51
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Langridge TD, Gemeinhart RA. Toward understanding polymer micelle stability: Density ultracentrifugation offers insight into polymer micelle stability in human fluids. J Control Release 2020; 319:157-167. [PMID: 31881319 PMCID: PMC6958513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Micelles, as a class of drug delivery systems, are underrepresented among United States Food and Drug Administration approved drugs. A lack of clinical translation of these systems may be due to, in part, to a lack of understanding of micelle interactions with biologic fluids following injection. Despite the limited clinical translation, micelles remain an active area of research focus and pre-clinical development. The goal of the present study was to examine the stability of amphiphilic block copolymer micelles in biologic fluids to identify the properties and components of biologic fluids that influence micelle stability. Micelle stability, measured via Förster resonance energy transfer-based fluorescent spectrometry, was complemented with density ultracentrifugation to reveal the colocalized, or dissociated, state of the dye cargo after exposure to human biologic fluids. Polymeric micelles composed of poly(ethylene glycol-block-caprolactone) (mPEG-CL) and poly(ethylene glycol-block-lactide) (mPEG-LA) were unstable in fetal bovine serum, human serum and synovial fluid, with varying levels of instability observed in ascites and pleural fluid. All polymeric micelles exhibited stability in cerebrospinal fluid, highlighting the potential for local cerebro-spinal administration of micelles. Interestingly, mPEG2.2k-CL3.1k and mPEG2k-LA2.7k micelles favored dissolution whereas mPEG5.4k-LA28.5k micelles favored stability. Taken together, our data offers both quantitative and qualitative evidence for micelle stability within human biologic fluids and offers evidence of polymer micelle instability in biologic fluids that is not explained by either total protein content or total unsaturated lipid content. The results help to identify potential sites for local delivery where stability is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Langridge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Richard A Gemeinhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4319, USA.
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52
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Matsumoto A, Takahashi Y, Chang HY, Wu YW, Yamamoto A, Ishihama Y, Takakura Y. Blood concentrations of small extracellular vesicles are determined by a balance between abundant secretion and rapid clearance. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 9:1696517. [PMID: 31807238 PMCID: PMC6882433 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1696517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are important mediators of cell–cell communication with respect to diverse physiological processes. To further understand their physiological roles, understanding blood sEV homoeostasis in a quantitative manner is desired. In this study, we propose novel kinetic approaches to estimate the secretion and clearance of mouse plasma–derived sEVs (MP-sEVs) based on the hypothesis that blood sEV concentrations are determined by a balance between the secretion and clearance of sEVs. Using our specific and sensitive sEV labelling technology, we succeeded in analysing MP-sEV clearance from the blood after intravenous administration into mice. This revealed the rapid disappearance of MP-sEVs with a half-life of approximately 7 min. Moreover, the plasma sEV secretion rate, which is presently impossible to directly evaluate, was calculated as 18 μg/min in mice based on pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. Next, macrophage-depleted mice were prepared as a model of disrupted sEV homoeostasis with retarded sEV clearance. MP-sEV concentrations were increased in macrophage-depleted mice, which probably reflected a shift in the balance of secretion and clearance. Moreover, the increased MP-sEV concentration in macrophage-depleted mice was successfully simulated using calculated clearance rate constant, secretion rate constant and volume of distribution, suggesting the validity of our PK approaches. These results demonstrate that blood sEV concentration homoeostasis can be explained by the dynamics of rapid secretion/clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yi-Wen Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aki Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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53
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Thone MN, Kwon YJ. Extracellular blebs: Artificially-induced extracellular vesicles for facile production and clinical translation. Methods 2019; 177:135-145. [PMID: 31734187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biologic and comprehensive therapies for precision medicine. Despite their potential demonstrated at the benchtop, few EV formulations have made it to the clinic due to challenges in regulatory compliant scalable production; including purity, homogeneity, and reproducibility. For translation of this technology, there is a strong need for novel production methods that can meet clinical production criteria. Initial research aimed to address these challenges by taking advantage of natural pathways to increase EV yields. Such "conventional" approaches moderately increased yields but produced inhomogeneous EVs. Additionally, as there are currently no standard methods for isolation, characterization, or quantification, isolated EVs were often impure, contaminated with proteins and other biomacromolecules, and highly diverse in function. The use of shear stress and extrusion methods for EV-like vesicle production has also been investigated. While these processes can produce large EV-like vesicle yields nearly immediately, the harsh processes still result in inhomogeneous loading, and still suffer from poor purity. Chemically-induced membrane blebbing is a promising alternative production method that has the potential to overcome the previously insurmountable barriers of these current methods. This technique produces pure, and well defined EV-like vesicles, termed extracellular blebs (EBs), in clinically relevant scales over the course of minutes to hours. Furthermore, blebbing agents act on the cell in a way which locks the current surface properties and contents, preventing change, allowing for homogeneous EB production, and further preventing post-production changes. EBs may provide a promising pathway for clinical translation of EV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Thone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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54
