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Huynh E, Zheng G. Engineering multifunctional nanoparticles: all-in-one versus one-for-all. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:250-65. [PMID: 23450626 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the conventional hurdles associated with the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, there are often caveats involved with the development and clinical translation of multifunctional nanoparticles largely regarding the notion that additional functionality increases nanoparticle complexity. Here, we discuss two design concepts, a conventional approach, 'all-in-one', and introduce the concept of 'one-for-all' to suggest that multifunctionality does not necessarily result in multicomponent complex nanoparticles. This review focuses on the design concepts of all-in-one and one-for-all with examples of each approach and a discussion on the implications for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huynh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Wen S, Li K, Cai H, Chen Q, Shen M, Huang Y, Peng C, Hou W, Zhu M, Zhang G, Shi X. Multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles for dual mode CT/MR imaging applications. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23199745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and utilization of gadolium-loaded dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Gd-Au DENPs) for dual mode computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging applications. In this study, amine-terminated generation five poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G5.NH₂) modified with gadolinium (Gd) chelator and polyethylene glycol (PEG) monomethyl ether were used as templates to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Followed by sequential chelation of Gd(III) and acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amine groups, multifunctional Gd-Au DENPs were formed. The formed Gd-Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the formed Gd-Au DENPs are colloidally stable and non-cytotoxic at an Au concentration up to 50 μM. With the coexistence of two radiodense imaging elements of AuNPs and Gd(III) within one NP system, the formed Gd-Au DENPs display both r₁ relaxivity for MR imaging mode and X-ray attenuation property for CT imaging mode, which enables CT/MR dual mode imaging of the heart, liver, kidney, and bladder of rat or mouse within a time frame of 45 min. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution studies reveal that the Gd-Au DENPs have an extended blood circulation time and can be cleared from the major organs within 24 h. The strategy to use facile dendrimer technology to design dual mode contrast agents may be extended to prepare multifunctional platforms for targeted multimode molecular imaging of various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Evaluation of thiol-modified hyaluronan and elastin-like polypeptide composite augmentation in early-stage disc degeneration: comparing 2 minimally invasive techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:E1296-303. [PMID: 22772576 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e318266ecea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vitro biomechanical and imaging study generated from an in vivo porcine model of early stage degenerative disc disease was used to evaluate mechanical property restoration, comparing 2 minimally invasive injection techniques. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of an injectable hydrogel to restore the mechanical properties of spinal motion segments with early stage disc degeneration, comparing 2 minimally invasive injection techniques. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Treatment of early-stage disc degeneration may benefit from a combination of tissue engineering and minimally invasive therapeutic approaches. A recently developed hydrogel, thiol-modified hyaluronan elastin-like polypeptide (TMHA/EP) composite, has demonstrated potential as an injectable nucleus replacement. METHODS From a total of thirteen 35-kg Yorkshire boars, early-stage lumbar disc degeneration was introduced into 10 pigs via injection of chondroitinase ABC. After degeneration, 8 pigs received TMHA/EP augmentation; 1 disc via direct needle injection and a second using a modified kyphoplasty approach. High-resolution magnetic resonance images were acquired of the excised spinal motion segments, followed by biomechanical testing in axial compression, flexion-extension, lateral bending, and torsion. RESULTS The degenerate control motion segments were generally less stiff and more flexible than healthy controls. The injection of TMHA/EP into the degenerated nucleus produced similar mechanical stiffness to healthy controls. The direct-injected discs showed a dispersive pattern of TMHA/EP within the nucleus, whereas the modified kyphoplasty method yielded a bolus of hydrogel. Yet, mechanical behavior was comparable considering the 2 minimally invasive augmentation techniques. CONCLUSION The TMHA/EP composite can restore initial mechanical behavior in early-stage disc degeneration. Although both augmentation methods yielded mechanical properties comparable with healthy controls, direct injection represents a simpler technique, uses a smaller-gauge needle, does not introduce air into the disc, and yields a dispersive pattern that may be beneficial for future delivery of cells or growth factors.
