51
|
Shuchi Smita S, Trivedi M, Tripathi D, Pandey-Rai S, Pandey R. Neuromodulatory potential of Asparagus racemosus and its bioactive molecule Shatavarin IV by enhancing synaptic acetylcholine level and nAChR activity. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136294. [PMID: 34655710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction has been commonly known to be associated with plethora of neurodegenerative disorders and also serves as a biomarker. Recently, cholinergic system demonstrated that acetylcholine has major role in regulation of its function therefore the main therapeutic regimens towards disease management have been focused on increasing acetylcholine levels. The current study explores the potential of Asparagus racemosus extract (ARE) and its bioactive molecule Shatavarin IV (SIV) in improving cholinergic transmission via utilizing Caenorhabditis elegans considering as a model system. Observations and results obtained through this study have clearly showed significant modulation in cholinergic function by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) levels and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) activity. Further exploration on mechanistic facet pointed towards ARE and SIV modulatory potential through increased synaptic ACh level by blocking acetyl cholinesterase at enzyme level and by regulating increment in transcript level of cha-1, and cho-1 that are directly responsible for the synthesis of ACh. Further, the up-regulation of unc-38 and unc-50 transcripts could be the reason for enhanced nAChR activity and investigation on stress modulator activity showed excellent efficiency of ARE and SIV in diminishing ROS thereby lowering the oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Shuchi Smita
- Ageing Biology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Mashu Trivedi
- Ageing Biology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Deepika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shashi Pandey-Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Ageing Biology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Maiti B, Rawson KS, Tanenbaum AB, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Campbell MC, Earhart GM, Perlmutter JS. Functional Connectivity of Vermis Correlates with Future Gait Impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2559-2568. [PMID: 34109682 PMCID: PMC8595492 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of cerebellar vermis contributes to gait abnormalities in multiple conditions and may play a key role in gait impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether altered resting-state functional connectivity of the vermis relates to subsequent impairment of specific domains of gait in PD. METHODS We conducted morphometric and resting-state functional connectivity MRI analyses contrasting 45 PD and 32 age-matched healthy participants. Quantitative gait measures were acquired with a GAITRite walkway at varying intervals after functional connectivity data acquisition. RESULTS At baseline, PD participants had significantly altered functional connectivity between vermis and sensorimotor cortex compared with controls. Altered vermal functional connectivity with bilateral paracentral lobules correlated with subsequent measures of variability in stride length, step time, and single support time after controlling for confounding variables including the interval between imaging and gait measures. Similarly, altered functional connectivity between vermis and left sensorimotor cortex correlated with mean stride length and its variability. Vermis volume did not relate to any gait measure. PD participants did not differ from controls in vermis volume or cortical thickness at the site of significant regional clusters. Only altered lobule V:sensorimotor cortex functional connectivity correlated with subsequent gait measures in exploratory analyses involving all the other cerebellar lobules. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that abnormal vermal functional connectivity with sensorimotor cortex, in the absence of relevant vermal or cortical atrophy, correlates with subsequent gait impairment in PD. Our data reflect the potential of vermal functional connectivity as a novel imaging biomarker of gait impairment in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baijayanta Maiti
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kerri S. Rawson
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aaron B. Tanenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan M. Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Meghan C. Campbell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gammon M. Earhart
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Interval timing and midfrontal delta oscillations are impaired in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait. J Neurol 2021; 269:2599-2609. [PMID: 34674006 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gait abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction are common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and get worse with disease progression. Recent evidence has suggested a strong relationship between gait abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction in PD patients and impaired cognitive control could be one of the causes for abnormal gait patterns. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with gait problems are unclear. Here, we collected scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals during a 7-s interval timing task to investigate the cortical mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with (PDFOG +, n = 34) and without (PDFOG-, n = 37) freezing of gait, as well as control subjects (n = 37). Results showed that the PDFOG + group exhibited the lowest maximum response density at around 7 s compared to PDFOG- and control groups, and this response density peak correlated with gait abnormalities as measured by FOG scores. EEG data demonstrated that PDFOG + had decreased midfrontal delta-band power at the onset of the target cue, which was also correlated with maximum response density and FOG scores. In addition, our classifier performed better at discriminating PDFOG + from PDFOG- and controls with an area under the curve of 0.93 when midfrontal delta power was chosen as a feature. These findings suggest that abnormal midfrontal activity in PDFOG + is related to cognitive dysfunction and describe the mechanistic relationship between cognitive and gait functions in PDFOG + . Overall, these results could advance the development of novel biosignatures and brain stimulation approaches for PDFOG + .
Collapse
|
54
|
Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Troisi J, Landolfi A, Cavallo P, Marciano F, Barone P, Amboni M. Metabolomics in Parkinson's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2021; 104:107-149. [PMID: 34462054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder in which environmental (lifestyle, dietary, infectious disease) factors as well as genetic make-up play a role. Metabolomics, an evolving research field combining biomarker discovery and pathogenetics, is particularly useful in studying complex pathophysiology in general and Parkinson's disease (PD) specifically. PD, the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of intraneural inclusions of α-synuclein aggregates. Although considered a predominantly movement disorder, PD is also associated with number of non-motor features. Metabolomics has provided useful information regarding this neurodegenerative process with the aim of identifying a disease-specific fingerprint. Unfortunately, many disease variables such as clinical presentation, motor system involvement, disease stage and duration substantially affect biomarker relevance. As such, metabolomics provides a unique approach to studying this multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Theoreo Srl, Montecorvino Pugliano, SA, Italy; European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, SA, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Landolfi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Cavallo
- Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy; Istituto Sistemi Complessi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISC-CNR), Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Francesca Marciano
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Marianna Amboni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Martini DN, Morris R, Madhyastha TM, Grabowski TJ, Oakley J, Hu SC, Zabetian CP, Edwards KL, Hiller A, Chung K, Ramsey K, Lapidus JA, Cholerton B, Montine TJ, Quinn JF, Horak FB. Relationships Between Sensorimotor Inhibition and Mobility in Older Adults With and Without Parkinson's Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:630-637. [PMID: 33252618 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced cortical sensorimotor inhibition is associated with mobility and cognitive impairments in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adults (OAs). However, there is a lack of clarity regarding the relationships among sensorimotor, cognitive, and mobility impairments. The purpose of this study was to determine how cortical sensorimotor inhibition relates to impairments in mobility and cognition in people with PD and OAs. METHOD Cortical sensorimotor inhibition was characterized with short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) in 81 people with PD and 69 OAs. Six inertial sensors recorded single- and dual-task gait and postural sway characteristics during a 2-minute walk and a 1-minute quiet stance. Cognition was assessed across the memory, visuospatial, executive function, attention, and language domains. RESULTS SAI was significantly impaired in the PD compared to the OA group. The PD group preformed significantly worse across all gait and postural sway tasks. In PD, SAI significantly correlated with single-task foot strike angle and stride length variability, sway area, and jerkiness of sway in the coronal and sagittal planes. In OAs, SAI significantly related to single-task gait speed and stride length, dual-task stride length, and immediate recall (memory domain). No relationship among mobility, cognition, and SAI was observed. CONCLUSIONS Impaired SAI related to slower gait in OA and to increased gait variability and postural sway in people with PD, all of which have been shown to be related to increased fall risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N Martini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Rosie Morris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Tara M Madhyastha
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - John Oakley
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen L Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine
| | - Amie Hiller
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,Portland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oregon
| | - Kathryn Chung
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,Portland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oregon
| | - Katrina Ramsey
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Jodi A Lapidus
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,Portland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oregon
| | - Fay B Horak
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.,Portland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Urso D, Leta V, Batzu L, Yousaf T, Farrell C, van Wamelen DJ, Ray Chaudhuri K. Disentangling the PIGD classification for the prediction of cognitive impairment in de novo Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2021; 269:1566-1573. [PMID: 34338858 PMCID: PMC8857169 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Postural Instability and Gait difficulties (PIGD) subtype has been associated with worse cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective To investigate whether PIGD subtype classification or PIGD-related clinical features predict the development of cognitive decline in de novo PD patients. Methods Data from 422 PD patients with de novo PD were obtained from the PPMI database. At follow-up (up to 6 years), patients were categorized as having cognitive impairment or not. Multivariate Cox survival analysis was carried out including motor subtype and individual MDS-UPDRS items defining PIGD phenotype as predictors. Previously validated clinical predictors of cognitive impairment were included in the model as covariates. Occurrence of cognitive impairment at follow-up was used as the time-to-event and Kaplan–Meier curve was generated. Results At baseline, 76 patients were classified as PIGD, 299 tremor-dominant and 47 as indeterminate. Development of cognitive impairment was not associated with PIGD subtype (p = 0.252). When individual MDS-UPDRS items were interrogated in the model, postural instability proved to be an independent predictor of cognitive impairment (HR = 2.045; 95%CI: 1.068–3.918; p = 0.031), while gait difficulties were not associated with cognitive decline (p = 0.870). Conclusions Our findings suggest that postural instability, as assessed by MDS-UPDRS III, may serve as a possible indicator of the risk of developing cognitive impairment in de novo PD patients rather than the PIGD phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Urso
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK. .,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Lucia Batzu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Tayyabah Yousaf
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Farrell
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel J van Wamelen
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Short-term deceleration capacity of heart rate: a sensitive marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:729-736. [PMID: 34251546 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) manifests as reduced heart rate variability (HRV). In the present study, we explored the deceleration capacity of heart rate (DC) in patients with idiopathic PD, an advanced HRV marker that has proven clinical utility. METHODS Standard and advanced HRV measures derived from 7-min electrocardiograms in 20 idiopathic PD patients and 27 healthy controls were analyzed. HRV measures were compared using regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, and mean heart rate. RESULTS Significantly reduced HRV was found only in the subcohort of PD patients older than 60 years. Low- frequency power and global HRV measures were lower in patients than in controls, but standard beat-to-beat HRV markers (i.e., rMSSD and high-frequency power) were not significantly different between groups. DC was significantly reduced in the subcohort of PD patients older than 60 years compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Deceleration-related oscillations of HRV were significantly reduced in the older PD patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting that short-term DC may be a sensitive marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in PD. DC may be complementary to traditional markers of short-term HRV for the evaluation of autonomic modulation in PD. Further study to examine the association between DC and cardiac adverse events in PD is needed to clarify the clinical relevance of DC in this population.
