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Sallon C, Callebaut I, Boulay I, Fontaine J, Logeart-Avramoglou D, Henriquet C, Pugnière M, Cayla X, Monget P, Harichaux G, Labas V, Canepa S, Taragnat C. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a new bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 (BMP-2/4) antagonist identified in pituitary cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15352-15368. [PMID: 28747434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate diverse cellular responses during embryogenesis and in adulthood including cell differentiation, proliferation, and death in various tissues. In the adult pituitary, BMPs participate in the control of hormone secretion and cell proliferation, suggesting a potential endocrine/paracrine role for BMPs, but some of the mechanisms are unclear. Here, using a bioactivity test based on embryonic cells (C3H10T1/2) transfected with a BMP-responsive element, we sought to determine whether pituitary cells secrete BMPs or BMP antagonists. Interestingly, we found that pituitary-conditioned medium contains a factor that inhibits action of BMP-2 and -4. Combining surface plasmon resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry helped pinpoint this factor as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Surface plasmon resonance and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that recombinant human TSP-1 can bind BMP-2 and -4 and antagonize their effects on C3H10T1/2 cells. Moreover, TSP-1 inhibited the action of serum BMPs. We also report that the von Willebrand type C domain of TSP-1 is likely responsible for this BMP-2/4-binding activity, an assertion based on sequence similarity that TSP-1 shares with the von Willebrand type C domain of Crossveinless 2 (CV-2), a BMP antagonist and member of the chordin family. In summary, we identified for the first time TSP-1 as a BMP-2/-4 antagonist and presented a structural basis for the physical interaction between TSP-1 and BMP-4. We propose that TSP-1 could regulate bioavailability of BMPs, either produced locally or reaching the pituitary via blood circulation. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the involvement of TSP-1 in the BMP-2/-4 mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sallon
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- CNRS UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, MNHN-IRD-IUC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ida Boulay
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joel Fontaine
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Corinne Henriquet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Xavier Cayla
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Monget
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Canepa
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Catherine Taragnat
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France,
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)9 and BMP10 are high affinity ligands for activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), a type I BMP receptor mainly expressed on vascular endothelial cells (ECs). ALK1-mediated BMP9/BMP10 signalling pathways have emerged as essential in EC biology and in angiogenesis. Several genetic mutations in the genes encoding the ligands and receptors of this pathway have been reported in two cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Administration of recombinant BMP9 reverses experimental PAH in preclinical rodent models. Dalantercept, an Fc-fusion protein of the extracellular domain of ALK1 and a ligand trap for BMP9 and BMP10, is in phase II clinical trials for anti-tumour angiogenesis. Understanding the regulation of BMP9 and BMP10, at both gene and protein levels, under physiological and pathological conditions, will reveal essential information and potential novel prognostic markers for the BMP9/BMP10-targeted therapies.
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Hulst M, Jansman A, Wijers I, Hoekman A, Vastenhouw S, van Krimpen M, Smits M, Schokker D. Enrichment of in vivo transcription data from dietary intervention studies with in vitro data provides improved insight into gene regulation mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28413565 PMCID: PMC5390468 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene expression profiles of intestinal mucosa of chickens and pigs fed over long-term periods (days/weeks) with a diet rich in rye and a diet supplemented with zinc, respectively, or of chickens after a one-day amoxicillin treatment of chickens, were recorded recently. Such dietary interventions are frequently used to modulate animal performance or therapeutically for monogastric livestock. In this study, changes in gene expression induced by these three interventions in cultured “Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells” (IPEC-J2) recorded after a short-term period of 2 and 6 hours, were compared to the in vivo gene expression profiles in order to evaluate the capability of this in vitro bioassay in predicting in vivo responses. Methods Lists of response genes were analysed with bioinformatics programs to identify common biological pathways induced in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, overlapping genes and pathways were evaluated for possible involvement in the biological processes induced in vivo by datamining and consulting literature. Results For all three interventions, only a limited number of identical genes and a few common biological processes/pathways were found to be affected by the respective interventions. However, several enterocyte-specific regulatory and secreted effector proteins that responded in vitro could be related to processes regulated in vivo, i.e. processes related to mineral absorption, (epithelial) cell adherence and tight junction formation for zinc, microtubule and cytoskeleton integrity for amoxicillin, and cell-cycle progression and mucus production for rye. Conclusions Short-term gene expression responses to dietary interventions as measured in the in vitro bioassay have a low predictability for long-term responses as measured in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. The short-term responses of a set regulatory and effector genes, as measured in this bioassay, however, provided additional insight into how specific processes in piglets and broilers may be modulated by “early” signalling molecules produced by enterocytes. The relevance of this set of regulatory/effector genes and cognate biological processes for zinc deficiency and supplementation, gluten allergy (rye), and amoxicillin administration in humans is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0559-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonka Wijers
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hoekman
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Vastenhouw
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Smits
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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54
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Okamura H, Yoshida K, Morimoto H, Teramachi J, Ochiai K, Haneji T, Yamamoto A. Role of Protein Phosphatase 2A in Osteoblast Differentiation and Function. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6030023. [PMID: 28241467 PMCID: PMC5372992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins plays hugely important roles in a variety of cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These processes are strictly controlled by protein kinases (phosphorylation) and phosphatases (de-phosphorylation). Here we provide a brief history of the study of protein phosphorylation, including a summary of different types of protein kinases and phosphatases. One of the most physiologically important serine/threonine phosphatases is PP2A. This review provides a description of the phenotypes of various PP2A transgenic mice and further focuses on the known functions of PP2A in bone formation, including its role in osteoblast differentiation and function. A reduction in PP2A promotes bone formation and osteoblast differentiation through the regulation of bone-related transcription factors such as Osterix. Interestingly, downregulation of PP2A also stimulates adipocyte differentiation from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells under the appropriate adipogenic differentiation conditions. In osteoblasts, PP2A is also involved in the ability to control osteoclastogenesis as well as in the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells. Thus, PP2A is considered to be a comprehensive factor in controlling the differentiation and function of cells derived from mesenchymal cells such as osteoblasts and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral healthcare educations, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Teramachi
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary Nursing and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Tatsuji Haneji
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Akihito Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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55
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Chen JL, Colgan TD, Walton KL, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA. The TGF-β Signalling Network in Muscle Development, Adaptation and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:97-131. [PMID: 27003398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable ability to change its size and force-producing capacity in response to physiological stimuli. Impairment of the cellular processes that govern these attributes also affects muscle mass and function in pathological conditions. Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β family, has been identified as a key regulator of muscle development, and adaptation in adulthood. In muscle, myostatin binds to its type I (ALK4/5) and type II (ActRIIA/B) receptors to initiate Smad2/3 signalling and the regulation of target genes that co-ordinate the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Interestingly, evidence is emerging that other TGF-β proteins act in concert with myostatin to regulate the growth and remodelling of skeletal muscle. Consequently, dysregulation of TGF-β proteins and their associated signalling components is increasingly being implicated in muscle wasting associated with chronic illness, ageing, and inactivity. The growing understanding of TGF-β biology in muscle, and its potential to advance the development of therapeutics for muscle-related conditions is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colgan
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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56
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Inhibitory effect of NBL1 on PDGF-BB-induced human PASMC proliferation through blockade of PDGFβ-p38MAPK pathway. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160199. [PMID: 27474499 PMCID: PMC5006314 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery remodelling is a key feature in the pathological progress of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Moreover, excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery remodelling. Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1) has been previously shown to induce growth inhibition in tumour cells. However, the effect of NBL1 in the regulation of human PASMC proliferation remains unclear. In cultured human PASMCs, we observed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of NBL1 on platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell growth, DNA synthesis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, as measured by MTS assay, 5-ethynil-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) analysis and western blots respectively. We also detected the expression and activities of cell-cycle positive regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6) and negative regulators (p21 and p27) in human PASMCs by western blots and co-immuoprecipitation (IP). Our results show that NBL1-induced growth suppression is associated with the decreased activity of cyclin D1–CDK4 and the decreased phosphorylation of p27 in PDGF-BB-treated human PASMCs. By western blots using the phosphor-specific antibodies, we further demonstrated that NBL1 induced growth suppression is mediated by blockade of the up-stream PDGF-receptor β (PDGFRβ)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In conclusion, our results suggest that NBL1 could inhibit PDGF-BB-induced human PASMC proliferation, and the underlying mechanism is associated with the decreased cyclin D1–CDK4 activity and up-regulated p27 by decreasing the phosphorylation of p27 via blockade of PDGFRβ-p38MAPK signal cascade. Our findings may provide a potential therapeutic target for PAH.
