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Groo AC, Lagarce F. Mucus models to evaluate nanomedicines for diffusion. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1097-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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53
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Groo AC, Saulnier P, Gimel JC, Gravier J, Ailhas C, Benoit JP, Lagarce F. Fate of paclitaxel lipid nanocapsules in intestinal mucus in view of their oral delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4291-302. [PMID: 24235827 PMCID: PMC3825687 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of paclitaxel (Ptx) has previously been improved via its encapsulation in lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). In this work, the interactions between LNCs and intestinal mucus are studied because they are viewed as an important barrier to successful oral delivery. The rheological properties of different batches of pig intestinal mucus were studied under different conditions (the effect of hydration and the presence of LNCs). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to study the stability of LNCs in mucus at 37°C for at least 3 hours. Diffusion through 223, 446, and 893 μm mucus layers of 8.4, 16.8, and 42 μg/mL Ptx formulated as Taxol® (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Rueil-Malmaison, France) or encapsulated in LNCs (Ptx-LNCs) were investigated. The effect of the size of the LNCs on their diffusion was also investigated (range, 25–110 nm in diameter). Mucus behaves as a non-Newtonian gel with rheofluidifying properties and a flow threshold. The viscous (G″) and elastic (G′) moduli and flow threshold of the two mucus batches varied with water content, but G′ remained below G″. LNCs had no effect on mucus viscosity and flow threshold. The FRET efficiency remained at 78% after 3 hours. Because the destruction of the LNCs would lead to a FRET efficiency below 25%, these results suggest only a slight modification of LNCs after their contact with mucus. The diffusion of Taxol® and Ptx-LNCs in mucus decreases if the mucus layer is thicker. Interestingly, the apparent permeability across mucus is higher for Ptx-LNCs than for Taxol® for drug concentrations of 16.8 and 42 μg/mL Ptx (P<0.05). The diffusion of Ptx-LNCs through mucus is not size-dependent. This study shows that LNCs are stable in mucus, do not change mucus rheological properties, and improve Ptx diffusion at low concentrations, thus making these systems good candidates for Ptx oral delivery. The study of the physicochemical interaction between the LNC surface and its diffusion in mucus is now envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Groo
- LUNAM Université, INSERM U1066 Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques, Angers, France ; Ethypharm, Grand-Quevilly, France
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Chen MC, Mi FL, Liao ZX, Hsiao CW, Sonaje K, Chung MF, Hsu LW, Sung HW. Recent advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:865-79. [PMID: 23159541 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS), a cationic polysaccharide, is widely regarded as a safe and efficient intestinal absorption enhancer of therapeutic macromolecules, owing to its inherent mucoadhesive feature and ability to modulate the integrity of epithelial tight junctions reversibly. By using CS-based nanoparticles, many studies have attempted to protect the loaded macromolecules against acidic denaturation and enzymatic degradation, prolong their intestinal residence time, and increase their absorption by the intestinal epithelium. Derivatives of CS such as quaternized CS, thiolated CS and carboxylated CS have also been examined to further enhance its effectiveness in oral absorption of macromolecular drugs. This review article describes the synthesis of these CS derivatives and their characteristics, as well as their potential transport mechanisms of macromolecular therapeutics across the intestinal biological membrane. Recent advances in using CS and its derivatives as carriers for oral delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules and their effects on drug transport are also reviewed.