Collapse
|
59
|
Dos Santos AB, Skaanning LK, Mikkelsen E, Romero-Leguizamón CR, Kristensen MP, Klein AB, Thaneshwaran S, Langkilde AE, Kohlmeier KA. α-Synuclein Responses in the Laterodorsal Tegmentum, the Pedunculopontine Tegmentum, and the Substantia Nigra: Implications for Early Appearance of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1773-1790. [PMID: 34151857 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with insoluble pathological aggregates of the protein α-synuclein. While PD is diagnosed by motor symptoms putatively due to aggregated α-synuclein-mediated damage to substantia nigra (SN) neurons, up to a decade before motor symptom appearance, patients exhibit sleep disorders (SDs). Therefore, we hypothesized that α-synuclein, which can be present in monomeric, fibril, and other forms, has deleterious cellular actions on sleep-control nuclei. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether native monomer and fibril forms of α-synuclein have effects on neuronal function, calcium dynamics, and cell-death-induction in two sleep-controlling nuclei: the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), and the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT), as well as the motor-controlling SN. METHODS Size exclusion chromatography, Thioflavin T emission, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to isolate structurally defined forms of recombinant, human α-synuclein. Neuronal and viability effects of characterized monomeric and fibril forms of α-synuclein were determined on LDT, PPT, and SN neurons using electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and neurotoxicity assays. RESULTS In LDT and PPT, both forms of α-synuclein induced excitation and increased calcium, and the monomeric form heightened putatively excitotoxic neuronal death, whereas, in the SN we saw inhibition, decreased intracellular calcium, and monomeric α-synuclein was not associated with heightened cell death. CONCLUSION Nucleus-specific differential effects suggest mechanistic underpinnings of SDs' prodromal appearance in PD. While speculative, we hypothesize that the monomeric form of α-synuclein compromises functionality of sleep-control neurons, leading to the presence of SDs decades prior to motor dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Line K Skaanning
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eyd Mikkelsen
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders B Klein
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wang M, Fang L, Liu T, Chen X, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Chen S, Li Z. Discovery of 7-O-1, 2, 3-triazole hesperetin derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 342:109489. [PMID: 33905740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) may improve complex central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, a series of 7-O-1, 2, 3-triazole hesperetin derivatives was evaluated for their inhibition of cholinesterase, anti-neuroinflammatory, and neuroprotective activity. Among the hesperetin derivatives, compound a8 (7-O-((1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)hesperetin) possessed excellent anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity (IC50 = 3.08 ± 0.29 μM) and exhibited good anti-neuroinflammatory activity (IC50 = 2.91 ± 0.47 μM) against NO production through remarkably blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibiting the phosphorylation of P65. In addition, a8 showed a remarkable neuroprotective effect and lacked neurotoxicity up to 50 μM concentration. Furthermore, possessing significant self-mediated Aβ1-42 aggregation inhibitory activity, chelated biometals and reduced ROS production were found in compound a8. In the bi-directional transport assay, a8 exhibited a blood-brain barrier penetrating ability. In this study, the Morris water maze task showed that compound a8 significantly improved the learning and memory impairment of the scopolamine-induced AD mice model. Results highlighted the potential of compound a8 to be a potential MTDL for the development of anti-AD agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Longji Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xuejie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shim KH, Go HG, Bae H, Jeong DE, Kim D, Youn YC, Kim S, An SSA, Kang MJ. Decreased Exosomal Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Plasma of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:665400. [PMID: 34122043 PMCID: PMC8193230 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.665400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles produced from various cell types, contain a variety of molecular constituents, such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. Recently, exosomal biomarkers have been investigated to probe the understanding and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous reports have demonstrated increased exosomal α-synuclein (α-syn) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in comparison to healthy controls (HC). Interestingly, the cholinergic loss was revealed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in histopathology and molecular neuroimaging. Thereby, we simultaneously examined acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with α-syn as exosomal markers. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma of 34 FP-CIT PET proven patients with PD and 29 HC. Exosomal α-syn and AChE activity were quantified andthe relationship with clinical parameters was analyzed. Remarkably, exosomal AChE activity was significantly decreased in PD compared to HC (P = 0.002). Moreover, exosomal AChE activity in PD revealed a strong negative correlation with disease severity, including H&Y (P = 0.007) and UPDRS part III (P = 0.047) scores. By contrast, no significant difference in exosomal α-syn concentration was observed between groups. These results support the occurrence of cholinergic dysfunction in PD, and they could be implicated with disease progression, especially motor deficits. Exosomal AChE activity with advanced exosome isolation techniques may be a reliable biomarker for the early diagnosis and prognosis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Gyeol Go
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Heewon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Danyeong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mechanisms of Antiparkinsonian Anticholinergic Therapy Revisited. Neuroscience 2021; 467:201-217. [PMID: 34048797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Before the advent of L-DOPA, the gold standard symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), anticholinergic drugs (muscarinic receptor antagonists) were the preferred antiparkinsonian therapy, but their unwanted side effects associated with impaired extrastriatal cholinergic function limited their clinical utility. Since most patients treated with L-DOPA also develop unwanted side effects such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), better therapies are needed. Recent studies in animal models demonstrate that optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCIN), the main source of striatal acetylcholine, modulate parkinsonism and LID, suggesting that restoring SCIN function might serve as a therapeutic option that avoids extrastriatal anticholinergics' side effects. However, it is still unclear how the altered SCIN activity in PD and LID affects the striatal circuit, whereas the mechanisms of action of anticholinergic drugs are still not fully understood. Recent animal model studies showing that SCINs undergo profound changes in their tonic discharge pattern after chronic L-DOPA administration call for a reexamination of classical views of how SCINs contribute to PD symptoms and LID. Here, we review the recent advances on the circuit implications of aberrant striatal cholinergic signaling in PD and LID in an effort to provide a comprehensive framework to understand the effects of anticholinergic drugs and with the aim of shedding light into future perspectives of cholinergic circuit-based therapies.
Collapse
|
63
|
Paolini Paoletti F, Simoni S, Parnetti L, Gaetani L. The Contribution of Small Vessel Disease to Neurodegeneration: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094958. [PMID: 34066951 PMCID: PMC8125719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a variety of structural and functional changes affecting small arteries and micro vessels, and manifesting as white matter changes, microbleeds and lacunar infarcts. Growing evidence indicates that SVD might play a significant role in the neurobiology of central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These disorders share different pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms (i.e., protein misfolding, derangement of cellular clearance systems, mitochondrial impairment and immune system activation) having neurodegeneration as biological outcome. In these diseases, the actual contribution of SVD to the clinical picture, and its impact on response to pharmacological treatments, is not known yet. Due to the high frequency of SVD in adult-aged patients, it is important to address this issue. In this review, we report preclinical and clinical data on the impact of SVD in AD, PD and MS, with the main aim of clarifying the predictability of SVD on clinical manifestations and treatment response.
