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Guo Z, Zhao M, Howard EW, Zhao Q, Parris AB, Ma Z, Yang X. Phenformin inhibits growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells through targeting the IGF1R pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60342-60357. [PMID: 28947975 PMCID: PMC5601143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports suggest that metformin, a popular anti-diabetes drug, prevents breast cancer through various systemic effects, including insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) regulation. Although the anti-cancer properties of metformin have been well-studied, reports on a more bioavailable/potent biguanide, phenformin, remain sparse. Phenformin exerts similar functional activity to metformin and has been reported to impede mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Since the effects of phenformin on specific breast cancer subtypes have not been fully explored, we used ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cell and animal models to test the anti-cancer potential of phenformin. We report that phenformin (25-75 μM) decreased cell proliferation and impaired cell cycle progression in SKBR3 and 78617 breast cancer cells. Reduced tumor size after phenformin treatment (30 mg/kg/day) was demonstrated in an MMTV-ErbB2 transgenic mouse syngeneic tumor model. Phenformin also blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition, decreased the invasive phenotype, and suppressed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including insulin receptor substrate 1 and IGF1R, in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells and mouse mammary tumor-derived tissues. Moreover, phenformin suppressed IGF1-stimulated proliferation, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in vitro. Together, our study implicates phenformin-mediated IGF1/IGF1R regulation as a potential anti-cancer mechanism and supports the development of phenformin and other biguanides as breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Guo
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin W Howard
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda B Parris
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
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Soljic M, Mrklic I, Tomic S, Omrcen T, Sutalo N, Bevanda M, Vrdoljak E. Prognostic value of vitamin D receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2017; 71:34-39. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AimTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by shorter overall survival and an early peak of distant recurrences with still no specific targeted treatment available. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGFR) have recently been described as potential new targets for anticancer therapy, yet their roles in TNBCs are still to be explored. In this study we investigated VDR and IGFR expression in patients with TNBC and compared them with clinical and pathological parameters and survival to possibly demonstrate their prognostic and therapeutic relevance.MethodsThe study included 96 patients with TNBC. Clinical and pathological parameters were compared with the immunohistochemical expression of VDR and IGFR.ResultsPositive VDR immunostaining was present in 27% of tumours and inversely correlated with higher mitotic score, histological grade and higher proliferation index measured by Ki-67 and related to the increased overall survival (OS). Out of 96 patients with TNBC, 35.5% of tumours were IGFR positive and correlated with higher mitotic score and Ki-67, and strongly correlated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS). Patients with VDR-negative and IGF-positive tumours had significantly lower DFS and OS.ConclusionApproximately one third of TNBCs express VDR and/or IGFR. Their expression is linked with the recurrence of the disease and survival, which make them possible targets for treatment and a prognostic tool for dividing TNBCs into more homogeneous subgroups.
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in proliferation, growth, differentiation, and development of several human malignancies including breast and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. IGF-1R targeted immunotherapeutic approaches are particularly attractive, as they may potentially elicit even stronger antitumor responses than traditional targeted approaches. Cancer peptide vaccines can produce immunologic responses against cancer cells by triggering helper T cell (Th) or cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I or II molecules on the cell surface of antigen presenting cells. In our previous study, we set a technique based on molecular docking in order to find the best MHC class I and II binder peptides using GOLD. In the present work, molecular docking analyses on a library consisting of 30 peptides mimicking discontinuous epitopes from IGF-1R extracellular domain identified peptides 249 and 86, as the best MHC binder peptides to both MHC class I and II molecules. The receptors most often targeted by peptide 249 are HLA-DR4, HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR2 and those most often targeted by peptide 86 are HLA-DR4, HLA-DP2 and HLA-DR3. These findings, based on bioinformatics analyses, can be conducted in further experimental analyses in cancer therapy and vaccine design.
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Reinholz MM, Chen B, Dueck AC, Tenner K, Ballman K, Riehle D, Jenkins RB, Geiger XJ, McCullough AE, Perez EA. IGF1R Protein Expression Is Not Associated with Differential Benefit to Concurrent Trastuzumab in Early-Stage HER2 + Breast Cancer from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (Alliance) Adjuvant Trastuzumab Trial N9831. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4203-4211. [PMID: 28533226 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Preclinical evidence indicates that increased insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF1R) signaling interferes with the action of trastuzumab suggesting a possible mechanism of trastuzumab resistance. Thus, we evaluated IGF1R prevalence, relationship with demographic data, and association with disease-free survival (DFS) of patients randomized to chemotherapy alone (Arm A) or chemotherapy with sequential (Arm B) or concurrent trastuzumab (Arm C) in the prospective phase III HER2+ adjuvant N9831 trial.Experimental Design: IGF1R protein expression was determined in tissue microarray sections (three cores per block; N = 1,197) or in whole tissue sections (WS; N = 537) using IHC (rabbit polyclonal antibody against IGF1R β-subunit). A tumor was considered positive (IGF1R+) if any core or WS had ≥1+ membrane staining in >0% invasive cells. Median follow-up was 8.5 years.Results: Of 1,734 patients, 708 (41%) had IGF1R+ breast tumors. IGF1R+ was associated with younger age (median 48 vs. 51, P = 0.007), estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor positivity (78% vs. 35%, P < 0.001), nodal positivity (89% vs. 83%, P < 0.001), well/intermediate grade (34% vs. 24%, P < 0.001), tumors ≥2 cm (72% vs. 67%, P = 0.02) but not associated with race or tumor histology. IGF1R did not affect DFS within arms. Between Arms A and C, patients with IGF1R+ and IGF1R- tumors had DFS HRs of 0.48 (P ≤ 0.001) and 0.68 (P = 0.009), respectively (Pinteraction = 0.17). Between Arms A and B, patients with IGF1R+ and IGF1R- tumors had DFS HRs of 0.83 (P = 0.25) and 0.69 (P = 0.01), respectively (Pinteraction = 0.42).Conclusions: In contrast to preclinical studies that suggest a decrease in trastuzumab sensitivity in IGF1R+ tumors, our adjuvant data show benefit of adding trastuzumab for patients with either IGF1R+ and IGF1R- breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4203-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Reinholz
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Beiyun Chen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amylou C Dueck
- Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Kathleen Tenner
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karla Ballman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Darren Riehle
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Edith A Perez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
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Humar M, Kern I, Vlacic G, Hadzic V, Cufer T. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Expression in Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer and its Impact on Overall Survival. Radiol Oncol 2017; 51:195-202. [PMID: 28740455 PMCID: PMC5514660 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression has been addressed as a potential prognostic marker in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in various studies; however, the associations between IGF1R expression and prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients is still controversial. The aim of our observational, cohort study was to evaluate the expression of IGF1R in advanced NSCLC and its prognostic role. A subgroup analysis was performed to address the influence of pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) status on IGF1R expression and overall survival (OS). PATIENTS AND METHODS IGF1R expression was evaluated in 167 consecutive advanced NSCLC patients (stage IIIB and IV), diagnosed and treated at one university institution, between 2005 and 2010. All patients received at least one line of standard cytotoxic therapy and 18 of them had pre-existing T2DM. IGF1R expression was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, with score ≥ 1+ considered as positive. Information on baseline characteristics, as well as patients' follow-up data, were obtained from the hospital registry. Associations of IGF1R expression with clinical characteristics and overall survival were compared. RESULTS IGF1R expression was positive in 79.6% of patients, significantly more often in squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) compared to non-squamous-cell (NSCC) histology (88.7% vs. 74.3%; P = 0.03). IGF1R positivity did not correlate with T2DM status or with other clinical features (sex, smoking status, performance status). Median OS was similar between IGF1R positive and IGF1R negative group (10.2 vs. 8.5 months, P = 0.168) and between patients with or without T2DM (8.7 vs. 9.8 months, P = 0.575). Neither IGF1R expression nor T2DM were significant predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS IGF1R or T2DM status were not significantly prognostic in described above collective of advanced NSCLC treated with at least one line of chemotherapy. In addition, no association between T2DM status and IGF1R expression was found. Further studies on IGF1R expression and its prognostic as well as therapeutic consequences in a larger collective of advanced NSCLC patients, with or without T2DM, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Humar
