51
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Güngördü A. Comparative toxicity of methidathion and glyphosate on early life stages of three amphibian species: Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis, and Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:220-8. [PMID: 23831689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The assessments of pesticide toxicity on nontarget organisms have largely been focused on the determination of median lethal concentration (LC50) values using single/laboratory species. Although useful, these studies cannot describe the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity and also cannot explain the effects of pesticides on natural species. In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate and methidathion were evaluated comparatively on early developmental stages of 3 anurans-2 natural (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis) and 1 laboratory species (Xenopus laevis). The 96-h LC50 values for methidathion and glyphosate were determined as 25.7-19.6 mg active ingredient (AI)/L for P. viridis, 27.4-22.7 mg AI/L for P. ridibundus, and 15.3-5.05 mg AI/L for X. laevis tadpoles. Furthermore, as early signs of intoxication, glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CaE), glutathione reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotrasferase were assayed in 4-day-old tadpoles after 96-h pesticide exposure. The GST induction after 3.2mg AI/L methidathion exposure was determined to be 173%, 83%, and 38% of control, and the AChE inhibition for the same dose was determined to be 86%, 96%, and 30% of control for P. ridibundus, P. viridis, and X. laevis, respectively. Unlike the application of methidathion, all enzyme activities showed statistically significant increases on glyphosate exposure compared to controls. However, these increases in enzyme activities were not shown to be parallel with the increase of concentration. The levels of increases of GST and AChE were determined to be 111% and 31% for P. ridibundus, 13% and 51% for P. viridis, and 15% and 36% for X. laevis after 3.2mg AI/L glyphosate exposure, respectively. The findings of the study suggest that the most sensitive species to pesticide exposure is X. laevis. The selected biomarker enzymes AChE, CaE, and GST are useful in understanding the toxic mechanisms of these pesticides in anuran tadpoles as early warning indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Güngördü
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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Takács VT, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Neuroligin 2 is expressed in synapses established by cholinergic cells in the mouse brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72450. [PMID: 24039767 PMCID: PMC3764118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin 2 is a postsynaptic protein that plays a critical role in the maturation and proper function of GABAergic synapses. Previous studies demonstrated that deletion of neuroligin 2 impaired GABAergic synaptic transmission, whereas its overexpression caused increased inhibition, which suggest that its presence strongly influences synaptic function. Interestingly, the overexpressing transgenic mouse line showed increased anxiety-like behavior and other behavioral phenotypes, not easily explained by an otherwise strengthened GABAergic transmission. This suggested that other, non-GABAergic synapses may also express neuroligin 2. Here, we tested the presence of neuroligin 2 at synapses established by cholinergic neurons in the mouse brain using serial electron microscopic sections double labeled for neuroligin 2 and choline acetyltransferase. We found that besides GABAergic synapses, neuroligin 2 is also present in the postsynaptic membrane of cholinergic synapses in all investigated brain areas (including dorsal hippocampus, somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortices, caudate putamen, basolateral amygdala, centrolateral thalamic nucleus, medial septum, vertical- and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata and ventral pallidum). In the hippocampus, the density of neuroligin 2 labeling was similar in GABAergic and cholinergic synapses. Moreover, several cholinergic contact sites that were strongly labeled with neuroligin 2 did not resemble typical synapses, suggesting that cholinergic axons form more synaptic connections than it was recognized previously. We showed that cholinergic cells themselves also express neuroligin 2 in a subset of their input synapses. These data indicate that mutations in human neuroligin 2 gene and genetic manipulations of neuroligin 2 levels in rodents will potentially cause alterations in the cholinergic system as well, which may also have a profound effect on the functional properties of brain circuits and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág T. Takács
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F. Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Hoeller AA, Duzzioni M, Duarte FS, Leme LR, Costa APR, Santos ECDS, de Pieri CH, dos Santos AA, Naime AA, Farina M, de Lima TCM. GABA-A receptor modulators alter emotionality and hippocampal theta rhythm in an animal model of long-lasting anxiety. Brain Res 2013; 1532:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Han W, Liao S, Zhang C, Ding H, Wu Z, Shen G, Yu R. Highly Sensitive Fluorometric Assay Method for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Based on Nile Red-Adsorbed Gold Nanoparticles. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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55
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Kalb A, von Haefen C, Sifringer M, Tegethoff A, Paeschke N, Kostova M, Feldheiser A, Spies CD. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce neuroinflammation and -degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of a surgery stress rat model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62679. [PMID: 23671623 PMCID: PMC3643957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous stress like tissue damage and pathogen invasion during surgical trauma could lead to a peripheral inflammatory response and induce neuroinflammation, which can result in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a neurohumoral mechanism that plays a prominent role by suppressing the inflammatory response. Treatments with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors enhance cholinergic transmission and may therefore act as a potential approach to prevent neuroinflammation. In the presence or absence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, adult Wistar rats underwent surgery alone or were additionally treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Physostigmine, which can overcome the blood-brain barrier or neostigmine acting only peripheral, served as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the cortex, hippocampus, spleen and plasma was measured after 1 h, 24 h, 3 d and 7 d using Real-Time PCR, western blot analysis or cytometric bead array (CBA). Fluoro-Jade B staining of brain slices was employed to elucidate neurodegeneration. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was estimated using a spectrofluorometric method. Surgery accompanied by LPS-treatment led to increased IL-1beta gene and protein upregulation in the cortex and hippocampus but was significantly reduced by physostigmine and neostigmine. Furthermore, surgery in combination with LPS-treatment caused increased protein expression of IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-10 in the spleen and plasma. Physostigmine and neostigmine significantly decreased the protein expression of IL-1 and TNF-alpha. Neuronal degeneration and the activity of acetylcholinesterase were elevated after surgery with LPS-treatment and reduced by physostigmine and neostigmine. Along with LPS-treatment, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce the pro-inflammatory response as well as neurodegeneration after surgery in the cortex and hippocampus. This combination may represent a tool to break the pathogenesis of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Annalena Tegethoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Paeschke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariya Kostova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Aarne Feldheiser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D. Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Xie HQ, Xu HM, Fu HL, Hu Q, Tian WJ, Pei XH, Zhao B. AhR-mediated effects of dioxin on neuronal acetylcholinesterase expression in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:613-8. [PMID: 23426015 PMCID: PMC3673198 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in cognitive functioning have been reported in humans exposed to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Evidence suggests that dioxins induce cholinergic dysfunction mediated by hypothyroidism. However, little is known about direct effects of dioxins on the cholinergic system. OBJECTIVES We investigated the action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in cholinergic neurotransmission. METHODS We used SK-N-SH human-derived neuronal cells to evaluate the effect of dioxin exposure on AChE. RESULTS We consistently found a significant decrease in enzymatic activity of AChE in cultured neurons treated with TCDD. We also found that, unlike organophosphate pesticides that directly act on the catalytic center of AChE, the suppressive effect of dioxin was through transcriptional regulation. The addition of CH223191, an inhibitor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent pathway, counteracted the TCDD-induced suppression of AChE, suggesting involvement of the AhR-dependent pathway. The existence of putative dioxin-responsive element (DRE) consensus sequences in the human ACHE promoter region further supported this hypothesis. Consistent with the absence of DRE elements in mouse or rat ACHE promoter regions, suppression of AChE by TCDD did not occur in rat neuronal cells, indicating a potential species-specific effect. CONCLUSIONS In SK-N-SH cells, dioxin suppressed the activity of neuronal AChE via AhR-mediated transcriptional down-regulation. This is the first study to report direct interference by dioxin with the cholinergic neurotransmission system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Turner JR, Gold A, Schnoll R, Blendy JA. Translational research in nicotine dependence. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012153. [PMID: 23335115 PMCID: PMC3579204 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction accounts for 4.9 million deaths each year. Furthermore, although smoking represents a significant health burden in the United States, at present there are only three FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently on the market: (1) nicotine replacement therapy, (2) bupropion, and (3) varenicline. Despite this obvious gap in the market, the complexity of nicotine addiction in addition to the increasing cost of drug development makes targeted drug development prohibitive. Furthermore, using combinations of mouse and human studies, additional treatments could be developed from off-the-shelf, currently approved medication lists. This article reviews translational studies targeting manipulations of the cholinergic system as a viable therapeutic target for nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sifringer M, Bendix I, von Haefen C, Endesfelder S, Kalb A, Bührer C, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Spies CD. Oxygen toxicity is reduced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the developing rat brain. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:255-64. [PMID: 23445753 DOI: 10.1159/000346723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a neural mechanism that suppresses the innate inflammatory response and controls inflammation employing acetylcholine as the key endogenous mediator. In this study, we investigated the effects of the cholinergic agonists, physostigmine and donepezil, on neurodegeneration, inflammation and oxidative stress during oxygen toxicity in the developing rat brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of neurodegeneration, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, glutathione and lipid peroxidation after hyperoxia and treatment with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, physostigmine and donepezil in the brain of neonatal rats. Six-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to 80% oxygen for 12-24 h and received 100 μg/kg physostigmine or 200 μg/kg donepezil intraperitoneally. Sex-matched littermates kept in room air and injected with normal saline, physostigmine or donepezil served as controls. Treatment with both inhibitors significantly reduced hyperoxia-triggered activity of AChE, neural cell death and the upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the immature rat brain on the mRNA and protein level. In parallel, hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress was reduced by concomitant physostigmine and donepezil administration, as shown by an increased reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and attenuated malondialdehyde levels, as a sign of lipid peroxidation. Our results suggest that a single treatment with AChE inhibitors at the beginning of hyperoxia attenuated the detrimental effects of oxygen toxicity in the developing brain and may pave the way for AChE inhibitors, which are currently used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, as potential candidates for adjunctive neuroprotective therapies to the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Xing W, Fu Y, Shi Z, Lu D, Zhang H, Hu Y. Discovery of novel 2,6-disubstituted pyridazinone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:95-103. [PMID: 23466605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Disubstituted pyridazinone 4 was identified by HTS as a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Under SAR development, compound 17e stood out as displaying high AChE inhibitory activity and AChE/butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) selectivity in vitro. Docking studies revealed that 17e might interact with the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) simultaneously. Based on this novel binding information, 6-ortho-tolylamino and N-ethyl-N-isopropylacetamide substituted piperidine were disclosed as new PAS and CAS binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Garcia-Ratés S, Lewis M, Worrall R, Greenfield S. Additive toxicity of β-amyloid by a novel bioactive peptide in vitro: possible implications for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54864. [PMID: 23390503 PMCID: PMC3563650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-amyloid is regarded as a significant factor in Alzheimer’s disease: but inefficient therapies based on this rationale suggests that additional signalling molecules or intermediary mechanisms must be involved in the actual initiation of the characteristic degeneration of neurons. One clue could be that acetylcholinesterase, also present in amyloid plaques, is aberrant in peripheral tissues such as blood and adrenal medulla that can be implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this study was to assess the bioactivity of a fragment of acetylcholinesterase responsible for its non-enzymatic functions, a thirty amino acid peptide (“T30”) which has homologies with β-amyloid. Methods Cell viability was measured by sulforhodamine B assay and also lactate dehydrogenase assay: meanwhile, changes in the status of living cells was monitored by measuring release of acetylcholinesterase in cell perfusates using the Ellman reagent. Findings T30 peptide and β-amyloid each have toxic effects on PC12 cells, comparable to hydrogen peroxide. However only the two peptides selectively then evoke a subsequent, enhanced release in acetylcholinesterase that could only be derived from the extant cells. Moreover, unlike hydrogen peroxide, the T30 peptide selectively shifted a sub-threshold dose of β-amyloid to a toxic effect, which also resulted in a comparable enhanced release of acetylcholinesterase. Interpretation This is the first study comparing directly the bioactivity of β-amyloid with a peptide derived from acetylcholinesterase: the similarity in action suggests that the sequence homology between the two compounds might have a functional and/or pathological relevance. The subsequent enhanced release of acetylcholinesterase from the extant cells could reflect a primary ‘compensatory’ response of cells prone to degeneration, paradoxically providing further availability of the toxic C-terminal peptide to modulate the potency of β-amyloid. Such a cycle of events may provide new insights into the mechanism of continuing selective cell loss in Alzheimer’s disease and related degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Garcia-Ratés
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Inactivation of the microRNA-183/96/182 cluster results in syndromic retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E507-16. [PMID: 23341629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212655110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA-183/96/182 cluster is highly expressed in the retina and other sensory organs. To uncover its in vivo functions in the retina, we generated a knockout mouse model, designated "miR-183C(GT/GT)," using a gene-trap embryonic stem cell clone. We provide evidence that inactivation of the cluster results in early-onset and progressive synaptic defects of the photoreceptors, leading to abnormalities of scotopic and photopic electroretinograms with decreased b-wave amplitude as the primary defect and progressive retinal degeneration. In addition, inactivation of the miR-183/96/182 cluster resulted in global changes in retinal gene expression, with enrichment of genes important for synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, photoreceptor morphogenesis, and phototransduction, suggesting that the miR-183/96/182 cluster plays important roles in postnatal functional differentiation and synaptic connectivity of photoreceptors.
