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Boelen PA, Lenferink LIM. Associations of depressive rumination and positive affect regulation with emotional distress after the death of a loved one. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:955-964. [PMID: 32474986 PMCID: PMC7754322 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The death of a loved one may precipitate symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Brooding about the causes and consequences of one's negative affect (NA), also termed depressive rumination, has been linked to distress after loss. The role of dysregulation of positive affect (PA) has received less attention. We examined (1) the factor structure of depressive rumination and PA dysregulation and (2) to what extent these factors were related to PGD, PTSD and depression symptom levels. Self‐report data were included from 235 Dutch bereaved people who completed measures tapping symptoms of PGD, PTSD and depression. Depressive rumination and PA regulation strategies were assessed with the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) Brooding Scale and the Response to Positive Affect (RPA) Questionnaire (including three subscales: emotion‐focused and self‐focused rumination and dampening), respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modelling were used for data analyses. The four‐factor model (i.e., depressive rumination and the three RPA subscales) showed the best fit. An increase in depressive rumination was related to higher distress levels (across all outcomes in univariate and multivariate analyses). An increase in emotion‐focused rumination about PA was associated with less depression. More dampening of PA was related to higher PTSD levels. Findings suggest that, alongside the regulation of NA, the regulation of PA plays a role in how people respond to the death of a loved one. This points to the need for more research on NA and PA regulation in grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke I M Lenferink
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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52
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Rosenkranz T, Takano K, Watkins ER, Ehring T. Assessing repetitive negative thinking in daily life: Development of an ecological momentary assessment paradigm. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231783. [PMID: 32310979 PMCID: PMC7170251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a transdiagnostic process and a promising target for prevention and treatment of mental disorders. RNT is typically assessed via self-report questionnaires with most studies focusing on one type of RNT (i.e., worry or rumination) and one specific disorder (i.e., anxiety or depression). However, responses to such questionnaires may be biased by memory and metacognitive beliefs. Recently, Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) has been employed to minimize these biases. This study aims to develop an EMA paradigm to measure RNT as a transdiagnostic process in natural settings. Based on empirical and theoretical considerations, an item pool was created encompassing RNT content and processes. We then (1) tested model fit of a content-related and a process-related model for assessing RNT as an individual difference variable, (2) investigated the reliability and construct validity of the proposed scale(s), and (3) determined the optimal sampling design. One hundred fifty healthy participants aged 18 to 40 years filled out baseline questionnaires on rumination, worry, RNT, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Participants received 8 semi-random daily prompts assessing RNT over 14 days. After the EMA phase, participants answered questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and stress again. Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis revealed excellent model fit for the process-related model but unsatisfactory fit for the content-related model. Different hybrid models were additionally explored, yielding one model with satisfactory fit. Both the process-related and the hybrid scale showed good reliability and good convergent validity and were significantly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress after the EMA phase when controlling for baseline scores. Further analyses found that a sampling design of 5 daily assessments across 10 days yielded the best tradeoff between participant burden and information retained by EMA. In sum, this paper presents a promising paradigm for assessing RNT in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward R. Watkins
- Mood Disorders Centre, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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53
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Exploring the influence of core-self evaluations, situational factors, and coping on nurse burnout: A cross-sectional survey study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230883. [PMID: 32240234 PMCID: PMC7117734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has become an inherent aspect of the nursing profession. Chronically experienced work stress can lead to burnout. Although situational stressors show a significant influence on burnout, their power to predict the complete syndrome is rather limited. After all, stressors only exist "in the eye of the beholder". This study aimed to explore how individual vulnerability factors such as core-self evaluations and coping, contribute to burnout in relation to situational stressors within a population of hospital nurses. Cross-sectional data was collected in 2014, using five validated self-report instruments: Dutch Core Self Evaluations Scale, Nursing Work Index Revised, Utrecht Coping List, Ruminative Response Scale, and Utrecht Burnout Scale. 219 of the 250 questionnaires were returned. Core-self evaluations, situational factors and coping each contributed significantly to the predictive capacity of the models of the separate burnout dimensions. Core-self evaluations was significantly related to emotional exhaustion. It was suggested that Core-self evaluations might be placed at the initiation of the loss cycle. However, further research is warranted.
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54
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Whisman MA, Miranda R, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, Jeglic EL, Weinstock LM. Measurement Invariance of the Ruminative Responses Scale Across Gender. Assessment 2020; 27:508-517. [PMID: 29809071 PMCID: PMC10439811 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118774131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although women demonstrate higher levels of rumination than men, it is unknown whether instruments used to measure rumination have the same psychometric properties for women and men. To examine this question, we evaluated measurement invariance of the brooding and reflection subscales from the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) by gender, using data from four samples of undergraduates from three universities within the United States (N = 4,205). A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis revealed evidence for configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the covariance structure of the 10-item version of the RRS. There were statistically significant latent mean differences between women and men, with women scoring significantly higher than men on both brooding and reflection. These findings suggest that the 10-item version of the RRS provides an assessment of rumination that is psychometrically equivalent across gender. Consequently, gender differences in brooding and reflection likely reflect valid differences between women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lauren M Weinstock
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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55
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Burger A, Van der Does W, Brosschot J, Verkuil B. From ear to eye? No effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on human pupil dilation: A report of three studies. Biol Psychol 2020; 152:107863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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56
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Eisma MC, de Lang TA, Boelen PA. How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:548-558. [PMID: 32103569 PMCID: PMC7497101 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive negative thought plays an important role in the maintenance of mental health problems following bereavement. To date, bereavement researchers have primarily focused on rumination (i.e., repetitive thought about negative events and/or negative emotions), yet the interest in worry (i.e., repetitive thought about uncertain future events) is increasing. Both cognitive processes potentially lead to poorer adaptation to bereavement by contributing to loss‐related avoidance and behavioural avoidance of activities. The current study aims to establish the differential associations of rumination and worry with symptoms of depression and prolonged grief and clarify if avoidance processes mediate the associations of rumination and worry with symptom levels. Four hundred seventy‐four recently bereaved adults (82% female) filled out questionnaires assessing rumination, worry, loss‐related and behavioural avoidance, and depression and prolonged grief symptoms. Rumination and worry were both uniquely associated with depression and prolonged grief symptoms. Compared with worry, rumination related more strongly to prolonged grief symptoms, whereas correlations of both cognitive styles with depression symptoms did not differ. Loss‐related avoidance and behavioural avoidance partially mediated the associations of rumination and worry with prolonged grief symptoms. Behavioural avoidance partially mediated the associations of rumination and worry with depression symptoms. Findings suggest that exposure and behavioural activation may be effective interventions to reduce repetitive thinking and psychopathology after bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Eisma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A de Lang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