- General hospital of Nova Gorica, Ulica padlih borcev 13a, 5290 Šempeter Pri Gorici, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Vedran Hadzic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cohen-Sinai T, Cohen Z, Werner H, Berger R. Identification of BRCA1 As a Potential Biomarker for Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28706506 PMCID: PMC5489552 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. Identification of potential biomarkers capable of predicting response to IGF1R-targeted therapy is of cardinal importance. Tumor suppressor BRCA1 has important roles in multiple pathways, including gene transcription, DNA damage repair, and control of apoptosis. Early studies have identified the IGF1R gene as a downstream target for inhibitory regulation by wild-type, but not mutant, BRCA1. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypothesis that the mutational status of BRCA1 may influence the ability of IGF1R-directed therapies to efficiently inhibit the IGF1R axis. Using breast cancer-derived cell lines expressing a wild-type or a mutant BRCA1, we demonstrate that the capacity of MK-0646, a monoclonal antibody antagonist to the human IGF1R, to inhibit insulin-like growth factor-1-stimulated IGF1R and downstream mediators' phosphorylation was impaired in mutant BRCA1-expressing cell lines. In addition, the antibody was able to reduce proliferation of wild-type BRCA1-expressing cells but had a reduced inhibitory effect in mutant BRCA1-expressing cells. In summary, our data indicate that the mutational status of BRCA1 must be taken into account when selecting patients for IGF1R targeting protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Cohen-Sinai
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zoya Cohen
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Haim Werner,
| | - Raanan Berger
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Engin A. Obesity-associated Breast Cancer: Analysis of risk factors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:571-606. [PMID: 28585217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show that a significantly stronger association is obvious between increased body mass index (BMI) and higher breast cancer incidence. Furthermore, obese women are at higher risk of all-cause and breast cancer specific mortality when compared to non-obese women with breast cancer. In this context, increased levels of estrogens due to excessive aromatization activity of the adipose tissue, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, hyperactivation of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) pathways, adipocyte-derived adipokines, hypercholesterolemia and excessive oxidative stress contribute to the development of breast cancer in obese women. While higher breast cancer risk with hormone replacement therapy is particularly evident among lean women, in postmenopausal women who are not taking exogenous hormones, general obesity is a significant predictor for breast cancer. Moreover, increased plasma cholesterol leads to accelerated tumor formation and exacerbates their aggressiveness. In contrast to postmenopausal women, premenopausal women with high BMI are inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Nevertheless, life-style of women for breast cancer risk is regulated by avoiding the overweight and a high-fat diet. Estrogen-plus-progestin hormone therapy users for more than 5 years have elevated risks of both invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. Additionally, these cases are more commonly node-positive and have a higher cancer-related mortality. Collectively, in this chapter, the impacts of obesity-related estrogen, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, aromatase activity, leptin and insulin resistance on breast cancer patients are evaluated. Obesity-related prognostic factors of breast cancer also are discussed at molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. .,, Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Fukumura D, Incio J, Shankaraiah RC, Jain RK. Obesity and Cancer: An Angiogenic and Inflammatory Link. Microcirculation 2016; 23:191-206. [PMID: 26808917 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the current epidemic of obesity, a large number of patients diagnosed with cancer are overweight or obese. Importantly, this excess body weight is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. The mechanisms for this worse outcome, however, remain poorly understood. We review here the epidemiological evidence for the association between obesity and cancer, and discuss potential mechanisms focusing on angiogenesis and inflammation. In particular, we will discuss how the dysfunctional angiogenesis and inflammation occurring in adipose tissue in obesity may promote tumor progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as anti-angiogenic and immune therapies. Better understanding of how obesity fuels tumor progression and therapy resistance is essential to improve the current standard of care and the clinical outcome of cancer patients. To this end, we will discuss how an anti-diabetic drug such as metformin can overcome these adverse effects of obesity on the progression and treatment resistance of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joao Incio
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,I3S, Institute for Innovation and Research in Heath, Metabolism, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ram C Shankaraiah
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bahreini A, Levine K, Santana-Santos L, Benos PV, Wang P, Andersen C, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. Non-coding single nucleotide variants affecting estrogen receptor binding and activity. Genome Med 2016; 8:128. [PMID: 27964748 PMCID: PMC5154163 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor (ER) activity is critical for the development and progression of the majority of breast cancers. It is known that ER is differentially bound to DNA leading to transcriptomic and phenotypic changes in different breast cancer models. We investigated whether single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in ER binding sites (regSNVs) contribute to ER action through changes in the ER cistrome, thereby affecting disease progression. Here we developed a computational pipeline to identify SNVs in ER binding sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data from ER+ breast cancer models. Methods ER ChIP-seq data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). GATK pipeline was used to identify SNVs and the MACS algorithm was employed to call DNA-binding sites. Determination of the potential effect of a given SNV in a binding site was inferred using reimplementation of the is-rSNP algorithm. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were integrated to correlate the regSNVs and gene expression in breast tumors. ChIP and luciferase assays were used to assess the allele-specific binding. Results Analysis of ER ChIP-seq data from MCF7 cells identified an intronic SNV in the IGF1R gene, rs62022087, predicted to increase ER binding. Functional studies confirmed that ER binds preferentially to rs62022087 versus the wild-type allele. By integrating 43 ER ChIP-seq datasets, multi-omics, and clinical data, we identified 17 regSNVs associated with altered expression of adjacent genes in ER+ disease. Of these, the top candidate was in the promoter of the GSTM1 gene and was associated with higher expression of GSTM1 in breast tumors. Survival analysis of patients with ER+ tumors revealed that higher expression of GSTM1, responsible for detoxifying carcinogens, was correlated with better outcome. Conclusions In conclusion, we have developed a computational approach that is capable of identifying putative regSNVs in ER ChIP-binding sites. These non-coding variants could potentially regulate target genes and may contribute to clinical prognosis in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0382-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Bahreini
- Deparmtent of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Levine
- Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lucas Santana-Santos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peilu Wang
- Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Courtney Andersen
- Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Deparmtent of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Women Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Radhi S. Molecular Changes During Breast Cancer and Mechanisms of Endocrine Therapy Resistance. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:539-562. [PMID: 27865467 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in 75% of breast cancers. ERs and their estrogen ligands play a key role in the development and progression of breast cancer. ERs have a genomic activity involving direct modulation of expression of genes vital to cell growth and survival by their classic nuclear receptors. The nongenomic activity is mediated by membrane receptor tyrosine kinases that activate signaling pathways resulting in activation of ER pathway modulators. Endocrine therapies inhibit the growth promoting activity of estrogen. ERs-positive breast cancers can exhibit de novo or acquired endocrine resistance. The mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance are complex include deregulation of ER pathway, growth factor receptor signaling, cell cycle machinery, and tumor microenvironment. In this chapter, we will review the literature on the biology of ERs, the postulated mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance, and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radhi
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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61
