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Amigó-Correig M, Barceló-Batllori S, Soria G, Krezymon A, Benani A, Pénicaud L, Tudela R, Planas AM, Fernández E, Carmona MDC, Gomis R. Anti-obesity sodium tungstate treatment triggers axonal and glial plasticity in hypothalamic feeding centers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39087. [PMID: 22802935 PMCID: PMC3389016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims at exploring the effects of sodium tungstate treatment on hypothalamic plasticity, which is known to have an important role in the control of energy metabolism. Methods Adult lean and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were orally treated with sodium tungstate. Arcuate and paraventricular nuclei and lateral hypothalamus were separated and subjected to proteomic analysis by DIGE and mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemistry and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging were also performed. Results Sodium tungstate treatment reduced body weight gain, food intake, and blood glucose and triglyceride levels. These effects were associated with transcriptional and functional changes in the hypothalamus. Proteomic analysis revealed that sodium tungstate modified the expression levels of proteins involved in cell morphology, axonal growth, and tissue remodeling, such as actin, CRMP2 and neurofilaments, and of proteins related to energy metabolism. Moreover, immunohistochemistry studies confirmed results for some targets and further revealed tungstate-dependent regulation of SNAP25 and HPC-1 proteins, suggesting an effect on synaptogenesis as well. Functional test for cell activity based on c-fos-positive cell counting also suggested that sodium tungstate modified hypothalamic basal activity. Finally, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging showed that tungstate treatment can affect neuronal organization in the hypothalamus. Conclusions Altogether, these results suggest that sodium tungstate regulates proteins involved in axonal and glial plasticity. The fact that sodium tungstate could modulate hypothalamic plasticity and networks in adulthood makes it a possible and interesting therapeutic strategy not only for obesity management, but also for other neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Amigó-Correig
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Barceló-Batllori
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alice Krezymon
- Taste and Food Science Center, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Taste and Food Science Center, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Taste and Food Science Center, UMR 6265-CNRS, 1324-INRA, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Raúl Tudela
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Group of Biomedical Imaging of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández
- Bioengineering Institute and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Carmona
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MCC); (RG)
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MCC); (RG)
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52
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McNay EC, Recknagel AK. Reprint of: 'Brain insulin signaling: A key component of cognitive processes and a potential basis for cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes'. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:517-28. [PMID: 22085799 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the role of insulin in the brain has gradually expanded, from initial conceptions of the brain as insulin-insensitive through identification of a role in regulation of feeding, to recent demonstration of insulin as a key component of hippocampal memory processes. Conversely, systemic insulin resistance such as that seen in type 2 diabetes is associated with a range of cognitive and neural deficits. Here we review the evidence for insulin as a cognitive and neural modulator, including potential effector mechanisms, and examine the impact that type 2 diabetes has on these mechanisms in order to identify likely bases for the cognitive impairments seen in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany (SUNY), SS399, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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53
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Molin M, Yang J, Hanzén S, Toledano M, Labarre J, Nyström T. Life Span Extension and H2O2 Resistance Elicited by Caloric Restriction Require the Peroxiredoxin Tsa1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell 2011; 43:823-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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54
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McNay EC, Recknagel AK. Brain insulin signaling: a key component of cognitive processes and a potential basis for cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:432-42. [PMID: 21907815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the role of insulin in the brain has gradually expanded, from initial conceptions of the brain as insulin-insensitive through identification of a role in regulation of feeding, to recent demonstration of insulin as a key component of hippocampal memory processes. Conversely, systemic insulin resistance such as that seen in type 2 diabetes is associated with a range of cognitive and neural deficits. Here we review the evidence for insulin as a cognitive and neural modulator, including potential effector mechanisms, and examine the impact that type 2 diabetes has on these mechanisms in order to identify likely bases for the cognitive impairments seen in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany (SUNY), SS399, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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55
