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Park SC, Jeong DE, Han SW, Chae JS, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim B, Kang JG. Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Dogs. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00119-y. [PMID: 38635002 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a life-threatening viral zoonosis. The causative agent of this disease is the Dabie bandavirus, which is usually known as the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Although the role of vertebrates in SFTSV transmission to humans remains uncertain, some reports have suggested that dogs could potentially transmit SFTSV to humans. Consequently, preventive measures against SFTSV in dogs are urgently needed. In the present study, dogs were immunized three times at two-week intervals with formaldehyde-inactivated SFTSV with two types of adjuvants. SFTSV (KCD46) was injected into all dogs two weeks after the final immunization. Control dogs showed viremia from 2 to 4 days post infection (dpi), and displayed white pulp atrophy in the spleen, along with a high level of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling assay (TUNEL) positive area. However, the inactivated SFTSV vaccine groups exhibited rare pathological changes and significantly reduced TUNEL positive areas in the spleen. Furthermore, SFTSV viral loads were not detected at any of the tested dpi. Our results indicate that both adjuvants can be safely used in combination with an inactivated SFTSV formulation to induce strong neutralizing antibodies. Inactivated SFTSV vaccines effectively prevent pathogenicity and viremia in dogs infected with SFTSV. In conclusion, our study highlighted the potential of inactivated SFTSV vaccination for SFTSV control in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Chan Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Han
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Bumseok Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.
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Kim S, Jeon K, Choi H, Jeong DE, Kang JG, Cho NH. Comparative analysis of the efficacy of vaccines using structural protein subunits of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348276. [PMID: 38567080 PMCID: PMC10985320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) represents a significant emerging health threat as a tick-borne pathogen that causes SFTS, with mortality rates ranging between 10 and 30%. Despite the considerable risk presented by SFTSV, an effective vaccine has yet to be developed. Our study assessed the efficacy of recombinant protein vaccines, focusing on the purified nucleocapsid protein (NP) and surface glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), against SFTSV in both singular and combined formulations. Individual vaccinations with NP or Gn subunits yielded partial protection in type I interferon receptor-knockout (IFNAR-KO) mice, with survival rates of 66.7 and 16.7%, respectively, whereas Gc vaccination did not confer significant protection, resulting in 100% mortality similar to that of the unvaccinated control group. Notably, NP vaccination substantially enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses, and Gc vaccination exhibited strong neutralizing activity against SFTSV. Among the combined recombinant protein formulations (Gn + NP, Gc + NP, and Gn + Gc + NP) tested, the Gc + NP combination provided the highest survival rate (85.7%) following challenge with a lethal dose of SFTSV, highlighting its potential as a vaccine candidate. Longitudinal studies showed that antibody levels in both wild type C57BL/6 and IFNAR-KO mice peaked between 2 and 3 months post-vaccination and declined over time. A notable decrease in NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses was observed 6 months post-vaccination in C57BL/6 mice, while NP-specific CD4+ T cell responses persisted up to 12 months. By 12 months post-vaccination, all IFNAR-KO mice vaccinated with single subunit antigens succumbed to the virus, suggesting that effective protection against SFTS may rely on antibody responses to subunit antigens and/or CD8+ T cell activity. These findings underscore the necessity of an optimized SFTS vaccine that combines protective antigens with an adjuvant system to ensure durable humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hooncheol Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Jeong S, Shim KH, Kim D, Bae H, Jeong DE, Kang MJ, An SSA. Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity in CD9-positive exosomes from patients with Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1332455. [PMID: 38384937 PMCID: PMC10879351 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1332455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic dysfunction and associated with abnormalities in the cholinergic system. However, the relationship between PD and cholinergic dysfunction, particularly in exosomes, is not fully understood. Methods We enrolled 37 patients with PD and 44 healthy controls (HC) to investigate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in CD9-positive and L1CAM-positive exosomes. Exosomes were isolated from plasma using antibody-coupled magnetic beads, and their sizes and concentrations were assessed using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting. Subsequently, the AChE activity in these exosomes was analyzed in relation to various clinical parameters. Results A significant decrease in AChE activity was observed in CD9-positive exosomes derived from patients with PD, whereas no significant differences were found in L1CAM-positive exosomes. Further analysis with a larger sample size confirmed a substantial reduction in AChE activity in CD9-positive exosomes from the PD plasma, with moderate diagnostic accuracy. The decrease in AChE activity of CD9-positive exosomes did not show an association with cognitive impairment but displayed a trend toward correlation with PD progression. Discussion The reduction in AChE activity in CD9-positive exosomes suggests potential peripheral cholinergic dysfunction in PD, independent of the central cholinergic system. The observed alterations in AChE activity provide valuable insights into the association between cholinergic dysfunction and the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Jeong