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Licciardi M, Pasut G, Amato G, Scialabba C, Mero A, Montopoli M, Cavallaro G, Schiavon O, Giammona G. PHEA-graft-polymethacrylate supramolecular aggregates for protein oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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56
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Goethals EC, Elbaz A, Lopata AL, Bhargava SK, Bansal V. Decoupling the effects of the size, wall thickness, and porosity of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanocapsules on their anticancer efficacy: size is the winner. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:658-666. [PMID: 23078204 DOI: 10.1021/la3033836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocapsules have gained an important place as drug delivery vehicles for a myriad of biomedical applications. However, the influence of nanocapsule size, wall thickness, and porosity toward controlling the drug delivery efficiency of nanocapsular systems is not well understood. We report a facile template-mediated approach for the development of near monodispersed chitosan nanocapsules of different sizes, wall thicknesses, and porosities in a controllable manner. The ability of this approach to finely tune the structural characteristics of chitosan nanocapsules enabled us to systematically investigate the influence of capsule size, wall thickness, and porosity on their efficiency as drug delivery vehicles against mouse mastocytoma cells after loading them with curcumin, a natural lipophilic anticancer drug. This study establishes an important finding in the field of nanocapsule-based drug delivery systems that although several structural characteristics of a nanocapsule might be responsible in influencing their efficiency as a chemotherapeutic carrier, the size of the nanocapsules is likely to play the most important role in dictating the chemotherapeutic efficiency of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Goethals
- NanoBiotechnology Research Lab (NBRL), Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Bergin IL, Witzmann FA. Nanoparticle toxicity by the gastrointestinal route: evidence and knowledge gaps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 3:10.1504/IJBNN.2013.054515. [PMID: 24228068 PMCID: PMC3822607 DOI: 10.1504/ijbnn.2013.054515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in nanoparticles for advanced technologies, consumer products, and biomedical applications has led to great excitement about potential benefits but also concern over the potential for adverse human health effects. The gastrointestinal tract represents a likely route of entry for many nanomaterials, both directly through intentional ingestion or indirectly via nanoparticle dissolution from food containers or by secondary ingestion of inhaled particles. Additionally, increased utilisation of nanoparticles may lead to increased environmental contamination and unintentional ingestion via water, food animals, or fish. The gastrointestinal tract is a site of complex, symbiotic interactions between host cells and the resident microbiome. Accordingly, evaluation of nanoparticles must take into consideration not only absorption and extraintestinal organ accumulation but also the potential for altered gut microbes and the effects of this perturbation on the host. The existing literature was evaluated for evidence of toxicity based on these considerations. Focus was placed on three categories of nanomaterials: nanometals and metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, and polymer/dendrimers with emphasis on those particles of greatest relevance to gastrointestinal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L. Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, 018 ARF, Ann Arbor, MI 48197, USA,
| | - Frank A. Witzmann
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Indianapolis IN 46202, USA
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58
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Li N, Li XR, Zhou YX, Li WJ, Zhao Y, Ma SJ, Li JW, Gao YJ, Liu Y, Wang XL, Yin DD. The use of polyion complex micelles to enhance the oral delivery of salmon calcitonin and transport mechanism across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8881-92. [PMID: 22975427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the effect of polyanionic copolymer mPEG-grafted-alginic acid (mPEG-g-AA)-based polyion complex (PIC) micelles on enhancing the oral absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in vivo and in vitro and identify the transepithelial transport mechanism of PIC micelles across the intestinal barrier. mPEG-g-AA was first successfully synthesized and characterized in cytotoxicity. The PIC micelles were approximately of 72 nm in diameter with a narrow distribution. The extremely significant enhancement of hypocalcemia efficacy of sCT-loaded PIC micelles in rats was evidenced by intraduodenal administration in comparison with sCT solution. The presence of mPEG-grafted-chitosan in PIC micelles had no favorable effect on this action in the referred content. In the Caco-2 transport studies, PIC micelles could significantly increase the permeability of sCT across Caco-2 monolayers without significantly affecting transepithelial electrical resistance values during the transport study. No evident alterations in the F-actin cytoskeleton were detected by confocal microscope observation following treatment of the cell monolayers with PIC micelles, which further certified the incapacity of PIC micelles to open the intercellular tight junctions. In addition, TEM observations showed that the intact PIC micelles were transported across the everted gut sac. These suggested that the transport of PIC micelles across Caco-2 cell monolayers involve a predominant transcytosis mechanism via endocytosis rather than paracellular pathway. Furthermore, PIC micelles were localized in both the cytoplasm and the nuclei observed by CLSM. Therefore, PIC micelles might be a potentially applicable tool for enhancing the oral absorption of cationic peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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59