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57
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Yan P, Ren Y, Li M, Lin MP, Xu S, Liu J, Zhou G, Xu L, You J. The Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidality in a Sample of Adolescents in Guangdong, China. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2020.39.02.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Suicidality is a public health concern among Chinese adolescents. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods: A total of 30,644 Chinese students (56.7% male; Mage = 14.14 years) completed the questionnaires, and a multinomial logistic regression was conducted to analyze the data. Results: About 17.0% of the participants reported having suicidal ideation and 4.4% reported suicide attempts in the past year. Adolescents with more rumination, more severe depressive symptoms, more communication problems with their parents, and more feelings of burdensomeness were more likely to be suicidal ideators or suicide attempters rather than non-suicidal controls. Additionally, male adolescents, adolescents from incomplete families, adolescents whose parents have lower educational levels, and adolescents with less rumination, more severe depressive symptoms, less communication problems with their parents were more likely to be suicide attempters rather than suicidal ideators. Discussion: Suicidality is prevalent and correlates with various familial and individual factors in Chinese adolescents. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yan
- Research Center of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxuan Ren
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Research Center for Crisis Intervention and Psychological Service of Guangdong Province, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Li
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Research Center for Crisis Intervention and Psychological Service of Guangdong Province, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Pei Lin
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sian Xu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Research Center for Crisis, Intervention and Psychological Service of Guangdong Province, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Research Center for Crisis, Intervention and Psychological Service of Guangdong Province, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Communication Polytechnic
| | - Jianing You
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Research Center for Crisis Intervention and Psychological Service of Guangdong Province, & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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58
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Thorslund J, McEvoy PM, Anderson RA. Group metacognitive therapy for adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders: A pilot study. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:625-645. [PMID: 31916590 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) The metacognitive model suggests that beliefs about cognition maintain repetitive negative thinking (RNT), a transdiagnostic process that underlies commonly comorbid, emotional disorders. To date, there has been the limited application of metacognitive therapy (MCT) to adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate a six-session group transdiagnostic MCT program for adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders. METHOD Participants (N = 10; 3 male, 7 female; average age 15.2 years) completed measures of metacognition and RNT at assessment, baseline period, during treatment, and at 1- and 3-month follow-ups. RESULTS Nine participants attended all six treatment sessions and one discontinued after four sessions. At posttreatment and follow-ups, the majority of participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders and evidenced a clinically significant or reliable change in metacognitions and RNT. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that group MCT is promising in terms of acceptability and effectiveness for adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M McEvoy
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Australia
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59
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Sagiv E, Gvion Y. A multi factorial model of self-harm behaviors in Anorexia-nervosa and Bulimia-nervosa. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 96:152142. [PMID: 31726288 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-existence of eating disorders and NSSI, suicide attempts and ideations is well established yet much is not known about the personality traits and behavioral tendencies that maintain this relationship. To this date no empirical work has been produced that offers a multifactorial view on the contributing variables to the occurrence of self-harm behaviors in EDs. METHOD Binge eating, depression, impulsivity, ruminations and loss aversion were assessed in a sample of 93 patients diagnosed with Anorexia-Nervosa and Bulimia-Nervosa and other EDs with a history of NSSI and suicide attempts. RESULTS Binge eating was found to be a predictor of depression, which in turn was found to be related to NSSI frequency, suicide attempts and suicide ideations. Ruminations were found to mediate a relationship between depression and suicide ideations. Trait impulsivity predicted suicide attempts, while the attentional construct of impulsivity was associated to suicide ideations as well as attempts. Higher loss aversion was positively associated with NSSI frequency and suicide ideations. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that trait and state aspects of impulsivity are related to different self-harm behaviors in EDs. Exploring these differences is potentially of great value in understanding the process of transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt and the process of NSSI and may assist clinicians formulate better interventions for patients with EDs at risk. Ways in which individual findings in our model correspond with previous research and future implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Sagiv
- Bar Ilan University, Sheba tel hashomer medical center, Israel.
| | - Yari Gvion
- Bar Ilan University, Sheba tel hashomer medical center, Israel
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60
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Intolerance of uncertainty fuels depressive symptoms through rumination: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224865. [PMID: 31743357 PMCID: PMC6863525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study replicated and extended previous studies by examining the mediating and moderating role of rumination in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and depression in a community sample using both cross-sectional (n = 494; 56.9% female) and a two-months longitudinal (n = 321; 48.4% female) designs. Participants in each study were recruited through online crowdsourcing websites and completed study questionnaires. Results from Study 1 suggested that, while rumination did not appear to moderate the relationship between IU and depression, rumination appeared to partially mediates such relationship. Results from Study 2 supported rumination as fully mediating the relationship between IU and depression over two months. The brooding and reflection rumination subtypes exerted a significant indirect, but not moderating, effect on the relationship between IU and depression. Brooding exhibited a stronger mediation effect than did reflection. Overall, current results suggest that high levels of IU fuel the development of depression symptoms over time through engagement in heightened rumination. The IU-depression association appeared fully explained through rumination as it is a passive and contextually-dependent coping response that may enhance individuals’ emotion and facilitate the development of depressive symptoms.
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61
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Aldrich JT, Lisitsa E, Chun SK, Mezulis AH. Examining the Relationship Between Daily Co-Rumination and Rumination in Response to Negative Events Among Adolescents Using Ecological Momentary Assessment. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rumination and co-rumination are related processes characterized by repetitive focus on negative feelings and problems, with current theory suggesting that co-rumination fosters the use of intrapersonal rumination over time. Additionally, both rumination and co-rumination are related to the occurrence of depressive symptoms during adolescence. Method: The current study utilized an ecological momentary design to examine the temporal relationship between daily co-rumination and rumination in response to negative events within a sample of young adolescents (N = 150). Results: Hierarchical linear models indicated that co-rumination in response to a negative event significantly, positively predicted the use of rumination the following day, whereas use of rumination did not predict engagement in co-rumination the following day. Discussion: Results of the current study support the hypothesis that co-rumination influences the tendency to ruminate individually, which may indirectly result in depressive symptoms over time.
