulates red-ox state and decreases viability of rat pancreatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6352. [PMID: 32286500 PMCID: PMC7156707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have studied the effects of pharmacological concentrations of melatonin (1 µM-1 mM) on pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). Cell viability was analyzed by AlamarBlue test. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored following CM-H2DCFDA and MitoSOX Red-derived fluorescence. Total protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation were analyzed by HPLC and spectrophotometric methods respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm) was monitored by TMRM-derived fluorescence. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) levels of glutathione were determined by fluorescence techniques. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect the expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes. Determination of SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were carried out by colorimetric methods, whereas expression of SOD was analyzed by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. The results show that melatonin decreased PSC viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Melatonin evoked a concentration-dependent increase in ROS production in the mitochondria and in the cytosol. Oxidation of proteins was detected in the presence of melatonin, whereas lipids oxidation was not observed. Depolarization of ψm was noted with 1 mM melatonin. A decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio was observed, that depended on the concentration of melatonin used. A concentration-dependent increase in the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase-1 was detected in cells incubated with melatonin. Finally, decreases in the expression and in the activity of superoxide dismutase were observed. We conclude that pharmacological concentrations melatonin modify the redox state of PSC, which might decrease cellular viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.
| | - Matias Estaras
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Remigio Martinez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alfredo García
- Department of Animal Production, CICYTEX-La Orden, Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mario Estévez
- IPROCAR Research Institute, Food Technology, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Patricia Santofimia-Castaño
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jose A Tapia
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Noelia Moreno
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Unit of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - María P Míguez
- Unit of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gerardo Blanco-Fernández
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Lopez-Guerra
- Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Infanta Cristina Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Caceres, Spain
| | - Daniel Vara
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Pedro de Alcantara Hospital, Caceres, Spain
| | - Vicente Roncero
- Unit of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wang L, Bi R, Li L, Zhou K, Liu H. Functional characteristics of autophagy in pancreatic cancer induced by glutamate metabolism in pancreatic stellate cells. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519865368. [PMID: 31856624 PMCID: PMC7607760 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519865368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors on autophagy and proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells, and to explore their functions in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Pancreatic cancer cells were divided into two groups. Group A was the control untreated group, and group B cells were treated with GLS inhibitors. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Atg5, Bcl-2, Bax, and Bid proteins. The bromodeoxyuridine assay and scratch test were employed to investigate cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. The expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, cell adhesion molecule 2 (CADM2), and Snail protein was investigated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The expression of Atg5, Bax, and Bid was higher in group A than in group B, while Bcl-2 expression was lower in group A than in group B. Group A cells demonstrated greater proliferation and invasion than group B cells. The expression of E-cadherin was lower in group A cells than group B cells, while vimentin, CADM2, and Snail were expressed at higher levels in group A than group B cells. CONCLUSION The inhibition of glutamine isozymes reduces autophagy and apoptosis in astrocytes, and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, while reducing their invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - RongRong Bi
- Department of Pulmonary, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiLin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Li KY, Yuan JL, Trafton D, Wang JX, Niu N, Yuan CH, Liu XB, Zheng L. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma immune microenvironment and immunotherapy prospects. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 6:6-17. [PMID: 32226930 PMCID: PMC7096327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is non-immunogenic, which consists of the stellate cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and some other immune suppressive molecules. This low tumor perfusion microenvironment with physical dense fibrotic stroma shields PDAC from traditional antitumor therapies like chemotherapy and various strategies that have been proven successful in other types of cancer. Immunotherapy has the potential to treat minimal and residual diseases and prevent recurrence with minimal toxicity, and studies in patients with metastatic and nonresectable disease have shown some efficacy. In this review, we highlighted the main components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and meanwhile, summarized the advances of some promising immunotherapies for PDAC, including checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptors T cells, and cancer vaccines. Based on our previous researches, we specifically discussed how granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor based pancreatic cancer vaccine prime the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and introduced some novel immunoadjuvants, like the stimulator of interferon genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yu Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jia-Long Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Diego Trafton
