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Wani SH, Haider N, Kumar H, Singh N. Plant plastid engineering. Curr Genomics 2010; 11:500-12. [PMID: 21532834 PMCID: PMC3048312 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793175912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Plastid has a central role of carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. Plastid transformation is becoming more popular and an alternative to nuclear gene transformation because of various advantages like high protein levels, the feasibility of expressing multiple proteins from polycistronic mRNAs, and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. Recently, much progress in plastid engineering has been made. In addition to model plant tobacco, many transplastomic crop plants have been generated which possess higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and molecular pharming. In this mini review, we will discuss the features of the plastid DNA and advantages of plastid transformation. We will also present some examples of transplastomic plants developed so far through plastid engineering, and the various applications of plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir H. Wani
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar, (J&K), 190 007, India
| | - Nadia Haider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, Damascus P. O. Box 6091, Syria
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
| | - N.B. Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, COA, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, 795 004, India
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52
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Cardi T, Lenzi P, Maliga P. Chloroplasts as expression platforms for plant-produced vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:893-911. [PMID: 20673012 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Production of recombinant subunit vaccines from genes incorporated in the plastid genome is advantageous because of the attainable expression level due to high transgene copy number and the absence of gene silencing; biocontainment as a consequence of maternal inheritance of plastids and no transgene presence in the pollen; and expression of multiple transgenes in prokaryotic-like operons. We discuss the core technology of plastid transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular alga, and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), a flowering plant species, and demonstrate the utility of the technology for the production of recombinant vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Italy.
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53
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Shen H, Qian B, Chen W, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang D, Liang W. Immunogenicity of recombinant F4 (K88) fimbrial adhesin FaeG expressed in tobacco chloroplast. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:558-67. [PMID: 20705597 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the possibility of producing the novel vaccine in plants against diarrhea normally found in neonatal and newly weaned piglets, the faeG gene, encoding a major F4ac fimbrial subunit protein, was introduced into the tobacco chloroplast genome. After two rounds of selection under spectinomycin, we obtained the transgenic plants nearly homoplasmic. RNA gel blot analysis indicated that faeG and the antibiotic selective gene aminoglycoside 3' adenylyltransferase (aadA) were highly transcribed as a dicistron, while the translational level of recombinant FaeG in transplastomic tobacco was about 0.15% of total soluble protein. The immunogenicity of recombinant FaeG produced in tobacco chloroplasts was confirmed by the observation that FaeG-specific antibodies were elicited in mice immunized with total soluble protein of transgenic plants, as well as the result that mouse sera stimulated by chloroplast-derived recombinant FaeG could neutralize F4ac enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in vivo. This study provides a new alternative for producing the ETEC vaccine using the chloroplast expression system.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli/genetics
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli/immunology
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- DNA, Chloroplast/genetics
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/blood
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Vaccines/genetics
- Escherichia coli Vaccines/immunology
- Escherichia coli Vaccines/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics
- Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Shen
- School of life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, China
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54
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Soria-Guerra RE, Moreno-Fierros L, Alpuche-Solís AG, Martínez-González L, Korban SS. Expression of an immunogenic F1-V fusion protein in lettuce as a plant-based vaccine against plague. PLANTA 2010; 232:409-16. [PMID: 20461403 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a pathogenic agent that causes the bubonic and pneumonic plague. The development of an efficient and low-cost oral vaccine against these diseases is highly desirable. In this study, the immunogenic fusion protein F1-V from Y. pestis was introduced into lettuce via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and putative transgenic lines were developed. The presence of the transgene in these putative transgenic lines was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and transgene integration and transgene copy number were confirmed following Southern blot analysis. The presence of specific F1-V transcripts was confirmed by reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Using monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and western blot analysis revealed that the expected antigenic F1-V protein was successfully expressed in transgenic lines. Mice immunized subcutaneously with lettuce expressing the F1-V antigen developed systemic humoral responses as 'proof of concept' of using lettuce as a production platform for the F1-V immunogen that could be used as a candidate plant-based vaccine against plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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55