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Danyeong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Oh HB, Jeong DE, Lee DE, Yoo JH, Kim YS, Kim TY. Structural Identification of Ginsenoside Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS of Black Ginseng ( Panax Ginseng C.A. Mayer). Metabolites 2024; 14:62. [PMID: 38248865 PMCID: PMC10821434 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng (BG) is processed ginseng traditionally made in Korea via the steaming and drying of ginseng root through three or more cycles, leading to changes in its appearance due to the Maillard reaction on its surface, resulting in a dark coloration. In this study, we explored markers for differentiating processed ginseng by analyzing the chemical characteristics of BG. We elucidated a new method for the structural identification of ginsenoside metabolites and described the features of processed ginseng using UPLC-QTOF-MS in the positive ion mode. We confirmed that maltose, glucose, and fructose, along with L-arginine, L-histidine, and L-lysine, were the key compounds responsible for the changes in the external quality of BG. These compounds can serve as important metabolic markers for distinguishing BG from conventionally processed ginseng. The major characteristics of white ginseng, red ginseng, and BG can be distinguished based on their high-polarity and low-polarity ginsenosides, and a precise method for the structural elucidation of ginsenosides in the positive ion mode is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bin Oh
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea; (D.-E.J.); (D.-E.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (T.-Y.K.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea; (D.-E.J.); (D.-E.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Da-Eun Lee
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea; (D.-E.J.); (D.-E.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Jong-Hee Yoo
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea; (D.-E.J.); (D.-E.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Republic of Korea; (D.-E.J.); (D.-E.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (T.-Y.K.)
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Bae H, Kang MJ, Ha SW, Jeong DE, Lee K, Lim S, Min JY, Min KB. Association of plasma amyloid-β oligomerization with theta/beta ratio in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1291881. [PMID: 38106526 PMCID: PMC10722169 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1291881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oligomeric Aβ (OAβ) is a promising candidate marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a potential tool for early detection of AD. Still, whether EEG power ratios, particularly the theta/alpha ratio (TAR) and theta/beta ratio (TBR), reflect Aβ burden-a primary mechanism underlying cognitive impairment and AD. This study investigated the association of TAR and TBR with amyloid burden in older adults based on MDS-OAβ levels. Methods 529 individuals (aged ≥60 years) were recruited. All participants underwent EEG (MINDD SCAN, Ybrain Inc., South Korea) and AlzOn™ test (PeopleBio Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) for quantifying MDS-OAβ values in the plasma. EEG variables were log-transformed to normalize the data distribution. Using the MDS-OAβ cutoff value (0.78 ng/mL), all participants were classified into two groups: high MDS-OAβ and low MDS-OAβ. Results Participants with high MDS-OAβ levels had significantly higher TARs and TBRs than those with low MDS-OAβ levels. The log-transformed TBRs in the central lobe (β = 0.161, p = 0.0026), frontal lobe (β = 0.145, p = 0.0044), parietal lobe (β = 0.166, p = 0.0028), occipital lobe (β = 0.158, p = 0.0058), and temporal lobe (beta = 0.162, p = 0.0042) were significantly and positively associated with increases in MDS-OAβ levels. After adjusting for the Bonferroni correction, the TBRs in all lobe regions, except the occipital lobe, were significantly associated with increased MDS-OAβ levels. Conclusion We found a significant association of MDS-OAβ with TBR in older adults. This finding indicates that an increase in amyloid burden may be associated with an increase in the low-frequency band and a decrease in the relatively high-frequency band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Bae
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Ha
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lee
- Ybrain Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungui Lim