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Bowey K, Tanguay JF, Tabrizian M. Liposome technology for cardiovascular disease treatment and diagnosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:249-65. [PMID: 22235930 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.647908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past several decades, liposomes have been used in a variety of applications, from delivery vehicles to cell membrane models. In terms of pharmaceutical use, they can offer control over the release of active agents encapsulated into their lipid bilayer or aqueous core, while providing protection from degradation in the body. In addition, liposomes are versatile carriers, because targeting moieties can be conjugated on the surface to enhance delivery efficiency. It is for these reasons that liposomes have been applied as carriers for a multitude of drugs and genetic material, and as contrast agents, aimed to treat and diagnose cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED This review details advancements in liposome technology used in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In particular, the application of liposomes to cardiovascular disease treatment and diagnosis, with a focus on delivering drugs, genetic material and improving cardiovascular imaging, will be explored. Advances in targeting liposomes to the vasculature will also be detailed. EXPERT OPINION Liposomes may provide the means to deliver drugs and other pharmaceutical agents for cardiovascular applications; however, there is still a vast amount of research and clinical trials that must be performed before a formulation is brought to market. Advancements in targeting abilities within the body, as well as the introduction of theranostic liposomes, capable of both delivering treating and imaging cardiac diseases, may be expected in the future of this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Bowey
- McGill University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A4, Canada
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Kim H, Zhai G, Samuel SL, Rigell CJ, Umphrey HR, Rana S, Stockard CR, Fineberg NS, Zinn KR. Dual combination therapy targeting DR5 and EMMPRIN in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:405-15. [PMID: 22203731 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to assess the efficacy of combined extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN)- and death receptor 5 (DR5)-targeted therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in orthotopic mouse models with multimodal imaging. Cytotoxicity of anti-EMMPRIN antibody and anti-DR5 antibody (TRA-8) in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cell lines was measured by ATPlite assay in vitro. The distributions of Cy5.5-labeled TRA-8 and Cy3-labeled anti-EMMPRIN antibody in the 2 cell lines were analyzed by fluorescence imaging in vitro. Groups 1 to 12 of severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing orthotopic MIA PaCa-2 (groups 1-8) or PANC-1 (groups 9-12) tumors were used for in vivo studies. Dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI was applied in group 1 (untreated) or group 2 (anti-EMMPRIN antibody). The tumor uptake of Tc-99m-labeled TRA-8 was measured in group 3 (untreated) and group 4 (anti-EMMPRIN antibody). Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging with (18)F-FDG was applied in groups 5 to 12. Groups 5 to 8 (or groups 9 to 12) were untreated or treated with anti-EMMPRIN antibody, TRA-8, and combination, respectively. TRA-8 showed high killing efficacy for both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells in vitro, but additional anti-EMMPRIN treatment did not improve the cytotoxicity. Cy5.5-TRA-8 formed cellular caps in both the cell lines, whereas the maximum signal intensity was correlated with TRA-8 cytotoxicity. Anti-EMMPRIN therapy significantly enhanced the tumor delivery of the MR contrast agent, but not Tc-99m-TRA-8. Tumor growth was significantly suppressed by the combination therapy, and the additive effect of the combination was shown in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Opina ACL, Ghaghada KB, Zhao P, Kiefer G, Annapragada A, Sherry AD. TmDOTA-tetraglycinate encapsulated liposomes as pH-sensitive LipoCEST agents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27370. [PMID: 22140438 PMCID: PMC3225356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide DOTA-tetraglycinate (LnDOTA-(gly)₄⁻) complexes contain four magnetically equivalent amide protons that exchange with protons of bulk water. The rate of this base catalyzed exchange process has been measured using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) NMR techniques as a function of solution pH for various paramagnetic LnDOTA-(gly)₄⁻ complexes to evaluate the effects of lanthanide ion size on this process. Complexes with Tb(III), Dy(III), Tm(III) and Yb(III) were chosen because these ions induce large hyperfine shifts in all