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Verma D, Kanagaraj A, Jin S, Singh ND, Kolattukudy PE, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived enzyme cocktails hydrolyse lignocellulosic biomass and release fermentable sugars. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:332-50. [PMID: 20070870 PMCID: PMC2854225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that biofuel production from lignocellulosic materials is limited by inadequate technology to efficiently and economically release fermentable sugars from the complex multi-polymeric raw materials. Therefore, endoglucanases, exoglucanase, pectate lyases, cutinase, swollenin, xylanase, acetyl xylan esterase, beta glucosidase and lipase genes from bacteria or fungi were expressed in Escherichia coli or tobacco chloroplasts. A PCR-based method was used to clone genes without introns from Trichoderma reesei genomic DNA. Homoplasmic transplastomic lines showed normal phenotype and were fertile. Based on observed expression levels, up to 49, 64 and 10, 751 million units of pectate lyases or endoglucanase can be produced annually, per acre of tobacco. Plant production cost of endoglucanase is 3100-fold, and pectate lyase is 1057 or 1480-fold lower than the same recombinant enzymes sold commercially, produced via fermentation. Chloroplast-derived enzymes had higher temperature stability and wider pH optima than enzymes expressed in E. coli. Plant crude-extracts showed higher enzyme activity than E. coli with increasing protein concentration, demonstrating their direct utility without purification. Addition of E. coli extracts to the chloroplast-derived enzymes significantly decreased their activity. Chloroplast-derived crude-extract enzyme cocktails yielded more (up to 3625%) glucose from filter paper, pine wood or citrus peel than commercial cocktails. Furthermore, pectate lyase transplastomic plants showed enhanced resistance to Erwina soft rot. This is the first report of using plant-derived enzyme cocktails for production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Limitations of higher cost and lower production capacity of fermentation systems are addressed by chloroplast-derived enzyme cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Anderson Kanagaraj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Pappachan E Kolattukudy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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56
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Madesis P, Osathanunkul M, Georgopoulou U, Gisby MF, Mudd EA, Nianiou I, Tsitoura P, Mavromara P, Tsaftaris A, Day A. A hepatitis C virus core polypeptide expressed in chloroplasts detects anti-core antibodies in infected human sera. J Biotechnol 2010; 145:377-86. [PMID: 19969031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major disease agent affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. Expression in plant chloroplasts enables low-cost production of the conserved HCV core protein used in diagnostic tests to combat virus spread in developing countries with high infection rates. The bactericidal activity of the 21 kDa precore protein hinders cloning the core gene in plastid expression cassettes, which are active in bacteria due to the similarities between bacterial and plastid promoters and ribosome binding sites. This was overcome by using a topology-dependent expression cassette containing tandem rrn and psbA plastid promoters, whose activity was shown to be dependent on temperature. The viral core gene and a codon-optimised gene encoding a C-terminal truncated 16 kDa core polypeptide were expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. The codon-optimised gene increased monocistronic core mRNA levels by at least 2-fold and core polypeptides by over 5-fold, relative to the native viral gene. Expression of the 16 kDa core polypeptide was stable in leaves of different ages. Anti-core antibodies in HCV-infected human sera were detected by the 16 kDa core polypeptide in total leaf protein fractionated on Western blots providing a first step towards developing a chloroplast-based HCV diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Madesis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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57
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Davoodi-Semiromi A, Schreiber M, Nallapali S, Verma D, Singh ND, Banks RK, Chakrabarti D, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens confer dual immunity against cholera and malaria by oral or injectable delivery. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:223-42. [PMID: 20051036 PMCID: PMC2807910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholera and malaria are major diseases causing high mortality. The only licensed cholera vaccine is expensive; immunity is lost in children within 3 years and adults are not fully protected. No vaccine is yet available for malaria. Therefore, in this study, the cholera toxin-B subunit (CTB) of Vibrio cholerae fused to malarial vaccine antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) was expressed in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts. Southern blot analysis confirmed homoplasmy and stable integration of transgenes. CTB-AMA1 and CTB-MSP1 fusion proteins accumulated up to 13.17% and 10.11% (total soluble protein, TSP) in tobacco and up to 7.3% and 6.1% (TSP) in lettuce, respectively. Nine groups of mice (n = 10/group) were immunized subcutaneously (SQV) or orally (ORV) with purified antigens or transplastomic tobacco leaves. Significant levels of antigen-specific antibody titres of immunized mice completely inhibited proliferation of the malarial parasite and cross-reacted with the native parasite proteins in immunoblots and immunofluorescence studies. Protection against cholera toxin challenge in both ORV (100%) and SQV (89%) mice correlated with CTB-specific titres of intestinal, serum IgA and IgG1 in ORV and only IgG1 in SQV mice, but no other immunoglobulin. Increasing numbers of interleukin-10(+) T cell but not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, suppression of interferon-gamma and absence of interleukin-17 were observed in protected mice, suggesting that immunity is conferred via the Tr1/Th2 immune response. Dual immunity against two major infectious diseases provided by chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens for long-term (>300 days, 50% of mouse life span) offers a realistic platform for low cost vaccines and insight into mucosal and systemic immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chloroplasts/immunology
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Cholera/immunology
- Cholera/prevention & control
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Cholera Vaccines/genetics
- Cholera Vaccines/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lactuca/genetics
- Lactuca/immunology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoreza Davoodi-Semiromi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Samson Nallapali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert K. Banks
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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58
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Johanningmeier U, Fischer D. Perspective for the Use of Genetic Transformants in Order to Enhance the Synthesis of the Desired Metabolites: Engineering Chloroplasts of Microalgae for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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59
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Daniell H, Singh ND, Mason H, Streatfield SJ. Plant-made vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:669-79. [PMID: 19836291 PMCID: PMC2787751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold storage, transportation and sterile delivery. Plant-made vaccines have been developed for two decades but none has advanced beyond Phase I. However, two plant-made biopharmaceuticals are now advancing through Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different plant expression systems (stable nuclear and chloroplast or transient viral) and their current limitations or challenges. We provide suggestions for advancing this valuable concept for clinical applications and conclude that greater research emphasis is needed on large-scale production, purification, functional characterization, oral delivery and preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, 336 Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA.