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Rojo DR, Prough DS, Falduto MT, Boone DR, Micci MA, Kahrig KM, Crookshanks JM, Jimenez A, Uchida T, Cowart JC, Hawkins BE, Avila M, DeWitt DS, Hellmich HL. Influence of stochastic gene expression on the cell survival rheostat after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23111. [PMID: 21853077 PMCID: PMC3154935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that random, spontaneous (stochastic) fluctuations in gene expression have important biological consequences, including determination of cell fate and phenotypic variation within isogenic populations. We propose that fluctuations in gene expression represent a valuable tool to explore therapeutic strategies for patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI), for which there is no effective drug therapy. We have studied the effects of TBI on the hippocampus because TBI survivors commonly suffer cognitive problems that are associated with hippocampal damage. In our previous studies we separated dying and surviving hippocampal neurons by laser capture microdissection and observed unexplainable variations in post-TBI gene expression, even though dying and surviving neurons were adjacent and morphologically identical. We hypothesized that, in hippocampal neurons that subsequently are subjected to TBI, randomly increased pre-TBI expression of genes that are associated with neuroprotection predisposes neurons to survival; conversely, randomly decreased expression of these genes predisposes neurons to death. Thus, to identify genes that are associated with endogenous neuroprotection, we performed a comparative, high-resolution transcriptome analysis of dying and surviving hippocampal neurons in rats subjected to TBI. We found that surviving hippocampal neurons express a distinct molecular signature — increased expression of networks of genes that are associated with regeneration, cellular reprogramming, development, and synaptic plasticity. In dying neurons we found decreased expression of genes in those networks. Based on these data, we propose a hypothetical model in which hippocampal neuronal survival is determined by a rheostat that adds injury-induced genomic signals to expression of pro-survival genes, which pre-TBI varies randomly and spontaneously from neuron to neuron. We suggest that pharmacotherapeutic strategies that co-activate multiple survival signals and enhance self-repair mechanisms have the potential to shift the cell survival rheostat to favor survival and therefore improve functional outcome after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Rojo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Deborah R. Boone
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Kahrig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeanna M. Crookshanks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arnaldo Jimenez
- Vel-Lab Research, Missouri City, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tatsuo Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy C. Cowart
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcela Avila
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kohman RA, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Kelley KW, Dantzer R, Rhodes JS. Voluntary wheel running reverses age-induced changes in hippocampal gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22654. [PMID: 21857943 PMCID: PMC3152565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal aging alters expression of numerous genes within the brain. Some of these transcription changes likely contribute to age-associated cognitive decline, reduced neural plasticity, and the higher incidence of neuropathology. Identifying factors that modulate brain aging is crucial for improving quality of life. One promising intervention to counteract negative effects of aging is aerobic exercise. Aged subjects that exercise show enhanced cognitive performance and increased hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Currently, the mechanisms behind the anti-aging effects of exercise are not understood. The present study conducted a microarray on whole hippocampal samples from adult (3.5-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) male BALB/c mice that were individually housed with or without running wheels for 8 weeks. Results showed that aging altered genes related to chromatin remodeling, cell growth, immune activity, and synapse organization compared to adult mice. Exercise was found to modulate many of the genes altered by aging, but in the opposite direction. For example, wheel running increased expression of genes related to cell growth and attenuated expression of genes involved in immune function and chromatin remodeling. Collectively, findings show that even late-onset exercise may attenuate age-related changes in gene expression and identifies possible pathways through which exercise may exert its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kohman
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
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57
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Riccio P. The molecular basis of nutritional intervention in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review. Complement Ther Med 2011; 19:228-37. [PMID: 21827937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that nutrition is one of the possible environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but its role as complementary MS treatment is unclear and largely disregarded. At present, MS therapy is not associated to a particular diet, probably due to lack of information on the effects of nutrition on the disease. To overcome the distrust of the usefulness of dietary control in MS and to encourage nutritional interventions in the course of the disease, it is necessary to assess the nature and the role of bioactive dietary molecules and their targets, and establish how a dietary control can influence cell metabolism and improve the wellness of MS patients. The aim of this review is to provide a rationale for a nutritional intervention in MS by evaluating at the molecular level the effects of dietary molecules on the inflammatory and autoimmune processes involved in the disease. Present data reveal that healthy dietary molecules have a pleiotropic role and are able to change cell metabolism from anabolism to catabolism and down-regulate inflammation by interacting with enzymes, nuclear receptors and transcriptional factors. The control of gut dysbiosis and the combination of hypo-caloric, low-fat diets with specific vitamins, oligoelements and dietary integrators, including fish oil and polyphenols, may slow-down the progression of the disease and ameliorate the wellness of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riccio
- Dipartimento di Biologia D.B.A.F., University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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58
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Park HR, Lee J. Neurogenic contributions made by dietary regulation to hippocampal neurogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:23-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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59
