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Koepke L, Winter B, Grenzner A, Regensburger K, Engelhart S, van der Merwe JA, Krebs S, Blum H, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ. An improved method for high-throughput quantification of autophagy in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12241. [PMID: 32699244 PMCID: PMC7376206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular homeostatic pathway with functions ranging from cytoplasmic protein turnover to immune defense. Therapeutic modulation of autophagy has been demonstrated to positively impact the outcome of autophagy-dysregulated diseases such as cancer or microbial infections. However, currently available agents lack specificity, and new candidates for drug development or potential cellular targets need to be identified. Here, we present an improved method to robustly detect changes in autophagy in a high-throughput manner on a single cell level, allowing effective screening. This method quantifies eGFP-LC3B positive vesicles to accurately monitor autophagy. We have significantly streamlined the protocol and optimized it for rapid quantification of large numbers of cells in little time, while retaining accuracy and sensitivity. Z scores up to 0.91 without a loss of sensitivity demonstrate the robustness and aptness of this approach. Three exemplary applications outline the value of our protocols and cell lines: (I) Examining autophagy modulating compounds on four different cell types. (II) Monitoring of autophagy upon infection with e.g. measles or influenza A virus. (III) CRISPR/Cas9 screening for autophagy modulating factors in T cells. In summary, we offer ready-to-use protocols to generate sensitive autophagy reporter cells and quantify autophagy in high-throughput assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Winter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Grenzner
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Regensburger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelhart
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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52
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Hwang SK, Han SY, Jeong YJ, Magae J, Bae YS, Chang YC. 4-O-methylascochlorin activates autophagy by activating AMPK and suppressing c-Myc in glioblastoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22552. [PMID: 32562591 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A prior study identified that 4-O-methylascochlorin (MAC), a methylated derivative of ascochlorin (ASC) from the fungus Ascochyta viciae, activates autophagy in leukemia cells by suppressing c-Myc phosphorylation. However, the effects of MAC on autophagy in other cancer cells remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that MAC activated autophagy in human glioblastoma. MAC increased expression of autophagy-related proteins, such as LC3-II and Beclin-1. Moreover, MAC stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and suppressed phosphorylation of the mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1. The well-known AMPK activator metformin increased LC3-II levels, which were augmented by MAC cotreatment. AMPK knockdown decreased LC3-II levels and inhibited MAC activation of autophagy. Furthermore, MAC suppression of c-Myc expression activated autophagy. Treatment with the c-MYC inhibitor, 10058-FA, induced autophagy, as did c-Myc small interfering RNA knockdown. These effects were augmented by MAC cotreatment. Taken together, these findings indicated that MAC induces autophagy in human glioblastoma by activating AMPK signaling and inhibiting c-Myc protein expression in human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Kyung Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Yoon Han
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Seuk Bae
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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53
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Lee CH, Grey F. Systems Virology and Human Cytomegalovirus: Using High Throughput Approaches to Identify Novel Host-Virus Interactions During Lytic Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:280. [PMID: 32587832 PMCID: PMC7298070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus, persistently infecting between 30 and 100% of the population, depending on socio-economic status (Fields et al., 2013). HCMV remains an important clinical pathogen accounting for more than 60% of complications associated with solid organ transplant patients (Kotton, 2013; Kowalsky et al., 2013; Bruminhent and Razonable, 2014). It is also the leading cause of infectious congenital birth defects and has been linked to chronic inflammation and immune aging (Ballard et al., 1979; Griffith et al., 2016; Jergovic et al., 2019). There is currently no effective vaccine and HCMV antivirals have significant side effects. As current antivirals target viral genes, the virus can develop resistance, reducing drug efficacy. There is therefore an urgent need for new antiviral agents that are effective against HCMV, have better toxicity profiles and are less vulnerable to the emergence of resistant strains. Targeting of host factors that are critical to virus replication is a potential strategy for the development of novel antivirals that circumvent the development of viral resistance. Systematic high throughput approaches provide powerful methods for the identification of novel host-virus interactions. As well as contributing to our basic understanding of virus and cell biology, such studies provide potential targets for the development of novel antiviral agents. High-throughput studies, such as RNA sequencing, proteomics, and RNA interference screens, are useful tools to identify HCMV-induced global changes in host mRNA and protein expression levels and host factors important for virus replication. Here, we summarize new findings on HCMV lytic infection from high-throughput studies since 2014 and how screening approaches have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuin Lee
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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54
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Uddin MS, Rahman MA, Kabir MT, Behl T, Mathew B, Perveen A, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Multifarious roles of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1843-1855. [PMID: 32472959 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive failure is a main devastating incident affecting even healthy people. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the utmost common form of dementia among the geriatric community. In the pathogenesis of AD, cerebrovascular dysfunction is revealed before the beginning of the cognitive decline. Mounting proof shows a precarious impact of cerebrovascular dysregulation in the development of AD pathology. Recent studies document that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) acts as a crucial effector of cerebrovascular dysregulation in AD. The mTOR contributes to brain vascular dysfunction and subsequence cerebral blood flow deficits as well as cognitive impairment. Furthermore, mTOR causes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in AD models. Inhibition of mTOR hyperactivity protects the BBB integrity in AD. Furthermore, mTOR drives cognitive defect and cerebrovascular dysfunction, which are greatly prevalent in AD, but the central molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are obscure. This review represents the crucial and current research findings regarding the role of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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55
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Adacan K, Obakan-Yerlikaya P, Arisan ED, Coker-Gurkan A, Kaya RI, Palavan-Unsal N. Epibrassinolide-induced autophagy occurs in an Atg5-independent manner due to endoplasmic stress induction in MEF cells. Amino Acids 2020; 52:871-891. [PMID: 32449072 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epibrassinolide (EBR), a polyhydroxysteroid belongs to plant growth regulator family, brassinosteroids and has been shown to have a similar chemical structure to mammalian steroid hormones. Our findings indicated that EBR could trigger apoptosis in cancer cells via induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by protein folding disturbance in the ER. Normal cells exhibited a remarkable resistance to EBR treatment and avoid from apoptotic cell death. The unfolded protein response clears un/misfolded proteins and restore ER functions. When stress is chronic, cells tend to die due to improper cellular functions. To understand the effect of EBR in non-malign cells, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were investigated in detail for ER stress biomarkers, autophagy, and polyamine metabolism in this study. Evolutionary conserved autophagy mechanism is a crucial cellular process to clean damaged organelles and protein aggregates through lysosome under the control of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Cells tend to activate autophagy to promote cell survival under stress conditions. Polyamines are polycationic molecules playing a role in the homeostasis of important cellular events such as cell survival, growth, and, proliferation. The administration of PAs has been markedly extended the lifespan of various organisms via inducing autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress. Our data indicated that ER stress is induced following EBR treatment in MEF cells as well as MEF Atg5-/- cells. In addition, autophagy is activated following EBR treatment by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR in wildtype (wt) cells. However, EBR-induced autophagy targets ULK1 in MEF cells lacking Atg5 expression. Besides, EBR treatment depleted the PA pool in MEF cells through the alterations of metabolic enzymes. The administration of Spd with EBR further increased autophagic vacuole formation. In conclusion, EBR is an anticancer drug candidate with selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells, in addition the induction of autophagy and PA metabolism are critical for responses of normal cells against EBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Adacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Obakan-Yerlikaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resul Ismail Kaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narçın Palavan-Unsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
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56
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Stefaniak S, Wojtyla Ł, Pietrowska-Borek M, Borek S. Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2205. [PMID: 32210003 PMCID: PMC7139740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that occurs in yeast, plants, and animals. Despite many years of research, some aspects of autophagy are still not fully explained. This mostly concerns the final stages of autophagy, which have not received as much interest from the scientific community as the initial stages of this process. The final stages of autophagy that we take into consideration in this review include the formation and degradation of the autophagic bodies as well as the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The autophagic bodies are formed through the fusion of an autophagosome and vacuole during macroautophagy and by vacuolar membrane invagination or protrusion during microautophagy. Then they are rapidly degraded by vacuolar lytic enzymes, and products of the degradation are reused. In this paper, we summarize the available information on the trafficking of the autophagosome towards the vacuole, the fusion of the autophagosome with the vacuole, the formation and decomposition of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole, and the efflux of metabolites to the cytoplasm. Special attention is given to the formation and degradation of autophagic bodies and metabolite salvage in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stefaniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
| | - Łukasz Wojtyla
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
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57