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Nan Niu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Chun-Hui Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu-Bao Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Takahashi T, Miao Y, Kang F, Dolai S, Gaisano HY. Susceptibility Factors and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Alcoholic Pancreatitis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:777-789. [PMID: 32056245 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is a major cause of acute and chronic pancreatitis. There have been some recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcoholic pancreatitis, which include perturbation in mitochondrial function and autophagy and ectopic exocytosis, with some of these cellular events involving membrane fusion soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor receptor protein receptor proteins. Although new insights have been unraveled recently, the precise mechanisms remain complex, and their finer details have yet to be established. The overall pathophysiology of pancreatitis involves not only the pancreatic acinar cells but also the stellate cells and duct cells. Why only some are more susceptible to pancreatitis and with increased severity, while others are not, would suggest that there may be undefined protective factors or mechanisms that enhance recovery and regeneration after injury. Furthermore, there are confounding influences of lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet, and genetic background. Whereas alcohol and smoking cessation and a generally healthy lifestyle are intuitively the advice given to these patients afflicted with alcoholic pancreatitis in order to reduce disease recurrence and progression, there is as yet no specific treatment. A more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis from which novel therapeutic targets could be identified will have a great impact, particularly with the stubbornly high fatality (>30%) of severe pancreatitis. This review focuses on the susceptibility factors and underlying cellular mechanisms of alcohol injury on the exocrine pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Takahashi
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yifan Miao
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fei Kang
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Subhankar Dolai
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kuntze A, Goetsch O, Fels B, Najder K, Unger A, Wilhelmi M, Sargin S, Schimmelpfennig S, Neumann I, Schwab A, Pethő Z. Protonation of Piezo1 Impairs Cell-Matrix Interactions of Pancreatic Stellate Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:89. [PMID: 32116794 PMCID: PMC7033545 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an acidic and fibrotic stroma. The extracellular matrix (ECM) causing the fibrosis is primarily formed by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). The effects of the altered biomechanics and pH landscape in the pathogenesis of PDAC, however, are poorly understood. Mechanotransduction in cells has been linked to the function of mechanosensitive ion channels such as Piezo1. Here, we tested whether this channel plays crucial roles in transducing mechanical signals in the acidic PDAC microenvironment. We performed immunofluorescence, Ca2+ influx and intracellular pH measurements in PSCs and complemented them by live-cell imaging migration experiments in order to assess the function of Piezo1 channels in PSCs. We evaluated whether Piezo1 responds to changes of extracellular and/or intracellular pH in the pathophysiological range (pH 6.6 and pH 6.9, respectively). We validated our results using Piezo1-transfected HEK293 cells as a model system. Indeed, acidification of the intracellular space severely inhibits Piezo1-mediated Ca2+ influx into PSCs. In addition, stimulation of Piezo1 channels with its activator Yoda1 accelerates migration of PSCs on a two-dimensional ECM as well as in a 3D setting. Furthermore, Yoda1-activated PSCs transmit more force to the surrounding ECM under physiological pH, as revealed by measuring the dislocation of microbeads embedded in the surrounding matrix. This is paralleled by an enhanced phosphorylation of myosin light chain isoform 9 after Piezo1 stimulation. Intriguingly, upon acidification, Piezo1 activation leads to the initiation of cell death and disruption of PSC spheroids. In summary, stimulating Piezo1 activates PSCs by inducing Ca2+ influx which in turn alters the cytoskeletal architecture. This results in increased cellular motility and ECM traction, which can be useful for the cells to invade the surroundings and to detach from the tissue. However, in the presence of an acidic extracellular pH, although net Ca2+ influx is reduced, Piezo1 activation leads to severe cell stress also limiting cellular viability. In conclusion, our results indicate a strong interdependence between environmental pH, the mechanical output of PSCs and stromal mechanics, which promotes early local invasion of PDAC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuntze
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ole Goetsch
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Unger
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Sargin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ilka Neumann
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zoltan Pethő
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Kusiak AA, Szopa MD, Jakubowska MA, Ferdek PE. Signaling in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Stellate Cells - a Brief Review of Recent Advances. Front Physiol 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32116785 PMCID: PMC7033654 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) has been steadily growing over the past two decades due mainly to the central role these cells have in the desmoplastic reaction associated with diseases of the pancreas, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. In recent years, the scientific community has devoted substantial efforts to understanding the signaling pathways that govern PSC activation and interactions with neoplastic cells. This mini review aims to summarize some very recent findings on signaling in PSCs and highlight their impact to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kusiak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz D Szopa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Pawel E Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Li Z, Zhang X, Jin T, Hao J. Nicotine promotes activation of human pancreatic stellate cells through inducing autophagy via α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 243:117301. [PMID: 31953160 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the main functional cells leading to pancreatic fibrosis. Nicotine is widely considered as an independent risk factor of pancreatic fibrosis, but the mechanism is still unclear. Our study was aimed to explore the effects of nicotine on human pancreatic stellate cells (hPSCs) and involved pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary human PSCs were cultured and treated with nicotine (0.1 μM and 1 μM). The proliferation, apoptosis, α-SMA expression, extracellular matrix metabolism and autophagy of hPSCs were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis. The α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was also examined, and an α7nAChR antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) was used to perform inhibition experiments. KEY FINDINGS The proliferation, α-SMA expression and autophagy of hPSCs were significantly promoted by 1 μM nicotine. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of hPSCs was significantly reduced. The extracellular matrix metabolism of hPSCs was also regulated by nicotine. Moreover, the α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was activated by nicotine, this pathway and effects of nicotine can be blocked by α-BTX. SIGNIFICANCE Our finding suggests that nicotine can promote activation of human pancreatic stellate cells (hPSCs) through inducing autophagy via α7nAChR-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, providing a new insight into the mechanisms by which nicotine affects pancreatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abyaneh HS, Regenold M, McKee TD, Allen C, Gauthier MA. Towards extracellular matrix normalization for improved treatment of solid tumors. Theranostics 2020; 10:1960-1980. [PMID: 32042347 PMCID: PMC6993244 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently challenging to eradicate cancer. In the case of solid tumors, the dense and aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major contributor to the heterogeneous distribution of small molecule drugs and nano-formulations, which makes certain areas of the tumor difficult to treat. As such, much research is devoted to characterizing this matrix and devising strategies to modify its properties as a means to facilitate the improved penetration of drugs and their nano-formulations. This contribution presents the current state of knowledge on the composition of normal ECM and changes to ECM that occur during the pathological progression of cancer. It also includes discussion of strategies designed to modify the composition/properties of the ECM as a means to enhance the penetration and transport of drugs and nano-formulations within solid tumors. Moreover, a discussion of approaches to image the ECM, as well as ways to monitor changes in the ECM as a function of time are presented, as these are important for the implementation of ECM-modifying strategies within therapeutic interventions. Overall, considering the complexity of the ECM, its variability within different tissues, and the multiple pathways by which homeostasis is maintained (both in normal and malignant tissues), the available literature - while promising - suggests that improved monitoring of ECM remodeling in vivo is needed to harness the described strategies to their full potential, and match them with an appropriate chemotherapy regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Soleymani Abyaneh
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S2, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Maximilian Regenold
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Trevor D. McKee
- STTARR Innovation Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street Room 7-504, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marc A. Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Qian B, Wei L, Yang Z, He Q, Chen H, Wang A, Yang D, Li Q, Li J, Zheng S, Fu W. Hic-5 in pancreatic stellate cells affects proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and postoperative survival time of pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109355. [PMID: 31683179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most severe types of tumors, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. The prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer are largely limited by the extent of tumor invasion and the presence of lymph node and distant metastases. Therefore, exploring the biological behavior of pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) is extremely important for the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Current studies have shown that pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) regulate the biological behavior of PCCs, such as their proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration, by remodeling the extracellular matrix. Though Hic-5 is an important gene in PSCs, no study has investigated the regulation of PCCs by Hic-5. Here, we demonstrate that Hic-5 expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and that siRNA transfection can effectively inhibit Hic-5 expression. Compared to the control group, Hic-5 inhibition significantly reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced invasion and migration of PCCs. Moreover, the inhibition of Hic-5 expression simultaneously reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Statistical analysis revealed that Hic-5 expression was higher among the pancreatic cancer group than among the normal group and was negatively correlated with postoperative survival time among patients with pancreatic cancer. These results have important clinical significance for further exploring the molecular mechanism involved in Hic-5-mediated invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer and ameliorating the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinyuan He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ankang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dayin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Silin Zheng
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Laplagne C, Domagala M, Le Naour A, Quemerais C, Hamel D, Fournié JJ, Couderc B, Bousquet C, Ferrand A, Poupot M. Latest Advances in Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment for Tumor Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4719. [PMID: 31547627 PMCID: PMC6801830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor bulk is composed of a highly heterogeneous population of cancer cells, as well as a large variety of resident and infiltrating host cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and secreted proteins, collectively known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is essential for driving tumor development by promoting cancer cell survival, migration, metastasis, chemoresistance, and the ability to evade the immune system responses. Therapeutically targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), regulatory T-cells (T-regs), and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) is likely to have an impact in cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on describing the normal physiological functions of each of these cell types and their behavior in the cancer setting. Relying on the specific surface markers and secreted molecules in this context, we review the potential targeting of these cells inducing their depletion, reprogramming, or differentiation, or inhibiting their pro-tumor functions or recruitment. Different approaches were developed for this targeting, namely, immunotherapies, vaccines, small interfering RNA, or small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Laplagne
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marcin Domagala
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Augustin Le Naour
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Christophe Quemerais
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Dimitri Hamel
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Inserm U1220, INRA, ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Bettina Couderc
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Inserm U1220, INRA, ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mary Poupot
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037, 31037 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31400 Toulouse, France.