ligand protons, including the exchanging amide protons. The magnitude of the amide proton CEST exchange signal differed for the four paramagnetic complexes in order, Yb>Tm>Tb>Dy. Although the Dy(III) complex showed the largest hyperfine shift as expected, the combination of favorable chemical shift and amide proton CEST linewidth in the Tm(III) complex was deemed most favorable for future in vivo applications where tissue magnetization effects can interfere. TmDOTA-(gly)₄⁻ at various concentrations was encapsulated in the core interior of liposomes to yield lipoCEST particles for molecular imaging. The resulting nanoparticles showed less than 1% leakage of the agent from the interior over a range of temperatures and pH. The pH versus amide proton CEST curves differed for the free versus encapsulated agents over the acidic pH regions, consistent with a lower proton permeability across the liposomal bilayer for the encapsulated agent. Nevertheless, the resulting lipoCEST nanoparticles amplify the CEST sensitivity by a factor of ∼10⁴ compared to the free, un-encapsulated agent. Such pH sensitive nano-probes could prove useful for pH mapping of liposomes targeted to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Christina L. Opina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ketan B. Ghaghada
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Piyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Garry Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ananth Annapragada
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Criscione JM, Dobrucki LW, Zhuang ZW, Papademetris X, Simons M, Sinusas AJ, Fahmy TM. Development and application of a multimodal contrast agent for SPECT/CT hybrid imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1784-92. [PMID: 21851119 DOI: 10.1021/bc200162r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid or multimodality imaging is often applied in order to take advantage of the unique and complementary strengths of individual imaging modalities. This hybrid noninvasive imaging approach can provide critical information about anatomical structure in combination with physiological function or targeted molecular signals. While recent advances in software image fusion techniques and hybrid imaging systems have enabled efficient multimodal imaging, accessing the full potential of this technique requires development of a new toolbox of multimodal contrast agents that enhance the imaging process. Toward that goal, we report the development of a hybrid probe for both single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging that facilitates high-sensitivity SPECT and high spatial resolution CT imaging. In this work, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a novel intravascular, multimodal dendrimer-based contrast agent for use in preclinical SPECT/CT hybrid imaging systems. This multimodal agent offers a long intravascular residence time (t(1/2) = 43 min) and sufficient contrast-to-noise for effective serial intravascular and blood pool imaging with both SPECT and CT. The colocalization of the dendritic nuclear and X-ray contrasts offers the potential to facilitate image analysis and quantification by enabling correction for SPECT attenuation and partial volume errors at specified times with the higher resolution anatomic information provided by the circulating CT contrast. This may allow absolute quantification of intramyocardial blood volume and blood flow and may enable the ability to visualize active molecular targeting following clearance from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Criscione
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Dunne M, Zheng J, Rosenblat J, Jaffray DA, Allen C. APN/CD13-targeting as a strategy to alter the tumor accumulation of liposomes. J Control Release 2011; 154:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
A number of medical imaging techniques are used heavily in the provision of spatially resolved information on disease and physiological status and accordingly play a critical role in clinical diagnostics and subsequent treatment. Though, for most imaging modes, contrast is potentially enhanced through the use of contrast agents or improved hardware or imaging protocols, no single methodology provides, in isolation, a detailed mapping of anatomy, disease markers or physiological status. In recent years, the concept of complementing the strengths of one imaging modality with those of another has come to the fore and been further bolstered by the development of fused instruments such as PET/CT and PET/MRI stations. Coupled with the continual development in imaging hardware has been a surge in reports of contrast agents bearing multiple functionality, potentially providing not only a powerful and highly sensitised means of co-localising physiological/disease status and anatomy, but also the tracking and delineation of multiple markers and indeed subsequent or simultaneous highly localized therapy ("theragnostics").