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60
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Advances in chloroplast engineering. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:387-98. [PMID: 19631913 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a pivotal organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae to carry out photosynthesis, which provides the primary source of the world's food. The expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts offers several advantages over their expression in the nucleus: high-level expression, transgene stacking in operons and a lack of epigenetic interference allowing stable transgene expression. In addition, transgenic chloroplasts are generally not transmitted through pollen grains because of the cytoplasmic localization. In the past two decades, great progress in chloroplast engineering has been made. In this paper, we review and highlight recent studies of chloroplast engineering, including chloroplast transformation procedures, controlled expression of plastid transgenes in plants, the expression of foreign genes for improvement of plant traits, the production of biopharmaceuticals, metabolic pathway engineering in plants, plastid transformation to study RNA editing, and marker gene excision system.
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61
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Sinagawa-García SR, Tungsuchat-Huang T, Paredes-López O, Maliga P. Next generation synthetic vectors for transformation of the plastid genome of higher plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:487-98. [PMID: 19387846 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation vectors are E. coli plasmids carrying a plastid marker gene for selection, adjacent cloning sites and flanking plastid DNA to target insertions in the plastid genome by homologous recombination. We report here on a family of next generation plastid vectors carrying synthetic DNA vector arms targeting insertions in the rbcL-accD intergenic region of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plastid genome. The pSS22 plasmid carries only synthetic vector arms from which the undesirable restriction sites have been removed by point mutations. The pSS24 vector carries a c-Myc tagged spectinomycin resistance (aadA) marker gene whereas in vector pSS30 aadA is flanked with loxP sequences for post-transformation marker excision. The synthetic vectors will enable direct manipulation of passenger genes in the transformation vector targeting insertions in the rbcL-accD intergenic region that contains many commonly used restriction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-García
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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62
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Singh AK, Verma SS, Bansal KC. Plastid transformation in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Transgenic Res 2009; 19:113-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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63
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Nadai M, Bally J, Vitel M, Job C, Tissot G, Botterman J, Dubald M. High-level expression of active human alpha1-antitrypsin in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:173-83. [PMID: 18686007 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have produced human alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT), a major therapeutic protein, in genetically engineered tobacco plastids. Four different expression vectors have been evaluated which encode A1AT under the control of various 5' and 3' plastid expression elements. The use of heterologous promoter and terminator sequences derived from the corn and soybean plastid genomes leads to simpler and predictable recombinant genome patterns, avoiding unwanted recombination products between introduced and resident tobacco sequences. High level expression of unglycosylated A1AT, representing up to 2% of total soluble proteins, has been measured in leaves of transgenic tobacco lines. Some heterogeneity in the recombinant A1AT is detected after 2D protein separation, but the chloroplast-made protease inhibitors are fully active and bind to porcine pancreatic elastase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nadai
- Bayer BioScience, 14-20 Rue Pierre Baizet, BP 9163, 69263, Lyon cedex 09, France
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64
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Haider N, Allainguillaume J, Wilkinson MJ. Spontaneous capture of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) chloroplasts by wild B. rapa: implications for the use of chloroplast transformation for biocontainment. Curr Genet 2009; 55:139-50. [PMID: 19198841 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental concerns over the cultivation of Genetically Modified (GM) crops largely centre on the ecological consequences following gene flow to wild relatives. One attractive solution is to deploy biocontainment measures that prevent hybridization. Chloroplast transformation is the most advanced biocontainment method but is compromised by chloroplast capture (hybridization through the maternal lineage). To date, however, there is a paucity of information on the frequency of chloroplast capture in the wild. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC) frequently hybridises with wild Brassica rapa (AA, as paternal parent) and yields B. rapa-like introgressed individuals after only two generations. In this study we used chloroplast CAPS markers that differentiate between the two species to survey wild and weedy populations of B. rapa for the capture of B. napus chloroplasts. A total of 464 B. rapa plants belonging to 14 populations growing either in close proximity to B. napus (i.e. sympatric <5 m) or else were allopatric from the crop (>1 km) were assessed for chloroplast capture using PCR (trnL-F) and CAPS (trnT-L-Xba I) markers. The screen revealed that two sympatric B. rapa populations included 53 plants that possessed the chloroplast of B. napus. In order to discount these B. rapa plants as F(1) crop-wild hybrids, we used a C-genome-specific marker and found that 45 out of 53 plants lacked the C-genome and so were at least second generation introgressants. The most plausible explanation is that these individuals represent multiple cases of chloroplast capture following introgressive hybridisation through the female germ line from the crop. The abundance of such plants in sympatric sites thereby questions whether the use of chloroplast transformation would provide a sufficient biocontainment for GM oilseed rape in the United Kingdom.