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Khalid S, Hanif R, Tareen SH, Siddiqa A, Bibi Z, Ahmad J. Formal modeling and analysis of ER- α associated Biological Regulatory Network in breast cancer. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2542. [PMID: 27781158 PMCID: PMC5075711 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading cause of death among females worldwide. The increasing incidence of BC is due to various genetic and environmental changes which lead to the disruption of cellular signaling network(s). It is a complex disease in which several interlinking signaling cascades play a crucial role in establishing a complex regulatory network. The logical modeling approach of René Thomas has been applied to analyze the behavior of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) associated Biological Regulatory Network (BRN) for a small part of complex events that leads to BC metastasis. METHODS A discrete model was constructed using the kinetic logic formalism and its set of logical parameters were obtained using the model checking technique implemented in the SMBioNet software which is consistent with biological observations. The discrete model was further enriched with continuous dynamics by converting it into an equivalent Petri Net (PN) to analyze the logical parameters of the involved entities. RESULTS In-silico based discrete and continuous modeling of ER-α associated signaling network involved in BC provides information about behaviors and gene-gene interaction in detail. The dynamics of discrete model revealed, imperative behaviors represented as cyclic paths and trajectories leading to pathogenic states such as metastasis. Results suggest that the increased expressions of receptors ER-α, IGF-1R and EGFR slow down the activity of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) such as BRCA1, p53 and Mdm2 which can lead to metastasis. Therefore, IGF-1R and EGFR are considered as important inhibitory targets to control the metastasis in BC. CONCLUSION The in-silico approaches allow us to increase our understanding of the functional properties of living organisms. It opens new avenues of investigations of multiple inhibitory targets (ER-α, IGF-1R and EGFR) for wet lab experiments as well as provided valuable insights in the treatment of cancers such as BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Khalid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB)/Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rumeza Hanif
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB)/Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samar H.K. Tareen
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Amnah Siddiqa
- Research Center for Modeling & Simulation (RCMS), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zurah Bibi
- Research Center for Modeling & Simulation (RCMS), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Research Center for Modeling & Simulation (RCMS), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Motallebnezhad M, Younesi V, Aghebati-Maleki L, Nickho H, Safarzadeh E, Ahmadi M, Movassaghpour AA, Hosseini A, Yousefi M. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of a specific anti-insulin-like growth factor I receptor single chain antibody on breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14841-14850. [PMID: 27639384 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) is expressed on breast cancer cells and involves in metastasis, survival, and proliferation. Currently, application of IGF-IR-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), alone or in combination with other drugs, is a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. Single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies have been introduced as appropriate tools for tumor-targeting purposes because of their advantages over whole antibodies. In the present study, we employed a naïve phage library and isolated scFvs against a specific epitope from extracellular domain of IGF-IR by panning process. The selected scFvs were further characterized using polyclonal and monoclonal phage ELISA, soluble monoclonal ELISA, and colony PCR and sequencing. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of selected scFv antibodies on breast cancer cell lines were also evaluated by MTT and Annexin V/PI assays. The results of ELISA indicated specific reactions of the isolated scFvs against the IGF-IR peptide, and analyses of PCR product and sequencing confirmed the presence of full length VH and Vκ inserts. Treatment of MCF7 and SKBR3 cells with anti-IGF-IR scFv led to a significant growth inhibition. The results also showed that scFv treatment significantly augmented trastuzumab growth inhibitory effects on SKBR3 cells. The percentage of the apoptotic MCF7 and SKBR3 cells after 24-h treatment with scFv was 39 and 30.70 %, respectively. Twenty-four-hour treatment with scFv in combination with trastuzumab resulted in 44.75 % apoptosis of SKBR3 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the targeting of IGF-IR by scFv can be an effective strategy in the treatment of breast cancer and provide further evidence for effectiveness of dual targeting of HER2 and IGF-IR in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Pishtaz Teb Diagnostics, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in cancerogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:78-104. [PMID: 28528692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family components in carcinogenesis of several human tumors is based on numerous epidemiological and pre-clinical studies, experiments in vivo and in vitro and on attempts at application of drugs affecting the IGF axis. Investigative hypotheses in original studies were based on biological functions manifested by the entire family of IGF (ligands, receptors, linking proteins, adaptor molecules). In the context of carcinogenesis the most important functions of IGF family involve intensification of proliferation and inhibition of cell apoptosis and effect on cell transformation through synthesis of several regulatory proteins. IGF axis controls survival and influences on metastases of cells. Interactions of IGF axis components may be of a direct or indirect nature. The direct effects are linked to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, in which the initiating role is first of all played by IGF-1 and IGF-1R. Activity of this signaling pathway leads to an increased mitogenesis, cell cycle progression, and protection against different apoptotic stresses. Indirect effects of the axis depend on interactions between IGF and other molecules important for cancer etiology (e.g. sex hormones, products of suppressor genes, viruses, and other GFs) and the style of life (nutrition, physical activity). From the clinical point of view, components of IGF system are first of all considered as diagnostic serous and/or tissue biomarkers of a given cancer, prognostic factors and attractive target of modern anti-tumor therapies. Several mechanisms in which IGF system components act in the process of carcinogenesis need to be clarified, mainly due to multifactorial etiology of the neoplasms. Pin-pointing of the role played in carcinogenesis by any single signaling pathway remains particularly difficult. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data of several epidemiological studies, experiments in vitro and on animal models, to increase our understanding of the complex role of IGF family components in the most common human cancers.
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Ghadban T, Jessen A, Reeh M, Dibbern JL, Mahner S, Mueller V, Wellner UF, Güngör C, Izbicki JR, Vashist YK. In vitro study comparing the efficacy of the water-soluble HSP90 inhibitors, 17-AEPGA and 17-DMAG, with that of the non‑water-soluble HSP90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, in breast cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1296-302. [PMID: 27498942 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)90 has emerged as an important target in cancer therapeutics. Diverse HSP90 inhibitors are under evaluation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the growth inhibitory effects of the newly developed water-soluble HSP90 inhibitors, 17-[2-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]amino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AEPGA) and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), compared to that of the non-water-soluble HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG). The anti-proliferative effects of the 3 drugs on the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, SKBR-3 and MDA-MB-231, were examined in vitro. In addition, tumor progression factors, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1) and insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R), as well as apoptotic markers were analysed. We found a time- and dose-dependent effect in all the tested cell lines. The effects of 17-AEPGA and 17-DMAG were equal or superior to those of 17-AAG. The 50% growth inhibition concentration was <2 µM for the water-soluble compounds following 72 h of exposure. The significant inhibition of HER2, EGFR1 and IGF1R protein expression was already evident at the concentration of 1 µM. Apoptosis was examined by caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) assay at the concentration of 1 µM of the inhibitors. HSP70 was upregulated, but HSP27 expression was not affected. Our data indicate that 17-AEPGA and 17-DMAG are highly active in breast cancer cell lines and may help to overcome the delivery issues associated with the use of 17-AAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Ghadban
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Jessen
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reeh
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith L Dibbern
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Gynecology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Mueller
- Gynecology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich F Wellner
- Clinic for Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yogesh K Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in breast cancer: biology and treatment strategies. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11711-11721. [PMID: 27444280 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Although patients are often diagnosed in the early and curable stages, the treatment of metastatic breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge. The combination of chemotherapy with new targeting agents, such as bevacizumab, is helpful in improving patient survival; however, novel treatment strategies are required to improve clinical outcomes. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is a tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor which is involved in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism. Previous studies have shown that activation of the IGF-IR signaling pathway promotes proliferation, survival, and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Additionally, overexpression of IGF-IR is associated with breast cancer cell resistance to anticancer therapies. Recently, IGF-IR has been introduced as a marker of stemness in breast cancer cells and there is also accumulating evidence that IGF-IR contributes to the establishment and maintenance of breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, pharmacological or molecular targeting of IGF-IR could be a promising strategy, in the treatment of patients with breast cancer, particularly in order to circumvent the therapeutic resistance and targeting breast cancer stem/progenitors. Currently, many strategies have been developed for targeting IGF-IR, some have entered clinical trials and some are in preclinical stages for breast cancer therapy. In this review, we will first discuss on the biology of IGF-IR in an attempt to find the role of this receptor in breast cancer and then discuss about therapeutic strategies to target this receptor.