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Janga KY, Jukanti R, Sunkavalli S, Velpula A, Bandari S, Kandadi P, Veerareddy PR. In situabsorption and relative bioavailability studies of zaleplon loaded self-nanoemulsifying powders. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:161-72. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.714408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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60
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Dooley TP, Ellis AL, Belousova M, Petersen D, DeCarlo AA. Dense chitosan surgical membranes produced by a coincident compression-dehydration process. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 24:621-43. [PMID: 23565872 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2012.701549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
High density chitosan membranes were produced via a novel manufacturing process and used as implantable resorbable surgical membranes. The innovative method utilizes the following three sequential steps: (1) casting an acidic chitosan solution within a silicon mold, followed by freezing; (2) neutralizing the frozen acidic chitosan solution in alkaline solution to facilitate polymerization; and (3) applying coincident compression-dehydration under a vacuum. Resulting membranes of 0.2-0.5 mm thickness have densities as high as 1.6 g/cm(3). Inclusion of glycerol prior to the compression-dehydration step provides additional physical and clinical handling benefits. The biomaterials exhibit tensile strength with a maximum load as high as 10.9 N at ~2.5 mm width and clinically relevant resistance to suture pull-out with a maximum load as high as 2.2 N. These physical properties were superior to those of a commercial reconstituted collagen membrane. The dense chitosan membranes have excellent clinical handling characteristics, such as pliability and 'memory' when wet. They are semipermeable to small molecules, biodegradable in vitro in lysozyme solution, and the rates of degradation are inversely correlated to the degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, the dense chitosan membranes are biocompatible and resorbable in vivo as demonstrated in a rat oral wound healing model. The unique combination of physical, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical handling properties demonstrate the high utility of dense chitosan membranes produced by this new method. The materials may be useful as surgical barrier membranes, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, and as delivery devices for active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Dooley
- Agenta Biotechnologies Inc, 1500 1st Avenue North, Unit 31, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA.
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61
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Vemulapalli V, Bai Y, Kalluri H, Herwadkar A, Kim H, Davis SP, Friden PM, Banga AK. In Vivo Iontophoretic Delivery of Salmon Calcitonin Across Microporated Skin. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2861-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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62
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Prego† C, Goycoolea* FM. Nanostructures Overcoming the Nasal Barrier: Protein and Peptide Delivery Strategies. NANOSTRUCTURED BIOMATERIALS FOR OVERCOMING BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735292-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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63
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Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Chitosan-based drug nanocarriers: Where do we stand? J Control Release 2012; 161:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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64
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Goycoolea FM, Valle-Gallego A, Stefani R, Menchicchi B, David L, Rochas C, Santander-Ortega MJ, Alonso MJ. Chitosan-based nanocapsules: physical characterization, stability in biological media and capsaicin encapsulation. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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65
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Abstract
Oral peptide delivery has been one of the major challenges of pharmaceutical sciences as it could lead to a great improvement of classical therapies, such as insulin, alongside making an important number of new therapies feasible. Successful oral delivery needs to fulfill two key tasks: to protect the macromolecules from degradation in the GI tract and to shuttle them across the intestinal epithelium in a safe and efficient fashion. Over the last decade, there have been numerous approaches based on the chemical modification of peptides and on the use of permeation enhancers, enzyme inhibitors and drug-delivery systems. Among the approaches developed to overcome these restrictions, the design of nanocarriers seems to be a particularly promising approach. This article is an overview on the state of the art of oral-peptide formulation strategies, with special attention to insulin delivery and the use of polymeric nanocarriers as delivery systems.
