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Lee MS, Lee B, Park KE, Utsuki T, Shin T, Oh CW, Kim HR. Dieckol enhances the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes by the activation of Nrf2–MAPK signalling pathway in HepG2 cells. Food Chem 2015; 174:538-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The protective effect of melatonin on neural stem cell against LPS-induced inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:854359. [PMID: 25705693 PMCID: PMC4331478 DOI: 10.1155/2015/854359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration has several limitations in the fact that transplanted cells could not survive for a long time. For solving these limitations, many studies have focused on the antioxidants to increase survival rate of neural stem cells (NSCs). Melatonin, an antioxidant synthesized in the pineal gland, plays multiple roles in various physiological mechanisms. Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. To determine the effect of melatonin on NSCs which is in LPS-induced inflammatory stress state, we first investigated nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity using Griess reagent assays, LDH assay, and neurosphere counting. Also, we investigated the effect of melatonin on NSCs by measuring the mRNA levels of SOX2, TLX, and FGFR-2. In addition, western blot analyses were performed to examine the activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling in LPS-treated NSCs. In the present study, we suggested that melatonin inhibits NO production and protects NSCs against LPS-induced inflammatory stress. In addition, melatonin promoted the expression of SOX2 and activated the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling under LPS-induced inflammation condition. Based on our results, we conclude that melatonin may be an important factor for the survival and proliferation of NSCs in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Boyanapalli SSS, Paredes-Gonzalez X, Fuentes F, Zhang C, Guo Y, Pung D, Saw CLL, Kong ANT. Nrf2 knockout attenuates the anti-inflammatory effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate and curcumin. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2036-43. [PMID: 25387343 PMCID: PMC4269407 DOI: 10.1021/tx500234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
role of phytochemicals in preventive and therapeutic medicine
is a major area of scientific research. Several studies have illustrated
the mechanistic roles of phytochemicals in Nrf2 transcriptional activation.
The present study aims to examine the importance of the transcription
factor Nrf2 by treating peritoneal macrophages from Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2–/– mice ex vivo with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and curcumin (CUR). The peritoneal
macrophages were pretreated with the drugs and challenged with lipopolysaccharides
(LPSs) alone and in combination with PEITC or CUR to assess their
anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects based on gene and protein
expression in the treated cells. LPS treatment resulted in an increase
in the expression of inflammatory markers such as cycloxygenase-2
(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2–/– macrophages, detected by quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Nrf2+/+ macrophages treated
with PEITC and CUR exhibited a significant decrease in the expression
of these anti-inflammatory genes along with an increase in the expression
of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is an antioxidative stress gene downstream
of the Nrf2 transcription factor battery. Although there was no significant
decrease in the expression of the anti-inflammatory genes or an increase
in HO-1 expression in Nrf2–/– macrophages
treated with either PEITC or CUR, there was a significant decrease
in the protein expression of COX-2 and an increase in the expression
of HO-1 in Nrf2+/+ macrophages treated with PEITC compared
to that with CUR treatment. No significant changes were observed in
the macrophages from knockout animals. Additionally, there was a significant
decrease in LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production following
PEITC treatment compared with that following CUR in Nrf2+/+ macrophages, whereas no change was observed in the macrophages from
knockout animals. The results from qPCR, western blot, and ELISA
analyses in macrophages from Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2 –/– mice indicate that Nrf2 plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory
and antioxidative effects of PEITC and CUR, as observed by their decreased
activities in Nrf2–/– macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarandeep S S Boyanapalli
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Queisser N, Oteiza PI, Link S, Hey V, Stopper H, Schupp N. Aldosterone activates transcription factor Nrf2 in kidney cells both in vitro and in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2126-42. [PMID: 24512358 PMCID: PMC4215337 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS An increased kidney cancer risk was found in hypertensive patients, who frequently exhibit hyperaldosteronism, known to contribute to kidney injury, with oxidative stress playing an important role. The capacity of kidney cells to up-regulate transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key regulator of the cellular antioxidative defense, as a prevention of aldosterone-induced oxidative damage was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Aldosterone activated Nrf2 and increased the expression of enzymes involved in glutathione (GSH) synthesis and detoxification. This activation depended on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and oxidative stress. In vitro, Nrf2 activation, GSH amounts, and target gene levels