- ERL 5294 CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Hossen MN, Rao G, Dey A, Robertson JD, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Gold Nanoparticle Transforms Activated Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Quiescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26060-26068. [PMID: 31117437 PMCID: PMC6939884 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a major role in the poor outcome in many diseases including pancreatic cancer. Normally quiescent with high lipid content and low proliferative capacity, CAFs receiving cues from cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment become activated and transformed into a lipid-deprived and highly proliferative myofibroblast type phenotype. Therefore, reversal of activated fibroblasts to the quiescence state is an important area of investigation that may help the therapeutic management of a number of diseases including pancreatic cancer. Here, we describe a unique biological function of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and demonstrate that GNPs may be used to transform activated CAFs to quiescence and provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using immortalized and primary patient derived CAFs, we demonstrate that GNPs enhanced lipid content in the cells by inducing expression of lipogenesis genes such as FASN, SREBP2, and FABP3. Using pharmacological inhibitors of lipolysis, lipophagy, and fatty acid oxidation, we further demonstrate that CAFs utilized a GNP-induced endogenously synthesized lipid to maintain the quiescent phenotype. Consequently, treatment with GNP sensitizes CAF to FASN inhibitor or FASN siRNA. Hence, GNPs may be used as a tool to probe mechanisms of quiescence in CAFs and help device strategies to target the stromal compartment exploiting the mechanisms of lipid utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazir Hossen
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Geeta Rao
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - J. David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Amrutkar M, Aasrum M, Verbeke CS, Gladhaug IP. Secretion of fibronectin by human pancreatic stellate cells promotes chemoresistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:596. [PMID: 31208372 PMCID: PMC6580453 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gemcitabine remains a cornerstone in chemotherapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) despite suboptimal clinical effects that are partly due to the development of chemoresistance. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) of the tumor stroma are known to interact with pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and influence the progression of PDAC through a complex network of signaling molecules that involve extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. To understand tumor-stroma interactions regulating chemosensitivity, the role of PSC-secreted fibronectin (FN) in the development of gemcitabine resistance in PDAC was examined. Methods PSC cultures obtained from ten different human PDAC tumors were co-cultured with PCC lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-2, HPAF-II, MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1 and SW-1990) either directly, or indirectly via incubation with PSC-conditioned medium (PSC-CM). Gemcitabine dose response cytotoxicity was determined using MTT based cell viability assays. Protein expression was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. PSC-CM secretome analysis was performed by proteomics-based LC-MS/MS, and FN content in PSC-CM was determined with ELISA. Radiolabeled gemcitabine was used to determine the capacity of PCCs to uptake the drug. Results In both direct and indirect co-culture, PSCs induced varying degrees of resistance to the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine among all cancer cell lines examined. A variable degree of increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was observed across all PCC lines upon incubation with PSC-CM, while activation of AKT was not detected. Secretome analysis of PSC-CM identified 796 different proteins, including several ECM-related proteins such as FN and collagens. Soluble FN content in PSC-CM was detected in the range 175–350 ng/ml. Neither FN nor PSC-CM showed any effect on PCC uptake capacity of gemcitabine. PCCs grown on FN-coated surface displayed higher resistance to gemcitabine compared to cells grown on non-coated surface. Furthermore, a FN inhibitor, synthetic Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptide significantly inhibited PSC-CM-induced chemoresistance in PCCs via downregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that FN secreted by PSCs in the ECM plays a key role in the development of resistance to gemcitabine via activation of ERK1/2. FN-blocking agents added to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy might counteract chemoresistance in PDAC and provide better clinical outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5803-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Monica Aasrum
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline S Verbeke