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65
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Shimizu M, Goto M, Hanai M, Shimizu T, Izawa N, Kanamoto H, Tomizawa KI, Yokota A, Kobayashi H. Selectable tolerance to herbicides by mutated acetolactate synthase genes integrated into the chloroplast genome of tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1976-83. [PMID: 18515641 PMCID: PMC2492613 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Strategies employed for the production of genetically modified (GM) crops are premised on (1) the avoidance of gene transfer in the field; (2) the use of genes derived from edible organisms such as plants; (3) preventing the appearance of herbicide-resistant weeds; and (4) maintaining transgenes without obstructing plant cell propagation. To this end, we developed a novel vector system for chloroplast transformation with acetolactate synthase (ALS). ALS catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched amino acids, and its enzymatic activity is inhibited by certain classes of herbicides. We generated a series of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutated ALS (mALS) genes and introduced constructs with mALS and the aminoglycoside 3'-adenyltransferase gene (aadA) into the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chloroplast genome by particle bombardment. Transplastomic plants were selected using their resistance to spectinomycin. The effects of herbicides on transplastomic mALS activity were examined by a colorimetric assay using the leaves of transplastomic plants. We found that transplastomic G121A, A122V, and P197S plants were specifically tolerant to pyrimidinylcarboxylate, imidazolinon, and sulfonylurea/pyrimidinylcarboxylate herbicides, respectively. Transplastomic plants possessing mALSs were able to grow in the presence of various herbicides, thus affirming the relationship between mALSs and the associated resistance to herbicides. Our results show that mALS genes integrated into the chloroplast genome are useful sustainable markers that function to exclude plants other than those that are GM while maintaining transplastomic crops. This investigation suggests that the resistance management of weeds in the field amid growing GM crops is possible using (1) a series of mALSs that confer specific resistance to herbicides and (2) a strategy that employs herbicide rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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66
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Genetic transformation of the sugar beet plastome. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:17-30. [PMID: 18551377 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is very important for the application of chloroplast engineering to extend the range of species in which this technology can be achieved. Here, we describe the development of a chloroplast transformation system for the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris, Sugar Beet Group) by biolistic bombardment of leaf petioles. Homoplasmic plastid-transformed plants of breeding line Z025 were obtained. Transformation was achieved using a vector that targets genes to the rrn16/rps12 intergenic region of the sugar beet plastome, employing the aadA gene as a selectable marker against spectinomycin and the gfp gene for visual screening of plastid transformants. gfp gene transcription and protein expression were shown in transplastomic plants. Detection of GFP in Comassie blue-stained gels suggested high GFP levels. Microscopy revealed GFP fluorescence within the chloroplasts. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering the sugar beet chloroplast genome; this technology provides new opportunities for the genetic improvement of this crop and for social acceptance of genetically modified sugar beet plants.
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67
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Abstract
Several major costs associated with the production of biopharmaceuticals or vaccines in fermentation-based systems could be minimized by using plant chloroplasts as bioreactors, which facilitates rapid scale-up. Oral delivery of chloroplast-derived therapeutic proteins through plant cells eliminates expensive purification steps, low temperature storage, transportation and sterile injections for their delivery. Chloroplast transformation technology (CTT) has also been successfully used to engineer valuable agronomic traits and for the production of industrial enzymes and biomaterials. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the construction of chloroplast expression and integration vectors, selection and regeneration of transformants, evaluation of transgene integration and inheritance, confirmation of transgene expression and extraction, and quantitation and purification of foreign proteins. Integration of appropriate transgenes into chloroplast genomes and the resulting high levels of functional protein expression can be achieved in approximately 6 months in lettuce and tobacco. CTT is eco-friendly because transgenes are maternally inherited in most crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Room 336, Orlando, Florida 32816-2364, USA
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68
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Lutz KA, Azhagiri AK, Tungsuchat-Huang T, Maliga P. A guide to choosing vectors for transformation of the plastid genome of higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:1201-10. [PMID: 17965179 PMCID: PMC2151722 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation, originally developed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), has recently been extended to a number of crop species enabling in vivo probing of plastid function and biotechnological applications. In this article we report new plastid vectors that enable insertion of transgenes in the inverted repeat region of the plastome between the trnV and 3'rps12 or trnI and trnA genes. Efficient recovery of transplastomic clones is ensured by selection for spectinomycin (aadA) or kanamycin (neo) resistance genes. Expression of marker genes can be verified using commercial antibodies that detect the accumulation of neomycin phosphotranseferase II, the neo gene product, or the C-terminal c-myc tag of aminoglycoside-3''-adenylytransferase, encoded by the aadA gene. Aminoglycoside-3''-adenylytransferase, the spectinomycin inactivating enzyme, is translationally fused with green fluorescent protein in two vectors so that transplastomic clones can be selected by spectinomycin resistance and visually identified by fluorescence in ultraviolet light. The marker genes in the new vectors are flanked by target sites for Cre or Int, the P1 and phiC31 phage site-specific recombinases. When uniform transformation of all plastid genomes is obtained, the marker genes can be excised by Cre or Int expressed from a nuclear gene. Choice of expression signals for the gene of interest, complications caused by the presence of plastid DNA sequences recognized by Cre, and loss of transgenes by homologous recombination via duplicated sequences are also discussed to facilitate a rational choice from among the existing vectors and to aid with new target-specific vector designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Ann Lutz
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA
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69
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Verma D, Daniell H. Chloroplast vector systems for biotechnology applications. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:1129-43. [PMID: 18056863 PMCID: PMC2151729 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.106690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2364, USA
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70
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Adachi T, Takase H, Tomizawa KI. Introduction of a 50 kbp DNA fragment into the plastid genome. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:2266-73. [PMID: 17827692 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plastid transformation technology has been used for the analysis and improvement of plastid metabolism. To create a transplastomic plant with a complicated and massive metabolic pathway, it is necessary to introduce a large amount of DNA into the plastid. However, to our knowledge, the largest DNA fragment introduced into a plastid genome was only 7 kbp long and consisted of just three genes. Here we report the introduction of foreign DNA of 23-50 kbp into the tobacco plastid genome with a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based plastid transformation vector. It was confirmed that the introduced DNA was passed on to the next generation. This is the first description of plastid transformation with a large amount of foreign DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Adachi
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa-shi, Jyoto 619-0292, Japan.