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Khan RA. Effects of Launaea procumbens on brain antioxidant enzymes and cognitive performance of rat. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:219. [PMID: 23151029 PMCID: PMC3583699 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Launaea procumbens is used in the treatment of oxidative stress and mental disorders. The effects of Launaea procumbens methanolic extracts (LPMEs), i.e., 100 and 200 LPME mg/kg body weight (b.w.), on cognitive performance as well as on the activity of acetylcholinesterase, and antioxidant enzymes in rat brain tissue homogenates were evaluated. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into three groups. Rats in group I (control) were given saline (vehicle), group II received LPME (100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.), and group III were treated with LPME (200 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 7 days. Antioxidant potential was assessed by measuring the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) contents in brain tissue homogenates. Activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cognitive performance were also assessed. RESULTS LPME administration reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS contents), increased GSH levels and enhanced the activities of SOD, CAT, GSHpx, GSR and GST. AChE activity was reduced by LPME treatment compared with untreated controls. CONCLUSION These findings suggested the significant impact of LPMEs on brain function. These effects could be through the antioxidant effects of the bioactive constituents present in LPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.
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63
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Khan RA, Khan MR, Sahreen S. Brain antioxidant markers, cognitive performance and acetylcholinesterase activity of rats: efficiency of Sonchus asper. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2012; 8:21. [PMID: 22591917 PMCID: PMC3527136 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonchus asper (SA) is traditionally used as a folk medicine to treat mental disorders in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyphenolic rich methanolic fraction of SA on cognitive performance, brain antioxidant activities and acetylcholinesterase activity in male rats. METHODS 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into three groups in this study. Animals of group I (control) received saline (vehicle), group II received SA (50 mg/kg) body weight (b.w.), and group III treated with SA (100 mg/kg b.w.,) orally in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for 7 days. The effect of SA was checked on rat cognitive performance, brain antioxidatant and acetylcholinesterase activities. Evaluation of learning and memory was assessed by a step-through a passive avoidance test on day 6 after two habituation trials and an initial acquisition trial on day 5. Antioxidant potential was determined by measuring activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in whole-brain homogenates. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined by the colorimetric method. RESULTS Results showed that 100 mg/kg b.w., SA treated rats exhibited a significant improvement in learning and memory (step-through latency time). SA administration reduced lipid peroxidation products and elevated glutathione levels in the SA100-treated group. Furthermore, salt and detergent soluble AChE activity was significantly decreased in both SA-treated groups. Short-term orally supplementation of SA showed significant cognitive enhancement as well as elevated brain antioxidant enzymes and inhibited AChE activity. CONCLUSION These findings stress the critical impact of Sonchus asper bioactive components on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sahreen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Liu D, Chen W, Wei J, Li X, Wang Z, Jiang X. A Highly Sensitive, Dual-Readout Assay Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4185-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300545p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingbin Liu
- CAS Key Lab
for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11
Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shijingshan, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- CAS Key Lab
for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11
Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shijingshan, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, 8 North Second Street, Haidian District,
Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shijingshan, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, 8 North Second Street, Haidian District,
Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- CAS Key Lab
for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11
Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- CAS Key Lab
for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11
Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
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65
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Synthesis and characterization of a novel potato starch derivative with cationic acetylcholine groups. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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66
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Bronicki LM, Jasmin BJ. Trans-acting factors governing acetylcholinesterase mRNA metabolism in neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:36. [PMID: 22461767 PMCID: PMC3309972 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most characterized function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is to terminate cholinergic signaling at neuron-neuron and neuro-muscular synapses. In addition, AChE is causally or casually implicated in neuronal development, stress-response, cognition, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the importance of AChE, many studies have focused on identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern its expression. Despite these efforts, post-transcriptional control of AChE mRNA expression is still relatively unclear. Here, we review the trans-acting factors and cis-acting elements that are known to control AChE pre-mRNA splicing, mature mRNA stability and translation. Moreover, since the Hu/ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged in recent years as “master” post-transcriptional regulators, we discuss the possibility that predominantly neuronal ELAVs (nELAVs) play multiple roles in regulating splicing, stability, localization, and translation of AChE mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Bronicki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
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67
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Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase in an animal model of maple syrup urine disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:279-86. [PMID: 22328136 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease is an inherited metabolic disease predominantly characterized by neurological dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuropathology of this disease are still not defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and chronic administration of a branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) pool (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and gene expression in the brain and serum of rats and to assess if antioxidant treatment prevented the alterations induced by BCAA administration. Our results show that the acute administration of a BCAA pool in 10- and 30-day-old rats increases AChE activity in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and serum. Moreover, chronic administration of the BCAA pool also increases AChE activity in the structures studied, and antioxidant treatment prevents this increase. In addition, we show a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of AChE in the hippocampus following acute administration in 10- and 30-day-old rats. On the other hand, AChE expression increased significantly after chronic administration of the BCAA pool. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment was able to prevent the increased AChE activity without altering AChE expression. In conclusion, the results from the present study demonstrate a marked increase in AChE activity in all brain structures following the administration of a BCAA pool. Moreover, the increased AChE activity is prevented by the coadministration of N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine as antioxidants.
