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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens related to Fungi. These organisms have a unique invasion organelle, the polar tube, which upon appropriate environmental stimulation rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a host cell's membrane, and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the host cell. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the Fungi, being either a basal branch or sister group. Despite the description of microsporidia over 150 years ago, we still lack an understanding of the mechanism of invasion, including the role of various polar tube proteins, spore wall proteins, and host cell proteins in the formation and function of the invasion synapse. Recent advances in ultrastructural techniques are helping to better define the formation and functioning of the invasion synapse. Over the past 2 decades, proteomic approaches have helped define polar tube proteins and spore wall proteins as well as the importance of posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation in the functioning of these proteins, but the absence of genetic techniques for the manipulation of microsporidia has hampered research on the function of these various proteins. The study of the mechanism of invasion should provide fundamental insights into the biology of these ubiquitous intracellular pathogens that can be integrated into studies aimed at treating or controlling microsporidiosis.
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Wang Y, Sen B, He Y, Xie N, Wang G. Spatiotemporal Distribution and Assemblages of Planktonic Fungi in the Coastal Waters of the Bohai Sea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 29643845 PMCID: PMC5882831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi play a critical role in the nutrient cycling and ecological function in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Yet, many ecological aspects of their counterparts in coastal ecosystems remain largely elusive. Using high-throughput sequencing, quantitative PCR, and environmental data analyses, we studied the spatiotemporal changes in the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi and their abiotic and biotic interactions in the coastal waters of three transects along the Bohai Sea. A total of 4362 ITS OTUs were identified and more than 60% of which were unclassified Fungi. Of the classified OTUs three major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota were predominant with episodic low dominance phyla Cryptomycota and Mucoromycota (Mortierellales). The estimated average Fungi-specific 18S rRNA gene qPCR abundances varied within 4.28 × 106 and 1.13 × 107copies/L with significantly (P < 0.05) different abundances among the transects suggesting potential influence of the different riverine inputs. The spatiotemporal changes in the OTU abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla coincided significantly (P < 0.05) with nutrients traced to riverine inputs and phytoplankton detritus. Among the eight major fungal orders, the abundance of Hypocreales varied significantly (P < 0.01) across months while Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Sporidiobolales varied significantly (P < 0.05) across transects. In addition, our results likely suggest a tripartite interaction model for the association within members of Cryptomycota (hyperparasites), Chytridiomycota (both parasites and saprotrophs), and phytoplankton in the coastal waters. The fungal network featured several hubs and keystone OTUs besides the display of cooperative and competitive relationship within OTUs. These results support the notion that planktonic fungi, hitherto mostly undescribed, play diverse ecological roles in marine habitats and further outline niche processes, tripartite and co-occurrence interaction as the major drivers of their community structure and spatiotemporal distribution in the coastal water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningdong Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Geisen S, Mitchell EAD, Adl S, Bonkowski M, Dunthorn M, Ekelund F, Fernández LD, Jousset A, Krashevska V, Singer D, Spiegel FW, Walochnik J, Lara E. Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:293-323. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sina Adl
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Flemming Ekelund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonardo D Fernández
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Singer
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States of America
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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54
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Glynou K, Nam B, Thines M, Maciá-Vicente JG. Facultative root-colonizing fungi dominate endophytic assemblages in roots of nonmycorrhizal Microthlaspi species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1190-1202. [PMID: 29094363 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing knowledge on the diversity of root-endophytic fungi, but limited information on their lifestyles and dependence on hosts hampers our understanding of their ecological functions. We compared diversity and biogeographical patterns of cultivable and noncultivable root endophytes to assess whether their occurrence is determined by distinct ecological factors. The endophytic diversity in roots of nonmycorrhizal Microthlaspi spp. growing across Europe was assessed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and compared with a previous dataset based on cultivation of endophytes from the same root samples. HTS revealed a large fungal richness undetected by cultivation, but which largely comprised taxa with restricted distributions and/or low representation of sequence reads. Both datasets coincided in a consistent high representation of widespread endophytes within orders Pleosporales, Hypocreales and Helotiales, as well as similar associations of community structure with spatial and environmental conditions. Likewise, distributions of particular endophytes inferred by HTS agreed with cultivation data in suggesting individual ecological preferences. Our findings support that Microthlaspi spp. roots are colonized mostly by saprotrophic and likely facultative endophytes, and that differential niche preferences and distribution ranges among fungi importantly drive the assembly of root-endophytic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Glynou
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Bora Nam
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
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55
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Quandt CA, Beaudet D, Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Michel R, Corradi N, James TY. The genome of an intranuclear parasite, Paramicrosporidium saccamoebae, reveals alternative adaptations to obligate intracellular parasitism. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29171834 PMCID: PMC5701793 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasitism often results in gene loss, genome reduction, and dependence upon the host for cellular functioning. Rozellomycota is a clade comprising many such parasites and is related to the diverse, highly reduced, animal parasites, Microsporidia. We sequenced the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Paramicrosporidium saccamoebae [Rozellomycota], an intranuclear parasite of amoebae. A canonical fungal mitochondrial genome was recovered from P. saccamoebae that encodes genes necessary for the complete oxidative phosphorylation pathway including Complex I, differentiating it from most endoparasites including its sequenced relatives in Rozellomycota and Microsporidia. Comparative analysis revealed that P. saccamoebae shares more gene content with distantly related Fungi than with its closest relatives, suggesting that genome evolution in Rozellomycota and Microsporidia has been affected by repeated and independent gene losses, possibly as a result of variation in parasitic strategies (e.g. host and subcellular localization) or due to multiple transitions to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alisha Quandt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Denis Beaudet