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Junliang L, Lili W, Xiaolong L, Xuguang L, Huanwen W, Zhiyong L. High-molecular-weight hyaluronan produced by activated pancreatic stellate cells promotes pancreatic cancer cell migration via paracrine signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:493-498. [PMID: 31171359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is abundant in pancreatic cancer (PC) tissue and promotes pancreatic cancer cell (PCC) motility in vitro. However, it is controversial as to whether high-molecular-weight HA (HMW-HA) or low-molecular weight HA(LMW-HA) is present in the pancreatic cancer stroma and whether PCC or pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) in PC tissue produces HA. We thereby aim to characterize the molecular weight and source of HA in PC tissue that promotes cancer cell motility. METHODS We analyzed the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and the hydrolyzing enzyme hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) in PCC lines and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) using real-time PCR. HA production in the supernatant of PCC lines and PSCs and in PC tissues was quantitatively and qualitatively examined. Finally, we knocked down HYAL1 expression in one of the PCC line PANC-1 cells and analyzed the impact on cell migration. RESULTS HAS2 was abundantly expressed in activated PSCs (aPSCs) but less so in quiescent PSCs (qPSCs) and PCC lines. The baseline expression of HYAL1 did not differ among the cell types. The concentration of HMW-HA was higher in the supernatant of aPSCs than in that of PCC lines. Treatment with exogenous HMW-HA promoted PANC-1 cell motility. Knockdown of HYAL1 decreased HMW-HA-promoted PANC-1 cell migration, which was accompanied by a decrease in intracellular HA levels. CONCLUSION aPSCs are an important source of stromal HMW-HA, which promotes PCC migration in an HYAL1-dependent manner in PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Junliang
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Wang Lili
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Liang Xiaolong
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Liu Xuguang
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Wu Huanwen
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Liang Zhiyong
- Pathology Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Pandey V, Storz P. Targeting the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:473-482. [PMID: 31148495 PMCID: PMC6548630 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1622417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The dismally slow improvement in patient survival over the years for pancreatic cancer patients is mainly due to two factors: the late diagnosis, at which point the disease is spread to distant organs; and the fact that tumor cells are surrounded by a dense, highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment not only shields pancreatic cancer cells from chemotherapy but also leaves it unsusceptible to various immunotherapeutic strategies that have been proven successful in other types of cancer. Areas covered: This review highlights the main components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, how they cross-talk with each other to generate stroma and promote tumor growth. Additionally, we discuss the most promising treatment targets in the microenvironment whose modulation can be robustly tested in combination with standard of care chemotherapy. Currently, active clinical trials for pancreatic cancer involving components of the microenvironment are also listed. Expert opinion: Although immunotherapeutic approaches involving checkpoint inhibition are being pursued enthusiastically, there is still more work to be done with several other emerging immune targets that could provide therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veethika Pandey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Xue R, Wang J, Yang L, Liu X, Gao Y, Pang Y, Wang Y, Hao J. Coenzyme Q10 Ameliorates Pancreatic Fibrosis via the ROS-Triggered mTOR Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8039694. [PMID: 30881598 PMCID: PMC6383547 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8039694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a pivotal role in pancreatic fibrosis. Any remedies that inhibit the activation of PSCs can be potential candidates for therapeutic strategies in pancreatic fibrosis-related pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Our study is aimed at exploring the protective effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) against pancreatic fibrosis. METHODS Pancreatic fibrosis was induced by 20% L-arginine (250 mg/100 g) at 1 h intervals twice per week for 8 weeks in C57BL/6 mice. CoQ10 was administered for 4 weeks. Isolated primary PSCs from C57BL/6 mice were treated with 100 μM CoQ10 for 72 h, as well as Rosup and specific inhibitors. The effects of CoQ10 on the activation of PSCs, autophagy, collagen deposition, histological changes, and oxidative stress were analyzed by western blotting, biochemical estimations, immunofluorescence staining, and hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, and Sirius red staining, as well as with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. RESULTS Pretreatment and posttreatment of CoQ10 decreased autophagy, activation of PSCs, oxidative stress, histological changes, and collagen deposition in the CP mouse model. In primary PSCs, expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR were upregulated with CoQ10. A rescue experiment using specific inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway demonstrated that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway was the underlying mechanism by which CoQ10 ameliorated fibrosis. With the addition of Rosup, expression levels of the autophagy biomarkers LC3 and Atg5 were elevated. Meanwhile, the levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR were lower. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that CoQ10 alleviates pancreatic fibrosis by the ROS-triggered PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CoQ10 may be a therapeutic candidate for antifibrotic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanhua Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Schnittert J, Bansal R, Prakash J. Targeting Pancreatic Stellate Cells in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:128-142. [PMID: 30755305 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the major contributor to the aggressive, metastatic, and resilient nature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 8%. PSCs constitute more than 50% of the tumor stroma in PDAC, where they induce extensive desmoplasia by secreting abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In addition, they establish dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells and other stromal cells, which collectively supports tumor progression via various inter- and intracellular pathways. These cellular interactions and associated pathways may reveal novel therapeutic opportunities against this unmet clinical problem. In this review article, we discuss the role of PSCs in inducing tumor progression, their crosstalk with other cells, and therapeutic strategies to target PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schnittert