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68
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He G, Sun Y, Li F. RNA interference of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Plutella xylostella reveals their different functions. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:75-86. [PMID: 22392769 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) is an important enzyme with a typical function of degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Although two ace genes were reported in Plutella xylostella, their function differences remain largely unknown. The chemically synthesized siRNAs (si-Pxace1 and si-Pxace2) were injected into the second instar larvae to knock down Pxace1 and Pxace2, either respectively or simultaneously. The mRNA abundance of Pxace1 and Pxace2 was significantly reduced to 7-33.5% of the control levels at 72 h after siRNA injection. The AChE activities were significantly decreased at 96 h after treatment. Silencing of Pxace1 or Pxace2 resulted in mortality of 33.9 and 22.9%, respectively. The survivors in siRNA-treated groups had apparent growth inhibition such as reduction in larvae weights and lengths, malformation and motor retardation. Knockdown of Pxace1 apparently affected more on larvae growth than that of Pxace2, suggesting that Pxace1 had more important roles than Pxace2. Both Pxace1 and Pxace2 genes might have atypical functions in regulating larvae growth and motor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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69
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Martins DB, Mazzanti CM, França RT, Pagnoncelli M, Costa MM, de Souza EM, Gonçalves J, Spanevello R, Schmatz R, da Costa P, Mazzanti A, Beckmann DV, Cecim MDS, Schetinger MR, Lopes STDA. 17-β estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized adult and middle-aged rats. Life Sci 2011; 90:351-9. [PMID: 22227472 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the 17-β estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized rats of different ages. MAIN METHODS Animals were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of each age (n=6). Control groups consisted of adult (sham-A) and middle-aged (sham-MA) female rats, ovariectomized adult (OVX-A) and middle-aged (OVX-MA) rats without estrogen therapy reposition, and ovariectomized adult (OVX+E2-A) and middle-aged (OVX+E2-MA) rats treated with 17-β estradiol for 30days. After this period, AChE activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in the brain and blood. KEY FINDINGS The AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in striatum (ST) in OVX-A, OVX+E2-A and OVX-MA, and hippocampus (HP) in OVX-MA. The enzyme activity decreased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX+E2-MA, and cerebral cortex (CC) in OVX+E2-A, OVX-MA and OVX+E2-MA. Blood AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lymphocyte AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX-A and OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lipid peroxidation increased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX-A, CC of OVX-A and OVX-MA, HP of OVX-A, and cerebellum (CE) of OVX-A, OVX-MA, and OVX+E2-MA. Lipid peroxidation decreased (p<0.05) in ST, CC and CE of OVX+E2-A, and ST and HP of OVX+E2-MA. Similar values of lipid peroxidation to control groups were found in ST and HP of OVX-MA, HP of OVX+E2-A and CC of OVX+E2-MA. SIGNIFICANCE 17-β estradiol is able to modulate the AChE activity and non-neuronal cholinergic response as well as to reduce lipid peroxidation. Its response is dependent on the age and brain structure analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Brolo Martins
- Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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Suchiang K, Sharma R. Dietary restriction regulates brain acetylcholinesterase in female mice as a function of age. Biogerontology 2011; 12:581-9. [PMID: 21870149 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the normal endogenous activity level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of female mice as a function of age. The effects of 24-h fasting and refeeding, and dietary restriction (DR) on AChE activity and its protein expression patterns were also investigated in young (1-month) and old (18-month) mice. Our results show that the activity (U/mg protein) and level of AChE protein in the cerebral hemispheres of young mice is decreased significantly on 24-h fasting which reverses back on refeeding. On the other hand, DR produces an accumulative effect; thereby it decreases the activity of this enzyme in the cerebral hemispheres of both the young and old mice and the degree of reduction is of different magnitude, dictated in an age- and brain region-specific manner. Our findings suggest that DR regulates the activity of this enzyme which may be useful in related neurodegenerative disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitlangki Suchiang
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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71
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Zhao H, Cheng Z, Hu R, Chen J, Hong M, Zhou M, Gong X, Wang L, Hong F. Oxidative injury in the brain of mice caused by lanthanid. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:174-89. [PMID: 20614199 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The organ toxicity of lanthanides (Ln) on organisms had been recognized, but very little is known about the oxidative injury of brain caused by Ln. In order to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of Ln on the brain, ICR mice were injected with a single 20 mg/kg body weight dose of LaCl(3), CeCl(3), and NdCl(3) into the abdominal cavity daily for 14 days. We then examined the coefficient of the brain, the brain pathological changes and oxidative stress-mediated responses, and the accumulation of Ln and levels of neurochemicals in the brain. The results showed that CeCl(3) and NdCl(3) could induce some neurons to turn inflammatory cells and slight edema but did not observe the brain pathological changes from LaCl(3)-treated group. The concentrations of La, Ce, and Nd in the brain were significantly different and ranked in the order of Ce, Nd, and La. The injury of the brain and oxidative stress occurred as Ln appeared to trigger a cascade of reactions such as lipid peroxidation, the decreases of the total antioxidation capacity and activities of antioxidative enzymes, the excessive release of nitric oxide, the increase of glutamic acid, and the downregulated level of acetylcholinesterase activities. Furthermore, both Ce(3+) and Nd(3+) exhibited higher oxidative stress and toxicity on brain than La(3+), and Ce(3+) caused more severe brain injuries and oxidative stress than Nd(3+), implying that the differences in the brain injuries caused by Ln might be related to the number of 4f electrons of Ln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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72
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Hui XM, Yang LW, He GL, Yang QP, Han ZJ, Li F. RNA interference of ace1 and ace2 in Chilo suppressalis reveals their different contributions to motor ability and larval growth. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:507-518. [PMID: 21518395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) is a key enzyme in terminating synaptic transmission. We knocked down the expression of Csace1 or Csace2 using chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) designed from divergent regions. The mRNA abundance of the two ace genes was reduced to 50-70% of control levels. The enzyme activities were decreased to 40-70%. Silencing of Csace1 or Csace2 resulted in a ~25% mortality rate. Knockdown of Csace1 had major effects on larval growth inhibition and resulted in reduced larval weight and length, malformation and motor disability, whereas silencing of Csace2 had only minor effects. These results suggested that both AChE-1 and AChE-2 have important roles in maintaining life in this insect and indicated that AChE-1 might have nontypical functions in regulating larval growth and motor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-M Hui
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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73
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Ferreira AGK, Scherer EB, da Cunha MJ, Machado FR, Cunha AAD, Graeff JS, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Physical exercise reverses cognitive impairment in rats subjected to experimental hyperprolinemia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2306-15. [PMID: 21792675 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether physical exercise would reverse proline-induced performance deficits in water maze tasks, as well as its effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Wistar rats. Proline administration followed partial time (6th-29th day of life) or full time (6th-60th day of life) protocols. Treadmill exercise was performed from 30th to 60th day of life, when behavioral testing was started. After that, animals were sacrificed for BDNF and AChE determination. Results show that proline impairs cognitive performance, decreases BDNF in cerebral cortex and hippocampus and increases AChE activity in hippocampus. All reported effects were prevented by exercise. These results suggest that cognitive, spatial learning/memory, deficits caused by hyperprolinemia may be associated, at least in part, to the decrease in BDNF levels and to the increase in AChE activity, as well as support the role of physical exercise as a potential neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa G K Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doença Metabólica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Role of acetylcholinesterase on the structure and function of cholinergic synapses: insights gained from studies on knockout mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:909-20. [PMID: 21538119 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and ultrastructural studies were performed on phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations isolated from wild-type and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) knockout (KO) mice to determine the compensatory mechanisms manifested by the neuromuscular junction to excess acetylcholine (ACh). The diaphragm was selected since it is the primary muscle of respiration, and it must adapt to allow for survival of the organism in the absence of AChE. Nerve-elicited muscle contractions, miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) and evoked endplate potentials (EPPs) were recorded by conventional electrophysiological techniques from phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations isolated from 1.5- to 2-month-old wild-type (AChE(+/+)) or AChE KO (AChE(-/-)) mice. These recordings were chosen to provide a comprehensive assessment of functional alterations of the diaphragm muscle resulting from the absence of AChE. Tension measurements from AChE(-/-) mice revealed that the amplitude of twitch tensions was potentiated, but tetanic tensions underwent a use-dependent decline at frequencies below 70 Hz and above 100 Hz. MEPPs recorded from hemidiaphragms of AChE(-/-) mice showed a reduction in frequency and a prolongation in decay (37%) but no change in amplitude compared to values observed in age-matched wild-type littermates. In contrast, MEPPs recorded from hemidiaphragms of wild-type mice that were exposed for 30 min to the selective AChE inhibitor 5-bis(4-allyldimethyl-ammoniumphenyl)pentane-3-one (BW284C51) exhibited a pronounced increase in amplitude (42%) and a more marked prolongation in decay (76%). The difference between MEPP amplitudes and decays in AChE(-/-) hemidiaphragms and in wild-type hemidiaphragms treated with BW284C51 represents effective adaptation by the former to a high ACh environment. Electron microscopic examination revealed that diaphragm muscles of AChE(-/-) mice had smaller nerve terminals and diminished pre- and post-synaptic surface contacts relative to neuromuscular junctions of AChE(+/+) mice. The morphological changes are suggested to account, in part, for the ability of muscle from AChE(-/-) mice to function in the complete absence of AChE.