- Ybrain Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jeon K, Ro HJ, Kang JG, Jeong DE, Kim J, Lee Y, Yoon GY, Kang JI, Bae JY, Kim JI, Park MS, Lee KH, Cho HS, Kim Y, Cho NH. A natural variation in the RNA polymerase of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus enhances viral replication and in vivo virulence. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29099. [PMID: 37702580 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne disease with high mortality in Eastern Asia. The disease is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV), also known as Dabie bandavirus, which has a segmented RNA genome consisting of L, M, and S segments. Previous studies have suggested differential viral virulence depending on the genotypes of SFTSV; however, the critical viral factor involved in the differential viral virulence is unknown. Here, we found a significant difference in viral replication in vitro and virulence in vivo between two Korean isolates belonging to the F and B genotypes, respectively. By generating viral reassortants using the two viral strains, we demonstrated that the L segment, which encodes viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is responsible for the enhanced viral replication and virulence. Comparison of amino acid sequences and viral replication rates revealed a point variation, E251K, on the surface of RdRp to be the most significant determinant for the enhanced viral replication rate and in vivo virulence. The effect of the variation was further confirmed using recombinant SFTSV generated by reverse genetic engineering. Therefore, our results indicate that natural variations affecting the viral replicase activity could significantly contribute to the viral virulence of SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongseok Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Ro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yebeen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Il Kang
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Vaccine Innovation Center, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Vaccine Innovation Center, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Vaccine Innovation Center, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biology & Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Choi JY, Ha SW, Jeong DE, Lee J, Kim D, Min JY, Min KB. Association Between the Loss of Gait Harmony and Cognitive Impairment: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e46264. [PMID: 37428538 PMCID: PMC10366667 DOI: 10.2196/46264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional limitations and disabilities have been associated with a decrease in cognitive function due to increasing age. Gait performance and cognitive function have been associated with gait variability in executive function, the phase domain in memory, and gait abnormalities in cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate whether gait harmony was associated with cognitive function in the older adult population. Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether gait harmony was associated with cognitive function and explore each cognitive function in a specific harmonic state. METHODS The study population included 510 adults aged ≥60 years who visited the Department of Neurology at the Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Gait data were collected using a 3D motion capture device with a wireless inertial measurement unit system. For cognitive function assessments, we used the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Core test, which evaluates the level of cognitive function or impairment in 5 cognitive domains. RESULTS In general, the association between the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Core tests and the stance-to-swing ratio in the >1.63 ratio group yielded lower β coefficients than those in the 1.50-1.63 ratio group. After adjustment for confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for the Digit Symbol Coding test (adjusted OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.20-0.88) and the Korean version of the Color Word Stroop Test: 60 seconds (adjusted OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.89) for frontal and executive function were significantly lower for the >1.63 ratio group than the reference group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the gait phase ratio is a valuable indicator of walking deficits and may also be associated with cognitive impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Ha
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim MS, Jeong DE, Choi SK. Bacillus integrative plasmid system combining a synthetic gene circuit for efficient genetic modifications of undomesticated Bacillus strains. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:259. [PMID: 36517844 PMCID: PMC9753358 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to CRISPR-Cas9 and derivative technologies, genetic studies on microorganisms have dramatically increased. However, the CRISPR-Cas9 system is still difficult to utilize in many wild-type Bacillus strains owing to Cas9 toxicity. Moreover, less toxic systems, such as cytosine base editors, generate unwanted off-target mutations that can interfere with the genetic studies of wild-type strains. Therefore, a convenient alternative system is required for genetic studies and genome engineering of wild-type Bacillus strains. Because wild-type Bacillus strains have poor transformation efficiencies, the new system should be based on broad-host-range plasmid-delivery systems. RESULTS Here, we developed a Bacillus integrative plasmid system in which plasmids without the replication initiator protein gene (rep) of Bacillus are replicated in a donor Bacillus strain by Rep proteins provided in trans but not in Bacillus recipients. The plasmids were transferred to recipients through a modified integrative and conjugative element, which is a wide host range plasmid-delivery system. Genetic mutations were generated in recipients through homologous recombination between the transferred plasmid and the genome. The system was improved by adding a synthetic gene circuit for efficient screening of the desired mutations by double crossover recombination in recipient strains. The improved system exhibited a mutation efficiency of the target gene of approximately 100% in the tested wild-type Bacillus strains. CONCLUSION The Bacillus integrative plasmid system developed in this study can generate target mutations with high efficiency when combined with a synthetic gene circuit in wild-type Bacillus strains. The system is free of toxicity and unwanted off-target mutations as it generates the desired mutations by traditional double crossover recombination. Therefore, our system could be a powerful tool for genetic studies and genome editing of Cas9-sensitive wild-type Bacillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Su Kim