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66
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Hosseinzadeh H, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R, Ostad SN. Chitosan-Pluronic nanoparticles as oral delivery of anticancer gemcitabine: preparation and in vitro study. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1851-63. [PMID: 22605934 PMCID: PMC3352690 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have proven to be an effective delivery system with few side effects for anticancer drugs. In this study, gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles have been prepared by an ionic gelation method using chitosan and Pluronic® F-127 as a carrier. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Different parameters such as concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate, chitosan, Pluronic, and drug on the properties of the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated. In vitro drug release was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH = 7.4). The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was assayed in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. The mucoadhesion behavior of the nanoparticles was also studied by mucus glycoprotein assay. The prepared nanoparticles had a spherical shape with positive charge and a mean diameter ranging between 80 to 170 nm. FT-IR and DSC studies found that the drug was dispersed in its amorphous form due to its potent interaction with nanoparticle matrix. Maximum drug encapsulation efficiency was achieved at 0.4 mg/mL gemcitabine while maximum drug loading was 6% obtained from 0.6 mg/mL gemcitabine. An in vitro drug release study at 37°C in PBS (pH = 7.4) exhibited a controlled release profile for chitosan–Pluronic® F-127 nanoparticles. A cytotoxicity assay of gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles showed an increase in the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine embedded in the nanoparticles in comparison with drug alone. The mucoadhesion study results suggest that nanoparticles could be considered as an efficient oral formulation for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosniyeh Hosseinzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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67
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Characterization of different functionalized lipidic nanocapsules as potential drug carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2405-2424. [PMID: 22408461 PMCID: PMC3292030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) based on a core-shell structure consisting of an oil-filled core with a surrounding polymer layer are known to be promising vehicles for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs in the new therapeutic strategies in anti-cancer treatments. The present work has been designed as basic research about different LNC systems. We have synthesized—and physico-chemically characterized—three different LNC systems in which the core was constituted by olive oil and the shell by different phospholipids (phosphatidyl-serine or lecithin) and other biocompatible molecules such as Pluronic® F68 or chitosan. It is notable that the olive-oil-phosphatidyl-serine LCN is a novel formulation presented in this work and was designed to generate an enriched carboxylic surface. This carboxylic layer is meant to link specific antibodies, which could facilitate the specific nanocapsule uptake by cancer cells. This is why nanoparticles with phosphatidyl-serine in their shell have also been used in this work to form immuno-nanocapsules containing a polyclonal IgG against a model antigen (C-reactive protein) covalently bounded by means of a simple and reproducible carbodiimide method. An immunological study was made to verify that these IgG-LNC complexes showed the expected specific immune response. Finally, a preliminary in vitro study was performed by culturing a breast-carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) with Nile-Red-loaded LNC. We found that these cancer cells take up the fluorescent Nile- Red molecule in a process dependent on the surface properties of the nanocarriers.
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68
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Moutinho CG, Matos CM, Teixeira JA, Balcão VM. Nanocarrier possibilities for functional targeting of bioactive peptides and proteins: state-of-the-art. J Drug Target 2011; 20:114-41. [PMID: 22023555 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.628397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to production of nanocarriers encasing peptides and/or proteins, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject. Highlights are given to bioactive proteins and peptides, with a special focus on those from dairy sources (including physicochemical characteristics and properties, and biopharmaceutical application possibilities of e.g. lactoferrin and glycomacropeptide), as well as to nanocarrier functional targeting. Features associated with micro- and (multiple) nanoemulsions, micellar systems, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, together with biopharmaceutical considerations, are presented in the text in a systematic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Moutinho
- Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
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69
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Fan Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Fan C, Wang X, Huang Y, Liu Y. Improved intestinal delivery of salmon calcitonin by water-in-oil microemulsions. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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70
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Rosas-Durazo A, Lizardi J, Higuera-Ciapara I, Argüelles-Monal W, Goycoolea F. Development and characterization of nanocapsules comprising dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and κ-carrageenan. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 86:242-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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71
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das Neves J, Bahia MF, Amiji MM, Sarmento B. Mucoadhesive nanomedicines: characterization and modulation of mucoadhesion at the nanoscale. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1085-104. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.586334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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72