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Than UTT, Leavesley DI, Parker TJ. Characteristics and roles of extracellular vesicles released by epidermal keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2264-2272. [PMID: 31403744 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, which constitute 90% of the cells in the epidermis of the skin, have been demonstrated to communicate with other skin cells such as fibroblasts, melanocytes and immune cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is facilitated by the enriched EV biomolecular cargo which regulates multiple biological processes within skin tissue, including cell proliferation, cell migration, anti-apoptosis, pigmentation transfer and extracellular matrix remodelling. This review will provide an overview of the current literature and advances in the field of keratinocyte-derived EV research with particular regard to the interactions and communication between keratinocytes and other skin cells, mediated by EVs and EV components. Importantly, this information may shed some light on the potential for keratinocyte-derived EVs in future biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U T T Than
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec International Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - D I Leavesley
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T J Parker
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
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55
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Paganini C, Capasso Palmiero U, Pocsfalvi G, Touzet N, Bongiovanni A, Arosio P. Scalable Production and Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: Available Sources and Lessons from Current Industrial Bioprocesses. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800528. [PMID: 31140717 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Potential applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting increasing interest in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition. However, the manufacturing of EVs is currently characterized by low yields. This limitation severely hampers progress in research at the laboratory and clinical scales, as well as the realization of successful and cost-effective EV-based products. Moreover, the high level of heterogeneity of EVs further complicates reproducible manufacturing on a large scale. In this review, possible directions toward the scalable production of EVs are discussed. In particular, two strategies are considered: i) the optimization of upstream unit operations and ii) the exploitation of well-established and mature technologies already in use in other industrial bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Paganini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Umberto Capasso Palmiero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, 90146, Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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56
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Gudbergsson JM, Jønsson K, Simonsen JB, Johnsen KB. Systematic review of targeted extracellular vesicles for drug delivery – Considerations on methodological and biological heterogeneity. J Control Release 2019; 306:108-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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57
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Exosomes and autophagy: rekindling the vesicular waste hypothesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:443-450. [PMID: 31172413 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes were first described as waste carriers implicated in reticulocyte maturation but has during the past decade been associated with many other cellular functions. The biogenesis of exosomes has been extensively studied and several protein machineries have been identified to dictate their production and release. The newly discovered branches of the autophagy system implicate secretion of waste in endosomal-derived vesicles as is thought for exosome release. Many of the proteins that have been identified as responsible for the formation and release of these vesicles are the same as those identified in exosome biogenesis. In this Perspective, we discuss the possibility of exosomes being a part of the autophagy machinery and the consequences this could have on interpretation of exosome functions.
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58
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Freitas D, Balmaña M, Poças J, Campos D, Osório H, Konstantinidi A, Vakhrushev SY, Magalhães A, Reis CA. Different isolation approaches lead to diverse glycosylated extracellular vesicle populations. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1621131. [PMID: 31236201 PMCID: PMC6571546 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1621131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of small secreted particles involved in intercellular communication and mediating a broad spectrum of biological functions. EVs cargo is composed of a large repertoire of molecules, including glycoconjugates. Herein, we report the first study on the impact of the isolation strategy on the EV populations’ glycosylation profile. The use of different state-of-the-art protocols, namely differential ultracentrifugation (UC), total exosome isolation (TEI), OptiPrepTM density gradient (ODG) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) resulted in EV populations displaying different sets of glycoconjugates. The EV populations obtained by UC, ODG and SEC methods displayed similar protein and glycan profiles, whereas TEI methodology isolated the most distinct EV population. In addition, ODG and SEC isolation protocols provided an enhanced EV glycoproteins detection. Remarkably, proteins displaying the tumour-associated glycan sialyl-Tn (STn) were identified as packaged cargo into EVs independently of the isolation methodology. STn carrying EV samples isolated by UC, ODG and SEC presented a considerable set of cancer-related proteins that were not detected in EVs isolated by TEI. Our work demonstrates the impact of using different isolation methodologies in the populations of EVs that are obtained, with consequences in the glycosylation profile of the isolated population. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of selecting adequate EV isolation protocols and cell culture conditions to determine the structural and functional complexity of the EV glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Freitas
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Meritxell Balmaña
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andriana Konstantinidi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP -Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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59