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71
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Abstract
This review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non-approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non-food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non-food crops, non-crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor-grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse-grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Treforest, CF37 1DL, UK.
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72
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Ruhlman T, Ahangari R, Devine A, Samsam M, Daniell H. Expression of cholera toxin B-proinsulin fusion protein in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts--oral administration protects against development of insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:495-510. [PMID: 17490448 PMCID: PMC2590789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce and tobacco chloroplast transgenic lines expressing the cholera toxin B subunit-human proinsulin (CTB-Pins) fusion protein were generated. CTB-Pins accumulated up to ~16% of total soluble protein (TSP) in tobacco and up to ~2.5% of TSP in lettuce. Eight milligrams of powdered tobacco leaf material expressing CTB-Pins or, as negative controls, CTB-green fluorescent protein (CTB-GFP) or interferon-GFP (IFN-GFP), or untransformed leaf, were administered orally, each week for 7 weeks, to 5-week-old female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The pancreas of CTB-Pins-treated mice showed decreased infiltration of cells characteristic of lymphocytes (insulitis); insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of CTB-Pins-treated mice were significantly preserved, with lower blood or urine glucose levels, by contrast with the few beta-cells remaining in the pancreatic islets of the negative controls. Increased expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 (IL-4 and IL-10), was observed in the pancreas of CTB-Pins-treated NOD mice. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), but not IgG2a, were elevated in CTB-Pins-treated mice. Taken together, T-helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte-mediated oral tolerance is a likely mechanism for the prevention of pancreatic insulitis and the preservation of insulin-producing beta-cells. This is the first report of expression of a therapeutic protein in transgenic chloroplasts of an edible crop. Transplastomic lettuce plants expressing CTB-Pins grew normally and transgenes were maternally inherited in T(1) progeny. This opens up the possibility for the low-cost production and delivery of human therapeutic proteins, and a strategy for the treatment of various other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Devine
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Mohtahsem Samsam
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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Abstract
Biolistic delivery of DNA initiated plastid transformation research and still is the most widelyused approach to generate transplastomic lines in both algae and higher plants. The principal designof transformation vectors is similar in both phylogenetic groups. Although important additions tothe list of species transformed in their plastomes have been made in algae and in higher plants, thekey organisms in the area are still the two species, in which stable plastid transformation was initiallysuccessful, i.e., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and tobacco. Basicresearch into organelle biology has substantially benefited from the homologous recombination-basedcapability to precisely insert at predetermined loci, delete, disrupt, or exchange plastid genomesequences. Successful expression of recombinant proteins, including pharmaceutical proteins, hasbeen demonstrated in Chlamydomonas as well as in higher plants,where some interesting agronomic traits were also engineered through plastid transformation.
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74
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Lutz KA, Maliga P. Construction of marker-free transplastomic plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:107-14. [PMID: 17339108 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of its prokaryotic-type gene expression machinery, maternal inheritance and the opportunity to express proteins at a high level, the plastid genome (plastome or ptDNA) is an increasingly popular target for engineering. The ptDNA is present as up to 10,000 copies per cell, making selection for marker genes essential to obtain plants with uniformly transformed ptDNA. However, the marker gene is no longer desirable when homoplastomic plants are obtained. Marker-free transplastomic plants can now be obtained with four recently developed protocols: homology-based excision via directly repeated sequences, excision by phage site-specific recombinanses, transient cointegration of the marker gene, and the cotransformation-segregation approach. Marker excision technology will benefit applications in agriculture and in molecular farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Lutz
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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75
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Chebolu S, Daniell H. Stable expression of Gal/GalNAc lectin of Entamoeba histolytica in transgenic chloroplasts and immunogenicity in mice towards vaccine development for amoebiasis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:230-9. [PMID: 17309678 PMCID: PMC3471144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multigene engineering in a single transformation event. Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people, causing about 100,000 deaths annually, but there is no approved vaccine against this pathogen. LecA, a potential target for blocking amoebiasis, was expressed for the first time in transgenic plants. Stable transgene integration into chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses. LecA expression was evaluated by Western blots and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (up to 6.3% of total soluble protein or 2.3 mg LecA/g leaf tissue). Subcutaneous immunization of mice with crude extract of transgenic leaves resulted in higher immunoglobulin G titres (up to 1:10,000) than in previous reports. An average yield of 24 mg of LecA per plant should produce 29 million doses of vaccine antigen per acre of transgenic plants. Such high levels of expression and immunogenicity should facilitate the development of a less expensive amoebiasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seethamahalakshmi Chebolu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Bldg. #20, Room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Bldg. #20, Room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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76