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Nagpal K, Singh SK, Mishra DN. Chitosan nanoparticles: a promising system in novel drug delivery. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 58:1423-30. [PMID: 21048331 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of nanoparticles to manipulate the molecules and their structures has revolutionized the conventional drug delivery system. The chitosan nanoparticles, because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility, better stability, low toxicity, simple and mild preparation methods, offer a valuable tool to novel drug delivery systems in the present scenario. Besides ionotropic gelation method, other methods such as microemulsion method, emulsification solvent diffusion method, polyelectrolyte complex method, emulsification cross-linking method, complex coacervation method and solvent evaporation method are also in use. The chitosan nanoparticles have also been reported to have key applications in parentral drug delivery, per-oral administration of drugs, in non-viral gene delivery, in vaccine delivery, in ocular drug delivery, in electrodeposition, in brain targeting drug delivery, in stability improvement, in mucosal drug delivery in controlled drug delivery of drugs, in tissue engineering and in the effective delivery of insulin. The present review describes origin and properties of chitosan and its nanoparticles along with the different methods of its preparation and the various areas of novel drug delivery where it has got its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nagpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
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73
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Duceppe N, Tabrizian M. Advances in using chitosan-based nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo drug and gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 7:1191-207. [PMID: 20836623 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.514604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD This review aims to provide an overview of state-of-the-art chitosan-based nanosized carriers for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Chitosan nanocarriers are smart delivery systems owing to the possibility of their property alterations with various approaches, which would confer them with the possibility of spatiotemporal delivery features. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The focus of this review is principally on those aspects that have not often been addressed in other reviews. These include the influence of physicochemical properties of chitosan on delivery mechanisms and chitosan modification with a variety of ligand moieties specific for cell surface receptors to increase recognition and uptake of nanocarriers into cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Multiple examples that demonstrate the advantages of chitosan-based nanocarriers over other delivery systems of therapeutic agents are highlighted. Particular emphasis is given to the alteration of material properties by functionalization or combination with other polymers for their specific applications. Finally, structural and experimental parameters influencing transfection efficiency of chitosan-based nanocarriers are presented for both in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The readers will acquire knowledge of parameters influencing the properties of the chitosan-based nanocarriers for delivery of therapeutic agents (genetic material or drugs) in vitro and in vivo. They will get a better idea of the strategies to be adapted to tune the characteristics of chitosan and chitosan derivatives for specific delivery applications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Chitosan is prone to chemical and physical modifications, and is very responsive to environmental stimuli such as temperature and pH. These features make chitosan a smart material with great potential for developing multifunctional nanocarrier systems to deliver large varieties of therapeutic agents administrated in multiple ways with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Duceppe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Duff Medical Science Building, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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74
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Hermida LG, Roig A, Bregni C, Sabés-Xamaní M, Barnadas-Rodríguez R. Preparation and characterization of iron-containing liposomes: their effect on soluble iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. J Liposome Res 2010; 21:203-12. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2010.517536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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75
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Alameh M, Jean M, Dejesus D, Buschmann MD, Merzouki A. Chitosanase-based method for RNA isolation from cells transfected with chitosan/siRNA nanocomplexes for real-time RT-PCR in gene silencing. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:473-81. [PMID: 20957169 PMCID: PMC2950405 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a well known natural cationic polysaccharide, has been successfully implemented in vitro and in vivo as a nonviral delivery system for both plasmid DNA and siRNA. While using chitosan/siRNA polyplexes to knock down specific targets, we have underestimated the effect of nucleic acids binding to chitosan when extracting RNA for subsequent quantitative PCR evaluation of silencing. In vitro transfection using chitosan/siRNA-based polyplexes reveals a very poor recovery of total RNA especially when using low cell numbers in 96 well plates. Here, we describe a method that dramatically enhances RNA extraction from chitosan/siRNA-treated cells by using an enzymatic treatment with a type III chitosanase. We show that chitosanase treatment prior to RNA extraction greatly enhances the yield and the integrity of extracted RNA. This method will therefore eliminate the bias associated with lower RNA yield and integrity when quantifying gene silencing of chitosan-based systems using quantitative real time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alameh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique, Station Centreville, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hoyer H, Perera G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Noninvasive delivery systems for peptides and proteins in osteoporosis therapy: a retroperspective. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:31-44. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903059342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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77
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Caramella C, Ferrari F, Bonferoni M, Rossi S, Sandri G. Chitosan and its derivatives as drug penetration enhancers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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78
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79
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du Plessis L, Lubbe J, Strauss T, Kotzé A. Enhancement of nasal and intestinal calcitonin delivery by the novel Pheroid™ fatty acid based delivery system, and by N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Int J Pharm 2010; 385:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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80