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A tumorsphere model of glioblastoma multiforme with intratumoral heterogeneity for quantitative analysis of cellular migration and drug response. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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60
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Szvicsek Z, Oszvald Á, Szabó L, Sándor GO, Kelemen A, Soós AÁ, Pálóczi K, Harsányi L, Tölgyes T, Dede K, Bursics A, Buzás EI, Zeöld A, Wiener Z. Extracellular vesicle release from intestinal organoids is modulated by Apc mutation and other colorectal cancer progression factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2463-2476. [PMID: 31028424 PMCID: PMC6529386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures that transmit biologically important molecules from the releasing to target cells, thus providing a novel intercellular communication mechanism. Since EVs carry their cargo in a protected form and their secretion is generally increased in tumorigenesis, EVs hold a great potential for early cancer diagnosis. By 3D culturing, we provide evidence that colorectal cancer (CRC) patient-derived organoids, representing a state-of-the-art established and essential approach for studying human CRC, is a suitable model for EV analysis. When testing the effects of major factors promoting CRC progression on EV release in the organoid model, we observed that Apc mutation, leading to uncontrolled Wnt activation and thus to tumorigenesis in the vast majority in CRC patients, critically induces EV release by activating the Wnt pathway. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix component collagen, known to accumulate in tumorigenesis, enhances EV secretion as well. Importantly, we show that fibroblast-derived EVs induce colony formation of CRC organoid cells under hypoxia. In contrast, there was no major effect of tumor cell-derived EVs on the activation of fibroblasts. Collectively, our results with CRC and Apc-mutant adenoma organoids identify Apc mutation and collagen deposition as critical factors for increasing EV release from tumors. Furthermore, we provide evidence that stromal fibroblast-derived EVs contribute to tumorigenesis under unfavorable conditions in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szvicsek
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Oszvald
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyvér Orsolya Sándor
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kelemen
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Áron Soós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pálóczi
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Harsányi
- 1st Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78, 1082, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tölgyes
- Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki u. 29-41, 1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Dede
- Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki u. 29-41, 1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bursics
- Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki u. 29-41, 1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Zeöld
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Wiener
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
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61
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Lim W, Kim HS. Exosomes as Therapeutic Vehicles for Cancer. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:213-223. [PMID: 31205851 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles implicated in cell-cell communication. Exosomes contain proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) and lipids that are derived from producing cells. These nano-sized vesicles are present in biofluids including blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, semen and conditioned media of cultured cells. Methods This review summarizes current progress on the strategies of development of diagnostic biomarkers and drug loading onto exosomes for overcoming cancer progression. Results A number of studies indicate that the exosome appears to be a key player in tissue repair and regeneration of in a number of animal disease models. In addition, alterations of the molecular profiles in exosomes are known to be correlated with the disease progression including cancer, suggesting their usefulness in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Studies utilizing engineered exosomes either by chemical or biological methods have demonstrated promising results in a number of animal models with cancer. Conclusion Understanding the molecular and cellular properties of exosomes offer benefits for cancer diagnosis by liquid biopsy and for their application in therapeutic drug delivery systems. Studies have shown that genetic or molecular engineering of exosomes augmented their target specificity and anticancer activity with less toxicity. Thus, deeper understanding of exosome biology will facilitate their therapeutic potential as an innovative drug delivery system for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- 1Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea.,2Basic Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea.,3Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- 1Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea.,2Basic Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
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62
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Sheveleva ON, Domaratskaya EI, Payushina OV. Extracellular Vesicles and Prospects of Their Use for Tissue Regeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747818040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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63
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Palviainen M, Saari H, Kärkkäinen O, Pekkinen J, Auriola S, Yliperttula M, Puhka M, Hanhineva K, Siljander PRM. Metabolic signature of extracellular vesicles depends on the cell culture conditions. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1596669. [PMID: 31007875 PMCID: PMC6461113 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1596669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest bottlenecks in extracellular vesicle (EV) research is the production of sufficient material in a consistent and effective way using in vitro cell models. Although the production of EVs in bioreactors maximizes EV yield in comparison to conventional cell cultures, the impact of their cell growth conditions on EVs has not yet been established. In this study, we grew two prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and VCaP, in conventional cell culture dishes and in two-chamber bioreactors to elucidate how the growth environment affects the EV characteristics. Specifically, we wanted to investigate the growth condition-dependent differences by non-targeted metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. EVs were also characterized by their morphology, size distribution, and EV protein marker expression, and the EV yields were quantified by NTA. The use of bioreactor increased the EV yield >100 times compared to the conventional cell culture system. Regarding morphology, size distribution and surface markers, only minor differences were observed between the bioreactor-derived EVs (BR-EVs) and the EVs obtained from cells grown in conventional cell cultures (C-EVs). In contrast, metabolomic analysis revealed statistically significant differences in both polar and non-polar metabolites when the BR-EVs were compared to the C-EVs. The results show that the growth conditions markedly affected the EV metabolite profiles and that metabolomics was a sensitive tool to study molecular differences of EVs. We conclude that the cell culture conditions of EV production should be standardized and carefully detailed in publications and care should be taken when EVs from different production platforms are compared with each other for systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Palviainen
- EV-group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Saari
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenna Pekkinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Puhka
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia R.-M. Siljander
- EV-group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV-core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ng KS, Smith JA, McAteer MP, Mead BE, Ware J, Jackson FO, Carter A, Ferreira L, Bure K, Rowley JA, Reeve B, Brindley DA, Karp JM. Bioprocess decision support tool for scalable manufacture of extracellular vesicles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:307-319. [PMID: 30063243 PMCID: PMC6322973 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Newly recognized as natural nanocarriers that deliver biological information between cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, provide unprecedented therapeutic opportunities. Large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing is imperative for EV products to meet commercial and clinical demands; successful translation requires careful decisions that minimize financial and technological risks. Here, we develop a decision support tool (DST) that computes the most cost-effective technologies for manufacturing EVs at different scales, by examining the costs of goods associated with using published protocols. The DST identifies costs of labor and consumables during EV harvest as key cost drivers, substantiating a need for larger-scale, higher-throughput, and automated technologies for harvesting EVs. Importantly, we highlight a lack of appropriate technologies for meeting clinical demands, and propose a potentially cost-effective solution. This DST can facilitate decision-making very early on in development and be used to predict, and better manage, the risk of process changes when commercializing EV products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin S. Ng
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
- RoosterBioFrederickMaryland
| | - James A. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- The Oxford‐UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Matthew P. McAteer
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusetts
| | - Benjamin E. Mead
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMassachusetts
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MITCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Jamie Ware
- The Oxford‐UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Felix O. Jackson
- The Oxford‐UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alison Carter
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lino Ferreira
- University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyPortugal
| | - Kim Bure
- The Oxford‐UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Brock Reeve
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - David A. Brindley
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
- The Oxford‐UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation, University of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College LondonLondonUK
- UCSF‐Stanford Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and InnovationSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMassachusetts
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What is the blood concentration of extracellular vesicles? Implications for the use of extracellular vesicles as blood-borne biomarkers of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Patel DB, Santoro M, Born LJ, Fisher JP, Jay SM. Towards rationally designed biomanufacturing of therapeutic extracellular vesicles: impact of the bioproduction microenvironment. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2051-2059. [PMID: 30218694 PMCID: PMC6250573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and others, have emerged as potential therapeutics for a variety of applications. Pre-clinical reports of EV efficacy in treatment of non-healing wounds, myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and many other injuries and diseases demonstrate the versatility of this nascent therapeutic modality. EVs have also been demonstrated to be effective in humans, and clinical trials are underway to further explore their potential. However, for EVs to become a new class of clinical therapeutics, issues related to translation must be addressed. For example, approaches originally developed for cell biomanufacturing, such as hollow fiber bioreactor culture, have been adapted for EV production, but limited knowledge of how the cell culture microenvironment specifically impacts EVs restricts the possibility for rational design and optimization of EV production and potency. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of this issue and delineate potential focus areas for future research towards enabling translation and widespread application of EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya B Patel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Marco Santoro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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67