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Julia Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Rolf Michel
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Central Institute of the Federal Armed Forces Medical Services, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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56
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Corsaro D, Köhsler M, Wylezich C, Venditti D, Walochnik J, Michel R. New insights from molecular phylogenetics of amoebophagous fungi (Zoopagomycota, Zoopagales). Parasitol Res 2017; 117:157-167. [PMID: 29170872 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amoebophagous fungi are represented in all fungal groups: Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, and Chytridiomycota. The amoebophagous fungi, within the zygomycota (Zoopagales, Zoopagomycota), mainly affect naked amoebae as ectoparasites or endoparasites. It is rather difficult to isolate members of the Zoopagales, because of their parasitic lifestyle, and to bring them into culture. Consequently, gene sequences of this group are undersampled, and its species composition and phylogeny are relatively unknown. In the present study, we were able to isolate amoebophagous fungi together with their amoeba hosts from various habitats (moss, pond, bark, and soil). Altogether, four fungal strains belonging to the genera Acaulopage and Stylopage plus one unidentified isolate were detected. Sequences of the 18S rDNA and the complete ITS region and partial 28S (LSU) rDNA were generated. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that all new isolates diverge at one branch together with two environmental clonal sequences within the Zoopagomycota. Here, we provide the first molecular characterization of the genus Stylopage. Stylopage is closely related to the genus Acaulopage. In addition, taxonomy and phylogeny of amoebophagous fungi and their ecological importance are reviewed based on new sequence data, which includes environmental clonal sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- Chlamydia Research Association (CHLAREAS), 12 rue du Maconnais, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Martina Köhsler
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Danielle Venditti
- Chlamydia Research Association (CHLAREAS), 12 rue du Maconnais, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,TREDI Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, 9, Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 184, 54505, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rolf Michel
- Central Institute of the Federal Armed Forces Medical Services, P.O. Box 7340, D 56070, Koblenz, Germany
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57
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Wang Y, Li XC, Fu G, Zhao S, Chen Y, Wang H, Chen T, Zhou J, Fang W. Morphology and phylogeny of Ameson portunus n. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus from China. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Microsporidian genus Berwaldia (Opisthosporidia, Microsporidia), infecting daphnids (Crustacea, Branchiopoda): Biology, structure, molecular phylogeny and description of two new species. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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59
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Abstract
The application of environmental DNA techniques and increased genome sequencing of microbial diversity, combined with detailed study of cellular characters, has consistently led to the reexamination of our understanding of the tree of life. This has challenged many of the definitions of taxonomic groups, especially higher taxonomic ranks such as eukaryotic kingdoms. The Fungi is an example of a kingdom which, together with the features that define it and the taxa that are grouped within it, has been in a continual state of flux. In this article we aim to summarize multiple lines of data pertinent to understanding the early evolution and definition of the Fungi. These include ongoing cellular and genomic comparisons that, we will argue, have generally undermined all attempts to identify a synapomorphic trait that defines the Fungi. This article will also summarize ongoing work focusing on taxon discovery, combined with phylogenomic analysis, which has identified novel groups that lie proximate/adjacent to the fungal clade-wherever the boundary that defines the Fungi may be. Our hope is that, by summarizing these data in the form of a discussion, we can illustrate the ongoing efforts to understand what drove the evolutionary diversification of fungi.
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60
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Mesa V, Gallego JLR, González-Gil R, Lauga B, Sánchez J, Méndez-García C, Peláez AI. Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Diversity across Distinct Microhabitats in an Acid Mine Drainage. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1756. [PMID: 28955322 PMCID: PMC5600952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid mine drainages are characterized by their low pH and the presence of dissolved toxic metallic species. Microorganisms survive in different microhabitats within the ecosystem, namely water, sediments, and biofilms. In this report, we surveyed the microbial diversity within all domains of life in the different microhabitats at Los Rueldos abandoned mercury underground mine (NW Spain), and predicted bacterial function based on community composition. Sediment samples contained higher proportions of soil bacteria (AD3, Acidobacteria), as well as Crenarchaeota and Methanomassiliicoccaceae archaea. Oxic and hypoxic biofilm samples were enriched in bacterial iron oxidizers from the genus Leptospirillum, order Acidithiobacillales, class Betaproteobacteria, and archaea from the class Thermoplasmata. Water samples were enriched in Cyanobacteria and Thermoplasmata archaea at a 3–98% of the sunlight influence, whilst Betaproteobacteria, Thermoplasmata archaea, and Micrarchaea dominated in acid water collected in total darkness. Stalactites hanging from the Fe-rich mine ceiling were dominated by the neutrophilic iron oxidizer Gallionella and other lineages that were absent in the rest of the microhabitats (e.g., Chlorobi, Chloroflexi). Eukaryotes were detected in biofilms and open-air water samples, and belonged mainly to clades SAR (Alveolata and Stramenopiles), and Opisthokonta (Fungi). Oxic and hypoxic biofilms displayed higher proportions of ciliates (Gonostomum, Oxytricha), whereas water samples were enriched in fungi (Paramicrosporidium and unknown microbial Helotiales). Predicted function through bacterial community composition suggested adaptive evolutive convergence of function in heterogeneous communities. Our study showcases a broad description of the microbial diversity across different microhabitats in the same environment and expands the knowledge on the diversity of microbial eukaryotes in AMD habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mesa
- Department of Functional Biology - IUBA, University of OviedoOviedo, Spain.,Vedas Research and Innovation, Vedas CIIMedellín, Colombia
| | - Jose L R Gallego
- Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting - IUBA, University of OviedoMieres, Spain
| | - Ricardo González-Gil
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems - University of OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - Béatrice Lauga
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254Pau, France
| | - Jesús Sánchez
- Department of Functional Biology - IUBA, University of OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | | | - Ana I Peláez
- Department of Functional Biology - IUBA, University of OviedoOviedo, Spain
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61
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Berbee ML, James TY, Strullu-Derrien C. Early Diverging Fungi: Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life. Annu Rev Microbiol 2017; 71:41-60. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Berbee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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62