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75
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Meilanov IS, Klichkhanov NK, Djafarova AM, Tikra MH. Thermal denaturation of acetylcholinesterase of brain synaptic membranes of ground squirrels in hibernation. NEUROCHEM J+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712410040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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76
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Bekheet SH, Saker SA, Abdel-Kader AM, Younis AEA. Histopathological and biochemical changes of morphine sulphate administration on the cerebellum of albino rats. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:165-75. [PMID: 20434749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study the long-term effects of morphine sulphate treatment (MST) on histopathological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum was assessed in albino rats. Normal saline (5ml) was given orally as placebo in the control group (n=25). Morphine groups received morphine orally at a dose level of 5mg/kg body weight day after day for 10, 20 and 30 days (n=25/group). Light microscopy revealed that the molecular layer showed vacuolation. The Purkinje cells lost their specific shaped appearance, decreased in size and numbers. The granular cells highly degenerated. Electron microscopy revealed fragmentation of the cisterns of the both types of endoplasmic reticulum, resulted in a progressive depletion of total protein contents as well as general carbohydrates in all treated groups as supported by histochemical observation. Obvious destruction of mitochondrial inner membrane and cristae mediate cell death. Also, abnormal nucleus with deformed perforated nuclear membrane and deformation of the plasma membrane with degeneration of the synapses could interpreted as a sign of necrosis. Biochemical analysis revealed that dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were significantly decreased in four brain areas (cortex striatum, thalamus/hypothalamus, and cerebellum). In contrast, serotonin (5-HT) level was increased in these brain regions; with an exception of 5-HT on day 10 and neurotransmitter levels in the pons were unaffected. The quantitative analysis showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the diameter of Purkinje cells and in the thickness of both molecular and granular layers treated groups. Morphine sulphate induces may be a cell death or necrosis in the rat cerebellum and modulating neurotransmitter system. Our findings pointed out the risk of increased cerebellum damage due to long-term of morphine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Bekheet
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Aswan 81528, Egypt.
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77
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Scherer EBS, da Cunha MJ, Matté C, Schmitz F, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate affects memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunocontent and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:247-53. [PMID: 20561592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilene B S Scherer
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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78
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Temeyer KB, Pruett JH, Olafson PU. Baculovirus expression, biochemical characterization and organophosphate sensitivity of rBmAChE1, rBmAChE2, and rBmAChE3 of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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79
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Erythropoietin attenuates hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in the developing rat brain. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:792-9. [PMID: 19729061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen toxicity contributes to the pathogenesis of adverse neurological outcome in survivors of preterm birth in clinical studies. In infant rodent brains, hyperoxia triggers widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration, induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits growth factor signaling cascades. Since a tissue-protective effect has been observed for recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo), we hypothesized that rEpo would influence hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in the developing rat brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of glutathione (reduced and oxidized), lipid peroxidation and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after hyperoxia and rEpo treatment. Six-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to 80% oxygen for 2-48 h and received 20,000 IU/kg rEpo intraperitoneally (i.p.). Sex-matched littermates kept under room air and injected with normal saline or rEpo served as controls. Treatment with rEpo significantly reduced hyperoxia-induced upregulation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde, a product of lipid breakdown, whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) was upregulated by rEpo. In parallel, hyperoxia-treated immature rat brains revealed rEpo-suppressible upregulation of synaptic AChE-S as well as of the stress-inducible AChE-R variant, together predicting rEpo-protected cholinergic signaling and restrained inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, treatment with rEpo induced upregulation of HO-1 on mRNA, protein and activity level in the developing rat brain. Our results suggest that rEpo generates its protective effect against oxygen toxicity by a reduction of diverse oxidative stress parameters and by limiting the stressor-inducible changes in both HO-1 and cholinergic functions.
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80
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Henderson Z, Matto N, John D, Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ. Co-localization of PRiMA with acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic neurons of rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Brain Res 2010; 1344:34-42. [PMID: 20471375 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is present in a tetrameric form that is anchored to membranes via a proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA). Previously it has been found that principal cholinergic neurons in the brain express high concentrations of AChE enzymic activity at their neuronal membranes. The aim of this study was to use immunocytochemical methods to determine the distribution of PRiMA in these neurons in the rat brain. Confocal laser and electron microscopic investigations showed that PRiMA immunoreactivity is associated with the membranes of the somata, dendrites and axons of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, striatum and pedunculopontine nuclei, i.e. the neurons that innervate forebrain and brainstem structures. In these neurones, PRiMA also co-localizes with AChE immunoreactivity at the plasma membrane. PRiMA label was absent from neighboring GABAergic neurons, and from other neurons of the brain known to express high levels of AChE enzymic activity including cranial nerve motor neurons and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra zona compacta. A strong association of AChE with PRiMA at the plasma membrane is therefore a feature specific to principal cholinergic neurons that innervate the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaineb Henderson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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81
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Saa L, Virel A, Sanchez-Lopez J, Pavlov V. Analytical Applications of Enzymatic Growth of Quantum Dots. Chemistry 2010; 16:6187-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Siebel AM, Rico EP, Capiotti KM, Piato AL, Cusinato CT, Franco TMA, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. In vitro effects of antiepileptic drugs on acetylcholinesterase and ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1279-84. [PMID: 20362660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), and gabapentine (GBP) are classical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that act through a variety of mechanisms. We have tested the in vitro effects of CBZ, PHT, and GBP at different concentrations on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in zebrafish brain. CBZ inhibited ATP hydrolysis at 1000 microM (32%) whereas acetylcholine hydrolysis decreased at 500 microM (25.2%) and 1000 microM (38.7%). PHT increased AMP hydrolysis both at 500 microM (65%) and 1000 microM (64.8%). GBP did not promote any significant changes on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities. These results have shown that CBZ can reduce NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and PHT enhance ecto 5'-nucleotidase activities. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the AEDs induced-effects on ectonucleotidases are related to enzyme anchorage form. Our findings have also shown that high CBZ concentrations inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, which can induce an increase of acetylcholine levels. Taken together, these results showed a complex interaction among AEDs, purinergic, and cholinergic systems, providing a better understanding of the AEDs pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Siebel
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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83
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Ma L, Liu J, Li N, Wang J, Duan Y, Yan J, Liu H, Wang H, Hong F. Oxidative stress in the brain of mice caused by translocated nanoparticulate TiO2 delivered to the abdominal cavity. Biomaterials 2010; 31:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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84
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Sales I, Freitas R, Saldanha G, Souza G, Freitas R. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are reduced in rat striatum and frontal cortex after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Neurosci Lett 2010; 469:81-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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85
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Pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:569-75. [PMID: 19941057 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of seizures on rat performance in the Morris water maze task, as well as on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in rat hippocampus. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group) and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 1 h. The changes on reference and working spatial memory caused by pilocarpine administration were observed in seized rats. The ChAT and AChE activities were measured using spectrophotometric methods and the results compared to values obtained from saline animals. Its activities were also determined after behavioral task. Results showed that seizures alter reference memory when compared to saline-treated animals. In the working memory task, we observed a significant day's effect with significant differences between control and pilocarpine-induced seizures. In pilocarpine group, it was observed a significant decreased in ChAT and AChE activities, when compared to control group. Our findings suggest that seizures caused cognitive dysfunction and a decrease of ChAT and AChE activities that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by seizures induced by pilocarpine.