- Targeted Therapeutics, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Targeted Therapeutics, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Targeted Therapeutics, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; ScarTec Therapeutics BV, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Kotsiou OS, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. IL-33/ST2 Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2432. [PMID: 30405626 PMCID: PMC6207585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in immunity and cell homeostasis by promoting wound healing and tissue repair. However, it is also involved in the loss of balance between extensive inflammation and tissue regeneration lead to remodeling, the hallmark of fibrosis. The aim of the current review is to critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis. The role of the axis in tissue remodeling is better understood considering its crucial role reported in organ development and regeneration. Generally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has mainly anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative effects; however, chronic tissue injury is responsible for pro-fibrogenetic responses. Regarding pulmonary fibrosis mature IL-33 enhances pro-fibrogenic type 2 cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner, while full-length IL-33 is also implicated in the pulmonary fibrotic process in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent fashion. In liver fibrosis, evidence indicate that when acute and massive liver damage occurs, the release of IL-33 might act as an activator of tissue-protective mechanisms, while in cases of chronic injury IL-33 plays the role of a hepatic fibrotic factor. IL-33 signaling has also been involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, IL-33 could be used as an early marker for ulcer-associated activated fibroblasts and myofibroblast trans-differentiation; thus one cannot rule out its potential role in inflammatory bowel disease-associated fibrosis. Similarly, the upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axismay contribute to tubular cell injury and fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of various cell types in the kidneys. Of note, IL-33 exerts a cardioprotective role via ST2 signaling, while soluble ST2 has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, IL-33 is a crucial cytokine in skin pathology responsible for abnormal fibroblast proliferation, leukocyte infiltration and morphologic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Overall, emerging data support a novel contribution of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue fibrosis and highlight the significant role of the Th2 pattern of immune response in the pathophysiology of organ fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Zhang X, Jin T, Huang X, Liu X, Liu Z, Jia Y, Hao J. Effects of the tumor suppressor PTEN on biological behaviors of activated pancreatic stellate cells in pancreatic fibrosis. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:132-144. [PMID: 30321515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), when activated, are characterized by proliferation and collagen synthesis, and contribute to extracellular matrix deposition in pancreatic fibrosis. Concomitantly, fibrosis is linked with the loss of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) protein in several organs. This study investigated the association between PTEN protein levels and the activated or apoptotic status of PSCs in a rat model of chronic pancreatitis. In addition, the activation status and biological behaviors of culture-activated PSCs were analyzed after lentiviral transfection with wildtype or mutant (G129E) PTEN for upregulation, or PTEN short hairpin RNA for downregulation, of PTEN. In vivo, PTEN levels gradually decreased during pancreatic fibrosis, which positively correlated with apoptosis of activated PSCs, but negatively with PSC activation. In vitro, activated PSCs with wildtype PTEN showed less proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis compared with control PSCs, and greater numbers were apoptotic; activated PSCs with mutant PTEN showed similar, but weaker, effects. Furthermore, AKT and FAK/ERK signaling was involved in this process. In summary, activated PSCs during pancreatic fibrosis in vivo have lower levels of PTEN. In vitro, PTEN appears to prevent PSCs from further activation and promotes apoptosis through regulation of the AKT and FAK/ERK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ren B, Cui M, Yang G, Wang H, Feng M, You L, Zhao Y. Tumor microenvironment participates in metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:108. [PMID: 30060755 PMCID: PMC6065152 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with high mortality due to difficulties in its early diagnosis and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment induced by interactions between pancreatic epithelial/cancer cells and stromal cells