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de Groot S, Charehbili A, van Laarhoven HWM, Mooyaart AL, Dekker-Ensink NG, van de Ven S, Janssen LGM, Swen JJ, Smit VTHBM, Heijns JB, Kessels LW, van der Straaten T, Böhringer S, Gelderblom H, van der Hoeven JJM, Guchelaar HJ, Pijl H, Kroep JR. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression and IGF1R 3129G > T polymorphism are associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: results from the NEOZOTAC trial (BOOG 2010-01). Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:3. [PMID: 26738606 PMCID: PMC4702399 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway is involved in cell growth and proliferation and is associated with tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. This study aims to elucidate whether variation in the IGF-1 pathway is predictive for pathologic response in early HER2 negative breast cancer (BC) patients, taking part in the phase III NEOZOTAC trial, randomizing between 6 cycles of neoadjuvant TAC chemotherapy with or without zoledronic acid. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of pre-chemotherapy biopsies and operation specimens were collected for analysis of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression (n = 216) and for analysis of 8 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF-1 pathway (n = 184) using OpenArray® RealTime PCR. Associations with patient and tumor characteristics and chemotherapy response according to Miller and Payne pathologic response were performed using chi-square and regression analysis. Results During chemotherapy, a significant number of tumors (47.2 %) showed a decrease in IGF-1R expression, while in a small number of tumors an upregulation was seen (15.1 %). IGF-1R expression before treatment was not associated with pathological response, however, absence of IGF-1R expression after treatment was associated with a better response in multivariate analysis (P = 0.006) and patients with a decrease in expression during treatment showed a better response to chemotherapy as well (P = 0.020). Moreover, the variant T allele of 3129G > T in IGF1R (rs2016347) was associated with a better pathological response in multivariate analysis (P = 0.032). Conclusions Absent or diminished expression of IGF-1R after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a better pathological response. Additionally, we found a SNP (rs2016347) in IGF1R as a potential predictive marker for chemotherapy efficacy in BC patients treated with TAC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01099436. Registered April 6, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayoub Charehbili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antien L Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N Geeske Dekker-Ensink
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van de Ven
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura G M Janssen
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent T H B M Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joan B Heijns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amphia Hospital, Langendijk 75, P.O. Box 90157, 4800 RL, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke W Kessels
- Department of Medical Oncology, Deventer Hospital, Nico Bolkesteinlaan 75, P.O. Box 5001, 7400 GC, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Tahar van der Straaten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J M van der Hoeven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Kroep
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ginja M. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea as a mammary carcinogenic agent. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9095-117. [PMID: 26386719 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases of humans. The carcinogen agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) is the oldest member of the nitroso compounds that has the ability to alkylate DNA. MNU is classified as a complete, potent, and direct alkylating compound. Depending on the animals' species and strain, dose, route, and age at the administration, MNU may induce tumors' development in several organs. The aim of this manuscript was to review MNU as a carcinogenic agent, taking into account that this carcinogen agent has been frequently used in experimental protocols to study the carcinogenesis in several tissues, namely breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, colon, hematopoietic system, lung, skin, retina, and urinary bladder. In this paper, we also reviewed the experimental conditions to the chemical induction of tumors in different organs with this carcinogen agent, with a special emphasis in the mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry of Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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Yang HY, Qu RM, Lin XS, Liu TX, Sun QQ, Yang C, Li XH, Lu W, Hu XF, Dai JX, Yuan L. IGF-1 from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes radioresistance of breast cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10115-9. [PMID: 25556435 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) on radioresistance of breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assays were used to detect any influence of AMSC supernatants on proliferation of breast cancer cells; cell migration assays were used to determine the effect of breast cancer cells on the recruitment of AMSCs; the cell survival fraction post-irradiation was assessed by clonogenic survival assay; γ-H2AX foci number post-irradiation was determined via fluorescence microscopy; and expression of IGF-1R was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS AMSC supernatants promoted proliferation and radioresistance of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cells could recruit AMSCs, especially after irradiation. IGF-1 derived from AMSCs might be responsible for the radioresistance of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that AMSCs in the tumor microenvironment may affect the outcome of radiotherapy for breast cancer in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China E-mail : ;
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Miller-Kleinhenz JM, Bozeman EN, Yang L. Targeted nanoparticles for image-guided treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: clinical significance and technological advances. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:797-816. [PMID: 25966677 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with its aggressive tumor biology, highly heterogeneous tumor cells, and poor prognosis requires an integrated therapeutic approach that addresses critical issues in cancer therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticles with the abilities of targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging for monitoring drug delivery and responses to therapy, such as theranostic nanoparticles, hold great promise toward the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TNBC using a single therapeutic platform. The biological and pathological characteristics of TNBC provide insight into several potential molecular targets for current and future nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Extensive tumor stroma, highly proliferative cells, and a high rate of drug resistance are all barriers that must be appropriately addressed in order for these nanotherapeutic platforms to be effective. Utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention effect coupled with active targeting of cell surface receptors expressed by TNBC cells, and tumor-associated endothelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and macrophages is likely to overcome such barriers to facilitate more effective drug delivery. An in-depth summary of current studies investigating targeted nanoparticles in preclinical TNBC mouse and human xenograft models is presented. This review aims to outline the current status of nanotherapeutic options for TNBC patients, identification of promising molecular targets, challenges associated with the development of targeted nanotherapeutics, the research done by our group as well as by others, and future perspectives on the nanomedicine field and ways to translate current preclinical studies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica N Bozeman
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lily Yang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Song N, Choi JY, Sung H, Jeon S, Chung S, Park SK, Han W, Lee JW, Kim MK, Lee JY, Yoo KY, Han BG, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Kang D. Prediction of breast cancer survival using clinical and genetic markers by tumor subtypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122413. [PMID: 25867717 PMCID: PMC4395109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the genetic variants associated with breast cancer survival, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted of Korean breast cancer patients. METHODS From the Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SEBCS), 3,226 patients with breast cancer (1,732 in the discovery and 1,494 in the replication set) were included in a two-stage GWAS on disease-free survival (DFS) by tumor subtypes based on hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The associations of the re-classified combined prognostic markers through recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of DFS for breast cancer were assessed with the Cox proportional hazard model. The prognostic predictive values of the clinical and genetic models were evaluated by Harrell's C. RESULTS In the two-stage GWAS stratified by tumor subtypes, rs166870 and rs10825036 were consistently associated with DFS in the HR+ HER2- and HR- HER2- breast cancer subtypes, respectively (Prs166870 = 2.88 × 10(-7) and Prs10825036 = 3.54 × 10(-7) in the combined set). When patients were classified by the RPA in each subtype, genetic factors contributed significantly to differentiating the high risk group associated with DFS inbreast cancer, specifically the HR+ HER2- (P discovery=1.18 × 10(-8) and P replication = 2.08 × 10(-5)) and HR- HRE2- subtypes (P discovery = 2.35 × 10(-4) and P replication = 2.60 × 10(-2)). The inclusion of the SNPs tended to improve the performance of the prognostic models consisting of age, TNM stage and tumor subtypes based on ER, PR, and HER2 status. CONCLUSION Combined prognostic markers that include clinical and genetic factors by tumor subtypes could improve the prediction of survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuna Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sujee Jeon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokang Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue K. Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Management, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - Sei-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehee Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Heskamp S, Boerman OC, Molkenboer-Kuenen JDM, Koornstra RHT, Linn SC, Oyen WJG, van der Graaf WTA, van Laarhoven HWM. Dynamics of IGF-1R expression during endocrine breast cancer treatment. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:529-37. [PMID: 24532107 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to assess changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression with immunoSPECT/CT and to study the dynamics of IGF-1R expression of human breast tumors during endocrine treatment. PROCEDURES Mice with MCF-7 xenografts were treated with estradiol or tamoxifen, and IGF-1R expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoSPECT/CT using (111)In-R1507 (anti-IGF-1R antibody). Moreover, IGF-1R expression was analyzed immunohistochemically on 22 human breast tumors, treated preoperatively with endocrine therapy. RESULTS Estradiol resulted in an increased expression of IGF-1R, as measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoSPECT/CT. In contrast, tamoxifen resulted in a downregulation of IGF-1R, whereas this could not be measured with immunoSPECT/CT. A downregulation was also detectable in 9 out of 22 (41 %) human breast tumors after endocrine therapy. CONCLUSIONS Anti-estrogen treatment can cause a reduction in membranous IGF-1R expression. Based on these results, a combination of anti-IGF-1R antibodies with anti-estrogen therapy might not be a rational treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Christopoulos PF, Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M. The role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 system in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:43. [PMID: 25743390 PMCID: PMC4335664 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF-1 is a potent mitogen of major importance in the mammary gland. IGF-1 binding to the cognate receptor, IGF-1R, triggers a signaling cascade leading to proliferative and anti-apoptotic events. Although many of the relevant molecular pathways and intracellular cascades remain to be elucidated, a growing body of evidence points to the important role of the IGF-1 system in breast cancer development, progression and metastasis. IGF-1 is a point of convergence for major signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer growth. In this review, we provide an overview and concise update on the function and regulation of IGF-1 as well as the role it plays in breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Upregulation of IGF-1R expression during neoadjuvant therapy predicts poor outcome in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117745. [PMID: 25680198 PMCID: PMC4334229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) may be involved in the development of resistance against conventional cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to assess whether IGF-1R expression of breast tumors changes during neoadjuvant therapy and to study whether these changes were associated with survival. Methods Paraffin embedded tumor tissue was collected from pretreatment biopsies and surgical resections of 62 breast cancer patients who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy. IGF-1R expression was determined immunohistochemically and compared before and after treatment. Results High membranous IGF-1R expression at diagnosis correlated significantly with ER positivity, low tumor stage (stage I/II) and longer overall survival (p < 0.05). After neoadjuvant treatment, membranous IGF-1R expression remained the same in 41 (65%) tumors, was upregulated in 11 (18%) tumors and downregulated in 11 (18%) tumors. Changes in membranous IGF-1R expression were associated with overall survival (log-rank test: p = 0.013, multivariate cox-regression: p = 0.086). Mean overall survival time for upregulation, no change, and downregulation in IGF-1R expression was 3.0 ± 0.5 years, 7.3 ± 1.0 years and 15.0 ± 1.8 years, respectively. Changes in other parameters were not significantly associated with survival. Conclusion Neoadjuvant therapy can induce changes in IGF-1R expression. Upregulation of IGF-1R expression after neoadjuvant treatment is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer patients, providing a rationale for incorporating anti-IGF-1R drugs in the management of these patients.