Collapse
|
64
|
Oikonomou P, van Wamelen DJ, Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Ffytche D, Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Leta V, Borley C, Sportelli C, Trivedi D, Podlewska AM, Rukavina K, Rizos A, Lazcano-Ocampo C, Ray Chaudhuri K. Nonmotor symptom burden grading as predictor of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02086. [PMID: 33645912 PMCID: PMC8119808 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying predictors of incident cognitive impairment (CI), one of the most problematic long-term outcomes, in Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly relevant for personalized medicine and prognostic counseling. The Nonmotor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) provides a global clinical assessment of a range of NMS, reflecting NMS burden (NMSB), and thus may assist in the identification of an "at-risk" CI group based on overall NMSB cutoff scores. METHODS To investigate whether specific patterns of PD NMS profiles predict incident CI, we performed a retrospective longitudinal study on a convenience sample of 541 nondemented PD patients taking part in the Nonmotor Longitudinal International Study (NILS) cohort, with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), NMSS, and Scales for Outcomes in PD Motor Scale (SCOPA Motor) scores at baseline and last follow-up (mean 3.2 years) being available. RESULTS PD patients with incident CI (i.e., MMSE score ≤ 25) at last follow-up (n = 107) had severe overall NMSB level, significantly worse NMSS hallucinations/perceptual problems and higher NMSS attention/memory scores at baseline. Patients with CI also were older and with more advanced disease, but with no differences in disease duration, dopamine replacement therapy, sex, and comorbid depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a comprehensive baseline measure of NMS and in particular hallucinations and perceptual problems assessed with a validated single instrument can be used to predict incident CI in PD. This approach provides a simple, holistic strategy to predict future CI in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon Oikonomou
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J van Wamelen
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Ffytche
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Martinez-Martin
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,National Centre of Epidemiology and CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Corinne Borley
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carolina Sportelli
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dhaval Trivedi
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra M Podlewska
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katarina Rukavina
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Rizos
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claudia Lazcano-Ocampo
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Sotero del Río, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ma L, Liu SY, Cen SS, Li Y, Zhang H, Han C, Gu ZQ, Mao W, Ma JH, Zhou YT, Xu EH, Chan P. Detection of Motor Dysfunction With Wearable Sensors in Patients With Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Disorder. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627481. [PMID: 33937213 PMCID: PMC8084288 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) are at high risk for conversion to synucleinopathy and Parkinson disease (PD). This can potentially be monitored by measuring gait characteristics of iRBD patients, although quantitative data are scarce and previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. This study investigated subclinical gait changes in polysomnography-proven iRBD patients compared to healthy controls (HCs) during 3 different walking conditions using wearable motor sensors in order to determine whether gait changes can be detected in iRBD patients that could reflect early symptoms of movement disorder. A total 31 iRBD patients and 20 HCs were asked to walk in a 10-m corridor at their usual pace, their fastest pace, and a normal pace while performing an arithmetic operation (dual-task condition) for 1 min each while using a wearable gait analysis system. General gait measurements including stride length, stride velocity, stride time, gait length asymmetry, and gait variability did not differ between iRBD patients and HCs; however, the patients showed decreases in range of motion (P = 0.004) and peak angular velocity of the trunk (P = 0.001) that were significant in all 3 walking conditions. iRBD patients also had a longer step time before turning compared to HCs (P = 0.035), and the difference between groups remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, and height. The decreased trunk motion while walking and increased step time before turning observed in iRBD may be early manifestations of body rigidity and freezing of gait and are possible prodromal symptoms of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cen
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Qin Gu
- Clinical and Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Tao Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Er-He Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Neurology and Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical and Research Center for Parkinson's Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Adefegha SA, Assmann CE, Schetinger MRC, de Andrade CM, Emanuelli T. Moringa oleifera modulates cholinergic and purinergic enzymes activity in BV-2 microglial cells. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:627-638. [PMID: 33394288 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells that are resident in central nervous system. Activation of microglial cells are detrimental to the survival of neurons. Thus, prevention of microglia activation and/or protection against microglia activation could be potential therapeutic strategy towards the management of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Moringa oleifera is widely consumed as food and used in folklore medicine for treating several diseases. This study was convened to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera on cell viability, cholinergic and purinergic enzymes in BV-2 microglial cultured cell. Aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera was prepared, lyophilized and reconstituted in 0.5% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Cells were treated with Moringa oleifera extracts (0.1-100 μg/mL) and assessed for cell viability and nitric oxide production. Furthermore, the effect of Moringa oleifera on enzymes of cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase) and purinergic (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase; NTPDase, 5' nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase; ADA) systems in BV-2 microglial cells were determined. Incubation of BV-2 microglia cell with M. oleifera extract maintained cell viability, modulated cholinergic and purinergic enzymes activity. The phenolic compounds found in M. oleifera extracts, include chlorogenic acid, rutin; quercetin pentoside, kaempferol derivative and quercetin derivative. Thus, this study suggest that the potential therapeutic effect of the phenolic compounds found in M. oleifera may have been responsible for the maintenance of cell viability in BV-2 microglia cells and modulation of cholinergic as well as purinergic enzymes activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exacts Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exacts Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exacts Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animals, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Rong S, Li Y, Li B, Nie K, Zhang P, Cai T, Mei M, Wang L, Zhang Y. Meynert nucleus-related cortical thinning in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1554-1566. [PMID: 33816191 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the cholinergic system and cholinergic neurons, especially the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM/Ch4) located in the basal forebrain (BF). We analyzed associations between NBM/Ch4 volume and cortical thickness to determine whether the NBM/Ch4-innervated neocortex shows parallel atrophy with the NBM/Ch4 as disease progresses in PD patients with cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Methods We enrolled 35 PD-MCI patients, 48 PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), and 33 age- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs), with all participants undergoing neuropsychological assessment and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Correlation analyses between NBM/Ch4 volume and cortical thickness and correlation coefficient comparisons were conducted within and across groups. Results In the PD-MCI group, NBM/Ch4 volume was positively correlated with cortical thickness in the bilateral posterior cingulate, parietal, and frontal and left insular regions. Based on correlation coefficient comparisons, the atrophy of NBM/Ch4 was more correlated with the cortical thickness of right posterior cingulate and precuneus, anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal lobe in PD-MCI versus HC, and the right medial orbitofrontal lobe and anterior cingulate in PD-NC versus HC. Further partial correlations between cortical thickness and NBM/Ch4 volume were significant in the right medial orbitofrontal (PD-NC: r=0.3, P=0.045; PD-MCI: r=0.51, P=0.003) and anterior cingulate (PD-NC: r=0.41, P=0.006; PD-MCI: r=0.43, P=0.013) in the PD groups and in the right precuneus (r=0.37, P=0.04) and posterior cingulate (r=0.46, P=0.008) in the PD-MCI group. Conclusions The stronger correlation between NBM/Ch4 and cortical thinning in PD-MCI patients suggests that NBM/Ch4 volume loss may play an important role in PD cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Cai
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjin Mei
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Cell-Based Reporter Release Assay to Determine the Activity of Calcium-Dependent Neurotoxins and Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040247. [PMID: 33808507 PMCID: PMC8066854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The suitability of a newly developed cell-based functional assay was tested for the detection of the activity of a range of neurotoxins and neuroactive pharmaceuticals which act by stimulation or inhibition of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release. In this functional assay, a reporter enzyme is released concomitantly with the neurotransmitter from neurosecretory vesicles. The current study showed that the release of a luciferase from a differentiated human neuroblastoma-based reporter cell line (SIMA-hPOMC1-26-GLuc cells) can be stimulated by a carbachol-mediated activation of the Gq-coupled muscarinic-acetylcholine receptor and by the Ca2+-channel forming spider toxin α-latrotoxin. Carbachol-stimulated luciferase release was completely inhibited by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine and α-latrotoxin-mediated release by the Ca2+-chelator EGTA, demonstrating the specificity of luciferase-release stimulation. SIMA-hPOMC1-26-GLuc cells express mainly L- and N-type and to a lesser extent T-type VGCC on the mRNA and protein level. In accordance with the expression profile a depolarization-stimulated luciferase release by a high K+-buffer was effectively and dose-dependently inhibited by L-type VGCC inhibitors and to a lesser extent by N-type and T-type inhibitors. P/Q- and R-type inhibitors did not affect the K+-stimulated luciferase release. In summary, the newly established cell-based assay may represent a versatile tool to analyze the biological efficiency of a range of neurotoxins and neuroactive pharmaceuticals which mediate their activity by the modulation of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release.