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Nooshabadi VT, Mardpour S, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Allahverdi A, Izadpanah M, Daneshimehr F, Ai J, Banafshe HR, Ebrahimi-Barough S. The extracellular vesicles-derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: A new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8048-8073. [PMID: 29377241 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that due to their ability to homing to damaged tissues and differentiate into specialized cells, are remarkable cells in the field of regenerative medicine. It's suggested that the predominant mechanism of MSCs in tissue repair might be related to their paracrine activity. The utilization of MSCs for tissue repair is initially based on the differentiation ability of these cells; however now it has been revealed that only a small fraction of the transplanted MSCs actually fuse and survive in host tissues. Indeed, MSCs supply the microenvironment with the secretion of soluble trophic factors, survival signals and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosome. Also, the paracrine activity of EVs could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. Recent findings suggest that EVs released by MSCs may also be critical in the physiological function of these cells. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as a hopeful opportunity to advance novel cell-free therapy strategies that might prevail over the obstacles and risks associated with the use of native or engineered stem cells. EVs are very stable; they can pass the biological barriers without rejection and can shuttle bioactive molecules from one cell to another, causing the exchange of genetic information and reprogramming of the recipient cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles may provide therapeutic cargo for a wide range of diseases and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Yousefi-Ahmadipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Allahverdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Izadpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R Banafshe
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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68
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Salo T, Dourado MR, Sundquist E, Apu EH, Alahuhta I, Tuomainen K, Vasara J, Al-Samadi A. Organotypic three-dimensional assays based on human leiomyoma-derived matrices. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0482. [PMID: 29158312 PMCID: PMC5717437 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside cancer cells, tumours exhibit a complex stroma containing a repertoire of cells, matrix molecules and soluble factors that actively crosstalk between each other. Recognition of this multifaceted concept of the tumour microenvironment (TME) calls for authentic TME mimetics to study cancer in vitro. Traditionally, tumourigenesis has been investigated in non-human, three-dimensional rat type I collagen containing organotypic discs or by means of mouse sarcoma-derived gel, such as Matrigel®. However, the molecular compositions of these simplified assays do not properly simulate human TME. Here, we review the main properties and benefits of using human leiomyoma discs and their matrix Myogel for in vitro assays. Myoma discs are practical for investigating the invasion of cancer cells, as are cocultures of cancer and stromal cells in a stiff, hypoxic TME mimetic. Myoma discs contain soluble factors and matrix molecules commonly present in neoplastic stroma. In Transwell, IncuCyte, spheroid and sandwich assays, cancer cells move faster and form larger colonies in Myogel than in Matrigel®. Additionally, Myogel can replace Matrigel® in hanging-drop and tube-formation assays. Myogel also suits three-dimensional drug testing and extracellular vesicle interactions. To conclude, we describe the application of our myoma-derived matrices in 3D in vitro cancer assays. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland .,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 0014, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 0014, Finland.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Rocha Dourado
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Campinas 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Elias Sundquist
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Alahuhta
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.,Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katja Tuomainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 0014, Finland
| | - Jenni Vasara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 0014, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 0014, Finland
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69
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Lucchetti D, Fattorossi A, Sgambato A. Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: Progress and Pitfalls in the Methods of Isolation and Analysis. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1700716. [PMID: 29878510 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to study solid tumors through the analysis of extracellular vesicles in biological fluids is one of the most exciting and rapidly advancing field in cancer research. The extracellular vesicles are tiny sacs released in both physiological and pathological conditions and can be used to monitor the evolution of several pathological states, including neoplastic diseases. Indeed, these vesicles carry biological informations and can affect the behavior of recipient cells by transferring proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. In this review the authors analyze the methods to collect biological fluid samples (urine, plasma/serum, and cell supernatant), and to isolate and quantify extracellular vesicles highlighting advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, the authors provide an overview on the adoption and the advantages of the methods (such as digital PCR, next generation sequencing, reverse-phase protein microarrays, flow-cytometry, etc.) most frequently used to analyze the molecular content of extracellular vesicles. Despite the great scientific interest on this topic, there is still a great uncertainty about which is the best method for the collection, isolation, quantification, and molecular evaluation of these vesicles and a standardization is needed. The features of EVs make them ideal candidates for liquid biopsy-based biomarkers. However, the small size of EVs makes their analysis very difficult and requires multiple advanced technologies, being therefore a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Lucchetti
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fattorossi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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70