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86
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de Freitas RM. Lipoic Acid increases hippocampal choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and improvement memory in epileptic rats. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:162-70. [PMID: 19669875 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effect of seizures on rat performance in the Morris water maze task, as well as on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in rat hippocampus. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9% saline (i.p., control group), lipoic acid (20 mg/kg, i.p., LA group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of LA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before of administration of LA (LA plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 1 h. The effect of lipoic acid administration was observed on reference and working spatial memory of seized rats. The ChAT and AChE activities were measured using spectrophotometric methods and the results compared to values obtained from saline and pilocarpine-treated animals. Its activity was also determined after behavioral task. Results showed that pretreatment with lipoic acid did not alter reference memory when compared to saline-treated animals. In the working memory task, we observed a significant day's effect with significant differences between control and pilocarpine-induced seizures and pretreated animals with lipoic acid. In LA plus pilocarpine group was observed a significantly increased in ChAT and AChE activities, when compared to pilocarpine group. Results showed that acute administration of lipoic acid alone did not alter hippocampal ChAT and AChE activities. Our findings suggest that seizures caused cognitive dysfunction and a decrease of ChAT and AChE activities that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by epileptic patients. Lipoic acid can reverse cognitive dysfunction observed in seized rats as well as increase the ChAT and AChE activities in hippocampus of rats prior to pilocarpine-induced seizures, suggesting that this antioxidant could be used in clinic treatment of epilepsy.
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87
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Schmidt ER, Pasterkamp RJ, van den Berg LH. Axon guidance proteins: Novel therapeutic targets for ALS? Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:286-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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88
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Sharabi O, Peleg Y, Mashiach E, Vardy E, Ashani Y, Silman I, Sussman JL, Shifman JM. Design, expression and characterization of mutants of fasciculin optimized for interaction with its target, acetylcholinesterase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2009; 22:641-8. [PMID: 19643977 PMCID: PMC2742391 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting mutations that enhance protein–protein affinity remains a challenging task, especially for high-affinity complexes. To test our capability to improve the affinity of such complexes, we studied interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the snake toxin, fasciculin. Using the program ORBIT, we redesigned fasciculin's sequence to enhance its interactions with Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase. Mutations were predicted in 5 out of 13 interfacial residues on fasciculin, preserving most of the polar inter-molecular contacts seen in the wild-type toxin/enzyme complex. To experimentally characterize fasciculin mutants, we developed an efficient strategy to over-express the toxin in Escherichia coli, followed by refolding to the native conformation. Despite our predictions, a designed quintuple fasciculin mutant displayed reduced affinity for the enzyme. However, removal of a single mutation in the designed sequence produced a quadruple mutant with improved affinity. Moreover, one designed mutation produced 7-fold enhancement in affinity for acetylcholinesterase. This led us to reassess our criteria for enhancing affinity of the toxin for the enzyme. We observed that the change in the predicted inter-molecular energy, rather than in the total energy, correlates well with the change in the experimental free energy of binding, and hence may serve as a criterion for enhancement of affinity in protein–protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Sharabi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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89
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Phasic acetylcholine release and the volume transmission hypothesis: time to move on. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:383-90. [PMID: 19377503 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traditional descriptions of the cortical cholinergic input system focused on the diffuse organization of cholinergic projections and the hypothesis that slowly changing levels of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) mediate different arousal states. The ability of ACh to reach the extrasynaptic space (volume neurotransmission), as opposed to remaining confined to the synaptic cleft (wired neurotransmission), has been considered an integral component of this conceptualization. Recent studies demonstrated that phasic release of ACh, at the scale of seconds, mediates precisely defined cognitive operations. This characteristic of cholinergic neurotransmission is proposed to be of primary importance for understanding cholinergic function and developing treatments for cognitive disorders that result from abnormal cholinergic neurotransmission.
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90
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The nasal seromucinous glands after endoscopic sphenopalatine artery coagulation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:1417-22. [PMID: 19225798 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-0917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic coagulation of the sphenopalatine artery (SPA) is indicated in patients with recurrent or severe posterior epistaxis. The present work aimed at studying the effects of the sphenopalatine artery coagulation on the nasal seromucinous glands. The study was carried out on 30 patients who were scheduled for endoscopic SPA coagulation. All patients signed informed consents that were approved by the Committee of Medical Ethics. Minute punch biopsies were taken from the inferior turbinates, under local anesthesia, just before the procedure as well as 12 weeks and 1 year postoperatively. The biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and PAS Alcian blue. Histochemical examination was done for the activity of the succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase enzymes. Morphometric analysis as well as analysis of the histological and histochemical results showed that SPA coagulation was followed by an early decrease in the size, number and secretory activity of the nasal seromucinous glands, which was associated with decreased activity of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme in the endothelial cells of the nasal blood vessels and decreased activity of the cholinesterase enzyme in the cholinergic nerve fibers. These changes, however, were temporary and reversible since examination of the late postoperative biopsies, at 1 year, showed normalization of the number, appearance, and histochemical activity of the glandular acini as well as the surrounding blood vessels and cholinergic nerve fibers.