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Yan S, Jiao X, Li K, Li W, Zou H. The impact of IGF-1R expression on the outcomes of patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:279-87. [PMID: 25674003 PMCID: PMC4321663 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s74774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The value of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) for predicting survival of patients with breast cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the published data to attempt to clarify the impact of IGF-1R. Methods Studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 1, 2014 were identified using an electronic search to aggregate the available survival results. Studies were included if they reported detecting IGF-1R expression in the primary breast cancer and analyzed patient survival data according to IGF-1R status. The principal outcome measures were hazard ratios (HRs) for survival of IGF-1R-positive patients. Combined HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed- or random-effects models according to between-study heterogeneity. Results Ten studies, involving 5,406 patients, satisfied our inclusion criteria. Data from five studies provided the impact of IGF-1R on overall survival (OS), three studies the impact on breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and seven studies the impact on disease-free survival (DFS). The results of meta-analysis showed that for DFS, membranous IGF-1R positivity was not a significant predictor. The combined HR for OS/BCSS was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.42–0.95, P=0.03), indicating that membranous IGF-1R positivity was a significant predictor of better survival. IGF-1R cytoplasmic positivity was significantly associated with longer DFS and OS/BCSS (combined HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.89, P=0.01; combined HR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35–0.85, P=0.008, respectively). The results of subgroup analysis suggested that membranous IGF-1R positivity in hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer was correlated with favorable DFS (combined HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41–0.92, P=0.02) and OS/BCSS (combined HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57–0.93, P=0.01). Membranous IGF-1R positivity in triple-negative breast cancer predicted worse DFS (combined HR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.03–3.34, P=0.04). Membranous IGF-1R positivity in Her-2-positive or ER (estrogen receptor)-negative breast cancer was not found to be a significant prognostic indicator. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis suggest that IGF-1R expression has different prognostic values for patients with breast cancers of different molecular subtypes. It was a favorable prognostic indicator in unselected breast cancers and hormone-receptor-positive cancers, but indicated poor survival in triple-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenyang Chest Hospital, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wusheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Farabaugh SM, Boone DN, Lee AV. Role of IGF1R in Breast Cancer Subtypes, Stemness, and Lineage Differentiation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25964777 PMCID: PMC4408912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is fundamental for growth and survival. A large body of evidence (laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical) implicates the exploitation of this pathway in cancer. Up to 50% of breast tumors express the activated form of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Breast cancers are categorized into subtypes based upon hormone and ERRB2 receptor expression and/or gene expression profiling. Even though IGF1R influences tumorigenic phenotypes and drug resistance across all breast cancer subtypes, it has specific expression and function in each. In some subtypes, IGF1R levels correlate with a favorable prognosis, while in others it is associated with recurrence and poor prognosis, suggesting different actions based upon cellular and molecular contexts. In this review, we examine IGF1R expression and function as it relates to breast cancer subtype and therapy-acquired resistance. Additionally, we discuss the role of IGF1R in stem cell maintenance and lineage differentiation and how these cell fate influences may alter the differentiation potential and cellular composition of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Farabaugh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David N. Boone
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women’s Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Adrian V. Lee, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Room A412, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Bowers LW, Rossi EL, O’Flanagan CH, deGraffenried LA, Hursting SD. The Role of the Insulin/IGF System in Cancer: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials and the Energy Balance-Cancer Link. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:77. [PMID: 26029167 PMCID: PMC4432799 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays a key role in the development and progression of several types of cancer. Insulin/IGF signaling, in cooperation with chronic low-grade inflammation, is also an important contributor to the cancer-promoting effects of obesity. However, clinical trials for drugs targeting different components of this system have produced largely disappointing results, possibly due to the lack of predictive biomarker use and problems with the design of combination therapy regimens. With careful attention to the identification of likely patient responders and optimal drug combinations, the outcome of future trials may be improved. Given that insulin/IGF signaling is known to contribute to obesity-associated cancer, further investigation regarding the efficacy of drugs targeting this system and its downstream effectors in the obese patient population is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. Bowers
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily L. Rossi
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ciara H. O’Flanagan
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Stephen D. Hursting, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,
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Sanabria-Figueroa E, Donnelly SM, Foy KC, Buss MC, Castellino RC, Paplomata E, Taliaferro-Smith L, Kaumaya PTP, Nahta R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling increases the invasive potential of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via Src-focal adhesion kinase and forkhead box protein M1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:150-61. [PMID: 25391374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-targeted antibody trastuzumab is a major clinical concern in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Increased expression or signaling from the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been reported to be associated with trastuzumab resistance. However, the specific molecular and biologic mechanisms through which IGF-1R promotes resistance or disease progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that the major biologic effect promoted by IGF-1R was invasion, which was mediated by both Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 using either IGF-1R antibodies or IGF-1R short hairpin RNA in combination with trastuzumab resulted in significant but modest growth inhibition. Reduced invasion was the most significant biologic effect achieved by cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Constitutively active Src blocked the anti-invasive effect of IGF-1R/HER2 cotargeted therapy. Furthermore, knockdown of FoxM1 blocked IGF-1-mediated invasion, and dual targeting of IGF-1R and HER2 reduced expression of FoxM1. Re-expression of FoxM1 restored the invasive potential of IGF-1R knockdown cells treated with trastuzumab. Overall, our results strongly indicate that therapeutic combinations that cotarget IGF-1R and HER2 may reduce the invasive potential of cancer cells that are resistant to trastuzumab through mechanisms that depend in part on Src and FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanabria-Figueroa
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Siobhan M Donnelly
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Kevin C Foy
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Meghan C Buss
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Elisavet Paplomata
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Latonia Taliaferro-Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