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Samson N, Bausher MG, Lee SB, Jansen RK, Daniell H. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coffee (Coffea arabica L.) chloroplast genome: organization and implications for biotechnology and phylogenetic relationships amongst angiosperms. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:339-53. [PMID: 17309688 PMCID: PMC3473179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast genome sequence of Coffea arabica L., the first sequenced member of the fourth largest family of angiosperms, Rubiaceae, is reported. The genome is 155 189 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeats of 25,943 bp. Of the 130 genes present, 112 are distinct and 18 are duplicated in the inverted repeat. The coding region comprises 79 protein genes, 29 transfer RNA genes, four ribosomal RNA genes and 18 genes containing introns (three with three exons). Repeat analysis revealed five direct and three inverted repeats of 30 bp or longer with a sequence identity of 90% or more. Comparisons of the coffee chloroplast genome with sequenced genomes of the closely related family Solanaceae indicated that coffee has a portion of rps19 duplicated in the inverted repeat and an intact copy of infA. Furthermore, whole-genome comparisons identified large indels (> 500 bp) in several intergenic spacer regions and introns in the Solanaceae, including trnE (UUC)-trnT (GGU) spacer, ycf4-cemA spacer, trnI (GAU) intron and rrn5-trnR (ACG) spacer. Phylogenetic analyses based on the DNA sequences of 61 protein-coding genes for 35 taxa, performed using both maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, strongly supported the monophyly of several major clades of angiosperms, including monocots, eudicots, rosids, asterids, eurosids II, and euasterids I and II. Coffea (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) is only the second order sampled from the euasterid I clade. The availability of the complete chloroplast genome of coffee provides regulatory and intergenic spacer sequences for utilization in chloroplast genetic engineering to improve this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalapalli Samson
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Michael G. Bausher
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3030, USA
| | - Seung-Bum Lee
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Robert K. Jansen
- Section of Integrative Biology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Patterson Laboratories 141, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- University of Central Florida, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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77
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Kamarajugadda S, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived anthrax and other vaccine antigens: their immunogenic and immunoprotective properties. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 5:839-49. [PMID: 17184221 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.6.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants offer many advantages, including low cost of production (by elimination of fermenters), storage and transportation, heat stability, absence of human pathogens, protection of antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation (when delivered orally), elimination of the need for expensive purification and sterile injections and generation of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that chloroplast-derived anthrax-protective antigen elicits effective immune responses, develops neutralizing antibodies, confers complete protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge and produces 360 million doses of vaccine in one acre of transgenic plants. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens are efficacious against bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Kamarajugadda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Bimolecular science Building 20, room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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78
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Chiyoda S, Linley PJ, Yamato KT, Fukuzawa H, Yokota A, Kohchi T. Simple and efficient plastid transformation system for the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. suspension-culture cells. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:41-9. [PMID: 17103028 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have established a simple and efficient plastid transformation system for liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L., suspension-culture cells, which are homogenous, chloroplast-rich and rapidly growing. Plasmid pCS31 was constructed to integrate an aadA expression cassette for spectinomycin-resistance into the trnI-trnA intergenic region of the liverwort plastid DNA by homologous recombination. Liverwort suspension-culture cells were bombarded with pCS31-coated gold projectiles and selected on a medium containing spectinomycin. Plastid transformants were reproducibly isolated from the obtained spectinomycin-resistant calli. Selection on a sucrose-free medium greatly improved the efficiency of selection of plastid transformants. Homoplasmic plastid transformant lines were established by successive subculturing for 14 weeks or longer on the spectinomycin-containing medium. The plastid transformation system of liverwort suspension-culture cells should facilitate the investigation of the fundamental genetic systems of plastid DNA, such as replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Chiyoda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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79
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DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plastids. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLASTIDS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/4735_2007_0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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80
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Molecular farming for antigen (vaccine) production in plants. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL END USES 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5486-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of fundamental cell mechanisms are rapidly contributing to broaden our knowledge on metabolic pathways for the optimal exploitation of the cell as a factory. In the last few years this knowledge has led to important advances in the large scale production of diagnostic and therapeutic proteins in heterologous hosts (bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cells or transgenic animals and plants), allowing the comparison of the most efficient methods in terms of costs, product quality and safety.