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91
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Virel A, Saa L, Pavlov V. Modulated growth of nanoparticles. Application for sensing nerve gases. Anal Chem 2009; 81:268-72. [PMID: 19049371 DOI: 10.1021/ac801949x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine mediated by acetylcholine esterase yields the thiol-bearing compound thiocholine. At trace concentrations, thiocholine modulates the growth of Au-Ag nanoparticles on seeding gold nanoparticles in the presence of ascorbic acid. Inhibition of the enzyme by 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)pentan-3-one dibromide (BW284c51) or by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon) produces lower yields of thiocholine, promoting the catalytic growth of Au-Ag nanoparticles. Here, we describe the development of a simple and sensitive colorimetric assay for the detection of AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virel
- CIC biomaGUNE, Parque Tecnologico de San Sebastian, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
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92
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Papandreou MA, Dimakopoulou A, Linardaki ZI, Cordopatis P, Klimis-Zacas D, Margarity M, Lamari FN. Effect of a polyphenol-rich wild blueberry extract on cognitive performance of mice, brain antioxidant markers and acetylcholinesterase activity. Behav Brain Res 2008; 198:352-8. [PMID: 19056430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a polyphenol-rich extract (PrB) of Vaccinium angustifolium (wild blueberries) introduced intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 30 (PrB30) and 60 (PrB60) mg/kg body weight for 7 days, on cognitive performance, brain oxidative status and acetylcholinesterase activity in adult, male, 3-4-month-old Balb-c mice. Evaluation of rodent learning and memory was assessed by a step-through test on day 6 after a double training and an initial acquisition trial on day 5. Antioxidant status was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ascorbic acid concentration (FRASC), malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels in whole brain homogenates. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined by Ellman's colorimetric method. Results showed that the PrB60-treated mice exhibited a significant improvement in learning and memory (step-through latency time of 228+/-38 s compared to 101+/-32 s of the control group). PrB extract administration also resulted in reduced lipid peroxidation products (38 and 79%) and higher brain ascorbic acid levels (21 and 64%) in both PrB30 and PrB60-treated groups, respectively, and higher glutathione levels (28%) in the PrB60-treated group. Furthermore, salt- and detergent soluble AChE activity significantly decreased in both PrB-treated groups. Thus, the significant cognitive enhancement observed in adult mice after short-term i.p. supplementation with the blueberry extract concentrated in polyphenols, is closely related to higher brain antioxidant properties and inhibition of AChE activity. These findings stress the critical impact of wild blueberry bioactive components on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini A Papandreou
- Laboratory of Human & Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Greece
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93
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Hoover HS, Blankman JL, Niessen S, Cravatt BF. Selectivity of inhibitors of endocannabinoid biosynthesis evaluated by activity-based protein profiling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5838-41. [PMID: 18657971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has been implicated as a key retrograde mediator in the nervous system based on pharmacological studies using inhibitors of the 2-AG biosynthetic enzymes diacyglycerol lipase alpha and beta (DAGL-alpha/beta). Here, we show by competitive activity-based protein profiling that the DAGL-alpha/beta inhibitors, tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) and RHC80267, block several brain serine hydrolases with potencies equal to or greater than their inhibitory activity against DAGL enzymes. Interestingly, a minimal overlap in target profiles was observed for THL and RHC80267, suggesting that pharmacological effects observed with both agents may be viewed as good initial evidence for DAGL-dependent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Hoover
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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94
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Leonetti F, Catto M, Nicolotti O, Pisani L, Cappa A, Stefanachi A, Carotti A. Homo- and hetero-bivalent edrophonium-like ammonium salts as highly potent, dual binding site AChE inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7450-6. [PMID: 18585045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of mono- and bis-quaternary ammonium salts, containing edrophonium-like and coumarin moieties tethered by an appropriate linker, proved to be highly potent and selective dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with good selectivity over butyrylcholinesterase. Homobivalent bis-quaternary inhibitors 11 and 12, differing by only one methylene unit in the linker, were the most potent and selective inhibitors exhibiting a sub-nanomolar affinity (IC(50)=0.49 and 0.17 nM, respectively) and a high butyryl-/acetylcholinesterase affinity ratio (SI=1465 and 4165, respectively). The corresponding hetero-bivalent coumarinic inhibitors 13 and 14 were also endowed with excellent inhibitory potency but a lower AChE selectivity (IC(50)=2.1 and 1.0 nM, and SI=505 and 708, respectively). Docking simulations enabled clear interpretation of the structure-affinity relationships and detection of key binding interactions at the primary and peripheral AChE binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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95
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Muller A, Glattard E, Taleb O, Kemmel V, Laux A, Miehe M, Delalande F, Roussel G, Van Dorsselaer A, Metz-Boutigue MH, Aunis D, Goumon Y. Endogenous morphine in SH-SY5Y cells and the mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1641. [PMID: 18327293 PMCID: PMC2265639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphine, the principal active agent in opium, is not restricted to plants, but is also present in different animal tissues and cell types, including the mammalian brain. In fact, its biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in a human neural cell line. These data suggest a role for morphine in brain physiology (e.g., neurotransmission), but this hypothesis remains a matter of debate. Recently, using the adrenal neuroendocrine chromaffin cell model, we have shown the presence of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in secretory granules and their secretion products, leading us to propose that these endogenous alkaloids might represent new neuroendocrine factors. Here, we investigate the potential function of endogenous alkaloids in the central nervous system. Methodology and Principal Findings Microscopy, molecular biology, electrophysiology, and proteomic tools were applied to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (i) to characterize morphine and M6G, and (ii) to demonstrate the presence of the UDP-glucuronyltransferase 2B7 enzyme, which is responsible for the formation of M6G from morphine. We show that morphine is secreted in response to nicotine stimulation via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism involving specific storage and release mechanisms. We also show that morphine and M6G at concentrations as low as 10−10 M are able to evoke specific naloxone-reversible membrane currents, indicating possible autocrine/paracrine regulation in SH-SY5Y cells. Microscopy and proteomic approaches were employed to detect and quantify endogenous morphine in the mouse brain. Morphine is present in the hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum at concentration ranging from 1.45 to 7.5 pmol/g. In the cerebellum, morphine immunoreactivity is localized to GABA basket cells and their termini, which form close contacts on Purkinje cell bodies. Conclusions/Significance The presence of morphine in the brain and its localization in particular areas lead us to conclude that it has a specific function in neuromodulation and/or neurotransmission. Furthermore, its presence in cerebellar basket cell termini suggests that morphine has signaling functions in Purkinje cells that remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Muller
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Glattard
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Omar Taleb
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Kemmel
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexis Laux
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Miehe
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Guy Roussel
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, The European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Université Louis Pasteur, LC4-UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Dominique Aunis
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- *E-mail:
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96