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62
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Ter Avest MJ, Dusseldorp E, Huijbers MJ, van Aalderen JR, Cladder-Micus MB, Spinhoven P, Greven CU, Speckens AEM. Added value of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Tree-based Qualitative Interaction Analysis. Behav Res Ther 2019; 122:103467. [PMID: 31557693 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify moderators of treatment effect for Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) versus Treatment As Usual (TAU) in depressed patients. METHODS An individual patient data-analysis was performed on three randomized-controlled trials, investigating the effect of MBCT + TAU versus TAU alone (N = 292). Patients were either in (partial) remission, currently depressed or had chronic, treatment-resistant depression. Outcomes were depressive symptoms and quality of life. The QUalitative INteraction Trees (QUINT) method was used to identify subgroups that benefited more from either condition. RESULTS MBCT + TAU outperformed TAU in reducing depressive symptoms. For both conditions, the effect of baseline depressive symptoms on post-treatment depressive symptoms was curvilinear. QUINT analyses revealed that MBCT + TAU was more beneficial than TAU for patients with an earlier onset and higher rumination levels in terms of depressive symptom reduction and for patients with a lower quality of life in terms of improving quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that MBCT might be more beneficial for those with earlier onset and higher levels of rumination and for patients with a lower quality of life. Sophisticated analytical techniques such as QUINT can be used in future research to improve personalized assignment of MBCT to patients. Long-term outcome could also be integrated in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen J Ter Avest
- Center for Mindfulness, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elise Dusseldorp
- Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg, 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marloes J Huijbers
- Center for Mindfulness, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Mira B Cladder-Micus
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Reinier Postlaan 6, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Pieter de la Court Building, Wassenaarseweg, 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Corina U Greven
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne E M Speckens
- Center for Mindfulness, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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63
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Figueroa CA, DeJong H, Mocking RJT, Fox E, Rive MM, Schene AH, Stein A, Ruhé HG. Attentional control, rumination and recurrence of depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:364-372. [PMID: 31207560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive recurrence is highly prevalent and adds significantly to the burden of depressive disorder. Whilst some clinical predictors of recurrence have been clearly demonstrated (e.g. residual symptoms, previous episodes), the cognitive and psychological processes that may contribute to recurrence risk are less well established. In this study we examine whether cognitive flexibility deficits and rumination are related to recurrence in a remitted clinical sample. METHOD We compared remitted patients with 2 or more previous depressive episodes (N = 69) to a matched group of healthy controls (N = 43). Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Internal Shift Task (IST) and a version of the Exogenous Cueing Task (ECT); rumination was assessed with the Ruminative Responses Scale. RESULTS IST and ECT performance did not differ between remitted patients and controls. Remitted patients had higher levels of rumination than controls. Within the remitted patient group, faster disengagement from angry and happy faces on the ECT was predictive of shorter time to recurrence (hazard ratio for 1 standard deviation, (HRSD) = 0.563 [CI, 0.381-0.832], p = 0.004, (HRSD) = 0.561 [CI, 0.389-0.808], p = 0.002, respectively). Rumination predicted recurrence (HRSD = 1.526 [CI, 1.152-2.202]; p = 0.003) but was not related to emotional disengagement. LIMITATIONS We had low power to detect small effects for the analysis within remitted patients. CONCLUSIONS Whilst cognitive flexibility in remitted patients was not impaired relative to controls, rapid disengagement from emotional stimuli and rumination were independently associated with time to recurrence. Cognitive flexibility may be an important indicator of recurrence risk, and a target for interventions to reduce recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Figueroa
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, 102 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hannah DeJong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Roel J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maaike M Rive
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, 102 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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64
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Takano K, Van Grieken J, Raes F. Difficulty in updating positive beliefs about negative cognition is associated with increased depressed mood. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 64:22-30. [PMID: 30739047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Depressed people hold positive beliefs about negative cognition (e.g., rumination is useful to find a solution), which may motivate those individuals to engage in sustained negative thinking. However, in reality, rumination often leads to unfavorable outcomes. Thus, such beliefs create a large discrepancy between one's expectations and the actual outcome. Therefore, we hypothesized that this prediction error would be associated with increased depressed mood. METHODS We observed how people update their positive beliefs about negative cognition within a volatile environment, in which negative cognition does not always result in a beneficial outcome. Forty-six participants were offered two response options (retrieving a negative or positive personal memory) and subsequently provided either an economic reward or punishment. Retrieving a negative (rather than positive) memory was initially reinforced, although this action-outcome contingency was reversed during the task. In the control condition, positive memory retrieval was initially reinforced, although a contingency reversal was employed to encourage negative memory retrieval. RESULTS Model-based computational modeling revealed that participants who showed a delay in switching from negative to positive (but not from positive to negative) responses experienced increased levels of depressed mood. This delay in switching was also found to be associated with depressive symptoms and trait rumination. LIMITATIONS The non-clinical nature of the sample may limit the clinical implications of the results. CONCLUSIONS Difficulty in updating positive beliefs (or outcome predictions) for negative cognition may play an important role in depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Julie Van Grieken
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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65
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Barry TJ, Takano K, Boddez Y, Raes F. Lower Sleep Duration Is Associated With Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:586-594. [PMID: 29424553 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1435542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective/Background: Sleep can have an important influence on memory. However, it is unclear whether there is any relation between sleep quality and the specificity with which autobiographical memories are retrieved, a key factor associated with vulnerability for, and the presence of, depression and other psychiatric diagnoses. The present study provides the first investigation of the association between sleep quality and autobiographical memory specificity. Participants and Method: Fifty-four unselected community participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) to assess memory specificity, while subjective and objective measures of total sleep time and sleep onset latency were provided through a daily diary and an actigraphy wristwatch worn for a week. Participants also completed questionnaires that measure known correlates of AMT specificity: the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Results: Shorter sleep duration, measured using actigraphy, was associated with reduced autobiographical memory specificity. There was no evidence of an association between total sleep time recorded by self-report diaries, or of sleep onset latency recorded using actigraphy or diaries and memory specificity. The relation between actigraphy-assessed total sleep time and memory specificity was independent of the effects of rumination or depressive symptoms on these variables. Conclusions: Shorter sleep duration is associated with reduced memory specificity. Future research examining memory specificity and its association with psychopathology should consider the role of sleep quality around the time of memory recall in specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- a Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.,b Department of Psychology, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Keisuke Takano
- c Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Yannick Boddez
- d Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- d Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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66