Collapse
|
69
|
Nam Y, Moon GJ, Kim SR. Therapeutic Potential of AAV1-Rheb(S16H) Transduction against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063064. [PMID: 33802760 PMCID: PMC8002454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are essential for cell growth, survival, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance of specific neuronal population in the central nervous system. Multiple studies have demonstrated that alterations in the levels and activities of NTFs are related to the pathology and symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Huntington’s disease. Hence, the key molecule that can regulate the expression of NTFs is an important target for gene therapy coupling adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) gene. We have previously reported that the Ras homolog protein enriched in brain (Rheb)–mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) axis plays a vital role in preventing neuronal death in the brain of AD and PD patients. AAV transduction using a constitutively active form of Rheb exerts a neuroprotective effect through the upregulation of NTFs, thereby promoting the neurotrophic interaction between astrocytes and neurons in AD conditions. These findings suggest the role of Rheb as an important regulator of the regulatory system of NTFs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of Rheb in neurodegenerative diseases and summarize the therapeutic potential of AAV serotype 1 (AAV1)-Rheb(S16H) transduction in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on diseases, such as AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngpyo Nam
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- Center for Cell Therapy, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-7362; Fax: +82-53-943-2762
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Serotonin/dopamine interaction in the induction and maintenance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: An update. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:287-302. [PMID: 33785132 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that the serotonergic system plays a major role in several aspects of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we focus on the interplay between dopamine and serotonin in the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the most troublesome side effect of L-DOPA therapy. Indeed, while this drug exerts significant amelioration of motor symptoms during the first few years of treatment, eventually, most of patients experience dyskinesias, which limit the use of L-DOPA in advanced stages of disease. Here, we present the mechanisms underlying LID and the role of serotonin neurons, review preclinical and clinical data, and discuss possible therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
71
|
Wilson J, Yarnall AJ, Craig CE, Galna B, Lord S, Morris R, Lawson RA, Alcock L, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, O'Brien JT, Burn DJ, Taylor J, Ray NJ, Rochester L. Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Volumes Predict Gait Decline in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:611-621. [PMID: 33382126 PMCID: PMC8048433 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait disturbance is an early, disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is typically refractory to dopaminergic medication. The cortical cholinergic system, originating in the nucleus basalis of Meynert of the basal forebrain, has been implicated. However, it is not known if degeneration in this region relates to a worsening of disease-specific gait impairment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between sub-regional cholinergic basal forebrain volumes and longitudinal progression of gait impairment in PD. METHODS 99 PD participants and 47 control participants completed gait assessments via an instrumented walkway during 2 minutes of continuous walking, at baseline and for up to 3 years, from which 16 spatiotemporal characteristics were derived. Sub-regional cholinergic basal forebrain volumes were measured at baseline via MRI and a regional map derived from post-mortem histology. Univariate analyses evaluated cross-sectional associations between sub-regional volumes and gait. Linear mixed-effects models assessed whether volumes predicted longitudinal gait changes. RESULTS There were no cross-sectional, age-independent relationships between sub-regional volumes and gait. However, nucleus basalis of Meynert volumes predicted longitudinal gait changes unique to PD. Specifically, smaller nucleus basalis of Meynert volume predicted increasing step time variability (P = 0.019) and shortening swing time (P = 0.015); smaller posterior nucleus portions predicted shortening step length (P = 0.007) and increasing step time variability (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that degeneration of the cortical cholinergic system predicts longitudinal progression of gait impairments in PD. Measures of this degeneration may therefore provide a novel biomarker for identifying future mobility loss and falls. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison J. Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
- The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Chesney E. Craig
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Brook Galna
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Sue Lord
- Auckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rosie Morris
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and RehabilitationNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachael A. Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon W. Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- NHS LothianEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Tien K. Khoo
- School of Medicine & Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
- School of Medicine, University of WollongongAustralia
| | - John T. O'Brien
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Burn
- Population Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - John‐Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Ray
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
This article presents an overview of imaging agents for PET that have been applied for research and diagnostic purposes in patients affected by dementia. Classified by the target which the agents visualize, seven groups of tracers can be distinguished, namely radiopharmaceuticals for: (1) Misfolded proteins (ß-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein), (2) Neuroinflammation (overexpression of translocator protein), (3) Elements of the cholinergic system, (4) Elements of monoamine neurotransmitter systems, (5) Synaptic density, (6) Cerebral energy metabolism (glucose transport/ hexokinase), and (7) Various other proteins. This last category contains proteins involved in mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation or cognitive impairment, which may also be potential therapeutic targets. Many receptors belong to this category: AMPA, cannabinoid, colony stimulating factor 1, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and 5 (mGluR1, mGluR5), opioid (kappa, mu), purinergic (P2X7, P2Y12), sigma-1, sigma-2, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, besides several enzymes: cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), phosphodiesterase-5 and 10 (PDE5, PDE10), and tropomyosin receptor kinase. Significant advances in neuroimaging have been made in the last 15 years. The use of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for quantification of regional cerebral glucose metabolism is well-established. Three tracers for ß-amyloid plaques have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Several tracers for tau neurofibrillary tangles are already applied in clinical research. Since many novel agents are in the preclinical or experimental stage of development, further advances in nuclear medicine imaging can be expected in the near future. PET studies with established tracers and tracers for novel targets may result in early diagnosis and better classification of neurodegenerative disorders and in accurate monitoring of therapy trials which involve these targets. PET data have prognostic value and may be used to assess the response of the human brain to interventions, or to select the appropriate treatment strategy for an individual patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Marcolini
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul de Deyn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Antwerp, Born-Bunge Institute, Neurochemistry and Behavior, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Cavallieri F, Fraix V, Bove F, Mulas D, Tondelli M, Castrioto A, Krack P, Meoni S, Schmitt E, Lhommée E, Bichon A, Pélissier P, Chevrier E, Kistner A, Seigneuret E, Chabardès S, Moro E. Predictors of Long-Term Outcome of Subthalamic Stimulation in Parkinson Disease. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:587-597. [PMID: 33349939 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to identify preoperative predictive factors of long-term motor outcome in a large cohort of consecutive Parkinson disease (PD) patients with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS). METHODS All consecutive PD patients who underwent bilateral STN-DBS at the Grenoble University Hospital (France) from 1993 to 2015 were evaluated before surgery, at 1 year (short-term), and in the long term after surgery. All available demographic variables, neuroimaging data, and clinical characteristics were collected. Preoperative predictors of long-term motor outcome were investigated by performing survival and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses. Loss of motor benefit from stimulation in the long term was defined as a reduction of less than 25% in the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III scores compared to the baseline off-medication scores. As a secondary objective, potential predictors of short-term motor outcome after STN-DBS were assessed by performing univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS In the long-term analyses (mean follow-up = 8.4 ± 6.26 years, median = 10 years, range = 1-17 years), 138 patients were included. Preoperative higher frontal score and off-medication MDS-UPDRS part III scores predicted a better long-term motor response to stimulation, whereas the presence of vascular changes on neuroimaging predicted a worse motor outcome. In 357 patients with available 1-year follow-up, preoperative levodopa response, tremor dominant phenotype, baseline frontal score, and off-medication MDS-UPDRS part III scores predicted the short-term motor outcome. INTERPRETATION Frontal lobe dysfunction, disease severity in the off-medication condition, and the presence of vascular changes on neuroimaging represent the main preoperative clinical predictors of long-term motor STN-DBS effects. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:587-597.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavallieri
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Francesco Bove
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Mulas
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
| | - Manuela Tondelli
- Neurology Unit, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Castrioto
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Krack
- Department of Neurology, Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Meoni
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugénie Lhommée
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Amélie Bichon
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Pélissier
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Chevrier
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea Kistner
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Seigneuret
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France.,Division of Neurosurgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Chabardès
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France.,Division of Neurosurgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, University Hospital Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, UGA INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Marzoughi S, Banerjee A, Jutzeler CR, Prado MAM, Rosner J, Cragg JJ, Cashman N. Tardive neurotoxicity of anticholinergic drugs: A review. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1334-1344. [PMID: 33222198 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is a complex neurotransmitter system with functional involvement at multiple levels of the nervous system including the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, and neuromuscular junction. Anticholinergic medications are among the most prescribed medications, making up one-third to one-half of all medications prescribed for seniors. Recent evidence has linked long-term use of anticholinergic medications and dementia. Emerging evidence implicates the cholinergic system in the regulation of cerebral vasculature as well as neuroinflammation, suggesting that anticholinergic medications may contribute to absolute risk and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the involvement of the cholinergic system in various neurodegenerative diseases and the possible detrimental effects of anticholinergic medications on the onset and progression of these disorders. We identified references by searching the PubMed and Cochrane database between January 1990 and September 2019 for English-language animal and human studies including randomized clinical trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and observational studies. In addition, we conducted a manual search of reference lists from retrieved studies. Long-term anticholinergic medication exposure may have detrimental consequences beyond well-documented short-term cognitive effects, through a variety of mechanisms either directly impacting cholinergic neurotransmission or through receptors expressed on the vasculature or immune cells, providing a pathophysiological framework for complex interactions across the entire neuroaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marzoughi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ankur Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine R Jutzeler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Rosner