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Riccio P, Rossano R, Liuzzi GM. May diet and dietary supplements improve the wellness of multiple sclerosis patients? A molecular approach. Autoimmune Dis 2011; 2010:249842. [PMID: 21461338 PMCID: PMC3065662 DOI: 10.4061/2010/249842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex and multifactorial neurological disease, and nutrition is one of the environmental factors possibly involved in its pathogenesis. At present, the role of nutrition is unclear, and MS therapy is not associated to a particular diet. MS clinical trials based on specific diets or dietary supplements are very few and in some cases controversial. To understand how diet can influence the course of MS and improve the wellness of MS patients, it is necessary to identify the dietary molecules, their targets and the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of the disease. The aim of this paper is to provide a molecular basis for the nutritional intervention in MS by evaluating at molecular level the effect of dietary molecules on the inflammatory and autoimmune processes involved in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccio
- Dipartimento di Biologia D.B.A.F., Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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60
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61
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Babikian T, Prins ML, Cai Y, Barkhoudarian G, Hartonian I, Hovda DA, Giza CC. Molecular and physiological responses to juvenile traumatic brain injury: focus on growth and metabolism. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:431-41. [PMID: 21071915 DOI: 10.1159/000320667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), one of the most frequent causes of neurologic and neurobehavioral morbidity in the pediatric population, can result in lifelong challenges not only for patients, but also for their families. Survivors of a brain injury experienced during childhood - when the brain is undergoing a period of rapid development - frequently experience unique challenges as the consequences of their injuries are overlaid on normal developmental changes. Experimental studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms and underlying molecular underpinnings of the injury response and recovery process following a TBI in the developing brain. In this paper, normal and TBI-related alterations in growth, development and metabolism are comprehensively reviewed in the postweanling/juvenile age range in the rat (postnatal days 21-60). As part of this review, TBI-related changes in gene expression are presented, with a focus on the injury-induced alterations related to cerebral growth and metabolism, and discussed in the context of existing literature related to physiological and behavioral responses to experimental TBI. Increasing evidence from the existing literature and from our own gene microarray data indicates that molecular responses related to growth, development and metabolism may play a particularly important role in the injury response and the recovery trajectory following developmental TBI. While gene expression analysis shows many of these changes occur at the level of transcription, a comprehensive review of other studies suggests that the control of metabolic substrates may preferentially be regulated through changes in transporters and enzymatic activity. The interrelation between cellular metabolism and activity-dependent neuroplasticity shows great promise as an area for future study for an optimal translation of experimental data to clinical TBI, with the ultimate goal of guiding therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Babikian
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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62
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Gredilla R, Weissman L, Yang JL, Bohr VA, Stevnsner T. Mitochondrial base excision repair in mouse synaptosomes during normal aging and in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:694-707. [PMID: 20708822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with synaptic decline and synaptic function is highly dependent on mitochondria. Increased levels of oxidative DNA base damage and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations or deletions lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, playing an important role in the aging process and the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Here we have investigated the repair of oxidative base damage, in synaptosomes of mouse brain during normal aging and in an AD model. During normal aging, a reduction in the base excision repair (BER) capacity was observed in the synaptosomal fraction, which was associated with a decrease in the level of BER proteins. However, we did not observe changes between the synaptosomal BER activities of presymptomatic and symptomatic AD mice harboring mutated amyolid precursor protein (APP), Tau, and presinilin-1 (PS1) (3xTgAD). Our findings suggest that the age-related reduction in BER capacity in the synaptosomal fraction might contribute to mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction during aging. The development of AD-like pathology in the 3xTgAD mouse model was, however, not associated with deficiencies of the BER mechanisms in the synaptosomal fraction when the whole brain was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gredilla
- Danish Center for Molecular Gerontology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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63
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Abstract
The mitochondrion is the most important organelle in determining continued cell survival and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to many human maladies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. These mitochondria-related pathologies range from early infancy to senescence. The central premise of this review is that if mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to the pathological state, alleviating the mitochondrial dysfunction would contribute to attenuating the severity or progression of the disease. Therefore, this review will examine the role of mitochondria in the etiology and progression of several diseases and explore potential therapeutic benefits of targeting mitochondria in mitigating the disease processes. Indeed, recent advances in mitochondrial biology have led to selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate and manipulate mitochondrial function and genomics for therapeutic benefit. These approaches to treat mitochondrial dysfunction rationally could lead to selective protection of cells in different tissues and various disease states. However, most of these approaches are in their infancy.