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57
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Costamagna D, Mommaerts H, Sampaolesi M, Tylzanowski P. Noggin inactivation affects the number and differentiation potential of muscle progenitor cells in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31949. [PMID: 27573479 PMCID: PMC5004166 DOI: 10.1038/srep31949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Noggin, a secreted antagonist of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), in mice leads, among others, to severe malformations of the appendicular skeleton and defective skeletal muscle fibers. To determine the molecular basis of the phenotype, we carried out a histomorphological and molecular analysis of developing muscles Noggin(-/-) mice. We show that in 18.5 dpc embryos there is a marked reduction in muscle fiber size and a failure of nuclei migration towards the cell membrane. Molecularly, the absence of Noggin results in an increased BMP signaling in muscle tissue as shown by the increase in SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation, concomitant with the induction of BMP target genes such as Id1, 2, 3 as well as Msx1. Finally, upon removal of Noggin, the number of mesenchymal Pax7(+) muscle precursor cells is reduced and they are more prone to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro. Thus, our results highlight the importance of Noggin/BMP balance for myogenic commitment of early fetal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Costamagna
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Dept. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Hendrik Mommaerts
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Dept. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Human Anatomy, Dept. of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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58
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Abstract
Notch plays an important function in skeletal homeostasis, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare disease associated with mutations in NOTCH2 leading to the translation of a truncated NOTCH2 stable protein. As a consequence, a gain-of-NOTCH2 function is manifested. HCS is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease although sporadic cases exist. HCS is characterized by craniofacial developmental defects, including platybasia and wormian bones, osteoporosis with fractures, and acro-osteolysis. Subjects may suffer severe neurological complications, and HCS presents with cardiovascular defects and polycystic kidneys. An experimental mouse model harboring a HCSNotch2 mutation exhibits osteopenia secondary to enhanced bone resorption suggesting this as a possible mechanism for the skeletal disease. If the same mechanisms were operational in humans, anti-resorptive therapy could correct the bone loss, but not necessarily the acro-osteolysis. In conclusion, HCS is a devastating disease associated with a gain-of-NOTCH2 function resulting in diverse clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-5456, USA.
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-5456, USA
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59
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Xie Z, Wang P, Li Y, Deng W, Zhang X, Su H, Li D, Wu Y, Shen H. Imbalance Between Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Noggin Induces Abnormal Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:430-40. [PMID: 26413886 DOI: 10.1002/art.39433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the osteogenic differentiation capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to investigate the mechanisms of abnormal osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs in AS. METHODS BM-MSCs from healthy donors (HD-MSCs) and patients with AS (AS-MSCs) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium for 0-21 days, after which their osteogenic differentiation capacity was determined using alizarin red S and alkaline phosphatase assays. Gene expression levels of osteoblastic markers and related cytokines were detected by high-throughput quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect protein levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and Noggin in the cell culture supernatant. The activation of Smad1/5/8 and MAPK signaling pathways was measured by Western blotting. The balance between BMP-2 and Noggin expression was regulated using lentiviruses encoding short hairpin RNA and exogenous Noggin, respectively, which enabled evaluation of how this balance affected osteogenic differentiation of AS-MSCs. RESULTS AS-MSCs outperformed HD-MSCs in osteogenic differentiation capacity. During osteogenic differentiation, AS-MSCs secreted more BMP-2 but less Noggin, accompanied by an overactivation of Smad1/5/8 and ERK-1/2. When the Noggin concentration was increased or BMP-2 expression was inhibited, the abnormal osteogenic differentiation of AS-MSCs was rectified. In addition, the balance between BMP-2 and Noggin secretion was restored. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that an imbalance between BMP-2 and Noggin secretion induces abnormal osteogenic differentiation of AS-MSCs. These findings reveal a mechanism of pathologic osteogenesis in AS and provide a new perspective on inhibiting pathologic osteogenesis by regulating the balance between BMP-2 and Noggin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Xie
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Su
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deng Li
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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60
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Robertson IB, Rifkin DB. Regulation of the Bioavailability of TGF-β and TGF-β-Related Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:8/6/a021907. [PMID: 27252363 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is controlled by a number of mechanisms. Bona fide TGF-β is sequestered into the matrix in a latent state and must be activated before it can bind to its receptors. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms that regulate the bioavailability of TGF-β and compare these mechanisms with those used to regulate other TGF-β family members. We also assess the physiological significance of various latent TGF-β activators, as well as other extracellular modulators of TGF-β family signaling, by examining the available in vivo data from knockout mouse models and other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Robertson
- Departments of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Departments of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Departments of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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61
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Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in musculoskeletal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2061-72. [PMID: 27043154 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins; they were initially named after their ability to induce ectopic bone formation. Published studies have proved BMPs' role in a variety of biological processes such as embryogenesis and patterning of body axes, and maintaining adult tissue homeostasis. Other studies have focused on BMPs properties, functions and possible involvement in skeletal diseases, including cancer. METHODS A literature search mainly paying attention to the role of BMPs in musculoskeletal tumors was performed in electronic databases. RESULTS This article discusses BMPs synthesis and signaling, and summarizes their prominent roles in the skeletal system for the differentiation of osteoblasts, osteocytes and chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The review emphasizes on the role of BMP signaling in the initiation and progression of musculoskeletal cancer.