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Tachibana SI, Matsuzaki S, Tanaka M, Shiota M, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Goto SG. The Autophagy-Related Protein GABARAP Is Induced during Overwintering in the Bean Bug (Hemiptera: Alydidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:427-434. [PMID: 31693096 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In most insects dependent on food resources that deplete seasonally, mechanisms exist to protect against starvation. Insects overcome periods of food depletion using diapause-associated physiological mechanisms, such as increased energy resources in fat bodies and suppression of metabolism. Because autophagy supplies energy resources through the degradation of intracellular components, we hypothesized that it might be an additional strategy to combat starvation during overwintering. In this study, we measured the abundance of the proteins involved in the signaling pathway of autophagy during overwintering in adults of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), which must withstand the periodic depletion of its host plants from late fall to early spring. Although the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) markedly increased after the cessation of food supply, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and target of rapamycin (TOR) were not found to be associated with food depletion. Thus, food depletion appears to induce autophagy independent of AMPK and TOR. The GABARAP levels significantly increased universally when the food supply ceased, irrespective of the diapause status of adults and low-temperature conditions. In overwintering diapause adults under seminatural conditions, the GABARAP levels significantly increased during early spring. Thus, autophagy appears to assist the survival of the bean bugs under natural conditions of food deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Tachibana
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuzaki
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Research support platform, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin G Goto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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58
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Seranova E, Palhegyi AM, Verma S, Dimova S, Lasry R, Naama M, Sun C, Barrett T, Rosenstock TR, Kumar D, Cohen MA, Buganim Y, Sarkar S. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders for Studying the Biomedical Implications of Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2754-2798. [PMID: 32044344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that is essential for cellular survival, tissue homeostasis, and human health. The housekeeping functions of autophagy in mediating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and damaged organelles are vital for post-mitotic neurons. Improper functioning of this process contributes to the pathology of myriad human diseases, including neurodegeneration. Impairment in autophagy has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases where pharmacological induction of autophagy has therapeutic benefits in cellular and transgenic animal models. However, emerging studies suggest that the efficacy of autophagy inducers, as well as the nature of the autophagy defects, may be context-dependent, and therefore, studies in disease-relevant experimental systems may provide more insights for clinical translation to patients. With the advancements in human stem cell technology, it is now possible to establish disease-affected cellular platforms from patients for investigating disease mechanisms and identifying candidate drugs in the appropriate cell types, such as neurons that are otherwise not accessible. Towards this, patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have demonstrated considerable promise in constituting a platform for effective disease modeling and drug discovery. Multiple studies have utilized hiPSC models of neurodegenerative diseases to study autophagy and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inducers in neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the regulation of autophagy, generation of hiPSCs via cellular reprogramming, and neuronal differentiation. It outlines the findings in various neurodegenerative disorders where autophagy has been studied using hiPSC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Maria Palhegyi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Simona Dimova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lasry
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriyah Naama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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59
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Albanese F, Novello S, Morari M. Autophagy and LRRK2 in the Aging Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1352. [PMID: 31920513 PMCID: PMC6928047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process by which long-lived macromolecules, protein aggregates and dysfunctional/damaged organelles are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating protein quality control and cell homeostasis in response to energetic needs and environmental challenges. Indeed, activation of autophagy increases the life-span of living organisms, and impairment of autophagy is associated with several human disorders, among which neurodegenerative disorders of aging, such as Parkinson’s disease. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of aberrant or misfolded proteins that are toxic for neurons. Since aging is associated with impaired autophagy, autophagy inducers have been viewed as a strategy to counteract the age-related physiological decline in brain functions and emergence of neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson’s disease is a hypokinetic, multisystemic disorder characterized by age-related, progressive degeneration of central and peripheral neuronal populations, associated with intraneuronal accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates mainly composed by the presynaptic protein α-synuclein. α-synuclein is a substrate of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (two major forms of autophagy), thus impairment of its clearance might favor the process of α-synuclein seeding and spreading that trigger and sustain the progression of this disorder. Genetic factors causing Parkinson’s disease have been identified, among which mutations in the LRRK2 gene, which encodes for a multidomain protein encompassing central GTPase and kinase domains, surrounded by protein-protein interaction domains. Six LRRK2 mutations have been pathogenically linked to Parkinson’s disease, the most frequent being the G2019S in the kinase domain. LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease is clinically and neuropathologically similar to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, also showing age-dependency and incomplete penetrance. Several mechanisms have been proposed through which LRRK2 mutations can lead to Parkinson’s disease. The present article will focus on the evidence that LRRK2 and its mutants are associated with autophagy dysregulation. Studies in cell lines and neurons in vitro and in LRRK2 knock-out, knock-in, kinase-dead and transgenic animals in vivo will be reviewed. The role of aging in LRRK2-induced synucleinopathy will be discussed. Possible mechanisms underlying the LRRK2-mediated control over autophagy will be analyzed, and the contribution of autophagy dysregulation to the neurotoxic actions of LRRK2 will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Albanese
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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60
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Wu Y, Cheng Z, Bai Y, Ma X. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids Affecting Growth and Development of Offspring. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:727-735. [PMID: 30678627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients can regulate metabolic activities of living organisms through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation. Since the nutrients required for early embryos and postpartum lactation are derived in whole or in part from maternal and lactating nutrition, the maternal nutritional level affects the growth and development of fetus and creates a profound relationship between disease development and early environmental exposure in the offspring's later life. Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules, involved in almost every process of life, such as information transmission, energy processing and material metabolism. Maternal protein intake levels may affect the integrity of the fetal genome and alter DNA methylation and gene expression. Most amino acids are supplied to the fetus from the maternal circulation through active transport of placenta. Some amino acids, such as methionine, as dietary methyl donor, play an important role in DNA methylation and body's one-carbon metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe effects of maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake on fetal and neonatal growth and development through epigenetic mechanisms, with examples in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunan 650201, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Animal Health Supervision of Henan province, Breeding Animal Genetic Performance Measurement Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China.,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75230, United States
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61
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Chung KW, Chung HY. The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Autophagy: Role on Aging Intervention. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122923. [PMID: 31810345 PMCID: PMC6950580 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important housekeeping process that maintains a proper cellular homeostasis under normal physiologic and/or pathologic conditions. It is responsible for the disposal and recycling of metabolic macromolecules and damaged organelles through broad lysosomal degradation processes. Under stress conditions, including nutrient deficiency, autophagy is substantially activated to maintain proper cell function and promote cell survival. Altered autophagy processes have been reported in various aging studies, and a dysregulated autophagy is associated with various age-associated diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) is regarded as the gold standard for many aging intervention methods. Although it is clear that CR has diverse effects in counteracting aging process, the exact mechanisms by which it modulates those processes are still controversial. Recent advances in CR research have suggested that the activation of autophagy is linked to the observed beneficial anti-aging effects. Evidence showed that CR induced a robust autophagy response in various metabolic tissues, and that the inhibition of autophagy attenuated the anti-aging effects of CR. The mechanisms by which CR modulates the complex process of autophagy have been investigated in depth. In this review, several major advances related to CR’s anti-aging mechanisms and anti-aging mimetics will be discussed, focusing on the modification of the autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.C.); (H.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-51-663-4884 (K.W.C.); +82-51-510-2814 (H.Y.C.)
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 462414, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.C.); (H.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-51-663-4884 (K.W.C.); +82-51-510-2814 (H.Y.C.)
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Functions and Implications of Autophagy in Colon Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111349. [PMID: 31671556 PMCID: PMC6912527 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential function to breakdown cellular proteins and organelles to recycle for new nutrient building blocks. In colorectal cancer, the importance of autophagy is becoming widely recognized as it demonstrates both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions. In colon cancer, cell autonomous and non-autonomous roles for autophagy are essential in growth and progression. However, the mechanisms downstream of autophagy (to reduce or enhance tumor growth) are not well known. Additionally, the signals that activate and coordinate autophagy for tumor cell growth and survival are not clear. Here, we highlight the context- and cargo-dependent role of autophagy in proliferation, cell death, and cargo breakdown.