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Isolation and characterization of an endoparasite from the culture of oleaginous microalga Graesiella sp. WBG-1. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Letcher PM, Longcore JE, James TY, Leite DS, Simmons DR, Powell MJ. Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny of
Rozella multimorpha
, a New Species in Cryptomycota. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:180-190. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Letcher
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Joyce E. Longcore
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Domingos S. Leite
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP 13082‐862 Brazil
| | - David Rabern Simmons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Martha J. Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
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Remmas N, Melidis P, Zerva I, Kristoffersen JB, Nikolaki S, Tsiamis G, Ntougias S. Dominance of candidate Saccharibacteria in a membrane bioreactor treating medium age landfill leachate: Effects of organic load on microbial communities, hydrolytic potential and extracellular polymeric substances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 238:48-56. [PMID: 28432949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A membrane bioreactor (MBR), accomplishing high nitrogen removal efficiencies, was evaluated under various landfill leachate concentrations (50, 75 and 100% v/v). Proteinous and carbohydrate extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial product (SMP) were strongly correlated (p<0.01) with organic load, salinity and NH4+-N. Exceptionally high β-glucosidase activities (6700-10,100Ug-1) were determined during MBR operation with 50% v/v leachate, as a result of the low organic carbon availability that extendedly induced β-glucosidases to breakdown the least biodegradable organic fraction. Illumina sequencing revealed that candidate Saccharibacteria were dominant, independently of the leachate concentration applied, whereas other microbiota (21.2% of total reads) disappeared when undiluted leachate was used. Fungal taxa shifted from a Saccharomyces- to a newly-described Cryptomycota-based community with increasing leachate concentration. Indeed, this is the first report on the dominance of candidate Saccharibacteria and on the examination of their metabolic behavior in a bioreactor treating real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Remmas
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
| | - Paraschos Melidis
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
| | - Ioanna Zerva
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
| | - Jon Bent Kristoffersen
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion 71500, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikolaki
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., Agrinio 30100, Greece
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., Agrinio 30100, Greece
| | - Spyridon Ntougias
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
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65
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Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Gisder S, Nilsson RH, Owerfeldt A, Genersch E, Kirk PM, Voigt K. Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota. MycoKeys 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephridiophagids are poorly known unicellular eukaryotes, previously of uncertain systematic position, that parasitize the Malpighian tubules of insects. Their life cycle includes merogony with multinucleate plasmodia and sporogony leading to small, uninucleate spores. We examined the phylogenetic affiliations of three species of Nephridiophaga, including one new species, Nephridiophaga maderae, from the Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae). In addition to the specific host, the new species differs from those already known by the size of the spores and by the number of spores within the sporogenic plasmodium. The inferred phylogenetic analyses strongly support a placement of the nephridiophagids in the fungal kingdom near its root and with a close, but unresolved, relationship to the chytids (Chytridiomycota). We found evidence for the nephridiophagidean speciation as being strongly coupled to host speciation.
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66
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Tian J, Qiao Y, Wu B, Chen H, Li W, Jiang N, Zhang X, Liu X. Ecological Succession Pattern of Fungal Community in Soil along a Retreating Glacier. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1028. [PMID: 28649234 PMCID: PMC5465267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated by global climate changing, retreating glaciers leave behind soil chronosequences of primary succession. Current knowledge of primary succession is mainly from studies of vegetation dynamics, whereas information about belowground microbes remains unclear. Here, we combined shifts in community assembly processes with microbial primary succession to better understand mechanisms governing the stochastic/deterministic balance. We investigated fungal succession and community assembly via high-throughput sequencing along a well-established glacier forefront chronosequence that spans 2-188 years of deglaciation. Shannon diversity and evenness peaked at a distance of 370 m and declined afterwards. The response of fungal diversity to distance varied in different phyla. Basidiomycota Shannon diversity significantly decreased with distance, while the pattern of Rozellomycota Shannon diversity was unimodal. Abundance of most frequencies OTU2 (Cryptococcus terricola) increased with successional distance, whereas that of OTU65 (Tolypocladium tundrense) decreased. Based on null deviation analyses, composition of the fungal community was initially governed by deterministic processes strongly but later less deterministic processes. Our results revealed that distance, altitude, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and [Formula: see text]-N significantly correlated with fungal community composition along the chronosequence. These results suggest that the drivers of fungal community are dynamics in a glacier chronosequence, that may relate to fungal ecophysiological traits and adaptation in an evolving ecosystem. The information will provide understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of microbial community assembly during ecosystem succession under different scales and scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuchen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Beijing Radiation Centre, Beijing Academy of Science and TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu, China
- Zoige Peatland and Global Change Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesHongyuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
| | - Na Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Free-Living Amoebae as Hosts for and Vectors of Intracellular Microorganisms with Public Health Significance. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040065. [PMID: 28368313 PMCID: PMC5408671 DOI: 10.3390/v9040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are parasites within both humans and animals causing a wide range of symptoms and act as hosts of, and vehicles for phylogenetically diverse microorganisms, called endocytobionts. The interaction of the FLA with sympatric microorganisms leads to an exceptional diversity within FLA. Some of these bacteria, viruses, and even eukaryotes, can live and replicate intracellularly within the FLA. This relationship provides protection to the microorganisms from external interventions and a dispersal mechanism across various habitats. Among those intracellularly-replicating or -residing organisms there are obligate and facultative pathogenic microorganisms affecting the health of humans or animals and are therefore of interest to Public Health Authorities. Mimiviruses, Pandoraviruses, and Pithoviruses are examples for interesting viral endocytobionts within FLA. Future research is expected to reveal further endocytobionts within free-living amoebae and other protozoa through co-cultivation studies, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses.