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn J Cragg
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Cashman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Parkinson's Disease Master Regulators on Substantia Nigra and Frontal Cortex and Their Use for Drug Repositioning. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1517-1534. [PMID: 33211252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. Available evidences support the view of PD as a complex disease, being the outcome of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In face of diagnosis and therapy challenges, and the elusive PD etiology, the use of alternative methodological approaches for the elucidation of the disease pathophysiological mechanisms and proposal of novel potential therapeutic interventions has become increasingly necessary. In the present study, we first reconstructed the transcriptional regulatory networks (TN), centered on transcription factors (TF), of two brain regions affected in PD, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the frontal cortex (FCtx). Then, we used case-control studies data from these regions to identify TFs working as master regulators (MR) of the disease, based on region-specific TNs. Twenty-nine regulatory units enriched with differentially expressed genes were identified for the SNc, and twenty for the FCtx, all of which were considered MR candidates for PD. Three consensus MR candidates were found for SNc and FCtx, namely ATF2, SLC30A9, and ZFP69B. In order to search for novel potential therapeutic interventions, we used these consensus MR candidate signatures as input to the Connectivity Map (CMap), a computational drug repositioning webtool. This analysis resulted in the identification of four drugs that reverse the expression pattern of all three MR consensus simultaneously, benperidol, harmaline, tubocurarine chloride, and vorinostat, thus suggested as novel potential PD therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
76
|
Mao J, Huang X, Yu J, Chen L, Huang Y, Tang B, Guo J. Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Neurol 2020; 11:577874. [PMID: 33240202 PMCID: PMC7677514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is thought to be a prodromal symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). RBD is also thought to be involved in cognitive decline and dementia in PD. In PD, although the relationship between RBD and cognitive dysfunctions was confirmed by considerable studies, whether RBD was associated with distinct types of cognitive defects is worth of study. Objectives: This systematic review summarizes the evidence relating to cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with RBD (PD-RBD) and those without and explores their specificity to cognitive domains. Methods: A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed for 16 different cognitive domains, including global cognitive function, memory (long-term verbal recall, long-term verbal recognition, long-term visual recall, short-term spatial recall, and short-term verbal recall), executive function (general, fluid reasoning, generativity, shifting, inhibition, and updating), language, processing speed/complex attention/working memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, and psychomotor ability. The cognitive difference between the groups of patients was measured as a standardized mean difference (SMD, Cohen's d). PD-RBD patients were classified into Confirmed-RBD (definite diagnosis with polysomnography, PSG) and Probable-RBD (without PSG re-confirmation). In some domains, RBD patients could not be analyzed separately due to the exiguity of primary studies; this analysis refers to such RBD patients as "Mixed-RBD." Results: Thirty-nine studies with 6,695 PD subjects were finally included. Confirmed-RBD patients showed worse performance than those without in global cognitive function, long-term verbal recall, long-term verbal recognition, generativity, inhibition, shifting, language, and visuospatial/constructional ability; Probable-RBD, in global cognitive function and shifting; and Mixed-RBD, in long-term visual recall, short-term spatial recall, general executive function, and processing speed/complex attention/working memory. Conclusion: This meta-analysis strongly suggests a relationship between RBD, Confirmed-RBD in particular, and cognitive dysfunctions in PD patients. Early and routine screening by sensitive and targeted cognitive tasks is necessary for all PD-RBD patients because it may offer the therapeutic time window before they evolve to irreversible dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiurong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuqian Huang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yuan R, Biswal BB, Zaborszky L. Functional Subdivisions of Magnocellular Cell Groups in Human Basal Forebrain: Test-Retest Resting-State Study at Ultra-high Field, and Meta-analysis. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2844-2858. [PMID: 30137295 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous neuronal subgroups of the basal forebrain corticopetal system (BFcs) have been shown to modulate cortical functions through their cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic, and glutamatergic projections to the entire cortex. Although previous studies suggested that the basalo-cortical projection system influences various cognitive functions, particularly via its cholinergic component, these studies only focused on certain parts of the BFcs or nearby structures, leaving aside a more systematic picture of the functional connectivity of BFcs subcompartments. Moreover, these studies lacked the high-spatial resolution and the probability maps needed to identify specific subcompartments. Recent advances in the ultra-high field 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provided potentially unprecedented spatial resolution of functional MRI images to study the subdivision of the BFcs. In this study, the BF space containing corticopetal cells was divided into 3 functionally distinct subdivisions based on functional connection to cortical regions derived from fMRI. The overall functional connection of each BFcs subdivision was examined with a test-retest study. Finally, a meta-analysis was used to study the related functional topics of each BF subdivision. Our results demonstrate distinct functional connectivity patterns of these subdivisions along the rostrocaudal axis of the BF. All three compartments have shown consistent segregation and overlap at specific target regions including the hippocampus, insula, thalamus, and the cingulate gyrus, suggesting functional integration and separation in BFcs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Stuart S, Morris R, Giritharan A, Quinn J, Nutt JG, Mancini M. Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Gait in Parkinson's Disease With Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Therapy. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2019-2027. [PMID: 32830901 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of striatal dopamine in Parkinson's disease (PD) may initially be supplemented by increased cognitive control mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. Shift to cognitive control of walking can be quantified by prefrontal cortex activation. Levodopa improves certain aspects of gait and worsens others, and cholinergic augmentation influence on gait and prefrontal cortex activity remains unclear. This study examined dopaminergic and cholinergic influence on gait and prefrontal cortex activity while walking in PD. A single-site, randomized, double-blind crossover trial examined effects of levodopa and donepezil in PD. Twenty PD participants were randomized, and 19 completed the trial. Participants were randomized to either levodopa + donepezil (5 mg) or levodopa + placebo treatments, with 2 weeks with treatment and a 2-week washout. The primary outcome was change in prefrontal cortex activity while walking, and secondary outcomes were change in gait and dual-task performance and attention. Levodopa decreased prefrontal cortex activity compared with off medication (effect size, -0.51), whereas the addition of donepezil reversed this decrease. Gait speed and stride length under single- and dual-task conditions improved with combined donepezil and levodopa compared with off medication (effect size, 1 for gait speed and 0.75 for stride length). Dual-task reaction time was quicker with levodopa compared with off medication (effect size, -0.87), and accuracy improved with combined donepezil and levodopa (effect size, 0.47). Cholinergic therapy, specifically donepezil 5 mg/day for 2 weeks, can alter prefrontal cortex activity when walking and improve secondary cognitive task accuracy and gait in PD. Further studies will investigate whether higher prefrontal cortex activity while walking is associated with gait changes. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stuart
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rosie Morris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Giritharan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John G Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Waldmann A, Volkmann J, Zeller D. Parkinson's disease may reduce sensitivity to visual-tactile asynchrony irrespective of dopaminergic treatment: Evidence from the rubber hand illusion. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 78:100-104. [PMID: 32805636 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feeling of body ownership relies on the binding of multisensory body-related signals. Various sensory abnormalities have been described in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To assess the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in patients with PD (PwPD) and age-matched healthy controls (CTRL). To evaluate the influence of the dopaminergic system in a PwPD subgroup OFF medication. METHODS The RHI paradigm was applied to 42 PwPD and 48 CTRL. In this experimental setup, stroking a visible plastic hand simultaneously with the covered real hand elicits the feeling of ownership over the seen hand. Asynchronous stroking served as a control condition. Proprioceptive bias and an illusion score based on a questionnaire were used as measures of the RHI. Seventeen PwPD additionally underwent the experiments "OFF medication". RESULTS Compared to CTRL, PwPD showed higher proprioceptive bias independent of the stroking condition (p = 0.015), and had higher illusion scores in the asynchronous condition (p < 0.05). In PwPD, there were no significant differences between ON- and OFF-medication state. CONCLUSION In PwPD, responses to the RHI are less specific with respect to the degree of synchronicity of brushstrokes. This might be attributed to a less stable body representation, internal "noise" during multisensory integration, or a blur of temporal discrimination in PD. The fact that RHI measures did not differ between ON- and OFF-medication states indicates an involvement of non-dopaminergic transmitter systems in this finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Waldmann
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Zeller
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Frontal lobe metabolic alterations characterizing Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:1053-1064. [PMID: 32729012 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) cognitive impairment at early stages is challenging compared to the stage of PD dementia where functional impairment is apparent and easily diagnosed. Hence, to evaluate potential early stage cognitive biomarkers, we assessed frontal lobe metabolic alterations using in vivo multi-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI). METHOD Frontal metabolism was studied in patients with PD with normal cognition (PD-CN) (n = 26), with cognitive impairment (PD-CI) (n = 27), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 30) using a single slice (two-dimensional) 1H-MRSI at 3 T. The acquired spectra were post-processed distinctly for voxels corresponding to the bilateral middle/superior frontal gray matter (GM) and frontal white matter (WM) regions (delineated employing neuromorphometrics atlas) using the LC-Model software. RESULT Significant (post hoc p < 0.016) reduction in the concentration of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in the middle and superior frontal GMs and total choline (tCho) and total creatine (tCr) in the frontal WM was observed in PD-CI compared to PD-CN and HC, while that in HC and PD-CN groups were comparable. The NAA and tCr/tCho metabolite concentrations showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations with cognitive test scores in the frontal GM and WM, respectively. The receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) "area under curve" for NAA/tNAA in the frontal GM and tCho in the frontal WM. CONCLUSION The frontal metabolic profile is altered in cognitively impaired PD compared with cognitively normal PD. Neuronal function loss (NAA), altered energy metabolism (Cr), and cholinergic (Cho) neural transmission are implicated in PD cognitive pathology. Frontal neuro-metabolism may promisingly serve as PD cognitive biomarker.