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yen Huang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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61
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Gupta AS. Nanomedicine approaches in vascular disease: a review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:763-79. [PMID: 21601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine approaches have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and vascular diseases, where the limitations of rapid nonspecific clearance, poor biodistribution and harmful side effects associated with direct systemic drug administration can be overcome by packaging the agents within sterically stabilized, long-circulating nanovehicles that can be further surface-modified with ligands to actively target cellular/molecular components of the disease. With significant advancements in genetics, proteomics, cellular and molecular biology and biomaterials engineering, the nanomedicine strategies have become progressively refined regarding the modulation of surface and bulk chemistry of the nanovehicles, control of drug release kinetics, manipulation of nanoconstruct geometry and integration of multiple functionalities on single nanoplatforms. The current review aims to capture the various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades. Analysis of the promises and limitations of these approaches will help identify and optimize vascular nanomedicine systems to enhance their efficacy and clinical translation in the future. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Nanomedicine-based approaches have had a major impact on the treatment and diagnosis of malignancies and vascular diseases. This review discusses various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades, highlighting their advantages, limitations and offering new perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Kim D, Yu MK, Lee TS, Park JJ, Jeong YY, Jon S. Amphiphilic polymer-coated hybrid nanoparticles as CT/MRI dual contrast agents. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:155101. [PMID: 21389582 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/15/155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe hybrid nanoparticles, composed of iron oxide and gold nanoparticles, as potential dual contrast agents for both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hybrid nanoparticles are synthesized by thermal decomposition of mixtures of Fe-oleate and Au-oleylamine complexes. Using a nano-emulsion method, the nanoparticles are coated with amphiphilic poly(DMA-r-mPEGMA-r-MA) to impart water-dispersity and antibiofouling properties. An in vitro phantom study shows that the hybrid nanoparticles have high CT attenuation, because of the constituent gold nanoparticles, and afford a good MR signal, attributable to the contained iron oxide nanoparticles. Intravenous injection of the hybrid nanoparticles into hepatoma-bearing mice results in high contrast between the hepatoma and normal hepatic parenchyma in both CT and MRI. These results suggest that the hybrid nanoparticles may be useful as CT/MRI dual contrast agents for in vivo hepatoma imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyu Kim
- Cell Dynamics Research Center, Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Chemdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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HPLC method validation for the quantification of lomustine to study pharmacokinetics of thermosensitive liposome-encapsulated lomustine containing iohexol for CT imaging in C6 glioma rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:61-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Guo R, Wang H, Peng C, Shen M, Zheng L, Zhang G, Shi X. Enhanced X-ray attenuation property of dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles complexed with diatrizoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04094k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Rødal J, Søvik Å, Skogmo HK, Knudtsen IS, Malinen E. Feasibility of contrast-enhanced cone-beam CT for target localization and treatment monitoring. Radiother Oncol 2010; 97:521-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Søvik Å, Rødal J, Skogmo HK, Lervåg C, Eilertsen K, Malinen E. Adaptive radiotherapy based on contrast enhanced cone beam CT imaging. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:972-7. [PMID: 20831484 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.498433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging has become an integral part of radiation therapy, with images typically used for offline or online patient setup corrections based on bony anatomy co-registration. Ideally, the co-registration should be based on tumor localization. However, soft tissue contrast in CBCT images may be limited. In the present work, contrast enhanced CBCT (CECBCT) images were used for tumor visualization and treatment adaptation. Material and methods. A spontaneous canine maxillary tumor was subjected to repeated cone beam CT imaging during fractionated radiotherapy (10 fractions in total). At five of the treatment fractions, CECBCT images, employing an iodinated contrast agent, were acquired, as well as pre-contrast CBCT images. The tumor was clearly visible in post-contrast minus pre-contrast subtraction images, and these contrast images were used to delineate gross tumor volumes. IMRT dose plans were subsequently generated. Four different strategies were explored: 1) fully adapted planning based on each CECBCT image series, 2) planning based on images acquired at the first treatment fraction and patient repositioning following bony anatomy co-registration, 3) as for 2), but with patient repositioning based on co-registering contrast images, and 4) a strategy with no patient repositioning or treatment adaptation. The equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and tumor control probability (TCP) calculations to estimate treatment outcome for each strategy. Results. Similar translation vectors were found when bony anatomy and contrast enhancement co-registration were compared. Strategy 1 gave EUDs closest to the prescription dose and the highest TCP. Strategies 2 and 3 gave EUDs and TCPs close to that of strategy 1, with strategy 3 being slightly better than strategy 2. Even greater benefits from strategies 1 and 3 are expected with increasing tumor movement or deformation during treatment. The non-adaptive strategy 4 was clearly inferior to all three adaptive strategies. Conclusion. CECBCT may prove useful for adaptive radiotherapy.