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Giuliano C, Parikh V, Ward JR, Chiamulera C, Sarter M. Increases in cholinergic neurotransmission measured by using choline-sensitive microelectrodes: enhanced detection by hydrolysis of acetylcholine on recording sites? Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1343-50. [PMID: 18346819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments demonstrated that second-based transient increases in choline concentrations measured by electrodes coated with choline oxidase (ChOx) and the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide validly indicate the depolarization-dependent release of acetylcholine (ACh) and its hydrolysis by endogenous acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Therefore, choline-sensitive microelectrodes have become valuable tools in neuropharmacological and behavioral research. The present experiments were designed to test the possibility that co-immobilization of ChOx plus AChE on recording sites increases the level of detection for evoked ACh release in the brain. If newly released ACh is not completely hydrolyzed by endogenous AChE and capable of reaching the extracellular space, currents recorded via sites equipped with both enzymes should be greater when compared with sites coated with ChOx only. Pairs of platinum-recording sites were coated either with AChE plus ChOx or ChOx alone. Potassium or nicotine-evoked currents were recorded throughout the entire dorsal-ventral extent of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The amplitudes of evoked cholinergic signals did not differ significantly between AChE+ChOx and ChOx-only coated recording sites. Additional experiments controlling for several potential confounds suggested that, in vivo, ACh levels > or =150fmol were detected by recordings sites featuring dual enzyme coating. Collectively, these results indicate that co-coating of microelectrodes with AChE does not enhance the detection of cholinergic activity in the cortex compared with measurements via recording sites coated only with ChOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giuliano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
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97
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ATP and acetylcholine, equal brethren. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:634-48. [PMID: 18029057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter identified and ATP is the hitherto final compound added to the list of small molecule neurotransmitters. Despite the wealth of evidence assigning a signaling role to extracellular ATP and other nucleotides in neural and non-neural tissues, the significance of this signaling pathway was accepted very reluctantly. In view of this, this short commentary contrasts the principal molecular and functional components of the cholinergic signaling pathway with those of ATP and other nucleotides. It highlights pathways of their discovery and analyses tissue distribution, synthesis, uptake, vesicular storage, receptors, release, extracellular hydrolysis as well as pathophysiological significance. There are differences but also striking similarities. Comparable to ACh, ATP is taken up and stored in synaptic vesicles, released in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, acts on nearby ligand-gated or metabotropic receptors and is hydrolyzed extracellularly. ATP and acetylcholine are also costored and coreleased. In addition, ATP is coreleased from biogenic amine storing nerve terminals as well as from at least subpopulations of glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals. Both ACh and ATP fulfill the criteria postulated for neurotransmitters. More recent evidence reveals that the two messengers are not confined to neural functions, exerting a considerable variety of non-neural functions in non-innervated tissues. While it has long been known that a substantial number of pathologies originate from malfunctions of the cholinergic system there is now ample evidence that numerous pathological conditions have a purinergic component.
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98
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Gonçalves PP, Silva VS. Does neurotransmission impairment accompany aluminium neurotoxicity? J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:1291-338. [PMID: 17675244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral disorders, except their most overt form, tend to lie beyond the reach of clinicians. Presently, the use of molecular data in the decision-making processes is limited. However, as details of the mechanisms of neurotoxic action of aluminium become clearer, a more complete picture of possible molecular targets of aluminium can be anticipated, which promises better prediction of the neurotoxicological potential of aluminium exposure. In practical terms, a critical analysis of current data on the effects of aluminium on neurotransmission can be of great benefit due to the rapidly expanding knowledge of the neurotoxicological potential of aluminium. This review concludes that impairment of neurotransmission is a strong predictor of outcome in neurobehavioral disorders. Key questions and challenges for future research into aluminium neurotoxicity are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula P Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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99
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Stefanello FM, Monteiro SC, Matté C, Scherer EBS, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Hypermethioninemia Increases Cerebral Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Impairs Memory in Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1868-74. [PMID: 17701348 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effect of chronic hypermethioninemia on rat performance in the Morris water maze task, as well as on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat cerebral cortex. For chronic treatment, rats received subcutaneous injections of methionine (1.34-2.68 micromol/g of body weight), twice a day, from the 6th to the 28th day of age; control rats received the same volume of saline solution. Groups of rats were killed 3 h, 12 h or 30 days after the last injection of methionine to AChE assay and another group was left to recover until the 60th day of life to assess the effect of early methionine administration on reference and working spatial memory of rats. AChE activity was also determined after behavioral task. Results showed that chronic treatment with methionine did not alter reference memory when compared to saline-treated animals. In the working memory task, we observed a significant days effect with significant differences between control and methionine-treated animals. Chronic hypermethioninemia significantly increased AChE activity at 3 h, 12 h or 30 days after the last injection of methionine, as well as before or after behavioral test. The effect of acute hypermethioninemia on AChE was also evaluated. For acute treatment, 29-day-old rats received one single injection of methionine (2.68 micromol/g of body weight) or saline and were killed 1, 3 or 12 h later. Results showed that acute administration of methionine did not alter cerebral cortex AChE activity. Our findings suggest that chronic experimental hypermethioninemia caused cognitive dysfunction and an increase of AChE activity that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by hypermethioninemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francieli M Stefanello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
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100
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Shen ZX. Rationale for diagnosing deficiency of ChEs and for applying exogenous HuChEs to the treatment of diseases. Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:43-51. [PMID: 17587508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence strongly demonstrates that acetylcholine (ACh) is not only involved in the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the parasympathetic and somatic systems, but also acts as a ubiquitous cell signaling molecule or cytotransmitter, and as a hormone with paracrine, juxtacrine and autocrine properties. This active molecule exerts versatile and potent functions primarily through its specific nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (nAChRs and mAChRs, respectively). These functions modulate numerous biomechanisms, including cell growth, survival, proliferation and differentiation, cell-cell contact, cell cycle, locomotion, electrical activity, immune function, apoptosis, organization of the cytoskeleton, trophic functions, secretion, adhesion, resorption, and stress-response-regulation. By nature, the precise ACh levels and responses from receptors must be controlled and regulated by its degrading enzymes, the cholinesterases (ChEs), namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Once ChEs become critically deficient in quality and quantity, ACh signaling will be uncontrollably aberrant and persistent. An in-depth account of the fundamental roles of ChEs, comprising their diverse soluble and membrane-bound forms, in maintaining the functional equilibrium of ACh in the macro and microenvironment has been undertaken. This work also covers ACh receptors, signaling pathways, other interdependent and interrelated substances, functional processes, role of ChEs as first-line gatekeepers and defenses for the architecture of cells, tissues and organisms, physically, chemically, and structurally. The mechanisms of many diseases ranging from the acute cholinergic crisis to the chronic degenerative and hypergenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, cancers, atopic dermatitis, may involve a deficiency of ChEs or imbalance between ACh and ChEs, initially or consequentially. It is therefore essential to ascertain a ChE deficiency, or an imbalance between ACh and ChEs, in tissues and body fluids in order for conducting clinical diagnosis, prevention and treatment. An argument is put forward on the rationale of applying exogenous human ChEs to reverse enzymatic deficiency and correct the imbalance between ACh and ChEs, to repair the affected receptors and protect against their further loss in the body, and consequently to alleviate the signs and symptoms of diseases. Evidence is adduced for the safety and efficacy of ChEs treatment.
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