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Barve A, Vega A, Shah PP, Ghare S, Casson L, Wunderlich M, Siskind LJ, Beverly LJ. Perturbation of Methionine/S-adenosylmethionine Metabolism as a Novel Vulnerability in MLL Rearranged Leukemia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111322. [PMID: 31717699 PMCID: PMC6912509 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemias bearing mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) rearrangement (MLL-R) resulting in expression of oncogenic MLL fusion proteins (MLL-FPs) represent an especially aggressive disease subtype with the worst overall prognoses and chemotherapeutic response. MLL-R leukemias are uniquely dependent on the epigenetic function of the H3K79 methyltransferase DOT1L, which is misdirected by MLL-FPs activating gene expression, driving transformation and leukemogenesis. Given the functional necessity of these leukemias to maintain adequate methylation potential allowing aberrant activating histone methylation to proceed, driving leukemic gene expression, we investigated perturbation of methionine (Met)/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolism as a novel therapeutic paradigm for MLL-R leukemia. Disruption of Met/SAM metabolism, by either methionine deprivation or pharmacologic inhibition of downstream metabolism, reduced overall cellular methylation potential, reduced relative cell numbers, and induced apoptosis selectively in established MLL-AF4 cell lines or MLL-AF6-expressing patient blasts but not in BCR-ABL-driven K562 cells. Global histone methylation dynamics were altered, with a profound loss of requisite H3K79 methylation, indicating inhibition of DOT1L function. Relative occupancy of the repressive H3K27me3 modification was increased at the DOT1L promoter in MLL-R cells, and DOT1L mRNA and protein expression was reduced. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of Met/SAM metabolism significantly prolonged survival in an advanced, clinically relevant patient–derived MLL-R leukemia xenograft model, in combination with cytotoxic induction chemotherapy. Our findings provide support for further investigation into the development of highly specific allosteric inhibitors of enzymatic mediators of Met/SAM metabolism or dietary manipulation of methionine levels. Such inhibitors may lead to enhanced treatment outcomes for MLL-R leukemia, along with cytotoxic chemotherapy or DOT1L inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (A.B.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Alexis Vega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Parag P. Shah
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Smita Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (S.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Lavona Casson
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (S.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Leah J. Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (A.B.); (L.J.S.)
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Levi J. Beverly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (A.B.); (L.J.S.)
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (S.G.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-502-852-8968
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Xie B, He X, Guo G, Zhang X, Li J, Liu J, Lin Y. High-throughput screening identified mitoxantrone to induce death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with autophagy involvement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:232-237. [PMID: 31653348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of highly efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) platform has recently gained more attention as a plausible approach to identify de novo therapeutic application potential of conventional anti-tumor drugs for cancer treatments. In this study, we used hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells as models to identify cytotoxic compounds by HTS. To identify cytotoxic compounds for potential HCC treatments, 3271 compounds from three well established small molecule libraries were screened against HCC cell lines. Thirty-two small molecules were identified from the primary screen to induce cell death. Particularly, mitoxantrone (MTX), which is an established antineoplastic drug, significantly and specifically inhibited the growth and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro. Mechanistic studies of LC3-II, p62 and phosphorylation of p70S6K in HepG2 cells revealed that MTX treatment induced mTOR-dependent autophagy activation, which was further confirmed by the autophagic flux assay using lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). In the combined treatment of MTX and CQ, where autophagy was inhibited by CQ, the elevations of cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP were observed, indicating the enhanced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Taken together, we hypothesize that MTX-induced autophagy plays an pro-survival role in HCC treatment. Combined treatment with autophagy inhibitor may combat the chemo-resistance of HCC to MTX treatment and therefore deserves future clinical investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guihai Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lee CH, Griffiths S, Digard P, Pham N, Auer M, Haas J, Grey F. Asparagine Deprivation Causes a Reversible Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Acute Virus Replication. mBio 2019; 10:e01651-19. [PMID: 31594813 PMCID: PMC6786868 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01651-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses rely on the host cell machinery to replicate efficiently, with the host metabolism extensively manipulated for this purpose. High-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens provide a systematic approach for the identification of novel host-virus interactions. Here, we report a large-scale screen for host factors important for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), consisting of 6,881 siRNAs. We identified 47 proviral factors and 68 antiviral factors involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the mediator complex, proteasome function, and mRNA splicing. Focused characterization of one of the hits, asparagine synthetase (ASNS), demonstrated a strict requirement for asparagine for HCMV replication which leads to an early block in virus replication before the onset of DNA amplification. This effect is specific to HCMV, as knockdown of ASNS had little effect on herpes simplex virus 1 or influenza A virus replication, suggesting that the restriction is not simply due to a failure in protein production. Remarkably, virus replication could be completely rescued 7 days postinfection with the addition of exogenous asparagine, indicating that while virus replication is restricted at an early stage, it maintains the capacity for full replication days after initial infection. This study represents the most comprehensive siRNA screen for the identification of host factors involved in HCMV replication and identifies the nonessential amino acid asparagine as a critical factor in regulating HCMV virus replication. These results have implications for control of viral latency and the clinical treatment of HCMV in patients.IMPORTANCE HCMV accounts for more than 60% of complications associated with solid organ transplant patients. Prophylactic or preventative treatment with antivirals, such as ganciclovir, reduces the occurrence of early onset HCMV disease. However, late onset disease remains a significant problem, and prolonged treatment, especially in patients with suppressed immune systems, greatly increases the risk of antiviral resistance. Very few antivirals have been developed for use against HCMV since the licensing of ganciclovir, and of these, the same viral genes are often targeted, reducing the usefulness of these drugs against resistant strains. An alternative approach is to target host genes essential for virus replication. Here we demonstrate that HCMV replication is highly dependent on levels of the amino acid asparagine and that knockdown of a critical enzyme involved in asparagine synthesis results in severe attenuation of virus replication. These results suggest that reducing asparagine levels through dietary restriction or chemotherapeutic treatment could limit HCMV replication in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuin Lee
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nhan Pham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Auer
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Palhegyi AM, Seranova E, Dimova S, Hoque S, Sarkar S. Biomedical Implications of Autophagy in Macromolecule Storage Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:179. [PMID: 31555645 PMCID: PMC6742707 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between the production and clearance of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates can lead to a category of diseases broadly known as macromolecule storage disorders. These include, but not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease associated with accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins, Lafora and Pompe disease associated with glycogen accumulation, whilst lipid accumulation is characteristic to Niemann-Pick disease and Gaucher disease. One of the underlying factors contributing to the build-up of macromolecules in these storage disorders is the intracellular degradation pathway called autophagy. This process is the primary clearance route for unwanted macromolecules, either via bulk non-selective degradation, or selectively via aggrephagy, glycophagy and lipophagy. Since autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, cell viability and human health, malfunction of this process could be detrimental. Indeed, defective autophagy has been reported in a number of macromolecule storage disorders where autophagy is impaired at distinct stages, such as at the level of autophagosome formation, autophagosome maturation or improper lysosomal degradation of the autophagic cargo. Of biomedical relevance, autophagy is regulated by multiple signaling pathways that are amenable to chemical perturbations by small molecules. Induction of autophagy has been shown to improve cell viability and exert beneficial effects in experimental models of various macromolecule storage disorders where the lysosomal functionality is not overtly compromised. In this review, we will discuss the role of autophagy in certain macromolecule storage disorders and highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of autophagy enhancers in these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Maria Palhegyi
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Seranova
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Dimova
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sheabul Hoque
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Autophagy flux in critical illness, a translational approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10762. [PMID: 31341174 PMCID: PMC6656759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials suggest that early nutritional support might block the induction of autophagy in critically ill patients leading to the development of organ failure. However, the regulation of autophagy, especially by nutrients, in critical illness is largely unclear. The autophagy flux (AF) in relation to critical illness and nutrition was investigated by using an in vitro model of human primary myotubes incubated with serum from critically ill patients (ICU). AF was calculated as the difference of p62 expression in the presence and absence of chloroquine (50 µM, 6 h), in primary myotubes incubated for 24 h with serum from healthy volunteers (n = 10) and ICU patients (n = 93). We observed 3 different phenotypes in AF, non-altered (ICU non-responder group), increased (ICU inducer group) or blocked (ICU blocker group). This block was not associate with a change in amino acids serum levels and was located at the accumulation of autophagosomes. The increase in the AF was associated with lower serum levels of non-essential amino acids. Thus, early nutrition during critical illness might not block autophagy but could attenuate the beneficial effect of starvation on reactivation of the autophagy process. This could be of clinical importance in the individual patients in whom this process is inhibited by the critical illness insult.