Collapse
|
81
|
Kormas C, Zalonis I, Evdokimidis I, Kapaki E, Potagas C. The severity of executive dysfunction among different PD-MCI subtypes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:546-550. [PMID: 32633669 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1786832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim to examine the severity of executive dysfunction among different Parkinson's disease (PD)-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes in the early stages of the disease. The final sample consisted of 65 patients with mild PD progression. Based on neuropsychological measures, our sample was categorized into three PD-MCI subtypes: (1) PD-MCI executive group (n = 24), (2) PD-MCI executive plus memory group (n = 22), and (3) PD-MCI executive plus visuospatial group (n = 19). Patients' executive functions were evaluated with the Trail Making Test-Part B (TMT-B) and Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test (SNST) for mental flexibility and inhibitory control, respectively. One-way ANOVA results indicated significant differences among the three subgroups on TMT-B and SNST performance. Post hoc Tukey honestly significant different (HSD) tests revealed that the PD-MCI executive plus visuospatial group had lower performances on both executive measures than the other two groups. Contrastingly, no significant differences were observed between the PD-MCI executive group and PD-MCI executive plus memory group. Our results indicated that the severity of executive dysfunction varies across different PD-MCI subtypes. These findings are discussed within the framework of the dual syndrome hypothesis and highlight the utility of determination of executive impairment severity for effective clinical management of patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kormas
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zalonis
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Evdokimidis
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Boertien JM, van der Zee S, Chrysou A, Gerritsen MJJ, Jansonius NM, Spikman JM, van Laar T. Study protocol of the DUtch PARkinson Cohort (DUPARC): a prospective, observational study of de novo Parkinson's disease patients for the identification and validation of biomarkers for Parkinson's disease subtypes, progression and pathophysiology. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:245. [PMID: 32534583 PMCID: PMC7293131 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a heterogeneous, progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no disease modifying treatment for PD exists. Here, the study protocol of the Dutch Parkinson Cohort (DUPARC) is described. DUPARC is a longitudinal cohort study aimed at deeply phenotyping de novo PD patients who are treatment-naïve at baseline, to discover and validate biomarkers for PD progression, subtypes and pathophysiology. Methods/design DUPARC is a prospective cohort study in which 150 de novo PD subjects will be recruited through a collaborative network of PD treating neurologists in the northern part of the Netherlands (Parkinson Platform Northern Netherlands, PPNN). Participants will receive follow-up assessments after 1 year and 3 years, with the intention of an extended follow-up with 3 year intervals. Subjects are extensively characterized to primarily assess objectives within three major domains of PD: cognition, gastrointestinal function and vision. This includes brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); brain cholinergic PET-imaging with fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol (FEOBV-PET); brain dopaminergic PET-imaging with fluorodopa (FDOPA-PET); detailed neuropsychological assessments, covering all cognitive domains; gut microbiome composition; intestinal wall permeability; optical coherence tomography (OCT); genotyping; motor and non-motor symptoms; overall clinical status and lifestyle factors, including a dietary assessment; storage of blood and feces for additional analyses of inflammation and metabolic parameters. Since the start of the inclusion, at the end of 2017, over 100 PD subjects with a confirmed dopaminergic deficit on FDOPA-PET have been included. Discussion DUPARC is the first study to combine data within, but not limited to, the non-motor domains of cognition, gastrointestinal function and vision in PD subjects over time. As a de novo PD cohort, with treatment naïve subjects at baseline, DUPARC provides a unique opportunity for biomarker discovery and validation without the possible confounding influences of dopaminergic medication. Trial registration NCT04180865; registered retrospectively, November 28th 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Boertien
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sygrid van der Zee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Asterios Chrysou
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen J J Gerritsen
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M Spikman
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Parkinson Expertise Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Merchant KM, Cedarbaum JM, Brundin P, Dave KD, Eberling J, Espay AJ, Hutten SJ, Javidnia M, Luthman J, Maetzler W, Menalled L, Reimer AN, Stoessl AJ, Weiner DM. A Proposed Roadmap for Parkinson's Disease Proof of Concept Clinical Trials Investigating Compounds Targeting Alpha-Synuclein. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:31-61. [PMID: 30400107 PMCID: PMC6398545 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of human molecular genetics and Lewy pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) have led to a robust, clinical-stage pipeline of alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-targeted therapies that have the potential to slow or stop the progression of PD and other synucleinopathies. To facilitate the development of these and earlier stage investigational molecules, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research convened a group of leaders in the field of PD research from academia and industry, the Alpha-Synuclein Clinical Path Working Group. This group set out to develop recommendations on preclinical and clinical research that can de-risk the development of α-syn targeting therapies. This consensus white paper provides a translational framework, from the selection of animal models and associated end-points to decision-driving biomarkers as well as considerations for the design of clinical proof-of-concept studies. It also identifies current gaps in our biomarker toolkit and the status of the discovery and validation of α-syn-associated biomarkers that could help fill these gaps. Further, it highlights the importance of the emerging digital technology to supplement the capture and monitoring of clinical outcomes. Although the development of disease-modifying therapies targeting α-syn face profound challenges, we remain optimistic that meaningful strides will be made soon toward the identification and approval of disease-modifying therapeutics targeting α-syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana M Merchant
- Vincere Biosciences, Inc., and Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kuldip D Dave
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Eberling
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- UC Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Javidnia
- Center for Health and Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Liliana Menalled
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa N Reimer
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Lanza G, Aricò D, Lanuzza B, Cosentino FII, Tripodi M, Giardina F, Bella R, Puligheddu M, Pennisi G, Ferri R, Pennisi M. Facilitatory/inhibitory intracortical imbalance in REM sleep behavior disorder: early electrophysiological marker of neurodegeneration? Sleep 2020; 43:5584903. [PMID: 31599326 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Previous studies found an early impairment of the short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Parkinson's disease. However, very little is known on the TMS correlates of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which can precede the onset of a α-synucleinopathy. METHODS The following TMS measures were obtained from 14 de novo patients with isolated RBD and 14 age-matched healthy controls: resting motor threshold, cortical silent period, latency and amplitude of the motor evoked potentials, SICI, and ICF. A cognitive screening and a quantification of subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and depressive symptoms were also performed. RESULTS Neurological examination, global cognitive functioning, and mood status were normal in all participants. ESS score was higher in patients, although not suggestive of diurnal sleepiness. Compared to controls, patients exhibited a significant decrease of ICF (median 0.8, range 0.5-1.4 vs. 1.9, range 1.4-2.3; p < 0.01) and a clear trend, though not significant, towards a reduction of SICI (median 0.55, range 0.1-1.4 vs. 0.25, range 0.1-0.3), with a large effect size (Cohen's d: -0.848). REM Sleep Atonia Index significantly correlated with SICI. CONCLUSIONS In still asymptomatic patients for a parkinsonian syndrome or neurodegenerative disorder, changes of ICF and, to a lesser extent, SICI (which are largely mediated by glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, respectively) might precede the onset of a future neurodegeneration. SICI was correlated with the muscle tone alteration, possibly supporting the proposed RBD model of retrograde influence on the cortex from the brainstem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Debora Aricò
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Bartolo Lanuzza
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Tripodi
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Floriana Giardina
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Zhang F, Niu L, Liu X, Liu Y, Li S, Yu H, Le W. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Aging Dis 2020; 11:315-326. [PMID: 32257544 PMCID: PMC7069464 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep behavior disorder characterized by abnormal behaviors and loss of muscle atonia during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. RBD is generally considered to be associated with synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), and usually precedes years before the first symptom of these diseases. It is believed that RBD predicts the neurodegeneration in synucleinopathy. However, increasing evidences have shown that RBD is also found in non-synucleinopathy neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. Sleep disturbance such as RBD may be an early sign of neurodegeneration in these diseases, and also serve as an assessment of cognitive impairments. In this review, we updated the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and possible mechanisms of RBD in neurogenerative diseases. A better understanding of RBD in these neurogenerative diseases will provide biomarkers and novel therapeutics for the early diagnosis and treatment of the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Long Niu
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huan Yu