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Bernstein EE, Heeren A, McNally RJ. Reexamining trait rumination as a system of repetitive negative thoughts: A network analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 63:21-27. [PMID: 30590225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rumination is strongly associated with risk, maintenance, and worsening of depressive and related symptoms, and it predicts poor treatment response and relapse. More work is needed to clarify the nature and malleability of rumination. We propose reexamining trait rumination as a system of interacting components ("nodes"). METHODS A regularized partial correlation network was first computed to estimate the functional relations among items from the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) (N = 403). We then tested whether items constitute multiple distinguishable sub-networks or communities, and if so, if particular items function as "bridges" connecting them. RESULTS RRS items were not interchangeable, with network components varying widely in their centrality. We identified three communities of nodes and the nodes bridging these communities. LIMITATIONS Data were derived from a heterogeneous community sample and include items from a single measure. Thus, results should not be interpreted as definitive, but instead as hypothesis-generating and highlighting the utility of rethinking the conceptualization and measurement of rumination. CONCLUSIONS Of the larger set of cognitive patterns forming the rumination construct, the high centrality nodes were largely passive and self-critical processes. Community detection analyses identified a sub-network largely comprising items from the RRS that have traditionally been labeled reflective pondering and adaptive; however, strong bridge nodes were also from this community. This implies that in isolation or at low levels such processes may not be problematic, but that their persistence or intensification could be associated with the activation of more maladaptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute & Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place du Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Richard J McNally
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Kocsel N, Köteles F, Szemenyei E, Szabó E, Galambos A, Kökönyei G. The association between perseverative cognition and resting heart rate variability: A focus on state ruminative thoughts. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:124-133. [PMID: 31051207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two studies were conducted to shed light on the associations between trait and state rumination and worry and a time-domain metric of heart rate variability, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) of cardiac interbeat-interval (IBI). METHOD Study 1 involved 130 healthy adults (118 females; mean age = 23.4 ± 3.59 years), while 72 healthy participants (58 females; mean age = 22.2 ± 1.79 years) were involved in Study 2. RMSSD was calculated from a 5-min baseline recording and state ruminative thoughts were assessed during measurement. Trait perseverative cognitions were measured using self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS In Study 1, we found that a higher level of state but not trait ruminative thoughts showed weak negative association with lnRMSSD. In Study 2, we replicated the results of Study 1 and we found that trait reflection moderated the relationship between state rumination and lnRMSSD. CONCLUSION State rumination may reflect actual cardiovascular activity better than trait preservative cognitions, although trait reflection could be a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Kocsel
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Köteles
- Institution of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szemenyei
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Galambos
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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68
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Burns A, Irvine M, Woodcock K. Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:692-703. [PMID: 30218233 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adults with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) are at high risk of developing comorbid depressive symptoms and in the general population self-focused attention has been associated with depression. Here, we aimed to examine the relationships between aspects of self-focused attention and symptoms of depression in individuals with a diagnosis of ASD. 113 adults with a diagnosis of ASD completed self-report questionnaires. Results found that higher levels of brooding, and to a lesser degree, reflection predicted increased depressive symptoms. However, higher levels of private self-consciousness actually predicted decreased depressive symptoms. Differential relationships were observed for males and females. The current study highlights the importance of using a multidimensional approach to examining self-focused attention in ASD, and its important relationship with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Burns
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mandy Irvine
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kate Woodcock
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Burger A, Van der Does W, Thayer J, Brosschot J, Verkuil B. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on a Behavioural Measure of Rumination in Patients with Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-09997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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71
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Kroemeke A. Coping Flexibility and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults: The Compensatory Effect of Co-rumination. Front Psychol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30728797 PMCID: PMC6351461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coping flexibility, defined as a wide range of coping strategies, may be a promising construct in determining coping effectiveness, especially in conjunction with a person-centered approach. However, no studies have focused on these issues. The study aimed to identify the distinct, multidimensional patterns of strategies for coping with chronic health conditions and their association with changes in physical and psychological health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults over a one month period. Methods: Coping strategies (brooding, reflection, co-rumination, and positive reappraisal) and HRQoL psychological and physical domains were assessed twice (at the baseline and one month later) among 210 older adults (age 76.12 ± 9.09 years, 66% women). Findings: The parallel process analysis demonstrated the sample heterogeneity regarding coping. In multidimensional latent class growth analysis (MLCGA), four coping classes of overall strategies were identified: consistently low (46%), medium and decreasing (18%), medium and increasing (20%), and consistently high (16%). The last two can be considered the coping flexibility. Participants in the medium and increasing subgroup reported enhancement in HRQoL psychological domain, whereas members of the consistently high subgroup indicated its decrease. The favorable effects were related to an increase in co-rumination. Discussion: The findings shed light on the longitudinal patterns of coping in older adults, showing that coping flexibility is more adaptive when it relies on modifying coping efforts rather than coping complexity. Co-rumination played a key role, compensated by the effect of maladaptive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kroemeke
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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72
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Unpacking cognitive emotion regulation in eating disorder psychopathology: The differential relationships between rumination, thought suppression, and eating disorder symptoms among men and women. Eat Behav 2019; 32:95-100. [PMID: 30677597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While previous literature suggests that emotion dysregulation is a salient factor contributing to the onset and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs), less is known about how maladaptive, cognitively oriented regulation strategies such as rumination and thought suppression may be uniquely related to ED symptoms in men and women. The present study sought to examine the independent associations of ruminative brooding and thought suppression with ED symptoms, after controlling for negative affect intensity, and assess whether these associations differ by gender. Participants were 263 undergraduates who completed a series of questionnaires, including measures of ED symptoms (Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale), ruminative brooding (Ruminative Response Scale), and thought suppression (White Bear Suppression Inventory). Generalized linear models examined main effects of ruminative brooding and thought suppression and their interactions with gender on ED symptoms, controlling for negative affect intensity. Higher ruminative brooding was associated with higher binge eating among women. Thought suppression was associated with higher vomiting and fasting frequency in both genders, with a stronger association between suppression and fasting in men compared to women. Together results demonstrate the unique contributions of cognitive perseveration and avoidance in ED symptomatology; specifically, ruminative brooding may be a salient factor contributing to binge eating in women, while high levels of thought suppression among males may contribute to fasting. Findings highlight the potential importance of examining and differentially targeting specific facets of cognitive emotion regulation in men and women engaging in ED behaviors.