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68
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Powell MJ, Letcher PM, James TY. Ultrastructural characterization of the host-parasite interface between Allomyces anomalus (Blastocladiomycota) and Rozella allomycis (Cryptomycota). Fungal Biol 2017; 121:561-572. [PMID: 28606351 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rozella allomycis is an obligate endoparasite of the water mold Allomyces and a member of a clade (= Opisthosporidia) sister to the traditional Fungi. Gaining insights into Rozella's development as a phylogenetically pivotal endoparasite can aid our understanding of structural adaptations and evolution of the Opisthosporidia clade, especially within the context of genomic information. The purpose of this study is to characterize the interface between R. allomycis and Allomyces anomalus. Electron microscopy of developing plasmodia of R. allomycis in host hyphae shows that the interface consists of three-membrane layers, interpreted as the parasite's plasma membrane (inner one layer) and a host cisterna (outer two layers). As sporangial and resting spore plasmodia develop, host mitochondria typically cluster at the surface of the parasite and eventually align parallel to the three-membrane layered interface. The parasite's mitochondria have only a few cristae and the mitochondrial matrix is sparse, clearly distinguishing parasite mitochondria from those of the host. Consistent with the expected organellar topology if the parasite plasmodia phagocytize host cytoplasm, phagocytic vacuoles are at first bounded by three-membrane layers with host-type mitochondria lining the inner membrane. Thus, Rozella's nutrition, at least in part, is phagotrophic in contrast to osmotrophic nutrition of traditional fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Peter M Letcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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69
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Mikhailov KV, Simdyanov TG, Aleoshin VV. Genomic Survey of a Hyperparasitic Microsporidian Amphiamblys sp. (Metchnikovellidae). Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:454-467. [PMID: 27694476 PMCID: PMC5381614 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metchnikovellidae are a group of unusual microsporidians that lack some of the defining ultrastructural features characteristic of derived Microsporidia and are thought to be one of their earliest-branching lineages. The basal position of metchnikovellids was never confirmed by molecular phylogeny in published research, and thus far no genomic data for this group were available. In this work, we obtain a partial genome of metchnikovellid Amphiamblys sp. using multiple displacement amplification, next-generation sequencing, and metagenomic binning approaches. The partial genome, which we estimate to be close to 90% complete, displays genome compaction on par with gene-dense microsporidian genomes, but contains an unusual repertoire of unique repeat elements. Phylogenetic analyses of multigene datasets place Amphiamblys sp. as the first branch of the microsporidian lineage following the divergence of a mitochondriate microsporidian Mitosporidium. We find evidence for a mitochondrial remnant presumably functionally equivalent to a mitosome in Amphiamblys sp. and the common enzymatic complement for microsporidian anaerobic metabolism. Comparative genomic analyses identify the conservation of components for clathrin vesicle formation as one of the key features distinguishing the metchnikovellid from its highly derived relatives. The presented data confirm the notion of Metchnikovellidae as a less derived microsporidian group, and provide an additional stepping stone for reconstruction of an evolutionary transition from the early diverging parasitic fungi to derived Microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Mikhailov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Timur G. Simdyanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Aleoshin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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70
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Li W, Wang M, Bian X, Guo J, Cai L. A High-Level Fungal Diversity in the Intertidal Sediment of Chinese Seas Presents the Spatial Variation of Community Composition. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2098. [PMID: 28066402 PMCID: PMC5179519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intertidal region is one of the most dynamic environments in the biosphere, which potentially supports vast biodiversity. Fungi have been found to play important roles in marine ecosystems, e.g., as parasites or symbionts of plants and animals, and as decomposers of organic materials. The fungal diversity in intertidal region, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, sediment samples from various intertidal habitats of Chinese seas were collected and investigated for determination of fungal community and spatial distribution. Through ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS2) metabarcoding, a high-level fungal diversity was revealed, as represented by 6,013 OTUs that spanned six phyla, 23 classes, 84 orders and 526 genera. The presence of typical decomposers (e.g., Corollospora in Ascomycota and Lepiota in Basidiomycota) and pathogens (e.g., Olpidium in Chytriomycota, Actinomucor in Zygomycota and unidentified Rozellomycota spp.), and even mycorrhizal fungi (e.g., Glomus in Glomeromycota) indicated a complicated origin of intertidal fungi. Interestingly, a small proportion of sequences were classified to obligate marine fungi (e.g., Corollospora, Lignincola, Remispora, Sigmoidea). Our data also showed that the East China Sea significantly differed from other regions in terms of species richness and community composition, indicating a profound effect of the huge discharge of the Yangtze River. No significant difference in fungal communities was detected, however, among habitat types (i.e., aquaculture, dock, plant, river mouth and tourism). These observations raise further questions on adaptation of these members to environments and the ecological functions they probably perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of ChinaQingdao, China; State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BeijingChina
| | - Xiaomeng Bian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajia Guo
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing China
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71