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Mora-Huertas C, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 385:113-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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81
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Santander-Ortega MJ, Lozano-López MV, Bastos-González D, Peula-García JM, Ortega-Vinuesa JL. Novel core-shell lipid-chitosan and lipid-poloxamer nanocapsules: stability by hydration forces. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Mohs AM, Duan H, Kairdolf BA, Smith AM, Nie S. Proton-Resistant Quantum Dots: Stability in Gastrointestinal Fluids and Implications for Oral Delivery of Nanoparticle Agents. NANO RESEARCH 2009; 2:500-508. [PMID: 20379372 PMCID: PMC2850447 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-009-9046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have shown great promise as fluorescent probes for molecular, cellular and in-vivo imaging. However, the fluorescence of traditional polymer-encapsulated QDs is often quenched by proton-induced etching in acidic environments. This is a major problem for QD applications in the gastrointestinal tract because the gastric (stomach) environment is strongly acidic (pH 1-2). Here we report the use of proton-resistant surface coatings to stabilize QD fluorescence under acidic conditions. Using both hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) and its polyethylene glycol derivative (PEG grafted PEI), we show that the fluorescence of core-shell CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs is effectively protected from quenching in simulated gastric fluids. In comparison, amphiphilic lipid or polymer coatings provide no protection under similarly acidic conditions. The proton-resistant QDs are found to cause moderate membrane damage to cultured epithelial cells, but PEGylation (PEG grafting) can be used to reduce cellular toxicity and to improved nanoparticle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Mohs
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle NE, Suite 2001, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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83
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Prabhu S, Kanthamneni N, Ma C. Novel Combinations of Rate-Controlling Polymers for the Release of Leuprolide Acetate in the Colon. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:119-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540801905157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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84
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Wang G, Uludag H. Recent developments in nanoparticle-based drug delivery and targeting systems with emphasis on protein-based nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:499-515. [PMID: 18491978 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.5.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug delivery systems with nm dimensions (nanoparticles [NPs]) are attracting increasing attention because they can sequester drugs in systemic circulation, prevent non-specific biodistribution, and target to specific tissues. OBJECTIVE We reviewed the recent literature pertinent to NP-based drug delivery, primarily emphasizing NPs fabricated from proteins. METHODS A summary of common NP fabrication techniques is provided along with the range of sizes and functional properties obtained. The NP properties critical for injectable drug delivery are reviewed, as well as the attempts to design 'tissue-specific' NPs. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS It has been possible to design > 100 nm NPs from different biomaterials, and further understanding of in vivo stability and interactions with physiologic systems will lead to improved drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wang
- Faculty of Engineering University of Alberta, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, #526 CME Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2G6, Canada
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85
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Lozano MV, Torrecilla D, Torres D, Vidal A, Domínguez F, Alonso MJ. Highly Efficient System To Deliver Taxanes into Tumor Cells: Docetaxel-Loaded Chitosan Oligomer Colloidal Carriers. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2186-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800298u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Lozano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Torres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Vidal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria J. Alonso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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86
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Anton N, Benoit JP, Saulnier P. Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates-a review. J Control Release 2008; 128:185-99. [PMID: 18374443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of nanoparticle formulation methods are based on nano-emulsion templates, which in turn are generated in various ways. It must therefore be taken into account that active principles and drugs encapsulated in nanoparticles can potentially be affected by these nano-emulsion formulation processes. Such potential differences may include drug sensitivity to temperature, high-shear devices, or even contact with organic solvents. Likewise, nano-emulsion formulation processes must be chosen in function of the selected therapeutic goals of the nano-carrier suspension and its administration route. This requires the nanoparticle formulation processes (and thus the nano-emulsion formation methods) to be more adapted to the nature of the encapsulated drugs, as well as to the chosen route of administration. Offering a comprehensive review, this paper proposes a link between nano-emulsion formulation methods and nanoparticle generation, while at the same time bearing in mind the above-mentioned parameters for active molecule encapsulation. The first part will deal with the nano-emulsion template through the different formulation methods, i.e. high energy methods on the one hand, and low-energy ones (essentially spontaneous emulsification and the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method) on the other. This will be followed by a review of the different families of nanoparticles (i.e. polymeric or lipid nanospheres and nanocapsules) highlighting the links (or potential links) between these nanoparticles and the different nano-emulsion formulation methods upon which they are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Anton
- Inserm U646, Ingénierie de la vectorisation particulaire, 10 rue A. Boquel, F-49100 Angers, France.