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Association between insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) negativity and poor prognosis in a cohort of women with primary breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:794. [PMID: 25362932 PMCID: PMC4232733 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance towards endocrine therapy is a great concern in breast cancer treatment and may partly be explained by the activation of compensatory signaling pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway was activated or deregulated in breast cancer patients and to explore if any of the markers were prognostic, with or without adjuvant tamoxifen. This signaling pathway has been suggested to cause estrogen independent cell growth and thus contribute to resistance to endocrine treatment in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Methods The protein expression of IGF1R, phosphorylated Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6rp) were investigated by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays in two patient cohorts. Cohort I (N = 264) consisted of mainly postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer treated with tamoxifen for 2 years irrespective of ER status. Cohort II (N = 206) consisted of mainly medically untreated, premenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer. Distant disease-free survival (DDFS) at 5 years was used as end-point for survival analyses. Results We found that lower IGF1R expression was associated with worse prognosis for tamoxifen treated, postmenopausal women (HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52 – 0.94, p = 0.016). The effect was seen mainly in ER-negative patients where the prognostic effect was retained after adjustment for other prognostic markers (adjusted HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29 – 0.82, p = 0.007). Expression of IGF1R was associated with ER positivity (p < 0.001) in the same patient cohort. Conclusions Our results support previous studies indicating that IGF1R positivity reflects a well differentiated tumor with low metastatic capacity. An association between lack of IGF1R expression and worse prognosis was mainly seen in the ER-negative part of Cohort I. The lack of co-activation of downstream markers (p-mTOR and p-S6rp) in the IGF1R pathway suggested that the prognostic effect was not due to complete activation of this pathway. Thus, no evidence could be found for a compensatory function of IGF1R signaling in the investigated cohorts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-794) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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IGFBP7 induces apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells and synergizes with chemotherapy in suppression of leukemia cell survival. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1300. [PMID: 24967962 PMCID: PMC4611740 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite high remission rates after chemotherapy, only 30-40% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients survive 5 years after diagnosis. This extremely poor prognosis of AML is mainly caused by treatment failure due to chemotherapy resistance. Chemotherapy resistance can be caused by various features including activation of alternative signaling pathways, evasion of cell death or activation of receptor tyrosine kinases such as the insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Here we have studied the role of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7), a tumor suppressor and part of the IGF-1R axis, in AML. We report that IGFBP7 sensitizes AML cells to chemotherapy-induced cell death. Moreover, overexpression of IGFBP7 as well as addition of recombinant human IGFBP7 is able to reduce the survival of AML cells by the induction of a G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This effect is mainly independent from IGF-1R activation, activated Akt and activated Erk. Importantly, AML patients with high IGFBP7 expression have a better outcome than patients with low IGFBP7 expression, indicating a positive role for IGFBP7 in treatment and outcome of AML. Together, this suggests that the combination of IGFBP7 and chemotherapy might potentially overcome conventional AML drug resistance and thus might improve AML patient survival.
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Shin SJ, Gong G, Lee HJ, Kang J, Bae YK, Lee A, Cho EY, Lee JS, Suh KS, Lee DW, Jung WH. Positive expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor is associated with a positive hormone receptor status and a favorable prognosis in breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2014; 17:113-20. [PMID: 25013431 PMCID: PMC4090312 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2014.17.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is commonly expressed in primary breast cancers. Understanding the role of IGF-1R signaling in the different subtypes of breast cancer is important because each subtype has a different outcome and requires different treatment modalities. However, the precise biological significance of IGF-1R expression in cancer cells is still unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of IGF-1R in the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The effects of IGF-1R expression on the survival rates and outcomes of breast cancer were also examined. METHODS IGF-1R expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in tissue microarray blocks constructed from 1,198 invasive breast cancer samples collected from six medical institutions. IGF-1R expression was interpreted according to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu immunohistochemistry scoring system. Scores of 2+ and 3+ were considered positive. RESULTS Positive IGF-1R expression was observed in 65.4% of invasive breast cancer samples. IGF-1R expression was detected in all cancer subtypes (luminal A, 84.4%; luminal B, 75.9%; HER2, 21.2%; triple-negative, 46.6%) and was found to be associated with a positive hormone receptor status and the absence of HER2 amplification (p<0.001). Positive IGF-1R expression was significantly associated with high survival rates (p=0.014). However, a multivariate analysis revealed that the expression levels of IGF-1R did not achieve statistical significance. In the triple-negative cancer subtype, IGF-1R expression was found to be associated with a lower disease-free survival rate (p=0.031). CONCLUSION Positive IGF-1R expression is associated with a favorable prognosis in breast cancer. IGF-1R is frequently expressed in the luminal A/B subtypes of breast cancer, and its expression is related to the hormone receptor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Kyung Bae
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Yoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Suh
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Wha Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Mountzios G, Aivazi D, Kostopoulos I, Kourea HP, Kouvatseas G, Timotheadou E, Zebekakis P, Efstratiou I, Gogas H, Vamvouka C, Chrisafi S, Stofas A, Pentheroudakis G, Koutras A, Galani E, Bafaloukos D, Fountzilas G. Differential expression of the insulin-like growth factor receptor among early breast cancer subtypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91407. [PMID: 24637962 PMCID: PMC3956672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We sought to determine the level of protein expression of the critical components of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) pathway and to evaluate their prognostic significance across the different early breast cancer subtypes. Patients and Methods Archival tumor tissue from 1,021 women with early, node positive breast cancer, who were prospectively evaluated within two randomized clinical trials, was used to construct tissue microarrays that were stained for hormone receptors (HR), Ki67, HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cytokeratins 5/6, to classify tumors into five immunophenotypical subgroups. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of IGF1R-alpha and beta subunits, IGF2R and IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) was assessed using the immunoreactive score (IRS). Repeated internal cross-validation was performed to examine the statistical validity of the cut off points for all biomarkers. Results After a median follow-up time of 105.4 months, overall 370 women (36.2%) had relapsed and 270 (26.4%) had died. Tumors expressing IGF1R-alpha above the median IRS were significantly more frequently HR positive (luminal A+B+HER2), as compared to HER2-enriched and triple negative ones (p<0.001 for both comparisons). IGF2R was overexpressed significantly more frequently in HR negative tumors (p = 0.001) and had an inverse correlation with all other biomarkers. Patients with luminal A and B tumors with high IGF1R-alpha and negative EGFR expression (N = 190) had significantly higher 4-year survival rates, as compared to the rest (log-rank p = 0.046), as did patients with luminal A and B tumors with high IGF1R-alpha and low IGF2R expression, as compared to the rest (N = 91), (log-rank p = 0.035). After adjustment for significant variables, patients in the latter group had a relative 45% reduction in the risk of death, as compared to the rest (p = 0.035). Conclusion Aberrant expression of components of the IGF1R pathway is associated with better clinical outcomes in women with luminal A and B, node positive, early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Mountzios
- Department of Medical Oncology, 251 Airforce General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Dimitra Aivazi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen P. Kourea
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Timotheadou
- Department of Medical Oncology, “Papageorgiou” Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, “Laiko” General Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Stofas
- Pathology Department National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Galani
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, “Metropolitan” Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, “Papageorgiou” Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Lysine residues of IGF-I are substrates for transglutaminases and modulate downstream IGF-I signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3176-3185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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83