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64
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Michalsen A. Prolonged fasting as a method of mood enhancement in chronic pain syndromes: a review of clinical evidence and mechanisms. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2010; 14:80-7. [PMID: 20425196 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-010-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Periods of deliberate fasting with restriction to intake of solid food are practiced worldwide, mostly based on a traditional, cultural, or religious background. Recent evidence from clinical trials shows that medically supervised modified fasting (200-500 kcal nutritional intake/day) with periods from 7 to 21 days is efficacious in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and chronic pain syndromes. Here, fasting is frequently accompanied by increased alertness and mood enhancement. The beneficial claims of fasting are supported by experimental research, which has found fasting to be associated with increased brain availability of serotonin, endogenous opioids, and endocannabinoids. Fasting-induced neuroendocrine activation and mild cellular stress response with increased production of neurotrophic factors may also contribute to the mood enhancement of fasting. Fasting treatments may be useful as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in chronic pain patients. The mood-enhancing and pain-relieving effect of therapeutic fasting should be further evaluated in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Michalsen
- Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Department of Internal and Complementary Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-University Medical Centre, Germany.
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65
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Someya S, Tanokura M, Weindruch R, Prolla TA, Yamasoba T. Effects of caloric restriction on age-related hearing loss in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 3:20-5. [PMID: 20298166 DOI: 10.2174/1874609811003010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (AHL), also known as presbycusis, is a universal feature of mammalian aging and is the most frequently occurring sensory disorder in the elderly population. AHL is characterized by a decline of auditory function and loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea of the inner ear. It has been postulated that AHL occurs gradually as a result of the cumulative effect with aging of exposure to noise, diet, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial DNA mutations. However, the molecular mechanisms of AHL remain unclear and no preventative or therapeutic interventions have been developed. A growing body of evidence suggests increased oxidative damage with aging to macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids may play a causal role in aging and age-related diseases. Caloric restriction (CR) extends the lifespan of most mammalian species, delays the onset of multiple age-related diseases, and attenuates both the degree of oxidative damage and the associated decline in physiological function. Here, we review studies on CR's ability to prevent cochlear pathology and AHL in laboratory animals and discuss potential molecular mechanisms of CR's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Someya
- Departments of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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66
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Spindler SR. Caloric restriction: from soup to nuts. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:324-53. [PMID: 19853062 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), reduced protein, methionine, or tryptophan diets; and reduced insulin and/or IGFI intracellular signaling can extend mean and/or maximum lifespan and delay deleterious age-related physiological changes in animals. Mice and flies can shift readily between the control and CR physiological states, even at older ages. Many health benefits are induced by even brief periods of CR in flies, rodents, monkeys, and humans. In humans and nonhuman primates, CR produces most of the physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical changes it produces in other animals. In primates, CR provides protection from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, immunological decline, malignancy, hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis and failure, sarcopenia, inflammation, and DNA damage. It also enhances muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, affords neuroprotection; and extends mean and maximum lifespan. CR rapidly induces antineoplastic effects in mice. Most claims of lifespan extension in rodents by drugs or nutrients are confounded by CR effects. Transcription factors and co-activators involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism, including SirT1, PGC-1alpha, AMPK and TOR may be involved in the lifespan effects of CR. Paradoxically, low body weight in middle aged and elderly humans is associated with increased mortality. Thus, enhancement of human longevity may require pharmaceutical interventions.
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67
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Changes in regional activity are accompanied with changes in inter-regional connectivity during 4 weeks motor learning. Brain Res 2010; 1318:64-76. [PMID: 20051230 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural equation modeling (SEM) and fMRI were used to test whether changes in the regional activity are accompanied by changes in the inter-regional connectivity as motor practice progresses. Ten healthy subjects were trained to perform finger movement task daily for 4 weeks. Three sessions of fMRI images were acquired within 4 weeks. The changes in inter-regional connectivity were evaluated by measuring the effective connectivity between the primary motor area (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), basal ganglia (BG), cerebellum (CB), and posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pVLPFC). The regional activities in M1 and SMA increased from pre-training to week 2 and decreased from week 2 to week 4. The inter-regional connectivity generally increased in strength (with SEM path coefficients becoming more positive or negative) as practice progressed. The increases in the strength of the inter-regional connectivity may reflect long-term reorganization of the skilled motor network. We suggest that the performance gain was achieved by dynamically tuning the inter-regional connectivity in the motor network.