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81
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Wurbs D, Ruf S, Bock R. Contained metabolic engineering in tomatoes by expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes from the plastid genome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:276-88. [PMID: 17241450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Applications of chloroplast engineering in agriculture and biotechnology will depend critically on success in extending the crop range of chloroplast transformation, and on the feasibility of expressing transgenes in edible organs (such as tubers and fruits), which often are not green and thus are much less active in chloroplast gene expression. We have improved a recently developed chloroplast-transformation system for tomato plants and applied it to engineering one of the central metabolic pathways in fruits: carotenoid biosynthesis. We report that plastid expression of a bacterial lycopene beta-cyclase gene results in herbicide resistance and triggers conversion of lycopene, the main storage carotenoid of tomatoes, to beta-carotene, resulting in fourfold enhanced pro-vitamin A content of the fruits. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering nutritionally important biochemical pathways in non-green plastids by transformation of the chloroplast genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wurbs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie (MPI-MP), Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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82
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Abstract
Transgenic plants offer many advantages, including low cost of production (by elimination of fermenters), storage and transportation; heat stability; and absence of human pathogens. When therapeutic proteins are orally delivered, plant cells protect antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation and eliminate the need for expensive purification and sterile injections, in addition to development of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Hyper-expression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague or canine parvovirus (4-31% of total soluble protein, tsp) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non-green plastids (carrots, tomato), as well as the availability of antibiotic-free selectable markers or the ability to excise selectable marker genes, facilitate oral delivery. Hyper-expression of several therapeutic proteins, including human serum albumin (11.1% tsp), somatotropin (7% tsp), interferon-gamma (6% tsp), anti-microbial peptide (21.5% tsp), facilitates efficient and economic purification. Also, the presence of chaperones and enzymes in chloroplasts facilitate assembly of complex multi-subunit proteins and correct folding of human blood proteins with proper disulfide bonds. Functionality of chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated by several assays, including the macrophage lysis assay, GM1-ganglioside binding assay, protection of HeLa cells or human lung carcinoma cells against encephalomyocarditis virus, systemic immune response, protection against pathogen challenge, and growth or inhibition of cell cultures. Thus, transgenic chloroplasts are ideal bioreactors for production of functional human and animal therapeutic proteins in an environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA.
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83
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Bausher MG, Singh ND, Lee SB, Jansen RK, Daniell H. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var 'Ridge Pineapple': organization and phylogenetic relationships to other angiosperms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:21. [PMID: 17010212 PMCID: PMC1599732 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of Citrus, the largest fruit crop of international economic value, has recently been imperiled due to the introduction of the bacterial disease Citrus canker. No significant improvements have been made to combat this disease by plant breeding and nuclear transgenic approaches. Chloroplast genetic engineering has a number of advantages over nuclear transformation; it not only increases transgene expression but also facilitates transgene containment, which is one of the major impediments for development of transgenic trees. We have sequenced the Citrus chloroplast genome to facilitate genetic improvement of this crop and to assess phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of angiosperms. RESULTS The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Citrus sinensis is 160,129 bp in length, and contains 133 genes (89 protein-coding, 4 rRNAs and 30 distinct tRNAs). Genome organization is very similar to the inferred ancestral angiosperm chloroplast genome. However, in Citrus the infA gene is absent. The inverted repeat region has expanded to duplicate rps19 and the first 84 amino acids of rpl22. The rpl22 gene in the IRb region has a nonsense mutation resulting in 9 stop codons. This was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing using primers that flank the IR/LSC boundaries. Repeat analysis identified 29 direct and inverted repeats 30 bp or longer with a sequence identity > or = 90%. Comparison of protein-coding sequences with expressed sequence tags revealed six putative RNA edits, five of which resulted in non-synonymous modifications in petL, psbH, ycf2 and ndhA. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods of a dataset composed of 61 protein-coding genes for 30 taxa provide strong support for the monophyly of several major clades of angiosperms, including monocots, eudicots, rosids and asterids. The MP and ML trees are incongruent in three areas: the position of Amborella and Nymphaeales, relationship of the magnoliid genus Calycanthus, and the monophyly of the eurosid I clade. Both MP and ML trees provide strong support for the monophyly of eurosids II and for the placement of Citrus (Sapindales) sister to a clade including the Malvales/Brassicales. CONCLUSION This is the first complete chloroplast genome sequence for a member of the Rutaceae and Sapindales. Expansion of the inverted repeat region to include rps19 and part of rpl22 and presence of two truncated copies of rpl22 is unusual among sequenced chloroplast genomes. Availability of a complete Citrus chloroplast genome sequence provides valuable information on intergenic spacer regions and endogenous regulatory sequences for chloroplast genetic engineering. Phylogenetic analyses resolve relationships among several major clades of angiosperms and provide strong support for the monophyly of the eurosid II clade and the position of the Sapindales sister to the Brassicales/Malvales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bausher
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945–3030, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D Singh
- Dept. of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816–2364, USA
| | - Seung-Bum Lee
- Dept. of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816–2364, USA
| | - Robert K Jansen
- Section of Integrative Biology and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Patterson Laboratories 141, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Dept. of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Building #20, Orlando, FL 32816–2364, USA
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84
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Lee MYT, Zhou Y, Lung RWM, Chye ML, Yip WK, Zee SY, Lam E. Expression of viral capsid protein antigen against Epstein-Barr virus in plastids of Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1129-37. [PMID: 16586511 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects nearly 90% of adults worldwide and is the pathogenic source of a broad spectrum of malignancies originating from lymphoid and epithelial cells. Currently, no vaccine has been developed to immunologically inactivate this virus. In infected patients, anti-EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) immunoglobins represent some of the useful diagnostic markers for carcinoma development. To demonstrate that the EBV VCA antigen can be produced in plants, the plastid genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1) was transformed with a VCA-expressing cassette. The EBV VCA mRNA was actively transcribed in the transplastomic plants and antigen production was detected. This study indicates that plastid transformation could be a promising strategy in EBV VCA antigen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Y T Lee
- Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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85
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Kuchuk N, Sytnyk K, Vasylenko M, Shakhovsky A, Komarnytsky I, Kushnir S, Gleba Y. Genetic transformation of plastids of different Solanaceae species using tobacco cells as organelle hosts. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 113:519-27. [PMID: 16758189 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plastid genome of angiosperms represents an attractive target for genetic manipulations. However plastid transformation of higher plants, especially of agriculturally valuable crops is an extremely difficult problem. Transformation protocols developed for tobacco 15 years ago failed to produce similar results with more than a handful of other species so far. We have analyzed plastid transformability of remote cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) that combine nuclei of tobacco, an easily transformable species, and plastids of some other, recalcitrant Solanaceae species. Here, we demonstrate that the plastids of five species of Solanaceae family, representing two subfamilies and three tribes, can be easily transformed if the plastids of these species are transferred into a cell of a transformable species (tobacco). The results can be considered to be an alternative approach to the development of plastid transformation technologies for recalcitrant species using a transformable intermediary ("clipboard") host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kuchuk
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of NASU, Acad. Zabolotnoho str. 148, Kiev, 03143, Ukraine.