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Parahepatospora carcini n. gen., n. sp., a parasite of invasive Carcinus maenas with intermediate features of sporogony between the Enterocytozoon clade and other microsporidia. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 143:124-134. [PMID: 27993617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parahepatospora carcini n. gen. n. sp., is a novel microsporidian parasite discovered infecting the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas of a single Carcinus maenas specimen. The crab was sampled from within its invasive range in Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia). Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy were used to show the development of the parasite within a simple interfacial membrane, culminating in the formation of unikaryotic spores with 5-6 turns of an isofilar polar filament. Formation of a multinucleate meront (>12 nuclei observed) preceded thickening and invagination of the plasmodial membrane, and in many cases, formation of spore extrusion precursors (polar filaments, anchoring disk) prior to complete separation of pre-sporoblasts from the sporogonial plasmodium. This developmental feature is intermediate between the Enterocytozoonidae (formation of spore extrusion precursors within the sporont plasmodium) and all other Microsporidia (formation of spore extrusion precursors after separation of sporont from the sporont plasmodium). SSU rRNA-based gene phylogenies place P. carcini within microsporidian Clade IV, between the Enterocytozoonidae and the so-called Enterocytospora-clade, which includes Enterocytospora artemiae and Globulispora mitoportans. Both of these groups contain gut-infecting microsporidians of aquatic invertebrates, fish and humans. According to morphological and phylogenetic characters, we propose that P. carcini occupies a basal position to the Enterocytozoonidae. We discuss the discovery of this parasite from a taxonomic perspective and consider its origins and presence within a high profile invasive host on the Atlantic Canadian coastline.
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Maza-Márquez P, Vilchez-Vargas R, Kerckhof FM, Aranda E, González-López J, Rodelas B. Community structure, population dynamics and diversity of fungi in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) for urban wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:507-519. [PMID: 27668995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Community structure, population dynamics and diversity of fungi were monitored in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated throughout four experimental phases (Summer 2009, Autumn 2009, Summer 2010 and Winter, 2012) under different conditions, using the 18S-rRNA gene and the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS2-region) as molecular markers, and a combination of temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis and 454-pyrosequencing. Both total and metabolically-active fungal populations were fingerprinted, by amplification of molecular markers from community DNA and retrotranscribed RNA, respectively. Fingerprinting and 454-pyrosequencing evidenced that the MBR sheltered a dynamic fungal community composed of a low number of species, in accordance with the knowledge of fungal diversity in freshwater environments, and displaying a medium-high level of functional organization with few numerically dominant phylotypes. Population shifts were experienced in strong correlation with the changes of environmental variables and operation parameters, with pH contributing the highest level of explanation. Phylotypes assigned to nine different fungal Phyla were detected, although the community was mainly composed of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota/Blastocladiomycota. Prevailing fungal phylotypes were affiliated to Saccharomycetes and Chytridiomycetes/Blastocladiomycetes, which displayed antagonistic trends in their relative abundance throughout the experimental period. Fungi identified in the activated sludge were closely related to genera of relevance for the degradation of organic matter and trace-organic contaminants, as well as genera of dimorphic fungi potentially able to produce plant operational issues such as foaming or biofouling. Phylotypes closely related to genera of human and plant pathogenic fungi were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maza-Márquez
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - R Vilchez-Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F M Kerckhof
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Aranda
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J González-López
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Rodelas
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Wurzbacher C, Warthmann N, Bourne E, Attermeyer K, Allgaier M, Powell JR, Detering H, Mbedi S, Grossart HP, Monaghan M. High habitat-specificity in fungal communities in oligo-mesotrophic, temperate Lake Stechlin (North-East Germany). MycoKeys 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.16.9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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74
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Hyperspora aquatica n.gn., n.sp. (Microsporidia), hyperparasitic in Marteilia cochillia (Paramyxida), is closely related to crustacean-infecting microspordian taxa. Parasitology 2016; 144:186-199. [PMID: 27748227 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Paramyxida, closely related to haplosporidians, paradinids, and mikrocytids, is an obscure order of parasitic protists within the class Ascetosporea. All characterized ascetosporeans are parasites of invertebrate hosts, including molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes. Representatives of the genus Marteilia are the best studied paramyxids, largely due to their impact on cultured oyster stocks, and their listing in international legislative frameworks. Although several examples of microsporidian hyperparasitism of paramyxids have been reported, phylogenetic data for these taxa are lacking. Recently, a microsporidian parasite was described infecting the paramyxid Marteilia cochillia, a serious pathogen of European cockles. In the current study, we investigated the phylogeny of the microsporidian hyperparasite infecting M. cochillia in cockles and, a further hyperparasite, Unikaryon legeri infecting the digenean Meiogymnophallus minutus, also in cockles. We show that rather than representing basally branching taxa in the increasingly replete Cryptomycota/Rozellomycota outgroup (containing taxa such as Mitosporidium and Paramicrosoridium), these hyperparasites instead group with other known microsporidian parasites infecting aquatic crustaceans. In doing so, we erect a new genus and species (Hyperspora aquatica n. gn., n.sp.) to contain the hyperparasite of M. cochillia and clarify the phylogenetic position of U. legeri. We propose that in both cases, hyperparasitism may provide a strategy for the vectoring of microsporidians between hosts of different trophic status (e.g. molluscs to crustaceans) within aquatic systems. In particular, we propose that the paramyxid hyperparasite H. aquatica may eventually be detected as a parasite of marine crustaceans. The potential route of transmission of the microsporidian between the paramyxid (in its host cockle) to crustaceans, and, the 'hitch-hiking' strategy employed by H. aquatica is discussed.