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87
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Makhlof A, Werle M, Takeuchi H. Mucoadhesive drug carriers and polymers for effective drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(08)50075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Moeller EH, Jorgensen L. Alternative routes of administration for systemic delivery of protein pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e89-e94. [PMID: 24981096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and patient-friendly delivery of proteins are important targets for protein formulation development. Traditionally, a lyophilized cake for reconstitution followed by s.c. or i.v. administration has been used. At present, several protein pharmaceuticals delivered by alternative routes of administration are under investigation. The long-term effects of protein delivery by these alternative routes are not known. Nevertheless, these alternative administration routes can in the near future lead to new, successful protein pharmaceuticals on the market.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Horn Moeller
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lene Jorgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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89
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Madhusudhan B, Rambhau D, Apte SS, Gopinath D. Oral Bioavailability of Flutamide from 1‐O‐Alkylglycerol Stabilized o/w Nanoemulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701528241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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90
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Cox AB, Rawlinson LA, Baird AW, Bzik V, Brayden DJ. In vitro Interactions Between the Oral Absorption Promoter, Sodium Caprate (C10) and S. typhimurium in Rat Intestinal Ileal Mucosae. Pharm Res 2007; 25:114-22. [PMID: 17546408 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The medium chain fatty acid, sodium caprate (C(10)), is a promising oral drug delivery agent that may promote permeability of peptides through increasing paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium. One safety concern is that it may permit co-absorption of by-stander agents including pathogens. The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the effects of C(10) on rat intestinal ileal mucosae in the presence of co-administered Salmonella typhimurium in a low volume vertical Ussing chamber. METHODS C(10) or S. typhimurium was added to rat ileal mucosae mounted in chambers and the flux of the paracellular flux of [(14)C]-mannitol examined. S. typhimurium adherence and uptake by ileal mucosae was also examined by counting. Bacterial growth curves were assessed in the presence of C(10). Minimum inhibitory- and bacteriocidal concentrations of C(10) were determined against a range of bacteria. RESULTS Apical addition of either C(10) or S. typhimurium to rat ileal mucosae mounted in modified diffusion chambers significantly increased the flux of [(14)C]-mannitol in a concentration-dependent fashion. Co-exposure with increasing concentrations of C(10) attenuated the Salmonella-induced increase in mannitol flux. Histological evaluation revealed that C(10) inhibited both adhesion and invasion of S. typhimurium to intestinal mucosae. Short term bacterial growth studies in the presence of C(10) showed evidence of concentration-dependent inhibition. C(10) was bacteriocidal in mM concentrations against S. typhimurium and selected gram positive and negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS C(10) does not promote the permeation of a common bacterium across isolated intestinal tissue upon acute co-exposure. It prevents S. typhimurium attachment to epithelia and impedes growth of a range of different bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Cox
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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91
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Vesicles from Pluronic/poly(lactic acid) block copolymers as new carriers for oral insulin delivery. J Control Release 2007; 120:11-7. [PMID: 17509718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphologies of poly(lactic acid)-b-Pluronic-b-poly(lactic acid) (PLA-F127-PLA) aggregates in aqueous solutions were reported previously to be vesicular nano-particles by our group. In the present study, we seek to investigate the feasibility of using PLA-F127-PLA vesicles as oral delivery carrier for insulin. Both in vitro and in vivo release behavior of insulin loaded in PLA-F127-PLA vesicles were studied. A biphasic release behavior was observed for the in vitro release of insulin from PLAF127-29 vesicles. More importantly, it was found in the diabetic mice tests that the blood glucose concentration of oral insulin-loaded PLAF127-29 vesicles decreased from 18.5 to 5.3 mmol/L within 4.5 h and the minimum blood glucose concentration (about 4.5 mmol/L) was achieved after about 5 h. Furthermore, the blood glucose concentration was maintained at this level for at least an additional 18.5 h. These results proved that PLA-F127-PLA vesicles could be promising polymeric carriers for oral insulin delivery application due to their prolonged hypoglycemic effect.
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92
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des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Préat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006; 116:1-27. [PMID: 17050027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins remain poorly bioavailable upon oral administration. One of the most promising strategies to improve their oral delivery relies on their association with colloidal carriers, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, stable in gastrointestinal tract, protective for encapsulated substances and able to modulate physicochemical characteristics, drug release and biological behavior. The mechanisms of transport of these nanoparticles across intestinal mucosa are reviewed. In particular, the influence of size and surface properties on their non-specific uptake or their targeted uptake by enterocytes and/or M cells is discussed. Enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells, i.e. M cells by (i) modeling surface properties to optimize access to and transport by M cells (ii) identifying surface markers specific to human M cell allowing targeting to M cells and nanoparticles transcytosis is illustrated. Encouraging results upon in vivo testing are reported but low bioavailability and lack of control on absorbed dose slow down products development. Vaccines are certainly the most promising applications for orally delivered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Avenue E. Mounier, 73-20, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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