is critical for pancreatic cancer progression and has been implicated in the failure of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Microenvironment formation requires interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and stromal cells. Components of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment that contribute to desmoplasia and immunosuppression are associated with poor patient prognosis. These components can facilitate desmoplasia and immunosuppression in primary and metastatic sites or can promote metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion/migration, and pre-metastatic niche formation. Some molecules participate in both microenvironment formation and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer microenvironment formation and discuss how the pancreatic cancer microenvironment participates in metastasis, representing a potential target for combination therapy to enhance overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Fels B, Bulk E, Pethő Z, Schwab A. The Role of TRP Channels in the Metastatic Cascade. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E48. [PMID: 29772843 PMCID: PMC6027473 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is involved in multiple pathologies including cancer. Changes in Ca2+ signaling caused by altered fluxes through ion channels and transporters (the transportome) are involved in all steps of the metastatic cascade. Cancer cells thereby "re-program" and "misuse" the cellular transportome to regulate proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, growth factor signaling, migration and invasion. Cancer cells use their transportome to cope with diverse environmental challenges during the metastatic cascade, like hypoxic, acidic and mechanical cues. Hence, ion channels and transporters are key modulators of cancer progression. This review focuses on the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the metastatic cascade. After briefly introducing the role of the transportome in cancer, we discuss TRP channel functions in cancer cell migration. We highlight the role of TRP channels in sensing and transmitting cues from the tumor microenvironment and discuss their role in cancer cell invasion. We identify open questions concerning the role of TRP channels in circulating tumor cells and in the processes of intra- and extravasation of tumor cells. We emphasize the importance of TRP channels in different steps of cancer metastasis and propose cancer-specific TRP channel blockade as a therapeutic option in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fels
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Zoltán Pethő
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. A peek into cancer-associated fibroblasts: origins, functions and translational impact. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/4/dmm029447. [PMID: 29686035 PMCID: PMC5963854 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In malignant tumors, cancer cells adapt to grow within their host tissue. As a cancer progresses, an accompanying host stromal response evolves within and around the nascent tumor. Among the host stromal constituents associated with the tumor are cancer-associated fibroblasts, a highly abundant and heterogeneous population of cells of mesenchymal lineage. Although it is known that fibroblasts are present from the tumor's inception to the end-stage metastatic spread, their precise functional role in cancer is not fully understood. It has been suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts play a key role in modulating the behavior of cancer cells, in part by promoting tumor growth, but evolving data also argue for their antitumor actions. Taken together, this suggests a putative bimodal function for cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis. As illustrated in this Review and its accompanying poster, cancer-associated fibroblasts are a dynamic component of the tumor microenvironment that orchestrates the interplay between the cancer cells and the host stromal response. Understanding the complexity of the relationship between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts could offer insights into the regulation of tumor progression and control of cancer. Summary: Cancer-associated fibroblasts constitute a functionally heterogeneous mesenchymal cell population in the tumor microenvironment. This ‘At a glance’ article reviews their origin and their pro- and antitumor properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Gryshchenko O, Gerasimenko JV, Peng S, Gerasimenko OV, Petersen OH. Calcium signalling in the acinar environment of the exocrine pancreas: physiology and pathophysiology. J Physiol 2018; 596:2663-2678. [PMID: 29424931 PMCID: PMC6046068 DOI: 10.1113/jp275395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Ca2+ signalling in different cell types in exocrine pancreatic lobules was monitored simultaneously and signalling responses to various stimuli were directly compared. Ca2+ signals evoked by K+‐induced depolarization were recorded from pancreatic nerve cells. Nerve cell stimulation evoked Ca2+ signals in acinar but not in stellate cells. Stellate cells are not electrically excitable as they, like acinar cells, did not generate Ca2+ signals in response to membrane depolarization. The responsiveness of the stellate cells to bradykinin was markedly reduced in experimental alcohol‐related acute pancreatitis, but they became sensitive to stimulation with trypsin. Our results provide fresh evidence for an important role of stellate cells in acute pancreatitis. They seem to be a critical element in a vicious circle promoting necrotic acinar cell death. Initial trypsin release from a few dying acinar cells generates Ca2+ signals in the stellate cells, which then in turn damage more acinar cells causing further trypsin liberation.