- 3Sleep and Wake Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Schildt A, de Vries EFJ, Willemsen ATM, Giacobbo BL, Moraga-Amaro R, Sijbesma JWA, van Waarde A, Sossi V, Dierckx RAJO, Doorduin J. Effect of Dopamine D 2 Receptor Antagonists on [ 18F]-FEOBV Binding. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:865-872. [PMID: 32011892 PMCID: PMC7054895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
interaction of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission
in, e.g., Parkinson’s disease has been well established. Here,
D2 receptor antagonists were used to assess changes in
[18F]-FEOBV binding to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter
(VAChT) in rodents using positron emission tomography (PET). After
pretreatment with either 10 mg/kg haloperidol, 1 mg/kg raclopride,
or vehicle, 90 min dynamic PET scans were performed with arterial
blood sampling. The net influx rate (Ki) was obtained from Patlak graphical analysis, using a metabolite-corrected
plasma input function and dynamic PET data. [18F]-FEOBV
concentration in whole-blood or plasma and the metabolite-corrected
plasma input function were not significantly changed by the pretreatments
(adjusted p > 0.07, Cohen’s d 0.28–1.89) while the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of the parent
fraction of [18F]-FEOBV was significantly higher after
haloperidol treatment (adjusted p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = 2.51) than in controls. Compared to controls, the AUC
of [18F]-FEOBV, normalized for injected dose and body weight,
was nonsignificantly increased in the striatum after haloperidol (adjusted p = 0.4, Cohen’s d = 1.77) and raclopride
(adjusted p = 0.052, Cohen’s d = 1.49) treatment, respectively. No changes in the AUC of [18F]-FEOBV were found in the cerebellum (Cohen’s d 0.63–0.74). Raclopride treatment nonsignificantly
increased Ki in the striatum 1.3-fold
compared to control rats (adjusted p = 0.1, Cohen’s d = 1.1) while it reduced Ki in the cerebellum by 28% (adjusted p = 0.0004,
Cohen’s d = 2.2) compared to control rats.
Pretreatment with haloperidol led to a nonsignificant reduction in Ki in the striatum (10%, adjusted p = 1, Cohen’s d = 0.44) and a 40–50%
lower Ki than controls in all other brain
regions (adjusted p < 0.0005, Cohen’s d = 3.3–4.7). The changes in Ki induced by the selective D2 receptor antagonist
raclopride can in part be quantified using [18F]-FEOBV
PET imaging. Haloperidol, a nonselective D2/σ receptor
antagonist, either paradoxically decreased cholinergic activity or
blocked off-target [18F]-FEOBV binding to σ receptors.
Hence, further studies evaluating the binding of [18F]-FEOBV
to σ receptors using selective σ receptor ligands are
necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schildt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 143-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon T M Willemsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Lima Giacobbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen W A Sijbesma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 143-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Martin-Rodriguez JF, Mir P. Short-afferent inhibition and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A quantitative review and challenges. Neurosci Lett 2020; 719:133679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
88
|
McCluskey SP, Plisson C, Rabiner EA, Howes O. Advances in CNS PET: the state-of-the-art for new imaging targets for pathophysiology and drug development. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:451-489. [PMID: 31541283 PMCID: PMC6974496 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A limit on developing new treatments for a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been the inadequate understanding of the in vivo pathophysiology underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders and the lack of in vivo tools to determine brain penetrance, target engagement, and relevant molecular activity of novel drugs. Molecular neuroimaging provides the tools to address this. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of new PET tracers for CNS targets, focusing on developments in the last 5 years for targets recently available for in-human imaging. METHODS We provide an overview of the criteria used to evaluate PET tracers. We then used the National Institute of Mental Health Research Priorities list to identify the key CNS targets. We conducted a PubMed search (search period 1st of January 2013 to 31st of December 2018), which yielded 40 new PET tracers across 16 CNS targets which met our selectivity criteria. For each tracer, we summarised the evidence of its properties and potential for use in studies of CNS pathophysiology and drug evaluation, including its target selectivity and affinity, inter and intra-subject variability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We also consider its potential limitations and missing characterisation data, but not specific applications in drug development. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that multiple new tracers have been developed for proteinopathy targets, particularly tau, as well as the purinoceptor P2X7, phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), amongst others. Some of the most promising of these include 18F-MK-6240 for tau imaging, 11C-UCB-J for imaging SV2A, 11C-CURB and 11C-MK-3168 for characterisation of fatty acid amide hydrolase, 18F-FIMX for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, and 18F-MNI-444 for imaging adenosine 2A. Our review also identifies recurrent issues within the field. Many of the tracers discussed lack in vivo blocking data, reducing confidence in selectivity. Additionally, late-stage identification of substantial off-target sites for multiple tracers highlights incomplete pre-clinical characterisation prior to translation, as well as human disease state studies carried out without confirmation of test-retest reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P McCluskey
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Maiti B, Koller JM, Snyder AZ, Tanenbaum AB, Norris SA, Campbell MC, Perlmutter JS. Cognitive correlates of cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2020; 94:e384-e396. [PMID: 31848257 PMCID: PMC7079688 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in a cross-sectional study the contributions of altered cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity (FC) to cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We conducted morphometric and resting-state FC-MRI analyses contrasting 81 participants with PD and 43 age-matched healthy controls using rigorous quality assurance measures. To investigate the relationship of cerebellar FC to cognitive status, we compared participants with PD without cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] scale score 0, n = 47) to participants with PD with impaired cognition (CDR score ≥0.5, n = 34). Comprehensive measures of cognition across the 5 cognitive domains were assessed for behavioral correlations. RESULTS The participants with PD had significantly weaker FC between the vermis and peristriate visual association cortex compared to controls, and the strength of this FC correlated with visuospatial function and global cognition. In contrast, weaker FC between the vermis and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was found in the cognitively impaired PD group compared to participants with PD without cognitive impairment. This effect correlated with deficits in attention, executive functions, and global cognition. No group differences in cerebellar lobular volumes or regional cortical thickness of the significant cortical clusters were observed. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a correlation between cerebellar vermal FC and cognitive impairment in PD. The absence of significant atrophy in cerebellum or relevant cortical areas suggests that this could be related to local pathophysiology such as neurotransmitter dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baijayanta Maiti
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aaron B Tanenbaum
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Scott A Norris
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Meghan C Campbell
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.M., A.Z.S., A.T., A.B.T., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P.), Radiology (A.Z.S., S.A.N., M.C.C., J.S.P), Psychiatry (J.M.K), and Neuroscience (J.S.P.) and Programs in Occupational Therapy (J.S.P.) and Physical Therapy (J.S.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Tataroğlu C, Deneri E, Tilek N, Çoban A. Long latency reflexes in patients with postural instability and ataxia. NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_44_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
91
|
Mancini M, Chung K, Zajack A, Martini DN, Ramsey K, Lapidus J, Horak FB, Nutt JG. Effects of augmenting cholinergic neurotransmission on balance in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 69:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
92
|
Liu K, Ou R, Hou Y, Wei Q, Cao B, Song W, Zhao B, Shang H. Predictors of Pisa syndrome in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease: A prospective study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 69:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
93
|
Yoon SY, Lee SC, An YS, Kim YW. Neural correlates and gait characteristics for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury induced freezing of gait. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 131:46-53. [PMID: 31751839 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate gait characteristics in patients with freezing of gait (FOG) after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) and to elucidate neural correlates for FOG using F-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography. METHODS We enrolled 12 patients with FOG after HIBI and 17 patients without FOG after HIBI. We performed three-dimensional gait analyses and compared each parameter and gait variability. Brain metabolism was measured, and we compared regional brain metabolism using a voxel-by-voxel-based statistical mapping analysis. RESULTS The FOG group revealed a significantly decreased joint range of motion (ROM), particularly in the sagittal plane for three-joint summated ROM (p < 0.0025). Spatiotemporal results demonstrated that stride length and step length were decreased in the with FOG group (p < 0.005). FOG severity was negatively correlated with brain metabolism in the left thalamus, and three-joint summated ROM in the sagittal plane was positively associated with brain metabolism in the left thalamus and midbrain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Central organizational level amplitude disorder may play an important role in the pathophysiology, and disturbance in the cholinergic pathway might contribute to the development of FOG in patients with HIBI. SIGNIFICANCE These findings contribute to understanding FOG in HIBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sil An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