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62
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Nanoparticulate mineralized collagen scaffolds induce in vivo bone regeneration independent of progenitor cell loading or exogenous growth factor stimulation. Biomaterials 2016; 89:67-78. [PMID: 26950166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for skeletal regeneration often require co-delivery of scaffold technologies, growth factors, and cellular material. However, isolation and expansion of stem cells can be time consuming, costly, and requires an additional procedure for harvest. Further, the introduction of supraphysiologic doses of growth factors may result in untoward clinical side effects, warranting pursuit of alternative methods for stimulating osteogenesis. In this work, we describe a nanoparticulate mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan scaffold that induces healing of critical-sized rabbit cranial defects without addition of expanded stem cells or exogenous growth factors. We demonstrate that the mechanism of osteogenic induction corresponds to an increase in canonical BMP receptor signalling secondary to autogenous production of BMP-2 and -9 early and BMP-4 later during differentiation. Thus, nanoparticulate mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan scaffolds may provide a novel growth factor-free and ex vivo progenitor cell culture-free implantable method for bone regeneration.
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63
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Qu X, He F, Tan H, Yu Y, Axrap A, Wang M, Dai K, Zhang Z, Yang F, Wang S, Kohn J, Liu C. Self-assembly of dual drug-delivery coating for synergistic bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4901-4912. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration for the treatment of bone diseases represents a major clinical need.
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Suzuki A, Sangani DR, Ansari A, Iwata J. Molecular mechanisms of midfacial developmental defects. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:276-93. [PMID: 26562615 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of midfacial processes requires the coordination of a variety of cellular functions of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells to develop complex structures. Any failure or delay in midfacial development as well as any abnormal fusion of the medial and lateral nasal and maxillary prominences will result in developmental defects in the midface with a varying degree of severity, including cleft, hypoplasia, and midline expansion. Despite the advances in human genome sequencing technology, the causes of nearly 70% of all birth defects, which include midfacial development defects, remain unknown. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the importance of specific signaling cascades and genetic-environmental interactions in the development of the midfacial region. This review will summarize the current understanding of the morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying midfacial birth defects based on mouse models with midfacial developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dhruvee R Sangani
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Afreen Ansari
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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65
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BMPs in bone regeneration: Less is more effective, a paradigm-shift. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:141-8. [PMID: 26678813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the clinical application of BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) has helped an increasing number of patients achieve bone regeneration in a clinical area lacking simple solutions for difficult bone healing situations. In this review, the historical aspects and current critical clinical issues are summarized and positioned against new research findings on efficacy and function of BMP2. Knowledge concerning how the dose of this growth factor as well as its interaction with mechanical loading influences the efficacy of bone regeneration, might open possible future strategies in cases where bony bridging is unachievable so far. In conclusion, it is apparent that there is a substantial need for continued basic research to unravel the details of its function and the underlying signaling pathways involved, to make BMP2 even more relevant and safe in daily clinical use, even though this growth factor has been known for more than 125 years.
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66
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Yadin D, Knaus P, Mueller TD. Structural insights into BMP receptors: Specificity, activation and inhibition. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:13-34. [PMID: 26690041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β family (TGFβ), which signal through hetero-tetrameric complexes of type I and type II receptors. In humans there are many more TGFβ ligands than receptors, leading to the question of how particular ligands can initiate specific signaling responses. Here we review structural features of the ligands and receptors that contribute to this specificity. Ligand activity is determined by receptor-ligand interactions, growth factor prodomains, extracellular modulator proteins, receptor assembly and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins, including Smad transcription factors. Detailed knowledge about the receptors has enabled the development of BMP-specific type I receptor kinase inhibitors. In future these may help to treat human diseases such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yadin
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13351 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13351 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Ibaraki H, Wu X, Uji S, Yokoi H, Sakai Y, Suzuki T. Transcriptome analysis of vertebral bone in the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes), using Illumina sequencing. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 3:269-76. [PMID: 26452303 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The processes underlying vertebral development in teleosts and tetrapods differ markedly in a variety of ways. At present, the molecular basis of teleost vertebral development and growth is poorly understood. Understanding vertebral development at the molecular level is important for aquaculture to prevent vertebral anomalies that can arise from a variety of factors, including excess vitamin A (all-trans retinol, VA) in the diet. To facilitate studies on teloest vertebral development, we performed transcriptome analysis of four month old flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, vertebrae using next-generation sequencing. Expression profile obtained demonstrates that some members of the hh, bmp, fgf, wnt gene families, and their receptors, hox, pax, sox, dlx and tbx gene families and ntl, which are known to function in notochord and somite development in embryos, are expressed in the vertebrae. It was also showed that in addition to the retinoic acid receptor (Rar), the vertebrae express alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and retinal dehydrogenase 2 which convert VA to all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). The assembled contigs also included cytochrome p450 family members, which inactivate RA, as well as phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acetyltransferase, which converts VA to all-trans-retinyl ester, a stock form of VA. These data suggest that in teleost vertebrae, expression of various signals and transcription factors which function in the notochord and somite development is maintained until adult stage, and RA metabolism and signaling are active to regulate transcription of RA-responsible genes, such as hedgehog and hox genes. This is the first transcriptome analysis of teleost fish vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Ibaraki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Susumu Uji
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Farming Biology Division, Fisheries Research Agency, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Sakai
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Brum AM, van de Peppel J, van der Leije CS, Schreuders-Koedam M, Eijken M, van der Eerden BCJ, van Leeuwen JPTM. Connectivity Map-based discovery of parbendazole reveals targetable human osteogenic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12711-6. [PMID: 26420877 PMCID: PMC4611615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501597112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass leading to increased bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. In this study, we have identified pathways that stimulate differentiation of bone forming osteoblasts from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Gene expression profiling was performed in hMSCs differentiated toward osteoblasts (at 6 h). Significantly regulated genes were analyzed in silico, and the Connectivity Map (CMap) was used to identify candidate bone stimulatory compounds. The signature of parbendazole matches the expression changes observed for osteogenic hMSCs. Parbendazole stimulates osteoblast differentiation as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and up-regulation of bone marker genes (alkaline phosphatase/ALPL, osteopontin/SPP1, and bone sialoprotein II/IBSP) in a subset of the hMSC population resistant to the apoptotic effects of parbendazole. These osteogenic effects are independent of glucocorticoids because parbendazole does not up-regulate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) target genes and is not inhibited by the GR antagonist mifepristone. Parbendazole causes profound cytoskeletal changes including degradation of microtubules and increased focal adhesions. Stabilization of microtubules by pretreatment with Taxol inhibits osteoblast differentiation. Parbendazole up-regulates bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) gene expression and activity. Cotreatment with the BMP-2 antagonist DMH1 limits, but does not block, parbendazole-induced mineralization. Using the CMap we have identified a previously unidentified lineage-specific, bone anabolic compound, parbendazole, which induces osteogenic differentiation through a combination of cytoskeletal changes and increased BMP-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Brum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Surface-mediated delivery of siRNA from fibrin hydrogels for knockdown of the BMP-2 binding antagonist noggin. Acta Biomater 2015; 25:109-20. [PMID: 26234488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists and inhibitory molecules responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis can present a significant barrier to healing when tissue engineering/regenerative medicine strategies are employed. One example of this situation is the up-regulation of antagonists such as noggin in response to increasing concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) present from endogenous bone repair processes or delivered exogenously from biomaterials (synthetic bone grafts). While recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 delivered from synthetic bone grafts has been shown to be an effective alternative to autografts and allografts, the supraphysiological doses of rhBMP-2 have led to clinically-adverse side effects. The high rhBMP-2 dosage may be required, in part, to overcome the presence of antagonists such as noggin. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an appealing approach to overcome this problem because it can knock-down antagonists or inhibitory molecules in a temporary manner. Here, we conducted fundamental studies on the delivery of siRNA from material surfaces as a means to knock-down antagonists like noggin. Non-viral cationic lipid (Lipofectamine)-siRNA complexes were delivered from a fibrin hydrogel surface to MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts that were treated with a supraphysiological dose of rhBMP-2 to achieve noggin mRNA expression levels higher than cells naïve to rhBMP-2. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed intracellular uptake of siRNA in over 98% of MC3T3-E1 cells after 48 h. Doses of 0.5 and 1 μg noggin siRNA were able to significantly reduce noggin mRNA to levels equivalent to those in MC3T3-E1 cells not exposed to rhBMP-2 with no effects on cell viability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been considered for treatment of diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to cancer. However, the ability to use siRNA in conjunction with biomaterials to direct tissue regeneration processes has received relatively little attention. Using the bone morphogenetic protein 2 antagonist, noggin, as a model, this research describes an approach to knock-down molecules that are inhibitory to desired regenerative pathways at the mRNA level via siRNA delivery from a hydrogel surface. Interactions between the material (fibrin) surface and polycation-siRNA complexes, release of the siRNA from the material surface, high levels of cellular uptake/internalization of siRNA, and significant knockdown of the targeting (noggin) mRNA are demonstrated. Broader future applications include those to nerve regeneration, cardiovascular tissue engineering, directing (stem) cell behavior, and mitigating inflammatory responses to materials.