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 South Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 South Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 South Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 South Korea
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Jeong DE, Kim MS, Kim HR, Choi SK. Cell Factory Engineering of Undomesticated Bacillus Strains Using a Modified Integrative and Conjugative Element for Efficient Plasmid Delivery. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:802040. [PMID: 35558120 PMCID: PMC9086855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.802040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of Bacillus strains have been isolated from various environments and many of them have great potential as cell factories. However, they have been rarely developed as cell factories due to their poor transformation efficiency. In this study, we developed a highly efficient plasmid delivery system for undomesticated Bacillus strains using a modified integrative and conjugative element (MICE), which was designed to be activated by an inducer, prevent self-transfer, and deliver desired plasmids to the recipient cells. The MICE system was demonstrated to successfully introduce a gfp-containing plasmid into all 41 undomesticated Bacillus subtilis strains tested and eight other Bacillus species. The MICE was used to deliver a cytosine base editor (CBE)-based multiplex genome-editing tool for the cell factory engineering of the Bacillus species. The introduced CBE enabled one-step inactivation of the major extracellular protease genes of the tested strains. The engineered strains were used as hosts for heterologous expression of nattokinase, which resulted in various enzyme expression levels. The results suggested that the MICE and CBE systems can be powerful tools for genetic engineering of undomesticated Bacillus strains, and greatly contribute to the expansion of the Bacillus cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Man Su Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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10
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Min JY, Ha SW, Yang SH, Kang MJ, Jeong DE, Min KB, Kim B. Chronic Status of Serum Albumin and Cognitive Function: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030822. [PMID: 35160273 PMCID: PMC8836994 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found an association between serum albumin levels and cognitive function. However, the results of this association are inconsistent, and the effect of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) on the association is less clear. Using retrospective cohort data (2008–2020), we investigated whether chronic serum albumin was associated with cognitive performance in older adults. We further assessed how the APOE genotype modifies its relevance. A total of 2396 Korean veterans and their families who were aged 65 years or older in 2008 and who had both data of serum albumin and cognitive performance (assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) were included for the current study. The serum albumin levels were divided into four groups by quartiles: Group 1 (<4.0 g/dL), Group 2 (4.0–4.19 g/dL), Group 3 (4.2–4.49 g/dL), and Group 4 (≥4.5 g/dL). APOE ε4 carriers were defined as the presence of at least one ε4 allele (ε2/4, ε3/4, ε4/4). After adjusting for age, sex, and medical conditions, serum albumin levels (assessed by the median serum albumin levels during the study period) were significantly associated with increases in the median MMSE scores (beta = 3.30, p < 0.0001). Compared with the lowest median albumin category (Group 1), the beta coefficients for the median MMSE score were significantly and gradually increased in Group 2 (beta = 2.80, p < 0.0001), Group 3 (beta = 3.71, p < 0.0001), and Group 4 (beta = 4.01, p < 0.0001), respectively. In the analysis of repeated albumin measures, similar patterns were observed in cognitive function. All regression coefficients were greater in ε4 carriers than in non-carriers. Our findings suggested that sustained lower serum albumin levels were associated with lower MMSE scores. This observation may be modified by APOE polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Min
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea;
| | - Sang-Won Ha
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea; (S.-W.H.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.J.)
| | - Soo-Hyun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea;
| | - Min-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea; (S.-W.H.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.J.)
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea; (S.-W.H.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.J.)
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-B.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Beom Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul 05368, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-B.M.); (B.K.)