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Belardi V, Gallagher EJ, Novosyadlyy R, LeRoith D. Insulin and IGFs in obesity-related breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:277-89. [PMID: 24154546 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome are associated with multiple factors that may cause an increased risk for cancer and cancer-related mortality. Factors involved include hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and IGFs. Insulin resistance is also associated with alterations in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) that may also be contributing factors. The insulin family of proteins is ubiquitously expressed and has pleiotropic effects on metabolism and growth. However insulin, IGF-1 and particularly IGF-2 have been identified as tumor promoters in multiple studies. Mouse models have focused on insulin and IGF-1 and their receptors as being involved in tumor progression and metastases. The role of the insulin receptor as either mediating the effects on tumors or as compensating for the insulin-like growth factor receptor has arisen. Its role has been supported by preclinical studies and the importance of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in obesity and early diabetes. Since the focus of this review is the insulin-family we will focus on insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Belardi
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 50124, Pisa, Italy
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84
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Adams A, van Brussel ASA, Vermeulen JF, Mali WPTM, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Elias SG. The potential of hypoxia markers as target for breast molecular imaging--a systematic review and meta-analysis of human marker expression. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:538. [PMID: 24206539 PMCID: PMC3903452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular imaging of breast cancer is a promising emerging technology, potentially able to improve clinical care. Valid imaging targets for molecular imaging tracer development are membrane-bound hypoxia-related proteins, expressed when tumor growth outpaces neo-angiogenesis. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of such hypoxia marker expression rates in human breast cancer to evaluate their potential as clinically relevant molecular imaging targets. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles describing membrane-bound proteins that are related to hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), the key regulator of the hypoxia response. We extracted expression rates of carbonic anhydrase-IX (CAIX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4), or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in human breast disease, evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We pooled study results using random-effects models and applied meta-regression to identify associations with clinicopathological variables. Results Of 1,705 identified articles, 117 matched our selection criteria, totaling 30,216 immunohistochemistry results. We found substantial between-study variability in expression rates. Invasive cancer showed pooled expression rates of 35% for CAIX (95% confidence interval (CI): 26-46%), 51% for GLUT1 (CI: 40-61%), 46% for CXCR4 (CI: 33-59%), and 46% for IGF1R (CI: 35-70%). Expression rates increased with tumor grade for GLUT1, CAIX, and CXCR4 (all p < 0.001), but decreased for IGF1R (p < 0.001). GLUT1 showed the highest expression rate in grade III cancers with 58% (45-69%). CXCR4 showed the highest expression rate in small T1 tumors with 48% (CI: 28-69%), but associations with size were only significant for CAIX (p < 0.001; positive association) and IGF1R (p = 0.047; negative association). Although based on few studies, CAIX, GLUT1, and CXCR4 showed profound lower expression rates in normal breast tissue and benign breast disease (p < 0.001), and high rates in carcinoma in situ. Invasive lobular carcinoma consistently showed lower expression rates (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results support the potential of hypoxia-related markers as breast cancer molecular imaging targets. Although specificity is promising, combining targets would be necessary for optimal sensitivity. These data could help guide the choice of imaging targets for tracer development depending on the envisioned clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Adams
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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85
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Izar B, Rotow J, Gainor J, Clark J, Chabner B. Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Indications, and Resistance Mechanisms in Molecular Targeted Therapies in Cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1351-95. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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86
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Li P, Veldwijk MR, Zhang Q, Li ZB, Xu WC, Fu S. Co-inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 enhances radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:297. [PMID: 23777562 PMCID: PMC3697997 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) have been shown to closely correlate with radioresistance of breast cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the impact of co-inhibition of EGFR and IGF-1R on the radiosensitivity of two breast cancer cells with different profiles of EGFR and IGF-1R expression. Methods The MCF-7 (EGFR +/−, IGF-1R +++) and MDA-MB-468 (EGFR +++, IGF-1R +++) breast cancer cell lines were used. Radiosensitizing effects were determined by colony formation assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. Phospho-Akt and phospho-Erk1/2 were quantified by western blot. In vivo studies were conducted using MDA-MB-468 cells xenografted in nu/nu mice. Results In MDA-MB-468 cells, the inhibition of IGF-1R upregulated the p-EGFR expression. Either EGFR (AG1478) or IGF-1R inhibitor (AG1024) radiosensitized MDA-MB-468 cells. In MCF-7 cells, radiosensitivity was enhanced by AG1024, but not by AG1478. Synergistical radiosensitizing effect was observed by co-inhibition of EGFR and IGF-1R only in MDA-MB-468 cells with a DMF10% of 1.90. The co-inhibition plus irradiation significantly induced more apoptosis and arrested the cells at G0/G1 phase in MDA-MB-468 cells. Only co-inhibition of EGFR and IGF-1R synergistically diminished the expression of p-Akt and p-Erk1/2 in MDA-MB-468 cells. In vivo studies further verified the radiosensitizing effects by co-inhibition of both pathways in a MDA-MB-468 xenograft model. Conclusion Our data suggested that co-inhibition of EGFR and IGF-1R synergistically radiosensitized breast cancer cells with both EGFR and IGF-1R high expression. The approach may have an important therapeutic implication in the treatment of breast cancer patients with high expression of EGFR and IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sixth People's Hospital of Jiao Tong University, 600 Yi Shan Rd,, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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87
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T-helper I immunity, specific for the breast cancer antigen insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), is associated with increased adiposity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139:657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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88
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Moreno-Aspitia A, Hillman DW, Dyar SH, Tenner KS, Gralow J, Kaufman PA, Davidson NE, Lafky JM, Reinholz MM, Lingle WL, Kutteh LA, Carney WP, Dueck AC, Perez EA. Soluble human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) levels in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer receiving chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab: results from North Central Cancer Treatment Group adjuvant trial N9831. Cancer 2013; 119:2675-82. [PMID: 23744760 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased soluble human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (sHER2) is an indicator of a poor prognosis in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. In this study, the authors evaluated levels of sHER2 during treatment and at the time of disease recurrence in the adjuvant North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 clinical trial. METHODS The objectives were to describe sHER2 levels during treatment and at the time of recurrence in patients who were randomized to treatment arms A (standard chemotherapy), B (standard chemotherapy with sequential trastuzumab), and C (standard chemotherapy with concurrent trastuzumab). Baseline samples were available from 2318 patients, serial samples were available from 105 patients, and recurrence samples were available from 124 patients. The cutoff sHER2 value for the assay was 15 ng/mL. Statistical methods included repeated measures linear models, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Cox regression models. RESULTS There were differences between groups in terms of age, menopausal status, and hormone receptor status. Within treatment arms A, B, and C, patients who had baseline sHER2 levels ≥15 ng/mL had worse disease-free survival than patients who had baseline sHER2 levels <15 ng/mL (arm A: hazard ratio, 1.81; P = .0014; arm B: hazard ratio, 2.08; P = .0015; arm C: hazard ratio, 1.96; P = .01). Among the 124 patients who experienced disease recurrence, sHER2 levels increased from baseline to the time of recurrence in arms A and B but remained unchanged in arm C. Patients who had recurrence sHER2 levels ≥15 ng/mL had a shorter survival after recurrence with a 3-year overall survival rate of 51% compared with 77% for those who had recurrence sHER2 levels <15 ng/mL (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-4.70; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with early stage, HER2-positive breast cancer, a high baseline sHER2 level was identified as a prognostic marker associated with shorter disease-free survival, and a high sHER2 level at recurrence was predictive of shorter survival.