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73
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Cladder‐Micus MB, Speckens AE, Vrijsen JN, T. Donders AR, Becker ES, Spijker J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with chronic, treatment-resistant depression: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:914-924. [PMID: 30088834 PMCID: PMC6175087 DOI: 10.1002/da.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and treatment-resistant depressions pose serious problems in mental health care. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an effective treatment for remitted and currently depressed patients. It is, however, unknown whether MBCT is effective for chronic, treatment-resistant depressed patients. METHOD A pragmatic, multicenter, randomized-controlled trial was conducted comparing treatment-as-usual (TAU) with MBCT + TAU in 106 chronically depressed outpatients who previously received pharmacotherapy (≥4 weeks) and psychological treatment (≥10 sessions). RESULTS Based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, participants in the MBCT + TAU condition did not have significantly fewer depressive symptoms than those in the TAU condition (-3.23 [-6.99 to 0.54], d = 0.35, P = 0.09) at posttreatment. However, compared to TAU, the MBCT + TAU group reported significantly higher remission rates (χ2 (2) = 4.25, φ = 0.22, P = 0.04), lower levels of rumination (-3.85 [-7.55 to -0.15], d = 0.39, P = 0.04), a higher quality of life (4.42 [0.03-8.81], d = 0.42, P = 0.048), more mindfulness skills (11.25 [6.09-16.40], d = 0.73, P < 0.001), and more self-compassion (2.91 [1.17-4.65], d = 0.64, P = 0.001). The percentage of non-completers in the MBCT + TAU condition was relatively high (n = 12, 24.5%). Per-protocol analyses revealed that those who completed MBCT + TAU had significantly fewer depressive symptoms at posttreatment compared to participants receiving TAU (-4.24 [-8.38 to -0.11], d = 0.45, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Although the ITT analysis did not reveal a significant reduction in depressive symptoms of MBCT + TAU over TAU, MBCT + TAU seems to have beneficial effects for chronic, treatment-resistant depressed patients in terms of remission rates, rumination, quality of life, mindfulness skills, and self-compassion. Additionally, patients who completed MBCT showed significant reductions in depressive symptoms. Reasons for non-completion should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira B. Cladder‐Micus
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands,Depression Expertise CentrePro Persona Mental Health CareNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Anne E.M. Speckens
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Janna N. Vrijsen
- Depression Expertise CentrePro Persona Mental Health CareNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - A. Rogier T. Donders
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Spijker
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands,Depression Expertise CentrePro Persona Mental Health CareNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Lucena-Santos P, Pinto-Gouveia J, Carvalho SA, Oliveira MDS. Is the widely used two-factor structure of the Ruminative Responses Scale invariant across different samples of women? Psychol Psychother 2018; 91:398-416. [PMID: 29345805 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the Ruminative Responses Scale is one of the most widely used measures of rumination, its two-factor structure remains controversial. Taking this into account, we aimed to test the RRS-10 two-factor invariance (Brazilian version) between different samples of women and to study its internal consistency and convergent validity. METHODS A sample of 321 women (general population, n = 106; college students, n = 115; and medical population of patients with overweight and obesity, n = 100) participated in the study. The two-factor structure of RRS-10 was assessed by CFA and multigroup analysis using Mplus software. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and the convergent validity by Pearson correlations. RESULTS The two-factor structure of RRS-10 showed a good fit, factorial invariance across three samples, good internal consistency, and adequate convergent validity. Brooding and Reflection subscales were both positively correlated with psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, although Brooding presented significantly stronger associations with these variables than Reflection. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further discussion and evidence regarding the RRS-10 two-factor structure, as well as a valid version of RRS-10 to use in Brazil in order to reliably assess rumination in medical and research settings. PRACTITIONER POINTS This is the first study to test and confirm the RRS two-factor structure invariance across groups. RRS-10 two-dimensionality was confirmed in medical and non-medical samples of women. Brooding subscale showed significantly stronger relationships with psychopathology and experiential avoidance than Reflection. The study provides evidence that RRS can be used as a valid and sound measure to accurately assess the clinically relevant dimensions of rumination simultaneously across distinct groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lucena-Santos
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio A Carvalho
- Cognitive-Behavioral Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margareth da Silva Oliveira
- Evaluation and Treatment in Cognitive and/or Behavioral Therapies Research Group (GAAPCC), Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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75
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Rumination and Its Relationship with Thought Suppression in Unipolar Depression and Comorbid PTSD. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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76
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Vermeulen M, Brown AD, Raes F, Krans J. Decreasing Event Centrality in Undergraduates Using Cognitive Bias Modification of Appraisals. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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77
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Del Palacio-Gonzalez A, Berntsen D. Emotion Regulation of Events Central to Identity and Their Relationship With Concurrent and Prospective Depressive Symptoms. Behav Ther 2018; 49:604-616. [PMID: 29937261 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dispositional emotion regulation is related to the severity and maintenance of depressive symptoms. However, whether emotion regulation specific to an event highly central for an individual's identity is predictive of depressive symptoms has not been examined. Nonclinical participants (N = 220) reported the extent to which they employed a selection of emotion regulation strategies when recalling low- and high-centrality events. Dispositional emotion regulation and depressive symptoms were also assessed. A 7-week follow-up was conducted. High-centrality events were associated with more emotion regulation efforts. Greater brooding and expressive suppression in relation to high-centrality memories predicted concurrent depressive symptoms after controlling for event valence and dispostional emotion regulation. Effects were absent for low-centrality memories. Emotion regulation in response to high-centrality memories did not predict depressive symptoms at follow-up beyond baseline depressive symptoms. Overall, the findings showed that maladaptive emotion regulation in response to memories of high-centrality events is important for explaining depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University
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78
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Bartoskova M, Sevcikova M, Durisko Z, Maslej MM, Barbic SP, Preiss M, Andrews PW. The form and function of depressive rumination. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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79
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Horibe K, Hasegawa A. How Autistic Traits, Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Symptoms Influence Depression in Nonclinical Undergraduate Students? Mediating Role of Depressive Rumination. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A few studies have indicated that adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are more inclined to ruminate than adults in the general population. The present study examined whether subclinical ASD symptoms including difficulties in social interaction and attention to detail and ADHD symptoms that were composed of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were related to depressive rumination in undergraduate students. This study also examined whether rumination is a mediating factor in the relationship of ASD and ADHD symptoms with depression. Non-clinical undergraduate students (N = 294) in Japan completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, interpersonal conflict subscale of the Interpersonal Stress Event Scale, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Structural equation modeling indicated that hyperactivity-impulsivity was positively associated with rumination both directly and indirectly via interpersonal conflict, and that attention to detail and inattention were directly and positively related to rumination. The significant relationship between difficulties in social interaction and rumination disappeared after controlling for the influence of depression. These findings indicated that one pathway through which hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms prolong rumination might be through the increase in interpersonal conflict. In addition, it is possible that cognitive inflexibility, academic difficulties, and adverse driving outcomes caused by attention to detail, inattention as well as hyperactivity-impulsivity may lead to rumination. Moreover, attention to detail, inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity indirectly increased depression via rumination, indicating that rumination is an important mediator in the relationship of subclinical ASD and ADHD symptoms with depression.