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68
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Radu AG, Torch S, Fauvelle F, Pernet-Gallay K, Lucas A, Blervaque R, Delmas V, Schlattner U, Lafanechère L, Hainaut P, Tricaud N, Pingault V, Bondurand N, Bardeesy N, Larue L, Thibert C, Billaud M. LKB1 specifies neural crest cell fates through pyruvate-alanine cycling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau5106. [PMID: 31328154 PMCID: PMC6636984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic processes underlying the development of the neural crest, an embryonic population of multipotent migratory cells, are poorly understood. Here, we report that conditional ablation of the Lkb1 tumor suppressor kinase in mouse neural crest stem cells led to intestinal pseudo-obstruction and hind limb paralysis. This phenotype originated from a postnatal degeneration of the enteric nervous ganglia and from a defective differentiation of Schwann cells. Metabolomic profiling revealed that pyruvate-alanine conversion is enhanced in the absence of Lkb1. Mechanistically, inhibition of alanine transaminases restored glial differentiation in an mTOR-dependent manner, while increased alanine level directly inhibited the glial commitment of neural crest cells. Treatment with the metabolic modulator AICAR suppressed mTOR signaling and prevented Schwann cell and enteric defects of Lkb1 mutant mice. These data uncover a link between pyruvate-alanine cycling and the specification of glial cell fate with potential implications in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neural crest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca G. Radu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sakina Torch
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences GIN, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, US17, MRI facility IRMaGe, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Pernet-Gallay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences GIN, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anthony Lucas
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Blervaque
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, CNRS UMR3347; INSERM U1021; Equipe Labellisée–Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, Univ Grenoble Alpes, 38185 Grenoble, France
- INSERM U1055, 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Tricaud
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, CNRS UMR3347; INSERM U1021; Equipe Labellisée–Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Chantal Thibert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Marc Billaud
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- “Clinical and experimental model of lymphomagenesis” Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon France
- Corresponding author. (M.B.); (C.T.)
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Vasconcelos A, Santos T, Ravasco P, Neves PM. Dairy Products: Is There an Impact on Promotion of Prostate Cancer? A Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2019; 6:62. [PMID: 31139629 PMCID: PMC6527888 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to study potential associations between high consumption of milk and/or dairy products and prostate cancer (PC). Literature is scarce, yet there is a direct relationship between mTORC1 activation and PC; several ingredients in milk/dairy products, when in high concentrations, increase signaling of the mTORC1 pathway. However, there are no studies showing an unequivocal relationship between milk products PC initiation and/or progression. Three different reviews were conducted with articles published in the last 5 years: (M1) PC and intake of dairy products, taking into account the possible mTORC1signaling mechanism; (M2) Intake of milk products and incidence/promotion of PC; (M3) mTORC1 activation signaling pathway, levels of IGF-1 and PC; (M4) mTORC pathway and dairy products. Of the 32 reviews identified, only 21 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There is little scientific evidence that directly link the three factors: incidence/promotion of PC, intake of dairy products and PC, and PC and increased mTORC1 signaling. Persistent hyper-activation of mTORC1 is associated with PC promotion. The activity of exosomal mRNA in cellular communication may lead to different impacts of different types of milk and whether or not mammalian milks will have their own characteristics within each species. Based on this review of the literature, it is possible to establish a relationship between the consumption of milk products and the progression of PC; we also found a possible association with PC initiation, hence it is likely that the intake of dairy products should be reduced or minimized in mens' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Santos
- European University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Ravasco
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Miguel Neves
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kalita-de Croft P, Straube J, Lim M, Al-Ejeh F, Lakhani SR, Saunus JM. Proteomic Analysis of the Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102524. [PMID: 31121957 PMCID: PMC6567270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with brain-metastatic breast cancer face a bleak prognosis marked by morbidity and premature death. A deeper understanding of molecular interactions in the metastatic brain tumour microenvironment may inform the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells or PBS (modelling traumatic brain injury) were stereotactically injected into the cerebral cortex of NOD/SCID mice to model metastatic colonization. Brain cells were isolated from five tumour-associated samples and five controls (pooled uninvolved and injured tissue) by immunoaffinity chromatography, and proteomic profiles were compared using the Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) discovery platform. Ontology and cell type biomarker enrichment analysis of the 125 differentially abundant proteins (p < 0.05) showed the changes largely represent cellular components involved in metabolic reprogramming and cell migration (min q = 4.59 × 10-5), with high-throughput PubMed text mining indicating they have been most frequently studied in the contexts of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and autophagy. Analysis of mouse brain cell type-specific biomarkers suggested the changes were paralleled by increased proportions of microglia, mural cells and interneurons. Finally, we orthogonally validated three of the proteins in an independent xenograft cohort, and investigated their expression in craniotomy specimens from triple-negative metastatic breast cancer patients, using a combination of standard and fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry. This included 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA Hydrolase (HIBCH), which is integral for gluconeogenic valine catabolism in the brain, and was strongly induced in both graft-associated brain tissue (13.5-fold by SWATH-MS; p = 7.2 × 10-4), and areas of tumour-associated, reactive gliosis in human clinical samples. HIBCH was also induced in the tumour compartment, with expression frequently localized to margins and haemorrhagic areas. These observations raise the possibility that catabolism of valine is an effective adaptation in metastatic cells able to access it, and that intermediates or products could be transferred from tumour-associated glia. Overall, our findings indicate that metabolic reprogramming dominates the proteomic landscape of graft-associated brain tissue in the intracranial MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. Brain-derived metabolic provisions could represent an exploitable dependency in breast cancer brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jasmin Straube
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Malcolm Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Fares Al-Ejeh
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jodi M Saunus
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia.