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11
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Song HY, Jeong DE, Lee M. Bioactivity-Guided Extract Optimization of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Leaves and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phillyrin. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1545. [PMID: 34451589 PMCID: PMC8398771 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the optimal extraction conditions for leaves of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus. Inhibitory effects of various extracts on NO production were compared. Antioxidant evaluations for total phenol and flavonoid contents were carried out using various extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves obtained under optimal extraction conditions that showed the greatest effect on NO production. The optimal method for extracting O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves resulted in an extract named OP OFLE. OP OFLE showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Phillyrin (PH) was isolated as a major compound from OP OFLE by HPLC/DAD analysis. OP OFLE and PH reduced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and HT-29 cells. To determine the signal pathway involved in the inhibition of NO production, a Western blot analysis was performed. Results showed that OP OFLE decreased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2 and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Our results suggest that extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves and its major components have biological activities such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (H.-Y.S.); (D.-E.J.)
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (H.-Y.S.); (D.-E.J.)
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbangno, Jinan-Gun 55442, Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (H.-Y.S.); (D.-E.J.)
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12
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Shim KH, Go HG, Bae H, Jeong DE, Kim D, Youn YC, Kim S, An SSA, Kang MJ. Corrigendum: Decreased Exosomal Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Plasma of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:726525. [PMID: 34305578 PMCID: PMC8296840 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.726525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Gyeol Go
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Heewon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Danyeong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Kim MS, Kim HR, Jeong DE, Choi SK. Cytosine Base Editor-Mediated Multiplex Genome Editing to Accelerate Discovery of Novel Antibiotics in Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus polymyxa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691839. [PMID: 34122396 PMCID: PMC8193733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-based identification of new antibiotics is emerging as an alternative to traditional methods. However, uncovering hidden antibiotics under the background of known antibiotics remains a challenge. To over this problem using a quick and effective genetic approach, we developed a multiplex genome editing system using a cytosine base editor (CBE). The CBE system achieved simultaneous double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple gene editing with efficiencies of 100, 100, 83, and 75%, respectively, as well as the 100% editing efficiency of single targets in Bacillus subtilis. Whole-genome sequencing of the edited strains showed that they had an average of 8.5 off-target single-nucleotide variants at gRNA-independent positions. The CBE system was used to simultaneously knockout five known antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters to leave only an uncharacterized polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster in Paenibacillus polymyxa E681. The polyketide showed antimicrobial activities against gram-positive bacteria, but not gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Therefore, our findings suggested that the CBE system might serve as a powerful tool for multiplex genome editing and greatly accelerating the unraveling of hidden antibiotics in Bacillus and Paenibacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Su Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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14
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Shim KH, Go HG, Bae H, Jeong DE, Kim D, Youn YC, Kim S, An SSA, Kang MJ. Decreased Exosomal Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Plasma of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:665400. [PMID: 34122043 PMCID: PMC8193230 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.665400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles produced from various cell types, contain a variety of molecular constituents, such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. Recently, exosomal biomarkers have been investigated to probe the understanding and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous reports have demonstrated increased exosomal α-synuclein (α-syn) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in comparison to healthy controls (HC). Interestingly, the cholinergic loss was revealed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in histopathology and molecular neuroimaging. Thereby, we simultaneously examined acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with α-syn as exosomal markers. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma of 34 FP-CIT PET proven patients with PD and 29 HC. Exosomal α-syn and AChE activity were quantified andthe relationship with clinical parameters was analyzed. Remarkably, exosomal AChE activity was significantly decreased in PD compared to HC (P = 0.002). Moreover, exosomal AChE activity in PD revealed a strong negative correlation with disease severity, including H&Y (P = 0.007) and UPDRS part III (P = 0.047) scores. By contrast, no significant difference in exosomal α-syn concentration was observed between groups. These results support the occurrence of cholinergic dysfunction in PD, and they could be implicated with disease progression, especially motor deficits. Exosomal AChE activity with advanced exosome isolation techniques may be a reliable biomarker for the early diagnosis and prognosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Gyeol Go