Abstract Physiological Ca2+ signals in pancreatic acinar cells control fluid and enzyme secretion, whereas excessive Ca2+ signals induced by pathological agents induce destructive processes leading to acute pancreatitis. Ca2+ signals in the peri‐acinar stellate cells may also play a role in the development of acute pancreatitis. In this study, we explored Ca2+ signalling in the different cell types in the acinar environment of the pancreatic tissue. We have, for the first time, recorded depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ signals in pancreatic nerves and shown that whereas acinar cells receive a functional cholinergic innervation, there is no evidence for functional innervation of the stellate cells. The stellate, like the acinar, cells are not electrically excitable as they do not generate Ca2+ signals in response to membrane depolarization. The principal agent evoking Ca2+ signals in the stellate cells is bradykinin, but in experimental alcohol‐related acute pancreatitis, these cells become much less responsive to bradykinin and then acquire sensitivity to trypsin. Our new findings have implications for our understanding of the development of acute pancreatitis and we propose a scheme in which Ca2+ signals in stellate cells provide an amplification loop promoting acinar cell death. Initial release of the proteases kallikrein and trypsin from dying acinar cells can, via bradykinin generation and protease‐activated receptors, induce Ca2+ signals in stellate cells which can then, possibly via nitric oxide generation, damage more acinar cells and thereby cause additional release of proteases, generating a vicious circle. Ca2+ signalling in different cell types in exocrine pancreatic lobules was monitored simultaneously and signalling responses to various stimuli were directly compared. Ca2+ signals evoked by K+‐induced depolarization were recorded from pancreatic nerve cells. Nerve cell stimulation evoked Ca2+ signals in acinar but not in stellate cells. Stellate cells are not electrically excitable as they, like acinar cells, did not generate Ca2+ signals in response to membrane depolarization. The responsiveness of the stellate cells to bradykinin was markedly reduced in experimental alcohol‐related acute pancreatitis, but they became sensitive to stimulation with trypsin. Our results provide fresh evidence for an important role of stellate cells in acute pancreatitis. They seem to be a critical element in a vicious circle promoting necrotic acinar cell death. Initial trypsin release from a few dying acinar cells generates Ca2+ signals in the stellate cells, which then in turn damage more acinar cells causing further trypsin liberation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Gryshchenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine
| | | | - Shuang Peng
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Ole H Petersen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Xue R, Yang J, Wu J, Meng Q, Hao J. Coenzyme Q10 inhibits the activation of pancreatic stellate cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92300-92311. [PMID: 29190916 PMCID: PMC5696182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have a vital role in pancreatic fibrosis accompanied by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Any agents which can affect the activation of PSCs could become potential candidates for treatment strategies in PDAC and CP. Our aim was to explore the effect of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the process of PSCs activation. Methods Isolated PSCs from C57BL/6 mice were treated with various dosages of CoQ10 (1, 10, and 100μM) and different time (24h, 48h, and 72 h). Effect of CoQ10 on autophagy, apoptosis, senescence and oxidative stress, as well as the activation of PSCs were analyzed by immunocytofluorescent staining, quantitative real time RT-PCR, western blotting, SA-β-galactosidase staining, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Results Expression of α-smooth muscle actin, LC3II, Beclin1, Cleaved caspases-3 and Bax levels were significantly reduced in CoQ10 treatment groups. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, significant differences for the expression of desmin, P62, Bcl-2, p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR levels in CoQ10 treatment groups were found. Moreover, CoQ10 affected the secretion of extracellular matrix components for PSCs. Few SA-β-gal positive cells were found in CoQ10 treated groups. A significant decrease in ROS positive cells and malondialdehyde levels were observed after 72 h exposure to CoQ10. Conclusions Our finding suggests that CoQ10 inhibits the activation of PSCs by suppressing autophagy through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CoQ10 may act as a therapeutic agent in PSC-relating pathologies and/or anti-fibrotic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Liver Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Nielsen N, Kondratska K, Ruck T, Hild B, Kovalenko I, Schimmelpfennig S, Welzig J, Sargin S, Lindemann O, Christian S, Meuth SG, Prevarskaya N, Schwab A. TRPC6 channels modulate the response of pancreatic stellate cells to hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1567-1577. [PMID: 28849300 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a massive fibrosis (desmoplasia), which is primarily caused by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). This leads to a hypoxic tumor microenvironment further reinforcing the activation of PSCs by stimulating their secretion of growth factors and chemokines. Since many of them elicit their effects via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), we tested whether TRPC6 channels, effector proteins of many G-protein-coupled receptor pathways, are required for the hypoxic activation of PSCs. Thus far, the function of ion channels in PSCs is virtually unexplored. qPCR revealed TRPC6 channels to be one of the most abundant TRPC channels in primary cultures of murine PSCs. TRPC6 channel function was assessed by comparing PSCs from TRPC6-/- mice and wildtype (wt) littermates. Cell migration, Ca2+ signaling, and cytokine secretion were analyzed as readout for PSC activation. Hypoxia was induced by incubating PSCs for 24 h in 1% O2 or chemically with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). PSCs migrate faster in response to hypoxia. Due to reduced autocrine stimulation, TRPC6-/- PSCs fail to increase their rate of migration to the same level as wt PSCs under hypoxic conditions. This defect could not be overcome by the stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. In line with these results, calcium influx is increased in wt but not TRPC6-/- PSCs under hypoxia. We conclude that TRPC6 channels of PSCs are major effector proteins in an autocrine stimulation pathway triggered by hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Nielsen
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kateryna Kondratska
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A10, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Bayer-Pharma AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Sandra Schimmelpfennig
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Welzig
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Sargin
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Otto Lindemann
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A10, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|