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Boucher E, Miller KA, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Stress is an agonist for the induction of programmed cell death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:699-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Escobar KA, Cole NH, Mermier CM, VanDusseldorp TA. Autophagy and aging: Maintaining the proteome through exercise and caloric restriction. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12876. [PMID: 30430746 PMCID: PMC6351830 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of dysfunctional and damaged cellular proteins and organelles occurs during aging, resulting in a disruption of cellular homeostasis and progressive degeneration and increases the risk of cell death. Moderating the accrual of these defunct components is likely a key in the promotion of longevity. While exercise is known to promote healthy aging and mitigate age‐related pathologies, the molecular underpinnings of this phenomenon remain largely unclear. However, recent evidences suggest that exercise modulates the proteome. Similarly, caloric restriction (CR), a known promoter of lifespan, is understood to augment intracellular protein quality. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved recycling pathway responsible for the degradation, then turnover of cellular proteins and organelles. This housekeeping system has been reliably linked to the aging process. Moreover, autophagic activity declines during aging. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), a central kinase involved in protein translation, is a negative regulator of autophagy, and inhibition of TORC1 enhances lifespan. Inhibition of TORC1 may reduce the production of cellular proteins which may otherwise contribute to the deleterious accumulation observed in aging. TORC1 may also exert its effects in an autophagy‐dependent manner. Exercise and CR result in a concomitant downregulation of TORC1 activity and upregulation of autophagy in a number of tissues. Moreover, exercise‐induced TORC1 and autophagy signaling share common pathways with that of CR. Therefore, the longevity effects of exercise and CR may stem from the maintenance of the proteome by balancing the synthesis and recycling of intracellular proteins and thus may represent practical means to promote longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A. Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology; California State University, Long Beach; Long Beach California
| | - Nathan H. Cole
- Department of Health, Exercise, & Sports Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Christine M. Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, & Sports Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science & Sports Management; Kennesaw State University; Kennesaw Georgia
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73
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Cheng C, Lu J, Cao X, Yang FY, Liu JY, Song LN, Shen H, Liu C, Zhu XR, Zhou JB, Yang JK. Identification of Rfx6 target genes involved in pancreas development and insulin translation by ChIP-seq. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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74
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Yu M, Luo C, Huang X, Chen D, Li S, Qi H, Gao X. Amino acids stimulate glycyl‐tRNA synthetase nuclear localization for mammalian target of rapamycin expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7608-7621. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Chaochao Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xin Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Dongying Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Shanshan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Hao Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Life College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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75
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Bonvini A, Coqueiro AY, Tirapegui J, Calder PC, Rogero MM. Immunomodulatory role of branched-chain amino acids. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:840-856. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonvini
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Y Coqueiro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Tirapegui
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo M Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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76
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He X, Lu Z, Ma B, Zhang L, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhou G, Gao F. Chronic Heat Stress Damages Small Intestinal Epithelium Cells Associated with the Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Broilers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7301-7309. [PMID: 29954175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat-stressed broilers usually reduce their feed intake, leading to energy imbalance and disturbing the homeostasis in the small intestine. This study was aimed to explore heat-stress-mediated physiological features that may be ascribed to impairments in the intestinal tract of broilers. The results revealed that heat exposure increased the activities of trypsin and Na+/K+-ATPase, while it decreased the activities of amylase, lipase, and maltase as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cells in the jejunum after 14 days of heat exposure. Meanwhile, heat stress upregulated the mRNA expressions of AMPKα1, LKB1, and HIF-1α and protein expressions of p-AMPKαThr172 and p-LKB1Thr189 in the small intestine after 7 or 14 days of heat exposure. In conclusion, chronic heat exposure impeded the development of digestive organs, disordered the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes, and impaired the intestinal epithelial cells by increasing the cell apoptosis and declining cell proliferation, which might be correlated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Additionally, heat stress upregulated the gene expression of HIF-1α, which indicated that heat stress may disturb the homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Ginling College , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210097 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
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77
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De Iuliis V, Marino A, Caruso M, Capodifoglio S, Flati V, Marynuk A, Marricareda V, Ursi S, Lanuti P, Talora C, Conti P, Martinotti S, Toniato E. Autophagy processes are dependent on EGF receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30289-30303. [PMID: 30100990 PMCID: PMC6084397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a not well-understood conserved mechanism activated during nutritional deprivation in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the correlations between autophagy, apoptosis and the MAPK pathways in melanoma cell lines. We demonstrated that during starvation the EGF receptor mediated signaling activates many proteins involved in the MAPK pathway. Our data also suggest a previously unidentified link between the EGFR and Beclin-1 in melanoma cell line. We demonstrated that, following starvation, EGFR binds and tyrosine-phosphorylates Beclin-1, suggesting that it may play a key inhibitory role in the early stage of starvation, possibly through the Beclin-1 sequestration. Furthermore, EGFR releases Beclin-1 and allows initiating steps of the autophagic process. Interestingly enough, when the EGFR pathway was blocked by anti-EGF antibodies, immunoprecipitated Beclin-1 did not bind the phospho-EGFR. In addition, an extended binding of p-Bcl2 either with Beclin-1 or with Bax was observed with a decreased activation of the stress-induced JNK kinase, thus avoiding the transduction pathways that activate autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. For this reason, we advance the hypothesis that the activation of the EGFR is a necessary event that allows the ignition and progression of the autophagic process, at least in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Marino
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marika Caruso
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabrina Capodifoglio
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Marynuk
- Odessa National Medical University, Odesa, Odessa Oblsat, Ucraina
| | | | - Sebastiano Ursi
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Abstract
Obesity poses a severe threat to human health, including the increased prevalence of hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cancer, inflammation, sleep apnoea and other chronic diseases. Current therapies focus mainly on suppressing caloric intake, but the efficacy of this approach remains poor. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity will be essential for the management of obesity and its complications. Knowledge gained over the past three decades regarding the aetiological mechanisms underpinning obesity has provided a framework that emphasizes energy imbalance and neurohormonal dysregulation, which are tightly regulated by autophagy. Accordingly, there is an emerging interest in the role of autophagy, a conserved homeostatic process for cellular quality control through the disposal and recycling of cellular components, in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function by selectively ridding cells of potentially toxic proteins, lipids and organelles. Indeed, defects in autophagy homeostasis are implicated in metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In this Review, the alterations in autophagy that occur in response to nutrient stress, and how these changes alter the course of obesogenesis and obesity-related complications, are discussed. The potential of pharmacological modulation of autophagy for the management of obesity is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA.
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79
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Luhr M, Sætre F, Engedal N. The Long-lived Protein Degradation Assay: an Efficient Method for Quantitative Determination of the Autophagic Flux of Endogenous Proteins in Adherent Cell Lines. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2836. [PMID: 34286043 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a key player in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes, and numerous diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, are associated with alterations in autophagy. The interest for studying autophagy has grown intensely in the last two decades, and so has the arsenal of methods utilised to study this highly dynamic and complex process. Changes in the expression and/or localisation of autophagy-related proteins are frequently assessed by Western blot and various microscopy techniques. Such analyses may be indicative of alterations in autophagy-related processes and informative about the specific marker being investigated. However, since these proteins are part of the autophagic machinery, and not autophagic cargo, they cannot be used to draw conclusions regarding autophagic cargo flux. Here, we provide a protocol to quantitatively assess bulk autophagic flux by employing the long-lived protein degradation assay. Our procedure, which traces the degradation of 14C valine-labelled proteins, is simple and quick, allows for processing of a relatively large number of samples in parallel, and can in principle be used with any adherent cell line. Most importantly, it enables quantitative measurements of endogenous cargo flux through the autophagic pathway. As such, it is one of the gold standards for studying autophagic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Luhr
- The Autophagy Team, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Sætre
- The Autophagy Team, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- The Autophagy Team, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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80
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Mesclon F, Lambert-Langlais S, Carraro V, Parry L, Hainault I, Jousse C, Maurin AC, Bruhat A, Fafournoux P, Averous J. Decreased ATF4 expression as a mechanism of acquired resistance to long-term amino acid limitation in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27440-27453. [PMID: 28460466 PMCID: PMC5432347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The uncontrolled growth of tumor can lead to the formation of area deprived in nutrients. Due to their high genetic instability, tumor cells can adapt and develop resistance to this pro-apoptotic environment. Among the resistance mechanisms, those involved in the resistance to long-term amino acid restriction are not elucidated. A long-term amino acid restriction is particularly deleterious since nine of them cannot be synthetized by the cells. In order to determine how cancer cells face a long-term amino acid deprivation, we developed a cell model selected for its capacity to resist a long-term amino acid limitation. We exerted a selection pressure on mouse embryonic fibroblast to isolate clones able to survive with low amino acid concentration. The study of several clones revealed an alteration of the eiF2α/ATF4 pathway. Compared to the parental cells, the clones exhibited a decreased expression of the transcription factor ATF4 and its target genes. Likewise, the knock-down of ATF4 in parental cells renders them resistant to amino acid deprivation. Moreover, this association between a low level of ATF4 protein and the resistance to amino acid deprivation was also observed in the cancer cell line BxPC-3. This resistance was abolished when ATF4 was overexpressed. Therefore, decreasing ATF4 expression may be one important mechanism for cancer cells to survive under prolonged amino acid deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mesclon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Lambert-Langlais
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Valérie Carraro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Parry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Hainault
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR S1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Céline Jousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Maurin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Bruhat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Fafournoux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Averous
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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81