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Heewon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Danyeong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Kwon HS, Kwon JS, Lee D, Jeong DE, Lee JS, Kim SH, Kwon SU. Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a proof-of-concept study. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Association between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) and the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was analyzed. Materials & methods: VZV-specific IgG and IgA responses on day 1 and 28 in plasma was compared and VZV DNA with real-time PCR in saliva was measured in case-patients (diagnosed with RCVS), control-patients (ischemic stroke with intracranial artery stenosis) and healthy volunteers. Results: The case-patients (n = 11) revealed significantly higher VZV-specific IgG levels on day 28 than on day 1 (p = 0.004), while the age-matched control-patients and healthy volunteers exhibited no significant changes. Positive VZV DNA PCR result in saliva was revealed in one case-patient. Conclusion: RCVS might be associated with VZV. This result warrants a full-scale study to evaluate the association between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhane Lee
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, 11759, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Veteran Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun U. Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lee HJ, Sim MO, Woo KW, Jeong DE, Jung HK, An B, Cho HW. Antioxidant and Antimelanogenic Activities of Compounds Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Achillea alpina L. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900033. [PMID: 30977279 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Achillea alpina is widely distributed in Korea and is often used as a folk medicine for stomach disorders. Although a previous study isolated antioxidant compounds (flavonoid O-glucoside, sesquiterpene) from this plant, no systematic study of its chemical constituents had been reported. The present study aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in a methanol extract of A. alpina, assess their potential antioxidant activities in vitro, and determine their effects on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Column chromatographic separation of aqueous fractions of A. alpina led to the isolation of 17 compounds. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic data from electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to identify compounds 2-10 and 12-17 in A. alpina. Furthermore, compound 6 possessed powerful antioxidant activity, while compound 15 suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity and thus reduced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Therefore, our research suggested that these naturally occurring compounds have the potential to reduce oxidative stress and promote skin whitening. Further investigations will be required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Lee
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ok Sim
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Wan Woo
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Jung
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongkwan An
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Cho
- Traditional Korean Medicines Research Team, National Development Institute of Korea Medicine, 288, Udeuraendeu-gil, Anyangmyeon, Jangheunggun, 59338, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lee D, Lee DH, Suh DC, Kwon HS, Jeong DE, Kim JG, Lee JS, Kim JS, Kang DW, Jeon SB, Lee EJ, Noh KC, Kwon SU. Intra-arterial thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke patients with active cancer. J Neurol 2019; 266:2286-2293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Jeong DE, Kim JW, Kim BM, Hwang W, Kim DJ. Impact of Balloon-Guiding Catheter Location on Recanalization in Patients with Acute Stroke Treated by Mechanical Thrombectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:840-844. [PMID: 30948374 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mechanical thrombectomy with proximal flow control and forced aspiration may improve the outcome of endovascular revascularization therapy for patients with acute stroke. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of balloon-guiding catheter locations in patients treated for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke using mechanical thrombectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The influence of the balloon-guiding catheter location (proximal, balloon-guiding catheter tip proximal to C1 vertebral body; distal, between the skull base and the C1 vertebral body) was analyzed in patients with acute anterior circulation stroke treated with stent-retriever thrombectomy. The baseline angiographic/clinical characteristics, time intervals, recanalization rates, and clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS The clinical analysis included 102 patients (mean age, 69.5 ± 12.8 years; male/female ratio = 52:50). The balloon-guiding catheter was located distally in 49 patients and proximally in 53 patients for flow control and forced aspiration during stent retrieval. The puncture-to-recanalization time was shorter in the distal group than in the proximal group (40 versus 56 minutes, P = .02). Successful and complete recanalizations were more frequently achieved in the distal group compared with the proximal group (98.0% versus 75.5%. P = .003; 67.3% versus 45.3%, P = .04, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the distal catheterization location was independently associated with successful recanalization (adjusted OR, 13.4; 95% CI, 2.4-254.8; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Location of the balloon-guiding catheter has a significant impact on recanalization in patients with acute stroke. The balloon-guiding catheter should be positioned as distally as safely possible in the cervical ICA for maximally effective thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Jeong