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80
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Smith KE, Mason TB, Lavender JM. Rumination and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 61:9-23. [PMID: 29703429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rumination is a cognitive process involving repetitive thoughts about negative experiences and emotions and is associated with psychopathology. Rumination has been implicated in mood and anxiety disorders, and there is a growing body of research on rumination in relation to eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. The current meta-analytic review focused on the literature addressing rumination and ED psychopathology. A comprehensive search process identified 38 studies, which primarily used cross-sectional designs with non-clinical samples. Results demonstrated that rumination was concurrently (r = 0.33) and prospectively (r = 0.22-0.23) associated with ED psychopathology, and that groups with ED psychopathology evidenced higher levels of rumination compared to non-ED control groups (g = 0.95), though no significant differences in rumination were observed when comparing anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa groups (g = 0.09). In addition, a narrative review of five experimental studies suggested that rumination in response to ED-related stimuli was related to increased negative affect and negative body-related cognitions across clinical and non-clinical samples. The type of rumination and sample population emerged as moderators of effect sizes, such that larger effects were observed among samples using ED-specific measures of rumination and heterogeneous samples compared to only non-clinical samples. Taken together, this literature demonstrates that rumination is a salient process in ED psychopathology, though the literature is characterized by methodological limitations and the need for more fully elaborated theories on the role of rumination in EDs. Findings are discussed in the context of existing models of rumination and ED psychopathology, with suggestions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, United States; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
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81
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Boelen PA, Lenferink LI. Latent class analysis of indicators of intolerance of uncertainty. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:243-251. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology; Faculty of Social Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group; Diemen the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke I.M. Lenferink
- Department of Clinical Psychology; Faculty of Social Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology; Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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Hasegawa A, Kunisato Y, Morimoto H, Nishimura H, Matsuda Y. Depressive rumination and urgency have mutually enhancing relationships but both predict unique variance in future depression: A longitudinal study. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1450919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- Faculty of Human Relations, Tokai Gakuin University, 5-68 Naka-kirino, Kakamigahara City, Gifu, 504-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, 2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 214-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morimoto
- Faculty of Psychology, Meiji Gakuin University, 1-2-37 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsuda
- Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
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83
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Boelen PA, Lenferink LIM. Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness as predictors of analogue post-traumatic stress. Psychol Psychother 2018; 91:1-14. [PMID: 28707425 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events. This study was a preliminary attempt to examine (1) associations of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness with post-traumatic stress (PTS) associated with negative, but not necessarily traumatizing, life events ('analogue' PTS), (2) the role of these variables in the context of neuroticism as well as worry and rumination - two other regulatory strategies associated with PTS, and (3) the impact of pre-trauma tendencies towards experiential acceptance and mindfulness on analogue PTS. DESIGN Data were obtained from two distinct student samples. A first sample provided cross-sectional data. In a second sample, indices of acceptance, mindfulness, neuroticism, worry, and rumination were tapped at inclusion into the study, and analogue PTS and confrontation with stressful life events were subsequently assessed 1 year later. RESULTS In the cross-sectional sample, higher acceptance and mindfulness were associated with lower analogue PTS, even when controlling for neuroticism, worry, and rumination. In the prospective sample, pre-trauma mindfulness (but not experiential acceptance, neuroticism, worry, and rumination) assessed at baseline predicted levels of analogue PTS 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness are incrementally related to PTS beyond neuroticism, worry, and rumination and that pre-trauma trait-mindfulness may be a resilience factor protecting against severe PTS. PRACTITIONER POINTS We examined associations of experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness with post-traumatic stress (PTS) associated with negative life events ('analogue' PTS). Experiential acceptance and trait-mindfulness were associated with concurrent analogue PTS, over and above neuroticism, worry, and rumination. Pre-trauma trait-mindfulness (but not pre-trauma experiential acceptance) significantly predicted analogue PTS in prospective analyses. Enhancing mindfulness skills could be a useful tool to reduce the risk of PTS in trauma-exposed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke I M Lenferink
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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84
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The Moderating Effects of Rumination Facets on the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Distress Reduction. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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Brooding as moderator of depressive symptoms after a work accident: A longitudinal study. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:236-242. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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86
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Del Palacio-González A, Clark DA, O'Sullivan LF. Cognitive processing in the aftermath of relationship dissolution: Associations with concurrent and prospective distress and posttraumatic growth. Stress Health 2017; 33:540-548. [PMID: 27982507 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-marital romantic relationship dissolution is amongst the most stressful life events experienced by young adults. Yet, some individuals experience posttraumatic growth following relationship dissolution. Little is known about the specific and differential contribution of trait-like and event-specific cognitive processing styles to each of these outcomes. A longitudinal design was employed in which trait-like (brooding and reflection) and dissolution-specific (intrusive and deliberate) cognitive processing was examined as predictors of growth (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) and distress (Breakup Distress Scale) following a recent relationship dissolution. Initially, 148 participants completed measures of trait-like and dissolution-specific cognitive processing, growth, and distress (T1). A subsample completed a seven-month follow-up (T2). Higher frequency of relationship-dissolution intrusive thoughts predicted concurrent distress after accounting for brooding and relationship characteristics. Further, higher brooding and lower reflection predicted higher distress prospectively. Concurrent growth was predicted by both higher brooding and more deliberate relationship-dissolution thoughts. Prospectively, T1 dissolution intrusive thoughts predicted higher T2 deliberate thoughts, and the interaction between these two constructs predicted higher T2 growth. Therefore, deliberately thinking of the dissolution was related to positive psychological outcomes. In contrast, intrusive dissolution cognitions and a tendency for brooding had a mixed (paradoxical) association with psychological adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Del Palacio-González
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.,Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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87
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Sun JW, Lin PZ, Zhang HH, Li JH, Cao FL. A non-linear relationship between the cumulative exposure to occupational stressors and nurses' burnout and the potentially emotion regulation factors. J Ment Health 2017; 27:409-415. [PMID: 28990445 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2017.1385740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful situations can increase the likelihood of nurses experiencing negative emotions, especially burnout. AIMS To explore the association of cumulative exposure to occupational stressors and emotion regulation strategies with nurses' burnout. METHODS Participants were 602 nurses from three general hospitals in Jinan, China. Social demographic characteristics, occupational stress, burnout, and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination), were assessed. RESULTS Nearly 70% of nurses reported that they were burnt out. Those with a moderate level and high level of stressors were 3.203 times and 26.444 times more likely to have burnout, respectively (x2trend = 62.732). Logistic regression revealed that nurses had higher cognitive reappraisal score (odds ratios (OR) = 0.941), scored lower for burnout. Those who had higher expressive suppression score (OR = 1.054), higher rumination score (OR = 1.037), and a higher level of stressors (OR = 2.779-18.259) scored higher for burnout. The results of sensitivity analysis were similar. CONCLUSIONS A non-linear relationship exists between the cumulative exposure to occupational stressors and nurses' burnout. Those who less frequently use cognitive reappraisal, more frequently use rumination and expressive suppression, and have a high level of stressors may be more likely to experience burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Sun
- a School of Nursing, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Ping-Zhen Lin
- a School of Nursing, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- a School of Nursing, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Jia-Huan Li
- a School of Nursing, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Feng-Lin Cao
- a School of Nursing, Shandong University , Jinan , China
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88
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Co-Brooding and Co-Reflection as Differential Predictors of Depressive Symptoms and Friendship Quality in Adolescents: Investigating the Moderating Role of Gender. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 47:1037-1051. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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89
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Arana FG, Rice KG. Cross-Cultural Validity of the Ruminative Responses Scale in Argentina and the United States. Assessment 2017; 27:309-320. [PMID: 28863718 DOI: 10.1177/1073191117729204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although frequently used in the United States, the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) has not been extensively studied in cross-cultural samples. The present study evaluated the factor structure of Treynor et al.'s 10-item version of the RRS in samples from Argentina (N = 308) and the United States (N = 371). In addition to testing measurement invariance between the countries, we evaluated whether the maladaptive implications of rumination were weaker for the Argentinians than for the U.S. group. Self-critical perfectionism was the criterion in those tests. Partial scalar invariance supported an 8-item version of the RRS. There were no differences in factor means or factor correlations in RRS dimensions between countries. Brooding and Reflection were positively correlated with self-critical perfectionism in both countries, with no significant differences in the sizes of these relations between the two samples. Results are discussed in terms of psychometric and cross-cultural implications for rumination.