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Comprehensive Review of Adipose Stem Cells and Their Implication in Distraction Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:842975. [PMID: 26448947 PMCID: PMC4584039 DOI: 10.1155/2015/842975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most dynamic tissues in the human body that can heal following injury without leaving a scar. However, in instances of extensive bone loss, this intrinsic capacity of bone to heal may not be sufficient and external intervention becomes necessary. Several techniques are available to address this problem, including autogenous bone grafts and allografts. However, all these techniques have their own limitations. An alternative method is the technique of distraction osteogenesis, where gradual and controlled distraction of two bony segments after osteotomy leads to induction of new bone formation. Although distraction osteogenesis usually gives satisfactory results, its major limitation is the prolonged duration of time required before the external fixator is removed, which may lead to numerous complications. Numerous methods to accelerate bone formation in the context of distraction osteogenesis have been reported. A viable alternative to autogenous bone grafts for a source of osteogenic cells is mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. However, there are certain problems with bone marrow aspirate. Hence, scientists have investigated other sources for mesenchymal stem cells, specifically adipose tissue, which has been shown to be an excellent source of mesenchymal stem cells. In this paper, the potential use of adipose stem cells to stimulate bone formation is discussed.
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71
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Fushiki R, Mayahara K, Ogawa M, Takahashi Y, Karasawa Y, Tsurumachi N, Tamura T, Shimizu N. High-magnitude mechanical strain inhibits the differentiation of bone-forming rat calvarial progenitor cells. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:336-41. [PMID: 25943460 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthodontic tooth movement occurs during the bone remodeling induced by therapeutic mechanical strain. It is important to investigate the relation between the strength of mechanical stress and bone formation activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-magnitude mechanical strain on bone formation in detail. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoblast-like cells isolated from fetal rat calvariae were loaded with 18% cyclic tension force (TF) for 48 h. To phenotypically investigate the effect of TF, we measured the number and the size of bone nodules stained by von Kossa technique on day 21 after cell seeding and determined the calcium content of bone nodules on day 14. Furthermore, we examined the gene expression of BMP-2, Runx2 and Msx2, which are important factors for bone nodule formation, on days 1, 4 and 7 after TF loading. RESULTS The maximum bone nodule size in the control group was 1620 and 719 μm in the TF group. Furthermore, the mean number of bone nodules sized over 360 μm in the TF group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. The calcium content was also significantly decreased to 42% by TF loading. The mRNA expression of BMP-2, Runx2 and Msx2 was decreased 1 and 4 days after TF loading. CONCLUSION The differentiation of bone forming progenitor cells into bone nodule forming cells was inhibited by TF due to the decreased expression of bone formation related factors such as BMP-2, Runx2 and Msx2.
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72
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Itoh N, Ohta H. Secreted bone morphogenetic protein antagonists of the Chordin family. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:297-304. [PMID: 25962004 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 are secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists with highly conserved Chordin-like cysteine-rich domains. Recently, Brorin and Brorin-like have been identified as new Chordin-like BMP antagonists. A Chordin ortholog, Short gastrulation, has been identified in Drosophila, a protostome, but not other orthologs. By contrast, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 have been identified in Ciona intestinalis, the closest living relatives of the vertebrates, but Brorin and Brorin-like have not. However, all these genes have been identified in most vertebrates. These results indicate that Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 were generated early in the metazoan lineage. Later on, Brorin and Brorin-like were potentially generated by a genome duplication event in early vertebrate evolution. All four cysteine-rich domains of Chordin are essential for the regulation of its action. However, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Brorin, and Brorin-like contain only two or three cysteine-rich domains. Although their mechanisms of action remain unclear, they might be distinct from that of Chordin. The expression profiles of these genes in mice and zebrafish indicate unique roles at embryonic and postnatal stages. Mutant/knockdown mouse and zebrafish phenotypes indicate roles in morphogenesis during gastrulation, dorsoventral axis formation, ear, pharyngeal, and neural development, and venous and arterial patterning. Aberrant Chordin expression might result in hereditary diseases and cancer. In addition, altered serum Chordin and Chordin-like 1 levels are also observed in non-hereditary diseases. Together, these results indicate pathophysiological roles.