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Denny P, Feuermann M, Hill DP, Lovering RC, Plun-Favreau H, Roncaglia P. Exploring autophagy with Gene Ontology. Autophagy 2018; 14:419-436. [PMID: 29455577 PMCID: PMC5915032 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1415189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process that is well conserved among eukaryotes. It is one of the strategies that cells use to catabolize substances in a controlled way. Autophagy is used for recycling cellular components, responding to cellular stresses and ridding cells of foreign material. Perturbations in autophagy have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration, cardiac disease and cancer. The growing knowledge about autophagic mechanisms needs to be collected in a computable and shareable format to allow its use in data representation and interpretation. The Gene Ontology (GO) is a freely available resource that describes how and where gene products function in biological systems. It consists of 3 interrelated structured vocabularies that outline what gene products do at the biochemical level, where they act in a cell and the overall biological objectives to which their actions contribute. It also consists of ‘annotations’ that associate gene products with the terms. Here we describe how we represent autophagy in GO, how we create and define terms relevant to autophagy researchers and how we interrelate those terms to generate a coherent view of the process, therefore allowing an interoperable description of its biological aspects. We also describe how annotation of gene products with GO terms improves data analysis and interpretation, hence bringing a significant benefit to this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denny
- a Functional Gene Annotation , Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London , London , UK
| | - Marc Feuermann
- b SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - David P Hill
- c The Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor , ME , USA.,f The Gene Ontology Consortium
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- a Functional Gene Annotation , Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London , London , UK
| | - Helene Plun-Favreau
- d Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- e European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus , Hinxton , Cambridge , UK.,f The Gene Ontology Consortium
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82
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Dong L, Qu XY, Tao LN, Zhang YM, Zhai JH, Song YQ. Triptolide induces autophagy and apoptosis through ERK activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3413-3419. [PMID: 29545863 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of triptolide (TPI) on proliferation, autophagy and death in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and to elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms, intracellular alterations were analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays. The results of the MTT assay revealed that TPI significantly reduced the MCF-7 cell survival rate when the concentration was >10 nmol/l. TPI activated a caspase cascade reaction by regulating Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression, and promoted programmed cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. The results demonstrated that TPI significantly reduced the cell proliferation rate and viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. TPI induced autophagy and influenced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which resulted in apoptosis. When cells were treated with a combination of TPI and the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126, the downregulation of P62 and upregulation of Bax were inhibited, which demonstrated that the inhibition of Erk1/2 reversed the autophagy changes induced by TPI. The results indicated that Erk1/2 activation may be a novel mechanism by which TPI induces autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, TPI affects the proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, potentially via autophagy and p38/Erk/mTOR phosphorylation. The present study offers a novel view of the mechanisms by which TPI regulates cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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83
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Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, Bergantin LB, Abdel-Daim MM, Stankiewicz AM. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:04. [PMID: 29441009 PMCID: PMC5797541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive abilities and formation of senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid β (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of tau protein, in the hippocampus and cortex of afflicted humans. In brains of AD patients the metabolism of Aβ is dysregulated, which leads to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ. Metabolism of Aβ and tau proteins is crucially influenced by autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent, homeostatic process, in which organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled into energy. Thus, dysfunction of autophagy is suggested to lead to the accretion of noxious proteins in the AD brain. In the present review, we describe the process of autophagy and its importance in AD. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms and genes linking autophagy and AD, i.e., the mTOR pathway, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, ATG7, BCL2, BECN1, CDK5, CLU, CTSD, FOXO1, GFAP, ITPR1, MAPT, PSEN1, SNCA, UBQLN1, and UCHL1. We also present pharmacological agents acting via modulation of autophagy that may show promise in AD therapy. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms proposing novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Stachowiak
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | | | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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84
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Dasari SK, Schejter E, Bialik S, Shkedy A, Levin-Salomon V, Levin-Zaidman S, Kimchi A. Death by over-eating: The Gaucher disease associated gene GBA1, identified in a screen for mediators of autophagic cell death, is necessary for developmental cell death in Drosophila midgut. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2003-2010. [PMID: 28933588 PMCID: PMC5731414 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1380134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critical for homeostasis and cell survival during stress, but can also lead to cell death, a little understood process that has been shown to contribute to developmental cell death in lower model organisms, and to human cancer cell death. We recently reported 1 on our thorough molecular and morphologic characterization of an autophagic cell death system involving resveratrol treatment of lung carcinoma cells. To gain mechanistic insight into this death program, we performed a signalome-wide RNAi screen for genes whose functions are necessary for resveratrol-induced death. The screen identified GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, as an important mediator of autophagic cell death. Here we further show the physiological relevance of GBA1 to developmental cell death in midgut regression during Drosophila metamorphosis. We observed a delay in midgut cell death in two independent Gba1a RNAi lines, indicating the critical importance of Gba1a for midgut development. Interestingly, loss-of-function GBA1 mutations lead to Gaucher Disease and are a significant risk factor for Parkinson Disease, which have been associated with defective autophagy. Thus GBA1 is a conserved element critical for maintaining proper levels of autophagy, with high levels leading to autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Dasari
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Eyal Schejter
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Shani Bialik
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Aya Shkedy
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Vered Levin-Salomon
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- b Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Adi Kimchi
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
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85
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Ritterhoff J, Tian R. Metabolism in cardiomyopathy: every substrate matters. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:411-421. [PMID: 28395011 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac metabolism is highly adaptive to changes in fuel availability and the energy demand of the heart. This metabolic flexibility is key for the heart to maintain its output during the development and in response to stress. Alterations in substrate preference have been observed in multiple disease states; a clear understanding of their impact on cardiac function in the long term is critical for the development of metabolic therapies. In addition, the contribution of cellular metabolism to growth, survival, and other signalling pathways through the generation of metabolic intermediates has been increasingly noted, adding another layer of complexity to the impact of metabolism on cardiac function. In a quest to understand the complexity of the cardiac metabolic network, genetic tools have been engaged to manipulate cardiac metabolism in a variety of mouse models. The ability to engineer cardiac metabolism in vivo has provided tremendous insights and brought about conceptual innovations. In this review, we will provide an overview of the cardiac metabolic network and highlight alterations observed during cardiac development and pathological hypertrophy. We will focus on consequences of altered substrate preference on cardiac response to chronic stresses through energy providing and non-energy providing pathways.
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86
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Hodson N, McGlory C, Oikawa SY, Jeromson S, Song Z, Rüegg MA, Hamilton DL, Phillips SM, Philp A. Differential localization and anabolic responsiveness of mTOR complexes in human skeletal muscle in response to feeding and exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C604-C611. [PMID: 28971834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) resides as two complexes within skeletal muscle. mTOR complex 1 [mTORC1-regulatory associated protein of mTOR (Raptor) positive] regulates skeletal muscle growth, whereas mTORC2 [rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) positive] regulates insulin sensitivity. To examine the regulation of these complexes in human skeletal muscle, we utilized immunohistochemical analysis to study the localization of mTOR complexes before and following protein-carbohydrate feeding (FED) and resistance exercise plus protein-carbohydrate feeding (EXFED) in a unilateral exercise model. In basal samples, mTOR and the lysosomal marker lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) were highly colocalized and remained so throughout. In the FED and EXFED states, mTOR/LAMP2 complexes were redistributed to the cell periphery [wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-positive staining] (time effect; P = 0.025), with 39% (FED) and 26% (EXFED) increases in mTOR/WGA association observed 1 h post-feeding/exercise. mTOR/WGA colocalization continued to increase in EXFED at 3 h (48% above baseline) whereas colocalization decreased in FED (21% above baseline). A significant effect of condition (P = 0.05) was noted suggesting mTOR/WGA colocalization was greater during EXFED. This pattern was replicated in Raptor/WGA association, where a significant difference between EXFED and FED was noted at 3 h post-exercise/feeding (P = 0.014). Rictor/WGA colocalization remained unaltered throughout the trial. Alterations in mTORC1 cellular location coincided with elevated S6K1 kinase activity, which rose to a greater extent in EXFED compared with FED at 1 h post-exercise/feeding (P < 0.001), and only remained elevated in EXFED at the 3 h time point (P = 0.037). Collectively these data suggest that mTORC1 redistribution within the cell is a fundamental response to resistance exercise and feeding, whereas mTORC2 is predominantly situated at the sarcolemma and does not alter localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hodson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stewart Jeromson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zhe Song
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - D Lee Hamilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;
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87
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Loos B, Klionsky DJ, Wong E. Augmenting brain metabolism to increase macro- and chaperone-mediated autophagy for decreasing neuronal proteotoxicity and aging. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:90-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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88
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Neonatal mouse hippocampus: phlebotomy-induced anemia diminishes and treatment with erythropoietin partially rescues mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:501-508. [PMID: 28399115 PMCID: PMC5570638 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundPhlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) is common in premature infants and affects neurodevelopment. PIA alters hippocampal metabolism in neonatal mice through tissue hypoxia and iron deficiency. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway senses the status of critical metabolites (e.g., oxygen, iron), thereby regulating hippocampal growth and function. We determined the effect of PIA and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) treatment on mTOR signaling and expression of genes related to mTOR pathway functions.MethodsMice receiving an iron-supplemented diet were phlebotomized from postnatal day (P)3 to a target hematocrit of <25% by P7. Half were maintained at <25% until P14; half received rHuEpo from P7 to increase the hematocrit to 25-28%. Hippocampal phosphorylated to total protein ratios of four key mTOR pathway proteins were measured by western blotting at P14 and compared with non-phlebotomized, non-anemic control mice. mRNA levels of genes regulated by mTOR were measured by quantitative PCR.ResultsPIA suppressed phosphorylation of all mTOR proteins. rHuEpo restored AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AKT status, and partially rescued the mTOR output protein S6K. PIA and rHuEpo treatment also altered the expression of genes regulated by S6K.ConclusionPIA compromises and rHuEpo treatment partially rescues a pathway regulating neuronal DNA transcription, protein translation, and structural complexity.