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Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota. Fungal Biol 2016; 121:1-10. [PMID: 28007212 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rozella is a genus of unwalled endoparasites of a variety of hosts including Oomycota (Stramenopiles), Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota (Fungi), and one green alga (Coleochaete, Chlorophyceae). It currently includes more than 20 formally described species, and no new species of Rozella have been described since 1987. We discovered a new Rozella species parasitizing Rhizoclosmatium globosum (Chytridiales, Chytridiomycota) and investigated its morphology, ultrastructure, and phylogenetic position. Herein named as Rozella rhizoclosmatii sp. nov., the organism induces hypertrophy of the host. Its zoospore is ultrastructurally similar to that of Rozella allomycis, although it has a unique zoospore ultrastructural feature, a lattice of perpendicular rods about the nucleus. The 18S rDNA molecular sequence of R. rhizoclosmatii is similar to that of the previously sequenced 'Rozella ex Rhizoclosmatium'. This is the first study to inclusively characterize a new species of Rozella with morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data. As this is only the second Rozella species to be examined ultrastructurally, and because it is parasitic on a member of Chytridiomycota and not Blastocladiomycota, this research supports the conservative nature of zoospore ultrastructure to help define the genus.
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76
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Molecular identification of Nucleophaga terricolae sp. nov. (Rozellomycota), and new insights on the origin of the Microsporidia. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3003-11. [PMID: 27075306 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are widespread endoparasites of animals, including humans. They are characterized by highly modified morphological and genetic features that cause difficulties in elucidating their enigmatic origin and evolution. Recent advances, however, indicate that the Microsporidia have emerged from the Rozellomycota, forming together either the most basal lineage of the Fungi or its closer relative. The Rozellomycota comprise a huge diversity of uncultured environmental clones, with a very few known species endoparasitic of algae and water moulds, like the chytrid-like Rozella, and of free-living amoebae, like Nucleophaga and the microsporidia-like Paramicrosporidium. A possible ancestral microsporidium, Mitosporidium, has recently been described from the water flea Daphnia, since the phylogenomic reconstruction showed that it branches to the root of the microsporidian tree, while the genome analysis revealed a fungal-like nuclear genome and the persistence of a mitochondrial genome. Here we report the 18S rDNA molecular phylogeny of an additional microsporidium-like endoparasite of amoebae, which has a developmental cycle almost identical to that of Nucleophaga amoebae. Our results show that the endoparasite is closely related to N. amoebae, forming a distinct species, for which we propose the name Nucleophaga terricolae. Furthermore, the Nucleophaga lineage is recovered as sister to the Microsporidia while Mitosporidium turns out to be member of a well-supported group of environmental clones. These results raise the question about the actual ancestry of the Microsporidia within the Rozellomycota. A precise and robust phylogeny will require further comparative genomic studies of these various strains, and should also consider the primitive microsporidia, for which genetic data are still lacking, because all these organisms are essentially morphologically similar.
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77
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Sokolova YY, Senderskiy IV, Tokarev YS. Microsporidia Alfvenia sibirica sp. n. and Agglomerata cladocera (Pfeiffer) 1895, from Siberian microcrustaceans and phylogenetic relationships within the "Aquatic outgroup" lineage of fresh water microsporidia. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:81-91. [PMID: 26993808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on two microsporidia from freshwater crustaceans collected during the ongoing survey for microsporidia in the river Karasuk and adjacent waterbodies (Novosibirsk region, Western Siberia). The first species parasitized hypoderm and fat body of a cyclopid Cyclops sp. (Maxillopoda, Copedoda) and produced oval spores, measured 2.0×3.6μm (fixed) enclosed individually or in small groups in fragile sporophorous vesicles (SVs). We describe it here as Alfvenia sibirica sp. n. The second species infected the same tissues of a cladoceran Daphnia magna (Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda). Its spores were pyriform, 2.3×4.0μm (fixed), and resided in relatively persistent SVs in groups of 8-16. This species was identified as a Siberian isolate (Si) of Agglomerata cladocera (Pfeifer) because ultrastructurally it was hardly distinguishable from A. cladocera recorded from England from the same host (Larsson et al., 1996). A. cladocera (Si) shared 99% SSU rDNA sequence similarity to Binucleata daphniae from D. magna collected in Belgium (Refardt et al., 2008). The major outcome of our work is that we present molecular (SSUrDNA) characterization coupled with EM description, for representatives of two genera, Alfvenia (encompasses 3 described so far species) and Agglomerata (7 species), which allowed us to place these two genera on the phylogenetic tree. We also summarized the literature data on Alfvenia and Agglomerata spp., and provided their comparative morphological analysis. These two genera belong to so called "Aquatic outgroup" (Vossbrinck et al., 2004), a poorly resolved lineage, a sister to Amblyosporidae. This lineage probably includes majority of fresh water forms of microsporidia, most of which remain undescribed. SSUrDNA-based phylogenetic analysis and analysis of hosts suggest that diversification within the "Aquatic outgroup" could have been connected with the host switch from dipterans or copepods to cladocerans that had occurred in some ancestral Amblyospora-related lineage(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - I V Senderskiy
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Y S Tokarev
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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78
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Grossart HP, Wurzbacher C, James TY, Kagami M. Discovery of dark matter fungi in aquatic ecosystems demands a reappraisal of the phylogeny and ecology of zoosporic fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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79