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Gustafson B, Hammarstedt A, Hedjazifar S, Hoffmann JM, Svensson PA, Grimsby J, Rondinone C, Smith U. BMP4 and BMP Antagonists Regulate Human White and Beige Adipogenesis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1670-81. [PMID: 25605802 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The limited expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue, due to reduced ability to recruit and differentiate new adipocytes, prevents its buffering effect in obesity and is characterized by expanded adipocytes (hypertrophic obesity). Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) plays a key role in regulating adipogenic precursor cell commitment and differentiation. We found BMP4 to be induced and secreted by differentiated (pre)adipocytes, and BMP4 was increased in large adipose cells. However, the precursor cells exhibited a resistance to BMP4 owing to increased secretion of the BMP inhibitor Gremlin-1 (GREM1). GREM1 is secreted by (pre)adipocytes and is an inhibitor of both BMP4 and BMP7. BMP4 alone, and/or silencing GREM1, increased transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and promoted the preadipocytes to assume an oxidative beige/brown adipose phenotype including markers of increased mitochondria and PGC1α. Driving white adipose differentiation inhibited the beige/brown markers, suggesting the presence of multipotent adipogenic precursor cells. However, silencing GREM1 and/or adding BMP4 during white adipogenic differentiation reactivated beige/brown markers, suggesting that increased BMP4 preferentially regulates the beige/brown phenotype. Thus, BMP4, secreted by white adipose cells, is an integral feedback regulator of both white and beige adipogenic commitment and differentiation, and resistance to BMP4 by GREM1 characterizes hypertrophic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Gustafson
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahram Hedjazifar
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny M Hoffmann
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf Smith
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhu S, Hu X, Yu Z, Peng Y, Zhu J, Liu X, Li M, Han S, Zhu C. Effect of miR-20b on Apoptosis, Differentiation, the BMP Signaling Pathway and Mitochondrial Function in the P19 Cell Model of Cardiac Differentiation In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123519. [PMID: 25898012 PMCID: PMC4405592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of miR-20b on apoptosis, differentiation, the BMP signaling pathway and mitochondrial function in the P19 cell model of cardiac differentiation in vitro. Methods A miR-20b over-expression vector, a miR-20b silencing vector and their corresponding empty vectors were constructed and transfected into P19 cells, separately. Stably miR-20b overexpressing and silenced P19 cell lines were successfully selected by blasticidin and puromycin, separately. The cells were induced to undergo apoptosis in FBS-free-α-MEM. The induced cells were examined by flow cytometry and measurement of their caspase-3 activities. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the relative expression of marker genes of cardiomyocytes during differentiation, such as cTnT, GATA4 and ANP. QRT-PCR was also used to detect the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. We investigated the cellular ATP production using a luciferase-based luminescence assay. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by DCFDA (2’, 7’-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was elucidated by a JC-1 fluorescent probe, both using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometer. The expression of BMP signaling pathway-related proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Results Stably miR-20b overexpressing and silenced P19 cell lines were successfully obtained. MiR-20b overexpression increased apoptosis and promoted differentiation in P19 cells by promoting the activation of the BMP signaling pathway. In addition, miR-20b overexpression induced mitochondrial impairment in P19 cells during differentiation, which was characterized by lower MMP, raised ATP synthesis and increased ROS levels. The effects of miR-20b silencing were the exact opposite to those of overexpression. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggested that miR-20b was very important in apoptosis, differentiation and mitochondrial function of P19 cells. MiR-20b may represent a new therapeutic target for congenital heart diseases and provide new insights into the mechanisms of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaoshan Hu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Yuzhu Peng
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Shuping Han
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
- * E-mail: (SPH); (CZ)
| | - Chun Zhu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
- * E-mail: (SPH); (CZ)
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Marie PJ. Osteoblast dysfunctions in bone diseases: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1347-61. [PMID: 25487608 PMCID: PMC11113967 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic, genetic and oncogenic bone diseases are characterized by defective or excessive bone formation. These abnormalities are caused by dysfunctions in the commitment, differentiation or survival of cells of the osteoblast lineage. During the recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoblast dysfunctions in osteoporosis, skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors. This led to suggest novel therapeutic approaches to correct these abnormalities such as the modulation of WNT signaling, the pharmacological modulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation, the induction of osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, the repression of cancer cell proliferation and the manipulation of epigenetic mechanisms. This article reviews our current understanding of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms inducing osteoblastic cell abnormalities in age-related bone loss, genetic skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies to counteract the osteoblast abnormalities in these disorders of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- INSERM UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France,
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76
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De Langhe E, Cailotto F, De Vooght V, Aznar-Lopez C, Vanoirbeek JA, Luyten FP, Lories RJU. Enhanced endogenous bone morphogenetic protein signaling protects against bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2015; 16:38. [PMID: 25849157 PMCID: PMC4364322 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments for fibrotic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are largely lacking. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of fibrosis. We hypothesized that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), another family within the TGFβ superfamily of growth factors, modulate fibrogenesis driven by TGFβ. We therefore studied the role of endogenous BMP signaling in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis. METHODS Lung fibrosis was induced in wild-type or noggin haploinsufficient (Nog +/LacZ ) mice by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin, or phosphate buffered saline as a control. Invasive pulmonary function tests were performed using the flexiVent® SCIREQ system. The mice were sacrificed and lung tissue was collected for analysis using histopathology, collagen quantification, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Nog +/LacZ mice are a known model of increased BMP signaling and were partially protected from bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis with reduced Ashcroft score, reduced collagen content and preservation of pulmonary compliance. In bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, TGFβ and BMP signaling followed an inverse course, with dynamic activation of TGFβ signaling and repression of BMP signaling activity. CONCLUSIONS Upon bleomycin exposure, active BMP signaling is decreased. Derepression of BMP signaling in Nog +/LacZ mice protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Modulating the balance between BMP and TGFβ, in particular increasing endogenous BMP signals, may therefore be a therapeutic target in fibrotic lung disease.
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77
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Gan Q, Zhu J, Yuan Y, Liu H, Qian J, Li Y, Liu C. A dual-delivery system of pH-responsive chitosan-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles bearing BMP-2 and dexamethasone for enhanced bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2056-2066. [PMID: 32262373 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01897d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is considered one of the most effective and extensively used growth factors to induce osteoblast differentiation and accelerate bone regeneration. Dexamethasone (Dex) with suitable dosage can enhance BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation. To strengthen this synergistic osteoinductive effect, a pH-responsive chitosan-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (chi-MSN) ensemble was fabricated for dual-delivery of BMP-2 and Dex. The MSNs are prepared by a CTAB-templated sol-gel method, and further coated by chitosan via the crosslinking of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The small Dex is encapsulated in the mesopores and the large BMP-2 is incorporated into the chitosan coating. These chi-MSNs can quickly release BMP-2 in a bioactive form and can then be efficiently endocytosed and further realize a controlled release of Dex with the decreased pH value into/in cells. With the synergistic action of BMP-2 and Dex outside and inside the cell, this dual hybrid delivery system can significantly stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Together, this dual-delivery strategy for osteogenic protein delivery may enhance clinical outcomes by retaining the bioactivity and optimizing the release mode of the drug/protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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78
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Peng J, Yoshioka Y, Mandai M, Matsumura N, Baba T, Yamaguchi K, Hamanishi J, Kharma B, Murakami R, Abiko K, Murphy SK, Konishi I. The BMP signaling pathway leads to enhanced proliferation in serous ovarian cancer-A potential therapeutic target. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:335-45. [PMID: 25663289 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily transduce signals via SMAD proteins. SMAD2 and SMAD3 mediate TGF-β signaling, whereas SMAD1, SMAD5, and SMAD8/9 transduce bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals. We would like to identify the function of BMP/SMAD5 signaling in serous ovarian cancer. The protein levels of total SMAD5 and phosphorylated SMAD5 (pSMAD5) were examined by immunohistochemical analysis using clinical serous ovarian cancer samples. Following treatment with either recombinant BMP2 (rBMP2) or Dorsomorphin (DM), western blotting was performed to observe pSMAD5 protein in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, separately. Cell proliferation was detected in SMAD5 knockdown serous ovarian cancer cell lines cultured with DM or rBMP2. The impact of DM or rBMP2 on tumor growth was observed in a mouse model of serous ovarian cancer. An inverse correlation was observed between pSMAD5 levels in the nucleus and the prognosis of patients with serous ovarian cancer. The treatment of SK-OV-3 with rBMP2 stimulated pSMAD5 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and the addition of DM inhibited this effect. The proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines was enhanced by BMP2 and suppressed by DM via SMAD5 in vitro. In vitro and in vivo experiments clearly demonstrated BMP2-stimulated proliferation of serous ovarian cancer and inhibition of this effect by DM. Our data suggests that BMP/SMAD5 signaling plays an important role and, therefore, becomes a potential therapeutic target in serous ovarian cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshioka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Mandai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junzo Hamanishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Budiman Kharma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Murakami
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Abiko
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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79
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Hojo H, Ohba S, Chung UI. Signaling pathways regulating the specification and differentiation of the osteoblast lineage. Regen Ther 2015; 1:57-62. [PMID: 31245441 PMCID: PMC6581763 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an approach to the regeneration of tissues that uses a combination of cell sources, signaling factors and scaffolds. Among these three components, signaling factors for bone regeneration have not yet been established, and it is necessary to better understand osteoblast progenitors as a target cells. Several lines of evidence have revealed that, during bone formation, mesenchymal cells are specified and differentiate into osteoblasts through several stages of precursors. The osteoblast lineage is defined by the expression of stage-specific transcription factors. The specification and differentiation are organized by a variety of signaling pathways including hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, Notch, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ). In this review we integrate the known functions of these signaling pathways and discuss future tasks to gain a better understanding of the signaling network in osteogenesis for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Corresponding author. Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Tel.: +1 323 442 8077; fax: +1 323 442 8024.