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Li W, Liu Y, Zhang P, Tang Y, Zhou M, Jiang W, Zhang X, Wu G, Zhou Y. Tissue-Engineered Bone Immobilized with Human Adipose Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Promotes Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5240-5254. [PMID: 29359912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles functioning as cell-to-cell communicators, are an emerging promising therapeutic in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we report the construction and evaluation of a novel cell-free tissue-engineered bone that successfully accelerated the restoration of critical-sized mouse calvarial defects through combining exosomes derived from human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. The exosomes were immobilized on the polydopamine-coating PLGA (PLGA/pDA) scaffolds under mild chemical conditions. Specifically, we investigated the effects of hASC-derived exosomes on the osteogenic, proliferation, and migration capabilities of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and optimized their osteoinductive effects through osteogenic induction. Furthermore, an in vitro assay showed exosomes could release from PLGA/pDA scaffold slowly and consistently and in vivo results showed this cell-free system enhanced bone regeneration significantly, at least partially through its osteoinductive effects and capacities of promoting mesenchymal stem cells migration and homing in the newly formed bone tissue. Therefore, overall results demonstrated that our novel cell-free system comprised of hASC-derived exosomes and PLGA/pDA scaffold provides a new therapeutic paradigm for bone tissue engineering and showed promising potential in repairing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miao Zhou
- Key laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510140, China
| | | | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 LA, The Netherlands
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Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8545347. [PMID: 29662902 PMCID: PMC5831698 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8545347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the communication between cells and transport of diagnostically significant molecules. A wide diversity of approaches utilizing different biochemical properties of EVs and a lack of accepted protocols make data interpretation very challenging. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review consolidates the data on the classical and state-of-the-art methods for isolation of EVs, including exosomes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Various characteristics of individual methods, including isolation efficiency, EV yield, properties of isolated EVs, and labor consumption are compared. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A mixed population of vesicles is obtained in most studies of EVs for all used isolation methods. The properties of an analyzed sample should be taken into account when planning an experiment aimed at studying and using these vesicles. The problem of adequate EVs isolation methods still remains; it might not be possible to develop a universal EV isolation method but the available protocols can be used towards solving particular types of problems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE With the wide use of EVs for diagnosis and therapy of various diseases the evaluation of existing methods for EV isolation is one of the key problems in modern biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu. Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A. Lekchnov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
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Johnsen KB, Gudbergsson JM, Duroux M, Moos T, Andresen TL, Simonsen JB. On the use of liposome controls in studies investigating the clinical potential of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems - A commentary. J Control Release 2017; 269:10-14. [PMID: 29126999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicle (EV)-based drug delivery systems has evolved significantly through the recent years, and numerous studies suggest that these endogenous nanoparticles can function as efficient drug delivery vehicles in a variety of diseases. Many characteristics of these EV-based drug delivery vehicles suggest them to be superior at residing in the systemic circulation and possibly at mediating therapeutic effects compared to synthetic drug delivery vehicles, e.g. liposomes. In this Commentary, we discuss how some currently published head-to-head comparisons of EVs versus liposomes are weakened by the inadequate choice of liposomal formulation, and encourage researchers to implement better controls to show any potential superiority of EVs over other synthetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Bendix Johnsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Johann Mar Gudbergsson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Meg Duroux
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jens Bæk Simonsen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
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Niu Z, Pang RTK, Liu W, Li Q, Cheng R, Yeung WSB. Polymer-based precipitation preserves biological activities of extracellular vesicles from an endometrial cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186534. [PMID: 29023592 PMCID: PMC5638560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by cells and act as media for transfer of proteins, small RNAs and mRNAs to distant sites. They can be isolated by different methods. However, the biological activities of the purified EVs have seldom been studied. In this study, we compared the use of ultracentrifugation (UC), ultra-filtration (UF), polymer-based precipitation (PBP), and PBP with size-based purification (PBP+SP) for isolation of EVs from human endometrial cells and mouse uterine luminal fluid (ULF). Electron microscopy revealed that the diameters of the isolated EVs were similar among the tested methods. UF recovered the highest number of EVs followed by PBP, while UC and PBP+SP were significantly less efficient (P<0.05). Based on the number of EVs-to-protein ratios, PBP had the least protein contamination, significantly better than the other methods (P<0.05). All the isolated EVs expressed exosome-enriched proteins CD63, TSG101 and HSP70. Incubation of the trophoblast JEG-3 cells with an equal amount of the fluorescence-labelled EVs isolated by the studied methods showed that many of the PBP-EVs treated cells were fluorescence positive but only a few cells were labelled in the UC- and UF-EVs treated groups. Moreover, the PBP-EVs could transfer significantly more miRNA to the recipient cells than the other 3 methods (P<0.05). The PBP method could isolate EVs from mouse ULF; the diameter of the isolated EVs was 62±19 nm and expressed CD63, TSG101 and HSP70 proteins. In conclusion, PBP could best preserve the activities of the isolated EVs among the 4 methods studied and was able to isolate EVs from a small volume of sample. The simple setup and low equipment demands makes PBP the most suitable method for rapid EV assessment and isolation of EVs in clinical and basic research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald T. K. Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranran Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - William S. B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
- * E-mail:
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B. Simonsen
- From the DTU Nanotech Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby
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75
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Severino V, Dumonceau JM, Delhaye M, Moll S, Annessi-Ramseyer I, Robin X, Frossard JL, Farina A. Extracellular Vesicles in Bile as Markers of Malignant Biliary Stenoses. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:495-504.e8. [PMID: 28479376 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Algorithms for diagnosis of malignant common bile duct (CBD) stenoses are complex and lack accuracy. Malignant tumors secrete large numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into surrounding fluids; EVs might therefore serve as biomarkers for diagnosis. We investigated whether concentrations of EVs in bile could discriminate malignant from nonmalignant CBD stenoses. METHODS We collected bile and blood samples from 50 patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at university hospitals in Europe for CBD stenosis of malignant (pancreatic cancer, n = 20 or cholangiocarcinoma, n = 5) or nonmalignant (chronic pancreatitis [CP], n = 15) origin. Ten patients with CBD obstruction due to biliary stones were included as controls. EV concentrations in samples were determined by nanoparticle tracking analyses. The discovery cohort comprised the first 10 patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, based on tissue analysis, and 10 consecutive controls. Using samples from these subjects, we identified a threshold concentration of bile EVs that could best discriminate between patients with pancreatic cancer from controls. We verified the diagnostic performance of bile EV concentration by analyzing samples from the 30 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of malignant (pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, n = 15) or nonmalignant (CP, n = 15) CBD stenosis. Samples were compared using the Mann-Whitney test and nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS In both cohorts, the median concentration of EVs was significantly higher in bile samples from patients with malignant CBD stenoses than controls or nonmalignant CBD stenoses (2.41 × 1015 vs 1.60 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in the discovery cohort; P < .0001 and 4.00 × 1015 vs 1.26 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in the verification cohort; P < .0001). A threshold of 9.46 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in bile best distinguished patients with malignant CBD from controls in the discovery cohort. In the verification cohort, this threshold discriminated malignant from nonmalignant CBD stenoses with 100% accuracy. Serum concentration of EVs distinguished patients with malignant vs patients with nonmalignant CBD stenoses with 63.3% diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Concentration of EVs in bile samples discriminates between patients with malignant vs nonmalignant CBD stenosis with 100% accuracy. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Clinical Trial registration no: ISRCTN66835592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Severino
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Myriam Delhaye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and GI Oncology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Solange Moll
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Xavier Robin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Louis Frossard
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annarita Farina
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lu M, Xing H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Yang T, Zhao X, Cai C, Wang D, Ding P. Recent advances on extracellular vesicles in therapeutic delivery: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:381-395. [PMID: 28739288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intrinsic mediators of intercellular communication in our body, allowing functional transfer of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid) between diverse locations. Such an instrumental role evokes a surge of interest within the drug delivery community in tailoring EVs for therapeutic delivery. These vesicles represent a novel generation of drug delivery systems, providing high delivery efficiency, intrinsic targeting properties, and low immunogenicity. In the recent years, considerable research efforts have been directed toward developing safe and efficient EV-based delivery vehicles. Although EVs are shown to harbor great promise in therapeutic delivery, substantial improvements in exploring standardized isolation techniques with high efficiency and robust yield, scalable production, standard procedures for EV storage, efficient loading methods without damaging EV integrity, understanding their in vivo trafficking, and developing novel EV-based nanocarriers are still required before their clinical transformation. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advance on harnessing EVs for drug delivery with focus on state-of-the-art solutions for overcoming major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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Crivelli B, Chlapanidas T, Perteghella S, Lucarelli E, Pascucci L, Brini AT, Ferrero I, Marazzi M, Pessina A, Torre ML. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles: From active principle to next generation drug delivery system. J Control Release 2017; 262:104-117. [PMID: 28736264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the biological effector of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is their secretome, which is composed of a heterogeneous pool of bioactive molecules, partially enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Therefore, the MSC secretome (including EVs) has been recently proposed as possible alternative to MSC therapy. The secretome can be considered as a protein-based biotechnological product, it is probably safer compared with living/cycling cells, it presents virtually lower tumorigenic risk, and it can be handled, stored and sterilized as an Active Pharmaceutical/Principle Ingredient (API). EVs retain some structural and technological analogies with synthetic drug delivery systems (DDS), even if their potential clinical application is also limited by the absence of reproducible/scalable isolation methods and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant procedures. Notably, EVs secreted by MSCs preserve some of their parental cell features such as homing, immunomodulatory and regenerative potential. This review focuses on MSCs and their EVs as APIs, as well as DDS, considering their ability to reach inflamed and damaged tissues and to prolong the release of encapsulated drugs. Special attention is devoted to the illustration of innovative therapeutic approaches in which nanomedicine is successfully combined with stem cell therapy, thus creating a novel class of "next generation drug delivery systems."