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90
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Janssen N, Huibers MJ, Lucassen P, Voshaar RO, van Marwijk H, Bosmans J, Pijnappels M, Spijker J, Hendriks GJ. Behavioural activation by mental health nurses for late-life depression in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:230. [PMID: 28651589 PMCID: PMC5485578 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are common in older adults. The effectiveness of pharmacological treatments and the availability of psychological treatments in primary care are limited. A behavioural approach to depression treatment might be beneficial to many older adults but such care is still largely unavailable. Behavioural Activation (BA) protocols are less complicated and more easy to train than other psychological therapies, making them very suitable for delivery by less specialised therapists. The recent introduction of the mental health nurse in primary care centres in the Netherlands has created major opportunities for improving the accessibility of psychological treatments for late-life depression in primary care. BA may thus address the needs of older patients while improving treatment outcome and lowering costs.The primary objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of BA in comparison with treatment as usual (TAU) for late-life depression in Dutch primary care. A secondary goal is to explore several potential mechanisms of change, as well as predictors and moderators of treatment outcome of BA for late-life depression. METHODS/DESIGN Cluster-randomised controlled multicentre trial with two parallel groups: a) behavioural activation, and b) treatment as usual, conducted in primary care centres with a follow-up of 52 weeks. The main inclusion criterion is a PHQ-9 score > 9. Patients are excluded from the trial in case of severe mental illness that requires specialized treatment, high suicide risk, drug and/or alcohol abuse, prior psychotherapy, change in dosage or type of prescribed antidepressants in the previous 12 weeks, or moderate to severe cognitive impairment. The intervention consists of 8 weekly 30-min BA sessions delivered by a trained mental health nurse. DISCUSSION We expect BA to be an effective and cost-effective treatment for late-life depression compared to TAU. BA delivered by mental health nurses could increase the availability and accessibility of non-pharmacological treatments for late-life depression in primary care. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is retrospectively registered in the Dutch Clinical Trial Register NTR6013 on August 25th 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje Janssen
- 0000000122931605grid.5590.9Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Institute for Integrated Mental Health Care “Pro Persona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J.H. Huibers
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Lucassen
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Oude Voshaar
- 0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology of Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm van Marwijk
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8Centre for Primary Care, Institute for Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU university Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Bosmans
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU university Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Pijnappels
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Spijker
- 0000000122931605grid.5590.9Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Institute for Integrated Mental Health Care “Pro Persona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Hendriks
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Integrated Mental Health Care "Pro Persona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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91
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Slofstra C, Eisma MC, Holmes EA, Bockting CLH, Nauta MH. Rethinking a Negative Event: The Affective Impact of Ruminative versus Imagery-Based Processing of Aversive Autobiographical Memories. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:82. [PMID: 28611690 PMCID: PMC5447674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ruminative (abstract verbal) processing during recall of aversive autobiographical memories may serve to dampen their short-term affective impact. Experimental studies indeed demonstrate that verbal processing of non-autobiographical material and positive autobiographical memories evokes weaker affective responses than imagery-based processing. In the current study, we hypothesized that abstract verbal or concrete verbal processing of an aversive autobiographical memory would result in weaker affective responses than imagery-based processing. METHODS The affective impact of abstract verbal versus concrete verbal versus imagery-based processing during recall of an aversive autobiographical memory was investigated in a non-clinical sample (n = 99) using both an observational and an experimental design. Observationally, it was examined whether spontaneous use of processing modes (both state and trait measures) was associated with impact of aversive autobiographical memory recall on negative and positive affect. Experimentally, the causal relation between processing modes and affective impact was investigated by manipulating the processing mode during retrieval of the same aversive autobiographical memory. RESULTS Main findings were that higher levels of trait (but not state) measures of both ruminative and imagery-based processing and depressive symptomatology were positively correlated with higher levels of negative affective impact in the observational part of the study. In the experimental part, no main effect of processing modes on affective impact of autobiographical memories was found. However, a significant moderating effect of depressive symptomatology was found. Only for individuals with low levels of depressive symptomatology, concrete verbal (but not abstract verbal) processing of the aversive autobiographical memory did result in weaker affective responses, compared to imagery-based processing. DISCUSSION These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that ruminative processing of aversive autobiographical memories serves to avoid the negative emotions evoked by such memories. Furthermore, findings suggest that depressive symptomatology is associated with the spontaneous use and the affective impact of processing modes during recall of aversive autobiographical memories. Clinical studies are needed that examine the role of processing modes during aversive autobiographical memory recall in depression, including the potential effectiveness of targeting processing modes in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien Slofstra
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maarten C. Eisma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Nauta
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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92
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How do Rumination and Social Problem Solving Intensify Depression? A Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2017; 36:28-46. [PMID: 29576686 PMCID: PMC5854737 DOI: 10.1007/s10942-017-0272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine how rumination and social problem solving intensify depression, the present study investigated longitudinal associations among each dimension of rumination and social problem solving and evaluated aspects of these constructs that predicted subsequent depression. A three-wave longitudinal study, with an interval of 4 weeks between waves, was conducted. Japanese university students completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale, Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version, and Interpersonal Stress Event Scale on three occasions 4 weeks apart (n = 284 at Time 1, 198 at Time 2, 165 at Time 3). Linear mixed models were analyzed to test whether each variable predicted subsequent depression, rumination, and each dimension of social problem solving. Rumination and negative problem orientation demonstrated a mutually enhancing relationship. Because these two variables were not associated with interpersonal conflict during the subsequent 4 weeks, rumination and negative problem orientation appear to strengthen each other without environmental change. Rumination and impulsivity/carelessness style were associated with subsequent depressive symptoms, after controlling for the effect of initial depression. Because rumination and impulsivity/carelessness style were not concurrently and longitudinally associated with each other, rumination and impulsive/careless problem solving style appear to be independent processes that serve to intensify depression.