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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80
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Hata A, Kang H. Functions of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway through microRNAs (review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:563-8. [PMID: 25571950 PMCID: PMC6904101 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression in essential cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation and development. Recent findings have established that the levels of miRNAs are modulated by cell signaling mechanisms, including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. The BMP signaling pathway controls diverse cellular activities by modulating the levels of miRNAs, indicating the complexity of gene regulation by the BMP signaling pathway. The tight regulation of the levels of miRNAs is critical for maintaining normal physiological conditions, and dysregulated miRNA levels contribute to the development of diseases. In the present review, we discuss different insights (provided over the past decade) into the regulation of miRNAs governed by the BMP signaling pathway and the implications of this regulation on the understanding of the cellular differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), osteoblasts and neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
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81
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Pregizer SK, Mortlock DP. Dynamics and cellular localization of Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcription in the postnatal mouse skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:64-70. [PMID: 25043193 PMCID: PMC4818007 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription of BMPs and their antagonists in precise spatiotemporal patterns is essential for proper skeletal development, maturation, maintenance, and repair. Nevertheless, transcriptional activity of these molecules in skeletal tissues beyond embryogenesis has not been well characterized. In this study, we used several transgenic reporter mouse lines to define the transcriptional activity of two potent BMP ligands, Bmp2 and Bmp4, and their antagonist, Noggin, in the postnatal skeleton. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, Bmp4 and Noggin reporter activity was readily apparent in most cells of the osteogenic or chondrogenic lineages, respectively, whereas Bmp2 reporter activity was strongest in terminally differentiated cells of both lineages. By 5 to 6 months, activity of the reporters had generally abated; however, the Noggin and Bmp2 reporters remained remarkably active in articular chondrocytes and persisted there indefinitely. We further found that endogenous Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcript levels in postnatal bone and cartilage mirrored the activity of their respective reporters in these tissues. Finally, we found that the activity of the Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin reporters in bone and cartilage at 3 to 4 weeks could be recapitulated in both osteogenic and chondrogenic culture models. These results reveal that Bmp2, Bmp4, and Noggin transcription persists to varying degrees in skeletal tissues postnatally, with each gene exhibiting its own cell type-specific pattern of activity. Illuminating these patterns and their dynamics will guide future studies aimed at elucidating both the causes and consequences of aberrant BMP signaling in the postnatal skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Pregizer
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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82
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Canalis E, Zanotti S. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:200. [PMID: 25491639 PMCID: PMC4269900 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hajdu Cheney Syndrome (HCS), Orpha 955, is a rare disease characterized by acroosteolysis, severe osteoporosis, short stature, specific craniofacial features, wormian bones, neurological symptoms, cardiovascular defects and polycystic kidneys. HCS is rare and is inherited as autosomal dominant although many sporadic cases have been reported. HCS is associated with mutations in exon 34 of NOTCH2 upstream the PEST domain that lead to the creation of a truncated and stable NOTCH2 protein with enhanced NOTCH2 signaling activity. Although the number of cases with NOTCH2 mutations reported are limited, it would seem that the diagnosis of HCS can be established by sequence analysis of exon 34 of NOTCH2. Notch receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that determine cell fate, and play a critical role in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of Notch signaling is associated with skeletal developmental disorders. There is limited information about the mechanisms of the bone loss and acroosteolysis in HCS making decisions regarding therapeutic intervention difficult. Bone antiresorptive and anabolic agents have been tried to treat the osteoporosis, but their benefit has not been established. In conclusion, Notch regulates skeletal development and bone remodeling, and gain-of-function mutations of NOTCH2 are associated with HCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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83
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84
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Morales-Piga A, Bachiller-Corral FJ, Sánchez-Duffhues G. ¿Es la «fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva» una enfermedad de origen vascular? Un modelo patogénico innovador. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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85
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Petryk A, Graf D, Marcucio R. Holoprosencephaly: signaling interactions between the brain and the face, the environment and the genes, and the phenotypic variability in animal models and humans. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 4:17-32. [PMID: 25339593 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental defect of the forebrain characterized by inadequate or absent midline division of the forebrain into cerebral hemispheres, with concomitant midline facial defects in the majority of cases. Understanding the pathogenesis of HPE requires knowledge of the relationship between the developing brain and the facial structures during embryogenesis. A number of signaling pathways control and coordinate the development of the brain and face, including Sonic hedgehog, Bone morphogenetic protein, Fibroblast growth factor, and Nodal signaling. Mutations in these pathways have been identified in animal models of HPE and human patients. Because of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of HPE, patients carrying defined mutations may not manifest the disease at all, or have a spectrum of defects. It is currently unknown what drives manifestation of HPE in genetically at-risk individuals, but it has been speculated that other gene mutations and environmental factors may combine as cumulative insults. HPE can be diagnosed in utero by a high-resolution prenatal ultrasound or a fetal magnetic resonance imaging, sometimes in combination with molecular testing from chorionic villi or amniotic fluid sampling. Currently, there are no effective preventive methods for HPE. Better understanding of the mechanisms of gene-environment interactions in HPE would provide avenues for such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petryk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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86
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Canalis E, Kranz L, Zanotti S. Nemo-like kinase regulates postnatal skeletal homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1736-43. [PMID: 24664870 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) is related to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and known to regulate signaling pathways involved in osteoblastogenesis. In vitro Nlk suppresses osteoblastogenesis, but the consequences of the Nlk inactivation in the skeleton in vivo are unknown. To study the function of Nlk, Nlk(loxP/loxP) mice, where the Nlk exon2 is flanked by lox(P) sequences, were mated with mice expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of the paired-related homeobox gene 1 (Prx1) enhancer (Prx1-Cre), the Osterix (Osx-Cre) or the osteocalcin/bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (Bglap-Cre) promoter. Prx1-Cre;Nlk(Δ/Δ) mice did not exhibit a skeletal phenotype except for a modest increase in trabecular number and connectivity observed only in 3-month-old male mice. Osx-Cre;Nlk(Δ/Δ) male and female mice exhibited an increase in trabecular bone volume secondary to an increased trabecular number at 3 months of age. Bone histomorphometry revealed a decrease in osteoclast number and eroded surface in male mice, and decreased osteoblast number and function in female mice. Expression of osteoprotegerin mRNA was increased in calvarial extracts, explaining the decreased osteoclast and osteoblast number. The conditional deletion of Nlk in mature osteoblasts (Bglap-Cre;Nlk(Δ/Δ) ) resulted in no skeletal phenotype in 1- to 6-month-old male or female mice. In conclusion, when expressed in undifferentiated osteoblasts, Nlk is a negative regulator of skeletal homeostasis possibly by targeting signals that regulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; The University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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87