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Crivelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Theodora Chlapanidas
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticular Regeneration Laboratory, 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Teresa Brini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20100 Milan, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ivana Ferrero
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, City of Science and Health of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Mario Marazzi
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Augusto Pessina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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78
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Collins A, Ross J, Lang SH. A systematic review of the asymmetric inheritance of cellular organelles in eukaryotes: A critique of basic science validity and imprecision. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178645. [PMID: 28562636 PMCID: PMC5451095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review to identify all original publications describing the asymmetric inheritance of cellular organelles in normal animal eukaryotic cells and to critique the validity and imprecision of the evidence. Searches were performed in Embase, MEDLINE and Pubmed up to November 2015. Screening of titles, abstracts and full papers was performed by two independent reviewers. Data extraction and validity were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Study quality was assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, for animal studies and by developing validity tools for the experimental model, organelle markers and imprecision. A narrative data synthesis was performed. We identified 31 studies (34 publications) of the asymmetric inheritance of organelles after mitotic or meiotic division. Studies for the asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes (n = 9); endosomes (n = 6), P granules (n = 4), the midbody (n = 3), mitochondria (n = 3), proteosomes (n = 2), spectrosomes (n = 2), cilia (n = 2) and endoplasmic reticulum (n = 2) were identified. Asymmetry was defined and quantified by variable methods. Assessment of the statistical reliability of the results indicated only two studies (7%) were judged to have low concern, the majority of studies (77%) were 'unclear' and five (16%) were judged to have 'high concerns'; the main reasons were low technical repeats (<10). Assessment of model validity indicated that the majority of studies (61%) were judged to be valid, ten studies (32%) were unclear and two studies (7%) were judged to have 'high concerns'; both described 'stem cells' without providing experimental evidence to confirm this (pluripotency and self-renewal). Assessment of marker validity indicated that no studies had low concern, most studies were unclear (96.5%), indicating there were insufficient details to judge if the markers were appropriate. One study had high concern for marker validity due to the contradictory results of two markers for the same organelle. For most studies the validity and imprecision of results could not be confirmed. In particular, data were limited due to a lack of reporting of interassay variability, sample size calculations, controls and functional validation of organelle markers. An evaluation of 16 systematic reviews containing cell assays found that only 50% reported adherence to PRISMA or ARRIVE reporting guidelines and 38% reported a formal risk of bias assessment. 44% of the reviews did not consider how relevant or valid the models were to the research question. 75% reviews did not consider how valid the markers were. 69% of reviews did not consider the impact of the statistical reliability of the results. Future systematic reviews in basic or preclinical research should ensure the rigorous reporting of the statistical reliability of the results in addition to the validity of the methods. Increased awareness of the importance of reporting guidelines and validation tools is needed for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Collins
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
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Tannetta D, Masliukaite I, Vatish M, Redman C, Sargent I. Update of syncytiotrophoblast derived extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:98-106. [PMID: 27613663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) may be an important mechanism by which the placenta signals to the mother. STB derived EV (STBEV) are comprised predominantly of exosomes (50-150nm) and microvesicles (100-1000nm) that contain bioactive mediators such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. They, along with larger syncytial nuclear aggregates are released by the STB into the maternal circulation throughout gestation in normal pregnancy where they appear to have an immunoregulatory role, inhibiting T cell and NK cell responses. In pre-eclampsia (PE) STBEV are released in significantly increased numbers and have pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and procoagulant activity, implicating them in the maternal systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the clotting system which typifies the disorder. Research has focused on understanding the biological significance of STBEV by measuring their size and repertoire of molecules carried and how they differ in normal pregnancy and PE, using techniques such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. We have also found alterations in STBEV surface glycans associated with PE. The goal is to better understand the role STBEV play in normal pregnancy and PE and whether they are potential biomarkers of placental pathology and therapeutic targets in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Ieva Masliukaite
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, TKsO-266, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Christopher Redman
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Ian Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Evaluation of electroporation-induced adverse effects on adipose-derived stem cell exosomes. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2125-38. [PMID: 26856590 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the possibility of utilizing extracellular vesicles for drug delivery purposes has been investigated in various models, suggesting that these vesicles may have such potential. In addition to the choice of donor cell type for vesicle production, a major obstacle still exists with respect of loading the extracellular vesicles efficiently with the drug of choice. One of the proposed solutions to this problem has been drug loading by electroporation, where small pores are created in the membrane of the extracellular vesicles, hereby allowing for free diffusion of the drug compound into the interior of the vesicle. We investigated the utility of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) as an efficient exosome donor cell type with a particular focus on the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In addition, we evaluated electroporation-induced effects on the ASC exosomes with respect to their endogenous potential of stimulating GBM proliferation, and morphological changes to single and multiple ASC exosomes. We found that electroporation does not change the endogenous stimulatory capacity of ASC exosomes on GBM cell proliferation, but mediates adverse morphological changes including aggregation of the exosomes. In order to address this issue, we have successfully optimized the use of a trehalose-containing buffer system as a way of maintaining the structural integrity of the exosomes.
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