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89
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Stryeck S, Birner-Gruenberger R, Madl T. Integrative metabolomics as emerging tool to study autophagy regulation. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:240-258. [PMID: 28845422 PMCID: PMC5568430 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.08.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological developments in metabolomics research have enabled in-depth characterization of complex metabolite mixtures in a wide range of biological, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and nutritional research fields. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are the two main platforms for performing metabolomics studies. Given their broad applicability and the systemic insight into metabolism that can be obtained it is not surprising that metabolomics becomes increasingly popular in basic biological research. In this review, we provide an overview on key metabolites, recent studies, and future opportunities for metabolomics in studying autophagy regulation. Metabolites play a pivotal role in autophagy regulation and are therefore key targets for autophagy research. Given the recent success of metabolomics, it can be expected that metabolomics approaches will contribute significantly to deciphering the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in autophagy in the near future and promote understanding of autophagy and autophagy-related diseases in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stryeck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit for Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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90
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Peña-Oyarzun D, Troncoso R, Kretschmar C, Hernando C, Budini M, Morselli E, Lavandero S, Criollo A. Hyperosmotic stress stimulates autophagy via polycystin-2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55984-55997. [PMID: 28915568 PMCID: PMC5593539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various intracellular mechanisms are activated in response to stress, leading to adaptation or death. Autophagy, an intracellular process that promotes lysosomal degradation of proteins, is an adaptive response to several types of stress. Osmotic stress occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions, provoking mechanical stress and activating various osmoadaptive mechanisms. Polycystin-2 (PC2), a membrane protein of the polycystin family, is a mechanical sensor capable of activating the cell signaling pathways required for cell adaptation and survival. Here we show that hyperosmotic stress provoked by treatment with hyperosmolar concentrations of sorbitol or mannitol induces autophagy in HeLa and HCT116 cell lines. In addition, we show that mTOR and AMPK, two stress sensor proteins involved modulating autophagy, are downregulated and upregulated, respectively, when cells are subjected to hyperosmotic stress. Finally, our findings show that PC2 is required to promote hyperosmotic stress-induced autophagy. Downregulation of PC2 prevents inhibition of hyperosmotic stress-induced mTOR pathway activation. In conclusion, our data provide new insight into the role of PC2 as a mechanosensor that modulates autophagy under hyperosmotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzun
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Kretschmar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hernando
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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91
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Shafei MA, Harris M, Conway ME. Divergent Metabolic Regulation of Autophagy and mTORC1-Early Events in Alzheimer's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28626421 PMCID: PMC5454035 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease associated with the production and deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles, which lead to synaptic and neuronal damage. Reduced autophagic flux has been widely associated with the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (AV), which has been proposed to contribute to aggregate build-up observed in AD. As such, targeting autophagy regulation has received wide review, where an understanding as to how this mechanism can be controlled will be important to neuronal health. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which was found to be hyperactive in AD brain, regulates autophagy and is considered to be mechanistically important to aberrant autophagy in AD. Hormones and nutrients such as insulin and leucine, respectively, positively regulate mTORC1 activation and are largely considered to inhibit autophagy. However, in AD brain there is a dysregulation of nutrient metabolism, linked to insulin resistance, where a role for insulin treatment to improve cognition has been proposed. Recent studies have highlighted that mitochondrial proteins such as glutamate dehydrogenase and the human branched chain aminotransferase protein, through metabolism of leucine and glutamate, differentially regulate mTORC1 and autophagy. As the levels of the hBCAT proteins are significantly increased in AD brain relative to aged-matched controls, we discuss how these metabolic pathways offer new potential therapeutic targets. In this review article, we highlight the core regulation of autophagy through mTORC1, focusing on how insulin and leucine will be important to consider in particular with respect to our understanding of nutrient load and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Shafei
- Department of Applied Science, The University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Applied Science, The University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Myra E Conway
- Department of Applied Science, The University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
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92
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Bakula D, Müller AJ, Zuleger T, Takacs Z, Franz-Wachtel M, Thost AK, Brigger D, Tschan MP, Frickey T, Robenek H, Macek B, Proikas-Cezanne T. WIPI3 and WIPI4 β-propellers are scaffolds for LKB1-AMPK-TSC signalling circuits in the control of autophagy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15637. [PMID: 28561066 PMCID: PMC5460038 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is controlled by AMPK and mTOR, both of which associate with ULK1 and control the production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), a prerequisite for autophagosome formation. Here we report that WIPI3 and WIPI4 scaffold the signal control of autophagy upstream of PtdIns3P production and have a role in the PtdIns3P effector function of WIPI1-WIPI2 at nascent autophagosomes. In response to LKB1-mediated AMPK stimulation, WIPI4-ATG2 is released from a WIPI4-ATG2/AMPK-ULK1 complex and translocates to nascent autophagosomes, controlling their size, to which WIPI3, in complex with FIP200, also contributes. Upstream, WIPI3 associates with AMPK-activated TSC complex at lysosomes, regulating mTOR. Our WIPI interactome analysis reveals the scaffold functions of WIPI proteins interconnecting autophagy signal control and autophagosome formation. Our functional kinase screen uncovers a novel regulatory link between LKB1-mediated AMPK stimulation that produces a direct signal via WIPI4, and we show that the AMPK-related kinases NUAK2 and BRSK2 regulate autophagy through WIPI4. During autophagy, AMPK and mTOR associate with ULK1 and regulate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) production that mediates autophagosome formation via WIPI proteins. Here the authors show WIPI3 and WIPI4 have a scaffolding function upstream of PtdIns3P production and have a role in the PtdIns3P effector function of WIPI1-WIPI2 at nascent autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bakula
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Amelie J Müller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Zuleger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Takacs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Thost
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Brigger
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tancred Frickey
- Department of Biology, Applied Bioinformatics, Konstanz University, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Horst Robenek
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Proteome Center Tuebingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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93
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Budini M, Buratti E, Morselli E, Criollo A. Autophagy and Its Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Roles for TDP-43 and C9orf72. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:170. [PMID: 28611593 PMCID: PMC5447761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism where intracellular material is degraded by vesicular structures called autophagolysosomes. Autophagy is necessary to maintain the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), avoiding the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Consistently, impaired autophagy has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. The proteins TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), which regulates RNA processing at different levels, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), probably involved in membrane trafficking, are crucial in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, recent studies have identified a role for these proteins in the control of autophagy. In this manuscript, we review what is known regarding the autophagic mechanism and discuss the involvement of TDP-43 and C9orf72 in autophagy and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTrieste, Italy
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic DiseasesSantiago, Chile
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94
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Takacs Z, Proikas-Cezanne T. Primary cilia mechanosensing triggers autophagy-regulated cell volume control. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 18:591-2. [PMID: 27230529 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium and the process of autophagy are thought to be in a functionally reciprocal relationship. In further support of this link, fluid flow sensing by the primary cilium is now shown to induce autophagy, which in turn regulates the volume of kidney epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Takacs
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, and the International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, and the International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Tübingen, Germany
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95
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Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms. Biochem J 2017; 474:1935-1963. [PMID: 28546457 PMCID: PMC5444488 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids and the transfer of amino groups from oxidised amino acids to amino acid biosynthesis. This homeostatic condition is maintained through an active mTORC1 complex. Under amino acid depletion, mTORC1 is inactivated. This increases the breakdown of cellular proteins through autophagy and reduces protein biosynthesis. The general control non-derepressable 2/ATF4 pathway may be activated in addition, resulting in transcription of genes involved in amino acid transport and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolism is autoregulated to minimise oxidation of amino acids. Systemic amino acid levels are also tightly regulated. Food intake briefly increases plasma amino acid levels, which stimulates insulin release and mTOR-dependent protein synthesis in muscle. Excess amino acids are oxidised, resulting in increased urea production. Short-term fasting does not result in depletion of plasma amino acids due to reduced protein synthesis and the onset of autophagy. Owing to the fact that half of all amino acids are essential, reduction in protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation are the only two measures to reduce amino acid demand. Long-term malnutrition causes depletion of plasma amino acids. The CNS appears to generate a protein-specific response upon amino acid depletion, resulting in avoidance of an inadequate diet. High protein levels, in contrast, contribute together with other nutrients to a reduction in food intake.