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Ecological succession reveals potential signatures of marine-terrestrial transition in salt marsh fungal communities. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1984-97. [PMID: 26824176 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Marine-to-terrestrial transition represents one of the most fundamental shifts in microbial life. Understanding the distribution and drivers of soil microbial communities across coastal ecosystems is critical given the roles of microbes in soil biogeochemistry and their multifaceted influence on landscape succession. Here, we studied the fungal community dynamics in a well-established salt marsh chronosequence that spans over a century of ecosystem development. We focussed on providing high-resolution assessments of community composition, diversity and ecophysiological shifts that yielded patterns of ecological succession through soil formation. Notably, despite containing 10- to 100-fold lower fungal internal transcribed spacer abundances, early-successional sites revealed fungal richnesses comparable to those of more mature soils. These newly formed sites also exhibited significant temporal variations in β-diversity that may be attributed to the highly dynamic nature of the system imposed by the tidal regime. The fungal community compositions and ecophysiological assignments changed substantially along the successional gradient, revealing a clear signature of ecological replacement and gradually transforming the environment from a marine into a terrestrial system. Moreover, distance-based linear modelling revealed soil physical structure and organic matter to be the best predictors of the shifts in fungal β-diversity along the chronosequence. Taken together, our study lays the basis for a better understanding of the spatiotemporally determined fungal community dynamics in salt marshes and highlights their ecophysiological traits and adaptation in an evolving ecosystem.
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80
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Benny GL, Smith ME, Kirk PM, Tretter ED, White MM. Challenges and Future Perspectives in the Systematics of Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina. BIOLOGY OF MICROFUNGI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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81
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Bass D, Stentiford GD, Littlewood D, Hartikainen H. Diverse Applications of Environmental DNA Methods in Parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:499-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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82
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Corradi N. Microsporidia: Eukaryotic Intracellular Parasites Shaped by Gene Loss and Horizontal Gene Transfers. Annu Rev Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26195306 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are eukaryotic parasites of many animals that appear to have adapted to an obligate intracellular lifestyle by modifying the morphology and content of their cells. Living inside other cells, they have lost many, or all, metabolic functions, resulting in genomes that are always gene poor and often very small. The minute content of microsporidian genomes led many to assume that these parasites are biochemically static and uninteresting. However, recent studies have demonstrated that these organisms can be surprisingly complex and dynamic. In this review I detail the most significant recent advances in microsporidian genomics and discuss how these have affected our understanding of many biological aspects of these peculiar eukaryotic intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5;
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83
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Lazarus KL, James TY. Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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84
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Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Lopez S, Lee PA, McBride RC. A new isolate of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, and Amoeboaphelidium occidentale, a new species in phylum Aphelida (Opisthosporidia). Mycologia 2015; 107:522-31. [PMID: 25661716 DOI: 10.3852/14-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae used in the production of biofuels represents an alternative to fossil fuels. One problem in the production of algae for biofuels is attacks by algal parasitoids that can cause population crashes when algae are cultivated in outdoor ponds (Greenwell et al. 2010). Integrated solutions are being sought to mitigate this problem, and an initial step is pest identification. We isolated an algal parasitoid from an open pond of Scenedesmus dimorphus used for biofuel production in New Mexico and examined its morphology, ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. A phylogenetic analysis placed this organism in Aphelida as conspecific with Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum sensu Karpov et al. 2013. As a result we re-evaluated the taxonomy of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum sensu Letcher et al. 2013 and here designate it as a new species, Amoeboaphelidium occidentale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Letcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
| | - Martha J Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
| | - Salvador Lopez
- Crop Protection Group, Sapphire Energy, Inc., Las Cruces, New Mexico 88007
| | - Philip A Lee
- Crop Protection Group, Sapphire Energy, Inc., Las Cruces, New Mexico 88007
| | - Robert C McBride
- Crop Protection Group, Sapphire Energy, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
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85
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PCR primers for assessing community structure of aquatic fungi including Chytridiomycota and Cryptomycota. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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86
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Haag KL, James TY, Pombert JF, Larsson R, Schaer TMM, Refardt D, Ebert D. Evolution of a morphological novelty occurred before genome compaction in a lineage of extreme parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15480-5. [PMID: 25313038 PMCID: PMC4217409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410442111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasitism results in extreme adaptations, whose evolutionary history is difficult to understand, because the parasites and their known free-living relatives are so divergent from one another. Microsporidia are intracellular parasites of humans and other animals, which evolved highly specialized morphological structures, but also extreme physiologic and genomic simplification. They are suggested to be an early-diverging branch on the fungal tree, but comparisons to other species are difficult because their rates of molecular evolution are exceptionally high. Mitochondria in microsporidia have degenerated into organelles called mitosomes, which have lost a genome and the ability to produce ATP. Here we describe a gut parasite of the crustacean Daphnia that despite having remarkable morphological similarity to the microsporidia, has retained genomic features of its fungal ancestors. This parasite, which we name Mitosporidium daphniae gen. et sp. nov., possesses a mitochondrial genome including genes for oxidative phosphorylation, yet a spore stage with a highly specialized infection apparatus--the polar tube--uniquely known only from microsporidia. Phylogenomics places M. daphniae at the root of the microsporidia. A comparative genomic analysis suggests that the reduction in energy metabolism, a prominent feature of microsporidian evolution, was preceded by a reduction in the machinery controlling cell cycle, DNA recombination, repair, and gene expression. These data show that the morphological features unique to M. daphniae and other microsporidia were already present before the lineage evolved the extreme host metabolic dependence and loss of mitochondrial respiration for which microsporidia are well known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Haag