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89
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Logan JG, Sophocleous A, Marino S, Muir M, Brunton VG, Idris AI. Selective tyrosine kinase inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibits human and mouse breast cancer-induced bone cell activity, bone remodeling, and osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1229-42. [PMID: 23239200 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in both bone metabolism and breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of the novel IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor cis-3-[3-(4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl)-cyclobutyl]-1-(2-phenyl-quinolin-7-yl)-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-ylamine (PQIP) on osteolytic bone disease associated with breast cancer. Human MDA-MB-231 and mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells enhanced osteoclast formation in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulated bone marrow cultures, and these effects were significantly inhibited by PQIP. Functional studies in osteoclasts showed that PQIP inhibited both IGF-1 and conditioned medium-induced osteoclast formation by preventing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) activation without interfering with RANKL or M-CSF signaling. Treatment of osteoblasts with PQIP significantly inhibited the increase in RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio by IGF-1 and conditioned medium and totally prevented conditioned medium-induced osteoclast formation in osteoblast-bone marrow (BM) cell cocultures, thereby suggesting an inhibitory effect on osteoblast-osteoclast coupling. PQIP also inhibited IGF-1-induced osteoblast differentiation, spreading, migration, and bone nodule formation. Treatment with PQIP significantly reduced MDA-MB-231 conditioned medium-induced osteolytic bone loss in a mouse calvarial organ culture system ex vivo and in adult mice in vivo. Moreover, once daily oral administration of PQIP significantly decreased trabecular bone loss and reduced the size of osteolytic bone lesions following 4T1 intratibial injection in mice. Quantitative histomorphometry showed a significant reduction in bone resorption and formation indices, indicative of a reduced rate of cancer-associated bone turnover. We conclude that inhibition of IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase activity by PQIP suppresses breast cancer-induced bone turnover and osteolysis. Therefore, PQIP, and its novel derivatives that are currently in advanced clinical development for the treatment of a number of solid tumors, may be of value in the treatment of osteolytic bone disease associated with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Logan
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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90
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Harris IS, Blaser H, Moreno J, Treloar AE, Gorrini C, Sasaki M, Mason JM, Knobbe CB, Rufini A, Hallé M, Elia AJ, Wakeham A, Tremblay ML, Melino G, Done S, Mak TW. PTPN12 promotes resistance to oxidative stress and supports tumorigenesis by regulating FOXO signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has a direct effect on cellular proliferation and survival, and interacts with genetic and environmental factors implicated in causing cancer. Experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence show that the IGF signalling pathways are important mediators in the biochemical and molecular chain of events that lead from a phenotypically normal cell to one harbouring neoplastic traits. BRCA1 and BRCA2 have an important role in the development of hereditary and sporadic breast and ovarian cancer. Recent evidence suggests that risk of cancer conferred by BRCA mutations can be modified by genetic and environmental factors, including ambient concentrations of IGF-1 and polymorphisms in IGF system components. This Review addresses interactions between the IGF and BRCA1 signalling pathways, and emphasises the convergence of IGF-1-mediated cell survival, proliferative pathways, and BRCA1-mediated tumour protective pathways. Understanding the complex interactions between these signalling pathways might improve our understanding of basic molecular oncology processes and help to identify new molecular targets, predictive biomarkers, and approaches for optimising cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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92
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Evdokimova V, Tognon CE, Benatar T, Yang W, Krutikov K, Pollak M, Sorensen PHB, Seth A. IGFBP7 binds to the IGF-1 receptor and blocks its activation by insulin-like growth factors. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra92. [PMID: 23250396 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a secreted factor that suppresses growth, and the abundance of IGFBP7 inversely correlates with tumor progression. Here, we showed that pretreatment of normal and breast cancer cells with IGFBP7 interfered with the activation and internalization of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in response to insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1/2), resulting in the accumulation of inactive IGF1R on the cell surface and blockade of downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling. Binding of IGFBP7 and IGF-1 to IGF1R was mutually exclusive, and the N-terminal 97 amino acids of IGFBP7 were important for binding to the extracellular portion of IGF1R and for preventing its activation. Prolonged exposure to IGFBP7 resulted in activation of the translational repressor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and enhanced sensitivity to apoptosis in IGF1R-positive cells. These results support a model whereby IGFBP7 binds to unoccupied IGF1R and suppresses downstream signaling, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis, cell growth, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Evdokimova
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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93
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Nahta R. Molecular Mechanisms of Trastuzumab-Based Treatment in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:428062. [PMID: 23227361 PMCID: PMC3512309 DOI: 10.5402/2012/428062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade of research into HER2-overexpressing breast cancer has provided significant insight into the mechanisms by which HER2 signaling drives tumor progression, as well as potential mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the anticancer activity of HER2-targeted therapy. Many of these preclinical findings have been translated into clinical development, resulting in novel combinations of HER2-targeted therapies and combinations of trastuzumab plus inhibitors of resistance pathways. In this paper, we will discuss proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance, including epitope masking, cross signaling from other cell surface receptors, hyperactive downstream signaling, and failure to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of action of dual HER2 inhibition, specifically the combination of trastuzumab plus lapatinib or trastuzumab with pertuzumab. We will also discuss data supporting therapeutic combinations of trastuzumab with agents targeted against molecules implicated in trastuzumab resistance. The roles of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the estrogen receptor are discussed in the context of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Finally, we will examine the major issues that need to be addressed in order to translate these combinations from the bench to the clinic, including the need to establish relevant biomarkers to select for those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Emory University, Suite 5001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Browne BC, Eustace AJ, Kennedy S, O’Brien NA, Pedersen K, McDermott MSJ, Larkin A, Ballot J, Mahgoub T, Sclafani F, Madden S, Kennedy J, Duffy MJ, Crown J, O’Donovan N. Evaluation of IGF1R and phosphorylated IGF1R as targets in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines and tumours. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:717-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deciphering the role of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in trastuzumab resistance. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2012; 2012:648965. [PMID: 22830017 PMCID: PMC3399380 DOI: 10.1155/2012/648965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to the HER2-targeted antibody trastuzumab is a major clinical concern in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Increased expression or signaling of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been reported in a subset of cell lines and clinical samples derived from trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of IGF-IR signaling has been shown to improve response to trastuzumab in trastuzumab-naïve and trastuzumab-resistant models. In this paper, we will discuss the role of IGF-IR signaling in trastuzumab resistance. Further, we will discuss cotargeting IGF-IR and HER2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for HER2-over-expressing breast cancers that have progressed on trastuzumab treatment.
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Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting insulin-like growth factor in breast cancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:8-17. [PMID: 22424863 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway holds crucial role in cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. Aberrant regulation of the IGF system has been attributed to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and has been shown to contribute to various stages of breast carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting the IGF-related axis represents a promising strategy, mainly aiming to bypass the resistance of currently employed treatment options in breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, major limitations have aroused despite the early stage of clinical development of various IGF-system modulators. The present review highlights the current status and considers the future perspectives of IGF-system targeting in breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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97
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Sarfstein R, Pasmanik-Chor M, Yeheskel A, Edry L, Shomron N, Warman N, Wertheimer E, Maor S, Shochat L, Werner H. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) translocates to nucleus and autoregulates IGF-IR gene expression in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2766-76. [PMID: 22128190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in mammary gland biology as well as in the etiology of breast cancer. The IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which mediates the biological actions of IGF-I and IGF-II, has emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic target. The IGF and estrogen signaling pathways act in a synergistic manner in breast epithelial cells. The present study was aimed at investigating 1) the putative translocation of IGF-IR and the related insulin receptor (IR) to the nucleus in breast cancer cells, 2) the impact of IGF-IR and IR levels on IGF-IR biosynthesis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-depleted breast cancer cells, and 3) the potential transcription factor role of IGF-IR in the specific context of IGF-IR gene regulation. We describe here a novel mechanism of autoregulation of IGF-IR gene expression by cellular IGF-IR, which is seemingly dependent on ER status. Regulation of the IGF-IR gene by IGF-IR protein is mediated at the level of transcription, as demonstrated by 1) binding assays (DNA affinity chromatography and ChIP) showing specific IGF-IR binding to IGF-IR promoter DNA and 2) transient transfection assays showing transactivation of the IGF-IR promoter by exogenous IGF-IR. The IR is also capable of translocating to the nucleus and binding the IGF-IR promoter in ER-depleted, but not in ER-positive, cells. However, transcription factors IGF-IR and IR display diametrically opposite activities in the context of IGF-IR gene regulation. Thus, whereas IGF-IR stimulated IGF-IR gene expression, IR inhibited IGF-IR promoter activity. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of IGF-IR gene autoregulation in breast cancer cells. The clinical implications of these findings and, in particular, the impact of IGF-IR/IR nuclear localization on targeted therapy require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rive Sarfstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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98
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Tumor suppressors govern insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways: implications in metabolism and cancer. Oncogene 2011; 31:2703-14. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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