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86
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Kang KS, Kim MK. Expression of the Glyphosate Resistant Gene, cp4-epsps, through Plastid Transformation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2006.33.2.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Kode V, Mudd EA, Iamtham S, Day A. Isolation of precise plastid deletion mutants by homology-based excision: a resource for site-directed mutagenesis, multi-gene changes and high-throughput plastid transformation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:901-9. [PMID: 16709203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple and efficient homology-based excision method to delete plastid genes. The procedure allows one or more adjacent plastid genes to be deleted without the retention of a marker gene. We used aadA-based transformation to duplicate a 649 bp region of plastid DNA corresponding to the atpB promoter region. Efficient recombination between atpB repeats deletes the intervening foreign genes and 1,984 bp of plastid DNA (co-ordinates 57,424-59,317) containing the rbcL gene. Only five foreign bases are present in DeltarbcL plants illustrating the precision of homology-based excision. Sequence analysis of non-functional rbcL-related sequences in DeltarbcL plants indicated an extra-plastidic origin. Mutant DeltarbcL plants were heterotrophic, pale-green and contained round plastids with reduced amounts of thylakoids. Restoration of autotrophy and leaf pigmentation following aadA-based transformation with the wild-type rbcL gene ruled out mutations in other genes. Excision and re-use of aadA shows that, despite the multiplicity of plastid genomes, homology-based excision ensures complete removal of functional aadA genes. Rescue of the DeltarbcL mutation and autotrophic growth stabilizes transgenic plastids in heteroplasmic transformants following antibiotic withdrawal, enhancing the overall efficiency of plastid transformation. Unlike the available set of homoplasmic knockout mutants in 25 plastid genes, the rbcL deletion mutant isolated here is readily transformed with the efficient aadA marker gene. This improvement in deletion design facilitates advanced studies that require the isolation of double mutants in distant plastid genes and the replacement of the deleted locus with site-directed mutant alleles and is not easily achieved using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasumathi Kode
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 3.614 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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88
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Limaye A, Koya V, Samsam M, Daniell H. Receptor-mediated oral delivery of a bioencapsulated green fluorescent protein expressed in transgenic chloroplasts into the mouse circulatory system. FASEB J 2006; 20:959-61. [PMID: 16603603 PMCID: PMC3481851 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5134fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of biopharmaceutical proteins expressed in plant cells should reduce their cost of production, purification, processing, cold storage, transportation, and delivery. However, poor intestinal absorption of intact proteins is a major challenge. To overcome this limitation, we investigate here the concept of receptor-mediated oral delivery of chloroplast-expressed foreign proteins. Therefore, the transmucosal carrier cholera toxin B-subunit and green fluorescent protein (CTB-GFP), separated by a furin cleavage site, was expressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses confirmed site-specific transgene integration and homoplasmy. Immunoblot analysis and ELISA confirmed expression of monomeric and pentameric forms of CTB-GFP, up to 21.3% of total soluble proteins. An in vitro furin cleavage assay confirmed integrity of the engineered furin cleavage site, and a GM1 binding assay confirmed the functionality of CTB-GFP pentamers. Following oral administration of CTB-GFP expressing leaf material to mice, GFP was observed in the mice intestinal mucosa, liver, and spleen in fluorescence and immunohistochemical studies, while CTB remained in the intestinal cell. This report of receptor-mediated oral delivery of a foreign protein into the circulatory system opens the door for low-cost production and delivery of human therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohtashem Samsam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, Florida, USA
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89
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Maliga P. New vectors and marker excision systems mark progress in engineering the plastid genome of higher plants. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:971-6. [PMID: 16307109 DOI: 10.1039/b514699m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of the plastid genome, until recently restricted to tobacco, is now being extended to a rapidly growing list of crops. This perspective provides an overview of emerging trends of technology development in the field with a focus on vector design and marker excision systems. The new tools will facilitate engineering of the photosynthetic machinery and enable novel agricultural and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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