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Hüning I, Gillessen-Kaesbach G. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: clinical course, genetic mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:201-11. [PMID: 25337067 DOI: 10.1159/000365770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP, MIM 135100) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder and the most disabling condition of heterotopic (extraskeletal) ossification in humans. Mutations in the ACVR1 gene (MIM 102576) were identified as a genetic cause of FOP [Shore et al., 2006]. Most patients with FOP have the same recurrent single nucleotide change c.617G>A, p.R206H in the ACVR1 gene. Furthermore, 11 other mutations in the ACVR1 gene have been described as a cause of FOP. Here, we review phenotypic and molecular findings of 130 cases of FOP reported in the literature from 1982 to April 2014 and discuss possible genotype-phenotype correlations in FOP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Hüning
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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88
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Kim JD, Lee HW, Jin SW. Diversity is in my veins: role of bone morphogenetic protein signaling during venous morphogenesis in zebrafish illustrates the heterogeneity within endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1838-45. [PMID: 25060789 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are a highly diverse group of cells which display distinct cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. Although the aptly named vascular endothelial growth factor-A signaling pathway is hailed as the most important signaling input for endothelial cells, additional factors also participate in regulating diverse aspects of endothelial behaviors and functions. Given this heterogeneity, these additional factors seem to play a critical role in creating a custom-tailored environment to regulate behaviors and functions of distinct subgroups of endothelial cells. For instance, molecular cues that modulate morphogenesis of arterial vascular beds can be distinct from those that govern morphogenesis of venous vascular beds. Recently, we have found that bone morphogenetic protein signaling selectively promotes angiogenesis from venous vascular beds without eliciting similar responses from arterial vascular beds in zebrafish, indicating that bone morphogenetic protein signaling functions as a context-dependent regulator during vascular morphogenesis. In this review, we will provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms that underlie proangiogenic effects of bone morphogenetic protein signaling on venous vascular beds in the context of endothelial heterogeneity and suggest a more comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms of vascular morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea (S.-W.J.)
| | - Heon-Woo Lee
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea (S.-W.J.)
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.-D.K., H.W.L., S.-W.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea (S.-W.J.).
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89
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Carreira AC, Alves GG, Zambuzzi WF, Sogayar MC, Granjeiro JM. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: structure, biological function and therapeutic applications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:64-73. [PMID: 25043976 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional secreted cytokines, which belong to the TGF-β superfamily. These glycoproteins act as a disulfide-linked homo- or heterodimers, being potent regulators of bone and cartilage formation and repair, cell proliferation during embryonic development and bone homeostasis in the adult. BMPs are promising molecules for tissue engineering and bone therapy. The present review discusses this family of proteins, their structure and biological function, their therapeutic applications and drawbacks, their effects on mesenchymal stem cells differentiation, and the cell signaling pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Carreira
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; NUCEL-NETCEM Cell and Molecular Therapy Center, Medical Clinics Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - William Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, UNESP: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; NUCEL-NETCEM Cell and Molecular Therapy Center, Medical Clinics Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Bioengineering Division, National Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Technology, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; Department of Dental Materials, Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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90
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Moon JS, Kim SH, Oh SH, Jeong YW, Kang JH, Park JC, Son HJ, Bae S, Park BI, Kim MS, Koh JT, Ko HM. Relaxin augments BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1586-96. [PMID: 24643989 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin (Rln), a polypeptide hormone of the insulin superfamily, is an ovarian peptide hormone that is involved in a diverse range of physiological and pathological reactions. In this study, we investigated the effect of Rln on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Expression of Rln receptors was examined in the primary mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line C3H/10T1/2 cells by RT-PCR and Western blot during BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation. The effect of Rln on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization was evaluated by measuring the alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin production, and Alizarin red S staining. For the in vivo evaluation, BMP-2 and/or Rln were administered with type I collagen into the back of mice, and after 3 weeks, bone formation was analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µCT). Western blot was performed to determine the effect of Rln on osteoblast differentiation-related signaling pathway. Expression of Rxfp 1 in BMSCs and C3H/10T1/2 cells was significantly increased by BMP-2. In vitro, Rln augmented BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase expression, osteocalcin production, and matrix mineralization in BMSCs and C3H/10T1/2 cells. In addition, in vivo administration of Rln enhanced BMP-2-induced bone formation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, Rln synergistically increased and sustained BMP-2-induced Smad, p38, and transforming growth factor-β activated kinase (TAK) 1 phosphorylation. BMP-2-induced Runx 2 expression and activity were also significantly augmented by Rln. These results show that Rln enhanced synergistically BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through its receptor, Rxfp 1, by augmenting and sustaining BMP-2-induced Smad and p38 phosphorylation, which upregulate Runx 2 expression and activity. These results suggest that Rln might be useful for therapeutic application in destructive bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Moon
- Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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91
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Favorable Prognostic Factors for Long-term Postoperative Hearing Results After Canal Tympanoplasty for Congenital Aural Stenosis. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35:966-71. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Isaac J, Erthal J, Gordon J, Duverger O, Sun HW, Lichtler AC, Stein GS, Lian JB, Morasso MI. DLX3 regulates bone mass by targeting genes supporting osteoblast differentiation and mineral homeostasis in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1365-76. [PMID: 24948010 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mutations and in vitro studies indicate that DLX3 has a crucial function in bone development, however, the in vivo role of DLX3 in endochondral ossification has not been established. Here, we identify DLX3 as a central attenuator of adult bone mass in the appendicular skeleton. Dynamic bone formation, histologic and micro-computed tomography analyses demonstrate that in vivo DLX3 conditional loss of function in mesenchymal cells (Prx1-Cre) and osteoblasts (OCN-Cre) results in increased bone mass accrual observed as early as 2 weeks that remains elevated throughout the lifespan owing to increased osteoblast activity and increased expression of bone matrix genes. Dlx3OCN-conditional knockout mice have more trabeculae that extend deeper in the medullary cavity and thicker cortical bone with an increased mineral apposition rate, decreased bone mineral density and increased cortical porosity. Trabecular TRAP staining and site-specific Q-PCR demonstrated that osteoclastic resorption remained normal on trabecular bone, whereas cortical bone exhibited altered osteoclast patterning on the periosteal surface associated with high Opg/Rankl ratios. Using RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq analyses, we demonstrate that DLX3 regulates transcription factors crucial for bone formation such as Dlx5, Dlx6, Runx2 and Sp7 as well as genes important to mineral deposition (Ibsp, Enpp1, Mepe) and bone turnover (Opg). Furthermore, with the removal of DLX3, we observe increased occupancy of DLX5, as well as increased and earlier occupancy of RUNX2 on the bone-specific osteocalcin promoter. Together, these findings provide novel insight into mechanisms by which DLX3 attenuates bone mass accrual to support bone homeostasis by osteogenic gene pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isaac
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Erthal