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Iodinated blood pool contrast media for preclinical X-ray imaging applications – A review. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6249-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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68
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Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1406-17. [PMID: 20671724 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. We have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. Compared with other technologies, CPMV-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited for long-term intravital vascular imaging because of their biocompatibility and retention in the endothelium with minimal side effects. The stable, long-term labeling of the endothelium allows the identification of vasculature undergoing active remodeling in real time. In this study, we describe the synthesis, purification and fluorescent labeling of CPMV nanoparticles, along with their use for imaging of vascular structure and for intravital vascular mapping in developmental and tumor angiogenesis models. Dye-labeled viral nanoparticles can be synthesized and purified in a single day, and imaging studies can be conducted over hours, days or weeks, depending on the application.
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Zheng J, Allen C, Serra S, Vines D, Charron M, Jaffray DA. Liposome contrast agent for CT-based detection and localization of neoplastic and inflammatory lesions in rabbits: validation with FDG-PET and histology. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 5:147-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Okada M, Isoda T, Kumano S, Kagawa Y, Araki T, Onishi H, Hori M, Kim T, Motokui Y, Wada T, Murakami T. Serine- and mannose-modified liposomal contrast agent for computed tomography: evaluation of the enhancement in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 5:140-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zheng J, Jaffray D, Allen C. Quantitative CT imaging of the spatial and temporal distribution of liposomes in a rabbit tumor model. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:571-80. [PMID: 19298061 DOI: 10.1021/mp800234r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successful employment of noninvasive imaging techniques to quantitatively assess the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanoparticle drug delivery systems will facilitate the rational design of novel targeted drug carriers. This study reports on the bulk organ/tissue (liver, kidneys, spleen, tumor and blood) and intratumoral distribution of liposomes containing iohexol and gadoteridol over a 14-day period in VX2 sarcoma-bearing New Zealand White rabbits using computed tomography (CT). The vascular half-life of the liposomes was found to be 63.6 +/- 5.8 h and the maximum tumor-to-muscle iodine concentration ratio of 11.9 +/- 6.0 was measured 7 days postinjection with 1.13 +/- 0.29% ID of liposomes accumulating at the tumor site. The liposomes achieved their highest intratumoral distribution volume ratio at 48 h postadministration, occupying 72 +/- 5% of the total tumor volume. This investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using CT to perform quantitative, volumetric and longitudinal assessment of the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of iodinated liposomes with sensitivities in the range of microg/cm3 while maintaining the ability to identify boundaries of anatomical structures at submillimeter resolution and with imaging time of less than one minute per scan. If successfully approved for clinical adoption, the use of CT imaging to monitor nanoparticulate drug delivery will provide an opportunity for online adjustment of therapeutic regimens and implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mody VV, Nounou MI, Bikram M. Novel nanomedicine-based MRI contrast agents for gynecological malignancies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:795-807. [PMID: 19427886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers result in significant morbidity and mortality in women despite advances in treatment and diagnosis. This is due to detection of the disease in the late stages following metastatic spread in which treatment options become limited and may not result in positive outcomes. In addition, traditional contrast agents are not very effective in detecting primary metastatic tumors and cells due to a lack of specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic tools, which limits their effectiveness. Recently, the field of nanomedicine-based contrast agents offers a great opportunity to develop highly sophisticated devices that can overcome many traditional hurdles of contrast agents including solubility, cell-specific targeting, toxicities, and immunological responses. These nanomedicine-based contrast agents including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, multifunctional magnetic polymeric nanohybrids, fullerenes, and nanotubes represent improvements over their traditional counterparts, which can significantly advance the field of molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky V Mody