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68
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Hardeland R. Neuroprotection by radical avoidance: search for suitable agents. Molecules 2009; 14:5054-102. [PMID: 20032877 PMCID: PMC6255388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is frequently associated with damage by free radicals. However, increases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which may ultimately lead to neuronal cell death, do not necessarily reflect its primary cause, but can be a consequence of otherwise induced cellular dysfunction. Detrimental processes which promote free radical formation are initiated, e.g., by disturbances in calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial malfunction, and an age-related decline in the circadian oscillator system. Free radicals generated at high rates under pathophysiological conditions are insufficiently detoxified by scavengers. Interventions at the primary causes of dysfunction, which avoid secondary rises in radical formation, may be more efficient. The aim of such approaches should be to prevent calcium overload, to reduce mitochondrial electron dissipation, to support electron transport capacity, and to avoid circadian perturbations. L-theanine and several amphiphilic nitrones are capable of counteracting excitotoxicity and/or mitochondrial radical formation. Resveratrol seems to promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial effects of leptin include attenuation of electron leakage. Melatonin combines all the requirements mentioned, additionally regulates anti- and pro-oxidant enzymes and is, with few exceptions, very well tolerated. In this review, the perspectives, problems and limits of drugs are compared which may be suitable for reducing the formation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner str. 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Nehlin JO, Barington T. Strategies for future histocompatible stem cell therapy. Biogerontology 2009; 10:339-76. [PMID: 19219637 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy based on the safe and unlimited self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells is envisioned for future use in tissue or organ replacement after injury or disease. A gradual decline of regenerative capacity has been documented among the adult stem cell population in some body organs during the aging process. Recent progress in human somatic cell nuclear transfer and inducible pluripotent stem cell technologies has shown that patient-derived nuclei or somatic cells can be reprogrammed in vitro to become pluripotent stem cells, from which the three germ layer lineages can be generated, genetically identical to the recipient. Once differentiation protocols and culture conditions can be defined and optimized, patient-histocompatible pluripotent stem cells could be directed towards virtually every cell type in the human body. Harnessing this capability to enrich for given cells within a developmental lineage, would facilitate the transplantation of organ/tissue-specific adult stem cells or terminally differentiated somatic cells to improve the function of diseased organs or tissues in an individual. Here, we present an overview of various experimental cell therapy technologies based on the use of patient-histocompatible stem cells, the pending issues needed to be dealt with before clinical trials can be initiated, evidence for the loss and/or aging of the stem cell pool and some of the possible uses of human pluripotent stem cell-derivatives aimed at curing disease and improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- Center for Stem Cell Treatment, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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Park HR, Park M, Kim HS, Lee J. Molecular Mechanism of Dietary Restriction in Neuroprevention and Neurogenesis: Involvement of Neurotrophic Factors. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:245-251. [PMID: 32038802 PMCID: PMC7006290 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is the most efficacious intervention for retarding the deleterious effects of aging. DR increases longevity, decreases the occurrence and severity of age-related diseases, and retards the physiological decline associated with aging. The beneficial effects of DR have been mostly studied in non-neuronal tissues. However, several studies have showed that DR attenuate neuronal loss after several different insults including exposure to kainate, ischemia, and MPTR Moreover, administration of the non-metabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) could mimic the neuroprotective effect of DR in rodent, presumably by limiting glucose availability at the cellular level. Based on the studies of chemically induced D.R., it has been proposed that the mechanism whereby DR and 2DG protect neurons is largely mediated by stress response proteins such as HSP70 and GRP78 which are increased in neurons of rats and mice fed a DR regimen. In addition, D.R., as mild metabolic stress, could lead to the increased activity in neuronal circuits and thus induce expression of neurotrophic factors. Interestingly, such increased neuronal activities also enhance neurogenesis in the brains of adult rodents. In this review, we focus on what is known regarding molecular mechanisms of the protective role of DR in neurodegenerative diseases and aging process. Also, we propose that DR is a mild cellular stress that stimulates production of neurotrophic factors, which are major regulators of neuronal survival, as well as neurogenesis in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ra Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Mikyung Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 Korea
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