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - O Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H-W Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A C Lichtler
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - G S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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93
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Catalano MG, Marano F, Rinella L, de Girolamo L, Bosco O, Fortunati N, Berta L, Frairia R. Extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs) enhance the osteogenic medium-induced differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into osteoblast-like cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:390-399. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Marano
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Letizia Rinella
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Orthopaedic Biotechnologies Laboratory; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
| | - Ornella Bosco
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Nicoletta Fortunati
- Oncological Endocrinology; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; Turin Italy
| | | | - Roberto Frairia
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
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94
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Klineberg E, Haudenschild DR, Snow KD, Garitty S, Christiansen BA, Acharya C, Maitra S, Gupta MC. The effect of noggin interference in a rabbit posterolateral spinal fusion model. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:2385-92. [PMID: 24740279 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Noggin protein levels and spinal fusion rates were compared in a rabbit model after application of siRNA against BMP antagonist noggin in paraspinal muscle. OBJECTIVE To test whether endogenous BMPs are sufficient to form bone in the absence of their antagonists, using noggin siRNA to interrupt the negative feedback loop on endogenous BMP within the paraspinal muscles in rabbits. Unused Posterolateral lumbar fusion is a standard surgical treatment for many spinal disorders, yet even under ideal conditions the rate of non-fusion approaches 25 %. BMPs are effective in promoting bone formation, and are inhibited by antagonists such as noggin. We have previously shown that in this model, endogenous BMPs are present and endogenous BMP antagonist noggin is strongly increased during spinal fusion. Previous studies have found that noggin siRNA enhanced spinal fusion in combination with supra-physiological amounts of exogenous BMP; however, the effect of the siRNA alone remains unknown. METHODS A posterolateral intertransverse rabbit lumbar fusion was utilized, as established by Boden et al. SiRNA against noggin was electroporated into paraspinal muscle to determine its effect on fusion. Outcome measures included noggin protein expression, and assessment of spinal fusion at 6 weeks. RESULTS SiRNAs were effective in reducing overexpressed noggin in vitro. Noggin protein was successfully knocked down in vivo for the initial 7 days in our rabbit model and returned to detectable levels by 4 weeks and to normal levels by 6 weeks. The overall fusion rate was not significantly enhanced compared to established controls from our earlier work (Tang et al.). CONCLUSIONS Early noggin suppression does not appear to enhance the BMP activity sufficiently to significantly affect final fusion rates in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Klineberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4860 Y St, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA,
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95
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Vogel P, Liu J, Platt KA, Read RW, Thiel M, Vance RB, Brommage R. Malformation of Incisor Teeth in Grem2-/- Mice. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:224-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GREMLIN 2 ( GREM2)—formerly, protein related to Dan and cerberus ( PRDC)—is a potent antagonist of the bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, but little else in known about its functions. We found that Grem2-/- mice developed small deformed mandibular and maxillary incisors, indicating that GREMLIN2 is required for normal tooth morphogenesis. Although DEXA scans suggested that bone mineral density might be increased in Grem2-/- mice, histology did not reveal any evident bone phenotype. Grem2-/- mice did not display any other notable phenotypes evaluated in a high-throughput screening process that encompassed a range of immunologic, metabolic, ophthalmic, and behavioral parameters. Our findings indicate that Grem2 can be added to the growing list of genes that affect tooth development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - K. A. Platt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. W. Read
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - M. Thiel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. B. Vance
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. Brommage
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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96
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Xu Y, Shao QS, Yao HB, Jin Y, Ma YY, Jia LH. Overexpression of FOXC1 correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. Histopathology 2014; 64:963-70. [PMID: 24329718 DOI: 10.1111/his.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine FOXC1 expression in gastric tissues, and the clinical significance of FOXC1 in the development, progression and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS AND RESULTS We screened GCs for the expression of FOXC1 using the Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 Gene Chip Array, and found that expression was significantly higher in GC tissues than in controls. Furthermore, we validated the expression levels of FOXC1 using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and of FOXC1 using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our study showed that expression levels of FOXC1 mRNA and FOXC1 in GC tissues were significantly higher than those in corresponding non-tumour tissues. High FOXC1 expression correlated with the degree of histological differentiation (P < 0.01), TNM stage (P < 0.001), invasive depth (P < 0.05), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), and distant metastasis (P < 0.01). Survival analysis revealed that patients with high FOXC1 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low expression (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that high FOXC1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for GC patients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of FOXC1 may play a key role in the progression of GC, and FOXC1 expression may serve as a useful marker for predicting the outcome of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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97
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McLoughlin P, Keane MP. Physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the adult pulmonary circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1473-508. [PMID: 23733650 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis occurs during growth and physiological adaptation in many systemic organs, for example, exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy, ovulation, and tissue repair. Disordered angiogenesis contributes to chronic inflammatory disease processes and to tumor growth and metastasis. Although it was previously thought that the adult pulmonary circulation was incapable of supporting new vessel growth, over that past 10 years new data have shown that angiogenesis within this circulation occurs both during physiological adaptive processes and as part of the pathogenic mechanisms of lung diseases. Here we review the expression of vascular growth factors in the adult lung, their essential role in pulmonary vascular homeostasis and the changes in their expression that occur in response to physiological challenges and in disease. We consider the evidence for adaptive neovascularization in the pulmonary circulation in response to alveolar hypoxia and during lung growth following pneumonectomy in the adult lung. In addition, we review the role of disordered angiogenesis in specific lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute adult distress syndrome and both primary and metastatic tumors of the lung. Finally, we examine recent experimental data showing that therapeutic enhancement of pulmonary angiogenesis has the potential to treat lung diseases characterized by vessel loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McLoughlin
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute, and St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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98
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Huang YZ, Wang XL, He H, Lan XY, Lei CZ, Zhang CL, Chen H. Identification and genetic effect of haplotype in the bovine BMP7 gene. Gene 2013; 532:281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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99
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Shah A, Ahmad A. Role of MicroRNA in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation Into Osteoblasts. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.17795/rijm14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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100
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Role of MicroRNA in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation Into Osteoblasts. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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