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center Campus, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Khemtong C, Kessinger CW, Gao J. Polymeric nanomedicine for cancer MR imaging and drug delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3497-510. [PMID: 19521593 PMCID: PMC2850565 DOI: 10.1039/b821865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanomedicine is emerging as a highly integrated platform that allows for molecular diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and simultaneous monitoring and treatment of cancer. Advances in polymer and materials science are critical for the successful development of these multi-component nanocomposites in one particulate system with such a small size confinement (<200 nm). Currently, several nanoscopic therapeutic and diagnostic systems have been translated into clinical practice. In this feature article, we will provide an up-to-date review on the development and biomedical applications of nanocomposite materials for cancer diagnosis and therapy. An overview of each functional component, i.e. polymer carriers, MR imaging agents, and therapeutic drugs, will be presented. Integration of different functional components will be illustrated in several highlighted examples to demonstrate the synergy of the multifunctional nanomedicine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermchai Khemtong
- Department of Pharmacology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. Fax: +1 214 645 6347; Tel: +1 214 645 6370
| | - Chase W. Kessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. Fax: +1 214 645 6347; Tel: +1 214 645 6370
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. Fax: +1 214 645 6347; Tel: +1 214 645 6370
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75
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Mikhail AS, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles for delivery of cancer therapy: transport at the whole body, tissue and cellular levels. J Control Release 2009; 138:214-23. [PMID: 19376167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of block copolymer micelles (BCMs) for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics has proven to be a promising approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceutical cancer therapy. Acceleration of the translation of BCM-based drug formulations from the fundamental stages of pre-clinical development to clinical use requires a greater understanding of the transport mechanisms that influence the fate of these nano-carrier systems at the whole body, tissue, and cellular levels. New information emerging regarding the intratumoral distribution, and tumor penetration of BCMs and other nanosystems in vivo, by non-invasive image-based assessment, has the potential to revolutionize our understanding and current approach to drug delivery in this field. This review aims to highlight these and other important advancements as well as to bring attention to the many critical questions that remain to be addressed regarding the fate of BCM-based drug formulations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mikhail
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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76
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Longmire M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: considerations and caveats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:703-17. [PMID: 18817471 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.5.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1362] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles possess enormous potential as diagnostic imaging agents and hold promise for the development of multimodality agents with both imaging and therapeutic capabilities. Yet, some of the most promising nanoparticles demonstrate prolonged tissue retention and contain heavy metals. This presents serious concerns for toxicity. The creation of nanoparticles with optimal clearance characteristics will minimize toxicity risks by reducing the duration of exposure to these agents. Given that many nanoparticles possess easily modifiable surface and interior chemistry, if nanoparticle characteristics associated with optimal clearance from the body were well established, it would be feasible to design and create agents with more favorable clearance properties. This article presents a thorough discussion of the physiologic aspects of nanoparticle clearance, focusing on renal mechanisms, and provides an overview of current research investigating clearance of specific types of nanoparticles and nano-sized macromolecules, including dendrimers, quantum dots, liposomes and carbon, gold and silica-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Longmire
- Molecular Imaging Program, NCI/NIH Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
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77