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., J.W.K., B.M.K., D.J.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology (D.E.J.), YeongNam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - J W Kim
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., J.W.K., B.M.K., D.J.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - B M Kim
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., J.W.K., B.M.K., D.J.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - W Hwang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (W.H.), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D J Kim
- From the Department of Radiology (D.E.J., J.W.K., B.M.K., D.J.K.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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21
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Jeong DE, So Y, Lim H, Park SH, Choi SK. Scarless Genomic Point Mutation to Construct a Bacillus subtilis Strain Displaying Increased Antibiotic Plipastatin Production. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 28:1030-1036. [PMID: 29642284 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1710.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus strains produce various types of antibiotics, and random mutagenesis has traditionally been used to overproduce these natural metabolites. However, this method leads to the accumulation of unwanted mutations in the genome. Here, we rationally designed a single nucleotide substitution in the degU gene to generate a B. subtilis strain displaying increased plipastatin production in a foreign DNA-free manner. The mutant strain (BS1028u) showed improved antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum. Notably, pps operon deletion in BS1028u resulted in complete loss of antifungal activity, suggesting that the antifungal activity strongly depends on the expression of the pps operon. Quantitative real-time PCR and lacZ assays showed that the point mutation resulted in 2-fold increased pps operon expression, which caused the increase in antifungal activity. Likewise, commercial Bacillus strains can be improved to display higher antifungal activity by rationally designed simple modifications of their genome, rendering them more efficient biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younju So
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Lim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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22
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Nho JH, Jung HK, Lee MJ, Jang JH, Sim MO, Jeong DE, Cho HW, Kim JC. Beneficial Effects of Cynaroside on Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:133-141. [PMID: 29686775 PMCID: PMC5903139 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin and doxorubicin are effectively used more than radiotherapy. Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug, used for treatment of various forms of cancer. However, it has side effects such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity increases tubular damage and renal dysfunction. Consequently, we investigated the beneficial effect of cynaroside on cisplatin-induced kidney injury using HK-2 cell (human proximal tubule cell line) and an animal model. Results indicated that 10 μM cynaroside diminished cisplatin-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-3 activation, cisplatin-induced upregulation of caspase-3/MST-1 pathway decreased by treatment of cynaroside in HK-2 cells. To confirm the effect of cynaroside on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in vivo, we used cisplatin exposure animal model (20 mg/kg, balb/c mice, i.p., once a day for 3 days). Renal dysfunction, tubular damage and neutrophilia induced by cisplatin injection were decreased by cynaroside (10 mg/kg, i.p., once a day for 3 days). Results indicated that cynaroside decreased cisplatin-induced kidney injury in vitro and in vivo, and it could be used for improving cisplatin-induced side effects. However, further experiments are required regarding toxicity by high dose cynaroside and caspase-3/MST-1-linked signal transduction in the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Nho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Jung
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mu-Jin Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Sim
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Jeong D, Kim DJ. Abstract TP28: Influence of Ballon Guide Catheter Cathterization on Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke Patients. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.tp28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose:
Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with proximal flow control and negative aspiration may improve the outcome of endovascular revascularization therapy (ERT) for acute stroke patients. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of balloon guide catheter (BGC) catheterization on benchtop tests and in patients treated for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke using mechanical thrombectomy.
Method:
A benchtop test was performed with a silicone cerebrovascular model. The negative suction pressure was compared according to the catheterization location {proximal; placement of BGC proximal to atlas vertebral body(2nd, 3rd and 4th cervical vertabra) , distal; Placement of BGC is the skull base or upper side of atlas vertebral body lower margin}of the BGC. The influences of the BGC was analyzed in acute stroke patients with large anterior circulation occlusion. The baseline clinical characteristics, procedural variables, recanalization rate and clinical outcomes were compared.
Result:
The benchtop test showed that the distally located balloon showed 11 % increase in suction pressure. The clinical analysis included 104 patients (age: 70.1±12.3 70). The locations of the BGC inflations were distal (n=47) and proximal (n=57) groups. Proximal BGC group was more frequently associated with hypertension (77% versus 57%; P=0.031). The recanalization rate was significantly higher in the distal BGC group (95.7% versus 66.7%;
P
<0.0001). Needle to recanalization time is more shorter in distal balloon group than proximal balloon group (48.57 ± 26.1 VS 68.3 ± 44.8 P = 0.005). The incidence of emboli to new territory (ENT) was less frequent in the distal BGC group.