McGregor MM, Nelson AB. Circuit Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease. Neuron 2019; 101:1042-1056. [PMID: 30897356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects approximately 1% of adults over age 60. Diagnosis follows the development of one or more of the core motor features of the disease, including tremor, slowing of movement (bradykinesia), and rigidity. However, there are numerous other motor and nonmotor disease manifestations. Many PD symptoms result directly from neurodegeneration; others are driven by aberrant activity patterns in surviving neurons. This latter phenomenon, PD circuit dysfunction, is an area of intense study, as it likely underlies our ability to treat many disease symptoms in the face of (currently) irreversible neurodegeneration. This Review will discuss key clinical features of PD and their basis in neural circuit dysfunction. We will first review important disease symptoms and some of the responsible neuropathology. We will then describe the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, the major locus of PD-related circuit dysfunction, and some of the models that have influenced its study. We will review PD-related changes in network activity, subdividing findings into those that touch on the rate, rhythm, or synchronization of neurons. Finally, we suggest some critical remaining questions for the field and areas for new developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M McGregor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Effects of Fatigue on Balance in Individuals With Parkinson Disease: Influence of Medication and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genotype. J Neurol Phys Ther 2019; 42:61-71. [PMID: 29547479 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because falls can have deleterious consequences, it is important to understand the influence of fatigue and medications on balance in persons with Parkinson disease (PD). Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on balance in individuals with PD. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be related to motor performance, we also explored its role. METHODS A total of 27 individuals (age = 65.4 ± 8.1 years; males = 14, females = 13) with neurologist-diagnosed PD with 13 genotyped for BDNF as Val66Val, 11 as Val66Met, 2 as Met66Met (1 refused). Participants were tested both on and off medication, 1 week apart. On both days, they completed a pre- and posttest separated by a fatiguing condition. Factorial analyses of variance were performed for the following balance domains: (1) anticipatory postural responses; (2) adaptive postural responses; (3) dynamic balance; (4) sensory orientation; and (5) gait kinematics. For BDNF, t-tests were conducted comparing genotype for the pre-post difference scores in both the on and off medication states. RESULTS There were no interactions between time (pre- and postintervention) and medication for any of the domains (Ps ≥ 0.187). Participants with BDNF Met alleles were not significantly different from Val66Val participants in balance (Ps ≥ 0.111) and response to a fatiguing condition (Ps ≥ 0.070). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Fatigue does not appear to have a detrimental effect on balance, and there was not a differential effect of medication in individuals with PD. These results also indicate that participants with a BDNF Met allele did not have a greater decay in function after a fatiguing condition.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A196).
Collapse
|
96
|
Day TK, Madhyastha TM, Lee A, Zabetian CP, Montine TJ, Grabowski TJ. Effect of Dopaminergic Medications on Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Variability and Functional Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Aging. Brain Connect 2019; 9:554-565. [PMID: 31131605 PMCID: PMC6727479 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both functional connectivity (FC) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability (SDBOLD) are methods that are used for examining the physiological state of the brain. Although they are derived from signal changes and are related, a few studies have explored their relationship. Here, we examined the relationship between SDBOLD and FC within the default mode network (DMN) in healthy aging participants and those with Parkinson's disease (PD) ON and OFF dopaminergic medications. Dopaminergic medications had profound effects on both DMN FC and SDBOLD measured separately in PD. Analyzing DMN FC and SDBOLD in a joint independent component analysis, we identified joint components of DMN FC and SDBOLD that were separately associated with measurements of motor and cognitive impairment in PD and qualitatively similar to those in healthy aging. Dopaminergic medications had a differential effect on these components depending on these measures of disease severity, "normalizing" the relationships. Importantly, we show that dopaminergic medication status matters in imaging PD, and it can affect both connectivity and SDBOLD. Imaging PD ON may lead to inflated estimates of SDBOLD and diminish the ability to measure changes associated with declining motor and cognitive capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K.M. Day
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tara M. Madhyastha
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adél Lee
- Etosha Business and Research Consulting, Mount Berry, Georgia
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Thomas J. Grabowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Gratton C, Koller JM, Shannon W, Greene DJ, Maiti B, Snyder AZ, Petersen SE, Perlmutter JS, Campbell MC. Emergent Functional Network Effects in Parkinson Disease. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2509-2523. [PMID: 29878081 PMCID: PMC6519699 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmark pathology underlying Parkinson disease (PD) is progressive synucleinopathy, beginning in caudal brainstem that later spreads rostrally. However, the primarily subcortical pathology fails to account for the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in PD. To reconcile these observations, resting-state functional connectivity (FC) can be used to examine dysfunction across distributed brain networks. We measured FC in a large, single-site study of nondemented PD (N = 107; OFF medications) and healthy controls (N = 46) incorporating rigorous quality control measures and comprehensive sampling of cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions. We employed novel statistical approaches to determine group differences across the entire connectome, at the network-level, and for select brain regions. Group differences respected well-characterized network delineations producing a striking "block-wise" pattern of network-to-network effects. Surprisingly, these results demonstrate that the greatest FC differences involve sensorimotor, thalamic, and cerebellar networks, with notably smaller striatal effects. Split-half replication demonstrates the robustness of these results. Finally, block-wise FC correlations with behavior suggest that FC disruptions may contribute to clinical manifestations in PD. Overall, these results indicate a concerted breakdown of functional network interactions, remote from primary pathophysiology, and suggest that FC deficits in PD are related to emergent network-level phenomena rather than focal pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Gratton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baijayanta Maiti
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meghan C Campbell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
McCarter SJ, Teigen LM, McCarter AR, Benarroch EE, St Louis EK, Savica R. Low Vitamin B12 and Parkinson Disease: Potential Link to Reduced Cholinergic Transmission and Severity of Disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:757-762. [PMID: 31054604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McCarter
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic Department of Sleep Medicine, Rochester, MN.
| | - Levi M Teigen
- Mayo Clinic Department of Nutrition, Rochester, MN; Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Allison R McCarter
- Mayo Clinic Department of Sleep Medicine, Rochester, MN; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Erik K St Louis
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic Department of Sleep Medicine, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic Department of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Barcelon EA, Mukaino T, Yokoyama J, Uehara T, Ogata K, Kira JI, Tobimatsu S. Grand Total EEG Score Can Differentiate Parkinson's Disease From Parkinson-Related Disorders. Front Neurol 2019; 10:398. [PMID: 31057481 PMCID: PMC6482237 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Semi-quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis is easy to perform and has been used to differentiate dementias, as well as idiopathic and vascular Parkinson's disease. Purpose: To study whether a semi-quantitative EEG analysis can aid in distinguishing idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) from atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs), and furthermore, whether it can help to distinguish between APDs. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive retrospective review of charts was performed to include patients with parkinsonian disorders who had at least one EEG recording available. A modified grand total EEG (GTE) score evaluating the posterior background activity, and diffuse and focal slow wave activities was used in further analyses. Results: We analyzed data from 76 patients with a final diagnosis of either IPD, probable corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), or progressive supra-nuclear palsy (PSP). IPD patients had the lowest mean GTE score, followed those with CBD or MSA, while PSP patients scored the highest. However, none of these differences were statistically significant. A GTE score of ≤9 distinguished IPD patients from those with APD (p < 0.01) with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 33.3%. Conclusion: The modified GTE score can distinguish patients with IPD from those with CBD, PSP or MSA at a cut-off score of 9 with excellent sensitivity but poor specificity. However, this score is not able to distinguish a particular form of APD from other forms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ela Austria Barcelon
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mukaino
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taira Uehara
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ogata
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Tobimatsu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Zee S, Vállez García D, Elsinga PH, Willemsen AT, Boersma HH, Gerritsen MJ, Spikman JM, Laar T. [
18
F]Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol in Parkinson's disease patients: Quantification of a novel cholinergic positron emission tomography tracer. Mov Disord 2019; 34:924-926. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sygrid Zee
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - David Vállez García
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Antoon T.M. Willemsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H. Boersma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Marleen J.J. Gerritsen
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Spikman
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Teus Laar
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|