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96
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Baldridge G, Higgins L, Witthuhn B, Markowski T, Baldridge A, Armien A, Fallon A. Proteomic analysis of a mosquito host cell response to persistent Wolbachia infection. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:609-625. [PMID: 28435138 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis, an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with arthropods and filarial worms, is a target for filarial disease treatment and provides a gene drive agent for insect vector population suppression/replacement. We compared proteomes of Aedes albopictus mosquito C/wStr1 cells persistently infected with Wolbachia strain wStr, relative to uninfected C7-10 control cells. Among approximately 2500 proteins, iTRAQ data identified 815 differentially abundant proteins. As functional classes, energy and central intermediary metabolism proteins were elevated in infected cells, while suppressed proteins with roles in host DNA replication, transcription and translation suggested that Wolbachia suppresses pathways that support host cell growth and proliferation. Vacuolar ATPase subunits were strongly elevated, consistent with high densities of Wolbachia contained individually within vacuoles. Other differential level proteins had roles in ROS neutralization, protein modification/degradation and signaling, including hypothetical proteins whose functions in Wolbachia infection can potentially be manipulated by RNAi interference or transfection. Detection of flavivirus proteins supports further analysis of poorly understood, insect-specific flaviviruses and their potential interactions with Wolbachia, particularly in mosquitoes transinfected with Wolbachia. This study provides a framework for future attempts to manipulate pathways in insect cell lines that favor production of Wolbachia for eventual genetic manipulation, transformation and transinfection of vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Baldridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Bruce Witthuhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Todd Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Abigail Baldridge
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Anibal Armien
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Ann Fallon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Sung HK, Chan YK, Han M, Jahng JWS, Song E, Danielson E, Berger T, Mak TW, Sweeney G. Lipocalin-2 (NGAL) Attenuates Autophagy to Exacerbate Cardiac Apoptosis Induced by Myocardial Ischemia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2125-2134. [PMID: 27800610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2; also termed neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)) levels correlate positively with heart failure (HF) yet mechanisms via which Lcn2 contributes to the pathogenesis of HF remain unclear. In this study, we used coronary artery ligation surgery to induce ischemia in wild-type (wt) mice and this induced a significant increase in myocardial Lcn2. We then compared wt and Lcn2 knockout (KO) mice and observed that wt mice showed greater ischemia-induced caspase-3 activation and DNA damage measured by TUNEL than Lcn2KO mice. Analysis of autophagy by LC3 and p62 Western blotting, LC3 immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that Lcn2 KO mice had a greater ischemia-induced increase in autophagy. Lcn2KO were protected against ischemia-induced cardiac functional abnormalities measured by echocardiography. Upon treating a cardiomyocyte cell line (h9c2) with Lcn2 and examining AMPK and ULK1 phosphorylation, LC3 and p62 by Western blot as well as tandem fluorescent RFP/GFP-LC3 puncta by immunofluorescence, MagicRed assay for lysosomal cathepsin activity and TEM we demonstrated that Lcn2 suppressed autophagic flux. Lcn2 also exacerbated hypoxia-induced cytochromc c release from mitochondria and caspase-3 activation. We generated an autophagy-deficient H9c2 cell model by overexpressing dominant-negative Atg5 and found significantly increased apoptosis after Lcn2 treatment. In summary, our data indicate that Lcn2 can suppress the beneficial cardiac autophagic response to ischemia and that this contributes to enhanced ischemia-induced cell death and cardiac dysfunction. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2125-2134, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyoung Sung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yee Kwan Chan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erfei Song
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Danielson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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98
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Borek S, Paluch-Lubawa E, Pukacka S, Pietrowska-Borek M, Ratajczak L. Asparagine slows down the breakdown of storage lipid and degradation of autophagic bodies in sugar-starved embryo axes of germinating lupin seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 209:51-67. [PMID: 28013171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The research was conducted on embryo axes of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet), which were isolated from imbibed seeds and cultured for 96h in vitro under different conditions of carbon and nitrogen nutrition. Isolated embryo axes were fed with 60mM sucrose or were sugar-starved. The effect of 35mM asparagine (a central amino acid in the metabolism of germinating lupin seeds) and 35mM nitrate (used as an inorganic kind of nitrogen) on growth, storage lipid breakdown and autophagy was investigated. The sugar-starved isolated embryo axes contained more total lipid than axes fed with sucrose, and the content of this storage compound was even higher in sugar-starved isolated embryo axes fed with asparagine. Ultrastructural observations showed that asparagine significantly slowed down decomposition of autophagic bodies, and this allowed detailed analysis of their content. We found peroxisomes inside autophagic bodies in cells of sugar-starved Andean lupin embryo axes fed with asparagine, which led us to conclude that peroxisomes may be degraded during autophagy in sugar-starved isolated lupin embryo axes. One reason for the slower degradation of autophagic bodies was the markedly lower lipolytic activity in axes fed with asparagine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Stanisława Pukacka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Lech Ratajczak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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99
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Villar VH, Nguyen TL, Delcroix V, Terés S, Bouchecareilh M, Salin B, Bodineau C, Vacher P, Priault M, Soubeyran P, Durán RV. mTORC1 inhibition in cancer cells protects from glutaminolysis-mediated apoptosis during nutrient limitation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14124. [PMID: 28112156 PMCID: PMC5264013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A master coordinator of cell growth, mTORC1 is activated by different metabolic inputs, particularly the metabolism of glutamine (glutaminolysis), to control a vast range of cellular processes, including autophagy. As a well-recognized tumour promoter, inhibitors of mTORC1 such as rapamycin have been approved as anti-cancer agents, but their overall outcome in patients is rather poor. Here we show that mTORC1 also presents tumour suppressor features in conditions of nutrient restrictions. Thus, the activation of mTORC1 by glutaminolysis during nutritional imbalance inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Importantly, rapamycin treatment reactivates autophagy and prevents the mTORC1-mediated apoptosis. We also observe that the ability of mTORC1 to activate apoptosis is mediated by the adaptor protein p62. Thus, the mTORC1-mediated upregulation of p62 during nutrient imbalance induces the binding of p62 to caspase 8 and the subsequent activation of the caspase pathway. Our data highlight the role of autophagy as a survival mechanism upon rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Villar
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Tra Ly Nguyen
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Silvia Terés
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Marion Bouchecareilh
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Clément Bodineau
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Pierre Vacher
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Pierre Soubeyran
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Raúl V. Durán
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
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100
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Wu ZZ, Zhang JJ, Gao CC, Zhao M, Liu SY, Gao GM, Zheng ZH. Expression of autophagy related genes mTOR, Becline-1, LC3 and p62 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of systemic lupus erythematosus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 6:1-8. [PMID: 28123902 PMCID: PMC5259582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the expression of mTOR, Becline-1, LC3 and p62 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and assess their relationship with disease activity and immunologic features. The expression of mTOR, Becline-1, LC3 and p62 was detected by RT-PCR in 81 SLE subjects and 86 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Data regarding demographics and clinical parameters were collected. Disease activity of SLE was evaluated according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the expression of mTOR, Becline-1, LC3, and p62 in the two groups. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation was performed to analyze their relationship with disease activity and immunologic features. The mean levels of Becline-1, LC3 and p62 mRNA were significantly higher in SLE patients than the controls (9.96×10-4 vs 7.38×10-4 for Becline-1 with P<0.001; 4.04×10-5 vs 2.62×10-5 for LC3 with P<0.001; 9.51×10-4 vs 7.59×10-4 for p62 with P=0.008). However, the levels of mTOR mRNA in SLE patients were not significantly different from that in controls. Correlation analysis showed that Becline-1, LC3 and p62 mRNA levels correlated positively with SLEDAI, IgG and ds-DNA, negatively with C3. Our results suggested that autophagosomes formation were activated and their degradation were blocked in SLE. Moreover, the maintenance of autophagy balance can improve disease activity and immune disorders in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Min Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Rheumatology No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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