Conclusions:
Catheterization of the BGC may have influences on the recanalization of occluded anterior circulation arteries in acute stroke patients. The BGC should be navigated as distally as possible in the cervical ICA for maximally effective thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaEun Jeong
- Dept of Neurology, Asan Med Cntr, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Dept of Radiology, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
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Jeong DE, So Y, Park SY, Park SH, Choi SK. Random knock-in expression system for high yield production of heterologous protein in Bacillus subtilis. J Biotechnol 2017; 266:50-58. [PMID: 29229542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome-integrated recombinant protein expression in bacteria has advantages for the stable maintenance of genes without any use of antibiotics during large-scale fermentation. Even though different levels of gene expression were reported, depending upon their chromosomal position in bacterial species, only a limited number of integration sites have been used in B. subtilis. In this study, we randomly integrated the GFP and AprE expression cassettes into the B. subtilis genome to determine integration sites that can produce a high yield of heterologous protein expression. Our mariner transposon-based expression cassette integration system was able to find integration sites, which can produce up to 2.9-fold and 1.5-fold increased expression of intracellular GFP and extracellular AprE, respectively, compared to the common integration site amyE. By analyzing the location of integration sites, we observed an adjacent promoter effect, gene dosage effect, and gene knock-out effect all complexly contributing to the increased level of integrated gene expression. Besides obtaining a high yield of heterologous protein expression, our system can also provide a wide-range of expression to expand the systematic application for steady-state metabolic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younju So
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Genofocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong DE, Park SH, Pan JG, Kim EJ, Choi SK. Genome engineering using a synthetic gene circuit in Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:e42. [PMID: 25552415 PMCID: PMC4381049 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering without leaving foreign DNA behind requires an efficient counter-selectable marker system. Here, we developed a genome engineering method in Bacillus subtilis using a synthetic gene circuit as a counter-selectable marker system. The system contained two repressible promoters (B. subtilis xylA (Pxyl) and spac (Pspac)) and two repressor genes (lacI and xylR). Pxyl-lacI was integrated into the B. subtilis genome with a target gene containing a desired mutation. The xylR and Pspac–chloramphenicol resistant genes (cat) were located on a helper plasmid. In the presence of xylose, repression of XylR by xylose induced LacI expression, the LacIs repressed the Pspac promoter and the cells become chloramphenicol sensitive. Thus, to survive in the presence of chloramphenicol, the cell must delete Pxyl-lacI by recombination between the wild-type and mutated target genes. The recombination leads to mutation of the target gene. The remaining helper plasmid was removed easily under the chloramphenicol absent condition. In this study, we showed base insertion, deletion and point mutation of the B. subtilis genome without leaving any foreign DNA behind. Additionally, we successfully deleted a 2-kb gene (amyE) and a 38-kb operon (ppsABCDE). This method will be useful to construct designer Bacillus strains for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Jeong
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Pan
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Joong Kim
- Genofocus Inc., 533-1 Yongsan-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
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Kim JM, Ahn SW, Youn YC, Kwon OS, Jeong DE. Steroid responsive rhombencephalitis and optic neuritis with autoimmune thyroid disease. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:813-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jeong DE, Lee SK, Kim K. Comparison of the activity of the gluteus medius according to the angles of inclination of a treadmill with vertical load. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:251-3. [PMID: 24648642 PMCID: PMC3944299 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activity of the gluteus
medius according to treadmill inclination during gait with a vertical load on a treadmill.
[Methods] Sixteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The
subjects walked on a treadmill at inclination angles of 0, 5, and 10 degrees. [Results]
Muscle activity of the gluteus medius increased at 5° compared to 0° treadmill
inclination, though the difference was not significant. On the other hand, gluteus medius
muscle activity significantly decreased in treadmill walking at an inclination of 10°
compared to 5°. [Conclusion] Selective strengthening exercises using a 5° treadmill angle
could be useful for patients experiencing gluteus medius weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Jeong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Daegu University, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gimhae College, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
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Jeong H, Jeong DE, Sim YM, Park SH, Choi SK. Genome Sequence of Lysinibacillus sphaericus Strain KCTC 3346T. Genome Announc 2013; 1:e00625-13. [PMID: 23950128 PMCID: PMC3744684 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00625-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysinibacillus sphaericus is a heterogeneous species that includes strains that produce mosquitocidal toxin proteins. Herein, we report the 4.56-Mb draft genome sequence of the nonpathogenic L. sphaericus strain KCTC 3346(T), which provides clues for the phylogenetic reassessment of L. sphaericus species and an understanding of its physiological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoung Jeong
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Jeong
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Sim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Super-Bacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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