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Elrod DB, Partha R, Danila D, Casscells SW, Conyers JL. An iodinated liposomal computed tomographic contrast agent prepared from a diiodophosphatidylcholine lipid. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 5:42-5. [PMID: 18783999 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a novel vesicle-forming iodinated contrast agent for applications in computed tomographic (CT) imaging and drug delivery. Specifically, we have chemically modified a phosphatidylcholine lipid that is commonly used in liposome formation to create an iodinated lipid that self-assembles into approximately 50-150 nm iodoliposomes possessing as-prepared imaging contrast functionality. These iodoliposomes are structurally organized such that the iodinated moieties are contained within the vesicle's bilayer, leaving the liposomal interior unoccupied and thus available for encapsulating drugs. The iodoliposomes were characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We also calculated the iodoliposomes' iodine encapsulation efficiency, which was sufficient for use in current CT imaging protocols. These iodinated liposomes could also serve as multifunctional carriers upon the encapsulation of pharmaceutical agents, permitting simultaneous CT imaging and therapeutic treatment. Alternatively, the commercially available iodinated contrast agent iohexol could be encapsulated inside the iodoliposomes' aqueous core to further enchance their imaging contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don B Elrod
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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78
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Torchilin
- Northeastern University, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA ;
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79
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Vaidya A, Sun Y, Feng Y, Emerson L, Jeong EK, Lu ZR. Contrast-enhanced MRI-guided photodynamic cancer therapy with a pegylated bifunctional polymer conjugate. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2002-11. [PMID: 18584312 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study contrast-enhanced MRI guided photodynamic therapy with a pegylated bifunctional polymer conjugate containing an MRI contrast agent and a photosensitizer for minimally invasive image-guided cancer treatment. METHODS Pegylated and non-pegylated poly-(L-glutamic acid) conjugates containing mesochlorin e6, a photosensitizer, and Gd(III)-DO3A, an MRI contrast agent, were synthesized. The effect of pegylation on the biodistribution and tumor targeting was non-invasively visualized in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts with MRI. MRI-guided photodynamic therapy was carried out in the tumor bearing mice. Tumor response to photodynamic therapy was evaluated by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and histological analysis. RESULTS The pegylated conjugate had longer blood circulation, lower liver uptake and higher tumor accumulation than the non-pegylated conjugate as shown by MRI. Site-directed laser irradiation of tumors resulted in higher therapeutic efficacy for the pegylated conjugate than the non-pegylated conjugate. Moreover, animals treated with photodynamic therapy showed reduced vascular permeability on DCE-MRI and decreased microvessel density in histological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Pegylation of the polymer bifunctional conjugates reduced non-specific liver uptake and increased tumor uptake, resulting in significant tumor contrast enhancement and high therapeutic efficacy. The pegylated poly(L-glutamic acid) bifunctional conjugate is promising for contrast enhanced MRI guided photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Ribot EJ, Thiaudière E, Roulland R, Brugières P, Rahmouni A, Voisin P, Franconi JM, Miraux S. Application of MRI phase-difference mapping to assessment of vascular concentrations of BMS agent in mice. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:53-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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81
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Lu ZR, Ye F, Vaidya A. Polymer platforms for drug delivery and biomedical imaging. J Control Release 2007; 122:269-77. [PMID: 17662500 PMCID: PMC2682637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible synthetic polymers have demonstrated advantageous pharmacokinetic properties as compared to small molecular agents. Incorporation of low molecular weight therapeutics and imaging agents into biocompatible polymers can optimize their pharmacokinetic properties with improved efficacy of therapy and diagnostic imaging, respectively. We have applied the concept of drug delivery to design safe and effective contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and used biomedical imaging in non-invasive evaluation of drug delivery and image-guided therapy. We summarize here the recent progress in our research on biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents, non-invasive visualization of in vivo drug delivery of polymeric conjugates with contrast enhanced MRI, and contrast enhanced MRI guided photodynamic therapy. The preliminary results have shown that biocompatible polymers can be used as an effective platform for drug delivery and biomedical imaging. Safe and effective imaging agents can be designed by using the concept of polymeric drug delivery. Biomedical imaging can be used as a non-invasive method for the evaluation of in vivo drug delivery of polymeric drug delivery systems. The combination of drug delivery and biomedical imaging can result in image-guided therapies, which include tumor detection, therapy and non-invasive evaluation of therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.
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