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93
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Lei X, Zhong M, Liu Y, Xi C, Ling Y, Zhu X, Yao S, Yi J. Psychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale in Chinese university students. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:152. [PMID: 28454569 PMCID: PMC5410038 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination increases vulnerability to depression, exacerbates and perpetuates negative moods. This study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-10) in a large undergraduate sample. METHODS A sample of 5,236 university students finished the RRS and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the two-factor structure and the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 across gender. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, correlations among RRS, RRS-10 and CES-D were also explored. In addition, gender difference on rumination and the relationship between rumination and depression were further investigated. RESULTS The two-factor model of RRS-10 fit the data reasonably and had acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability in Chinese undergraduates sample. And the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 was acceptable across gender in Chinese university students. Findings in respect of latent means and manifest means revealed non-significant gender difference in RRS-10. Besides, participants with high-level rumination had more depressive symptoms than those with low-level rumination. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the RRS-10 showed good psychometric properties and was measurement invariant across gender in undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Lei
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- 0000 0004 0368 7397grid.263785.dCenter for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Chang Xi
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China
| | - Yu Ling
- grid.257160.7Education Institute, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China ,0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cMedical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 China ,0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Yi
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China. .,Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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Responses to Positive Affect in Daily Life: Positive Rumination and Dampening Moderate the Association Between Daily Events and Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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95
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Schut DM, Boelen PA. The relative importance of rumination, experiential avoidance and mindfulness as predictors of depressive symptoms. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) have persistent distressing somatic symptoms that are associated with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Reduced autobiographical memory specificity (rAMS) is related to a range of emotional disorders and is considered a vulnerability factor for an unfavorable course of pathology. The present study investigated whether the specificity of health-related autobiographical memories is reduced in patients with SSD with medically unexplained dyspnea complaints, compared with healthy controls. METHODS Female patients with SSD (n = 30) and matched healthy controls (n = 24) completed a health-related Autobiographical Memory Test, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Ruminative Response Scale, and rumination scales concerning bodily reactions. Depressive symptoms and rumination were assessed because both variables previously showed associations with rAMS. RESULTS Patients with SSD recalled fewer specific (F(1,52) = 13.63, p = .001) and more categoric (F(1,52) = 7.62, p = .008) autobiographical memories to health-related cue words than healthy controls. Patients also reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and rumination (all t > 3.00, p < .01). Importantly, the differences in memory specificity were independent of depressive symptoms and trait rumination. CONCLUSIONS The present study extends findings on rAMS to a previously unstudied sample of patients with SSD. Importantly, the presence of rAMS could not be explained by increased levels of depressive symptoms and rumination. We submit that rAMS in this group reflects how health-related episodes and associated symptoms are encoded in memory.
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Lancee J, Eisma MC, van Zanten KB, Topper M. When Thinking Impairs Sleep: Trait, Daytime and Nighttime Repetitive Thinking in Insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2017; 15:53-69. [PMID: 26651373 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1083022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We performed two studies in individuals with sleep problems to investigate trait, daytime, and nighttime repetitive thinking as risk factors for insomnia. In Study 1, 139 participants completed questionnaires on worry, rumination, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and a sleep diary. Trait rumination and trait worry were not associated with sleep impairment. In Study 2, 64 participants completed similar measures and a daytime and nighttime sleep-related worry diary. Only nighttime sleep-related worry was consistently associated with sleep impairment. Overall, results indicate that nighttime sleep-related worry is important in the maintenance of insomnia, whereas effects of trait and daytime repetitive thinking are more benign. Treatment for insomnia can potentially be improved by focusing more on nighttime sleep-related worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Lancee
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Maarten C Eisma
- b Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | | | - Maurice Topper
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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98
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Shigemoto Y, Low B, Borowa D, Robitschek C. Function of Personal Growth Initiative on Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression Over and Above Adaptive and Maladaptive Rumination. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:1126-1145. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Szasz PL, Hofmann SG, Heilman RM, Curtiss J. Effect of regulating anger and sadness on decision-making. Cogn Behav Ther 2016; 45:479-95. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1203354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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100
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Gotink RA, Hermans KSFM, Geschwind N, De Nooij R, De Groot WT, Speckens AEM. Mindfulness and mood stimulate each other in an upward spiral: a mindful walking intervention using experience sampling. Mindfulness (N Y) 2016; 7:1114-1122. [PMID: 27642373 PMCID: PMC5010615 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of mindful walking in nature as a possible means to maintain mindfulness skills after a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) or mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course. Mindful walking alongside the river Rhine took place for 1, 3, 6, or 10 days, with a control period of a similar number of days, 1 week before the mindful walking period. In 29 mindfulness participants, experience sampling method (ESM) was performed during the control and mindful walking period. Smartphones offered items on positive and negative affect and state mindfulness at random times during the day. Furthermore, self-report questionnaires were administered before and after the control and mindful walking period, assessing depression, anxiety, stress, brooding, and mindfulness skills. ESM data showed that walking resulted in a significant improvement of both mindfulness and positive affect, and that state mindfulness and positive affect prospectively enhanced each other in an upward spiral. The opposite pattern was observed with state mindfulness and negative affect, where increased state mindfulness predicted less negative affect. Exploratory questionnaire data indicated corresponding results, though non-significant due to the small sample size. This is the first time that ESM was used to assess interactions between state mindfulness and momentary affect during a mindfulness intervention of several consecutive days, showing an upward spiral effect. Mindful walking in nature may be an effective way to maintain mindfulness practice and further improve psychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinske A Gotink
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn S F M Hermans
- Department of Clinical Psychology Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Geschwind
- Department of Clinical Psychology Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Reinier De Nooij
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter T De Groot
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne E M Speckens
- Radboudumc Center for Mindfulness, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud UMC Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
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