- Zoological Institute, Basel University, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 RS, Brazil;
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jean-François Pombert
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - Ronny Larsson
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden; and
| | | | - Dominik Refardt
- Zoological Institute, Basel University, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute, Basel University, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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87
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Sokolova Y, Pelin A, Hawke J, Corradi N. Morphology and phylogeny of Agmasoma penaei (Microsporidia) from the type host, Litopenaeus setiferus, and the type locality, Louisiana, USA. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:1-16. [PMID: 25449947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since June 2012, samples of wild caught white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, from the Gulf of Mexico, Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes (Louisiana, USA) with clinical signs of microsporidiosis have been delivered to the Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory for identification. Infection was limited predominantly to female gonads and was caused by a microsporidium producing roundish pansporoblasts with eight spores (3.6×2.1 μm) and an anisofilar (2-3+4-6) polar filament. These features allowed identification of the microsporidium as Agmasoma penaei Sprague, 1950. Agmasoma penaei is known as a microsporidium with world-wide distribution, causing devastating epizootic disease among wild and cultured shrimps. This paper provides molecular and morphological characterisation of A. penaei from the type host and type locality. Comparison of the novel ssrDNA sequence of A. penaei from Louisiana, USA with that of A. penaei from Thailand revealed 95% similarity, which suggests these geographical isolates are two different species. The A. penaei sequences did not show significant homology to any other examined taxon. Phylogenetic reconstructions using the ssrDNA and alpha- and beta-tubulin sequences supported its affiliation with the Clade IV Terresporidia sensu Vossbrink 2005, and its association with parasites of fresh and salt water crustaceans of the genera Artemia, Daphnia and Cyclops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - John Hawke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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88
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Rediscovery of Nucleophaga amoebae, a novel member of the Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4491-8. [PMID: 25258042 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that the huge diversity branching at or near the phylogenetic root of the fungal kingdom, mostly constituted by uncultured environmental clones, is actually characterized by intracellular predators/parasites of various eukaryotes. These form three related lineages: the Aphelidea, endoparasites of algae; the Rozellomycota, with Rozella species mainly endoparasites of water moulds, and Paramicrosporidium species endonuclear parasites of amoebae; and the Microsporidia, mainly endoparasites of animals. Increasing evidence suggests the emergence of Microsporidia from within Rozellomycota; however, their fungal or protistan nature is still unclear. Here, we report the molecular phylogeny based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA) gene, of an additional endoparasite of amoebae, corresponding to the old enigmatic chytrid Nucleophaga amoebae described in the nineteenth century. Our results show that Nucleophaga, possessing a morphotype intermediate between Rozella and Paramicrosporidium, emerges as a unique lineage within the Rozellomycota. The recovery and characterization of new members of Rozellomycota are of high value for the understanding of the early evolutionary history of the Fungi and related lineages.
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89
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Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Benzerara K, Moreira D, López-García P. Molecular phylogeny and ultrastructure of Aphelidium aff. melosirae (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia). Protist 2014; 165:512-26. [PMID: 24995586 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aphelids are a poorly known group of parasitoids of algae that have raised considerable interest due to their pivotal phylogenetic position. Together with Cryptomycota and the highly derived Microsporidia, they have been recently re-classified as Opisthosporidia, being the sister group to fungi. Despite their huge diversity, as revealed by molecular environmental studies, and their phylogenetic interest, only three genera have been described (Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium), from which 18S rRNA gene sequences exist only for Amoeboaphelidium species. Here, we describe the life cycle and ultrastructure of Aphelidium aff. melosirae, and provide the first 18S rRNA gene sequence obtained for this genus. Molecular phylogeny analysis indicates that Aphelidium is very distantly related to Amoebaphelidium, highlighting the wide genetic diversity of the aphelids. The parasitoid encysts and penetrates the host alga, Tribonema gayanum through an infection tube. Cyst germination leads to a young trophont that phagocytes the algal cell content and progressively develops a plasmodium, which becomes a zoospore-producing sporangium. Aphelidium aff. melosirae has amoeboflagellate zoospores, tubular/lamellar mitochondrial cristae, a metazoan type of centrosome, and closed orthomitosis with an intranuclear spindle. These features together with trophont phagocytosis distinguish Aphelidium from fungi and support the erection of the new superphylum Opisthosporidia as sister to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Karpov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie et CNRS, 4 place Jussieu. 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | - Maria A Mamkaeva
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie et CNRS, 4 place Jussieu. 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud. 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Purificación López-García
- Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud. 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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