decreased after 24 h, while oxidant levels remained high. Nrf2 activation could not protect cells against oxidative DNA damage, as aldosterone-induced double-strand breaks and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine (8-oxodG) lesions steadily rose. The Nrf2 activator sulforaphane enhanced the Nrf2 response both in vitro and in vivo, thereby preventing aldosterone-induced DNA damage. In vivo, Nrf2 activation further had beneficial effects on the aldosterone-caused blood pressure increase and loss of kidney function. INNOVATION This is the first study showing the activation of Nrf2 by aldosterone. Moreover, the results identify sulforaphane as a substance that is capable of preventing aldosterone-induced damage both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Aldosterone-induced Nrf2 adaptive response cannot neutralize oxidative actions of chronically increased aldosterone, which, therefore could be causally involved in the increased cancer incidence of hypertensive individuals. Enhancing the cellular antioxidative defense with sulforaphane might exhibit beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Queisser
- 1 Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
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56
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Jun YJ, Lee M, Shin T, Yoon N, Kim JH, Kim HR. eckol enhances heme oxygenase-1 expression through activation of Nrf2/JNK pathway in HepG2 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:15638-52. [PMID: 25268719 PMCID: PMC6271008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eckol isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera was previously reported to exhibit cytoprotective activity with its intrinsic antioxidant activity in in vitro studies. In this study, we characterized the mechanism underlying the eckol-mediated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Eckol suppressed the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased glutathione level in HepG2 cells. Eckol treatment enhanced the expression of HO-1 at the both level of protein and mRNA in HepG2 cells. Enhanced expression of HO-1 by eckol was presumed to be the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) demonstrated by its nuclear translocation and increased transcriptional activity. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) and PI3K/Akt contributed to Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression. These results demonstrate that the eckol-mediated expression of HO-1 in HepG2 cells is regulated by Nrf2 activation via JNK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, suggesting that eckol may be used as a natural antioxidant and cytoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Minsup Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Taisun Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea.
| | - Nayoung Yoon
- Food Safety Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Busan 619-705, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hoe Kim
- Food Safety Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Busan 619-705, Korea.
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
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57
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Haeiwa H, Fujita T, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Oleic acid promotes adaptability against oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cells through lipohormesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 386:73-83. [PMID: 24234346 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although fatty acids are important components of biological membranes, energy sources, and signal transducers or precursors of lipid mediators, excess intake of fatty acids and their accumulation cause obesity and metabolic syndrome. Thus, fatty acid quantity is known to be an important factor for obesity-related diseases, but the effects of different types of fatty acids (i.e., fatty acid quality) on human health are not completely understood. We here focused on the relationship between fatty acid quality and oxidative stress by investigating whether resistibility to tert-butyl hydrperoxide (t-BuOOH)-induced oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cells varied according to the fatty acid type. Among eight fatty acids (both saturated and unsaturated) tested, oleic acid (OA) exerted the most pronounced cytoprotective effects, with efficacy over a wide range of concentrations. OA treatment markedly enhanced the intracellular levels of lipid peroxidation markers, including N(ε)-(hexanoyl)lysine, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and acrolein. The levels of these markers in OA-treated cells were decreased after t-BuOOH exposure, whereas the levels in untreated control cells were notably increased after t-BuOOH exposure. Our results suggested that unsaturated fatty acids, particularly OA, could promote an adaptive response and enhance cell tolerance through increased cellular antioxidative capacity via OA-induced mild lipid peroxidation (lipohormesis), and thus protect cells against subsequent oxidative stress-related injury.
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58
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Microglia in Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:437483. [PMID: 25197646 PMCID: PMC4150406 DOI: 10.1155/2014/437483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a familiar neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. In this paper, we will review current viewpoints of microglial activation, inflammatory regulatory systems, and their relationship with AD pathology and etiology. Microglia cells are macrophage and representative of the innate immune system in brain. AD brain is marked by obvious inflammatory features, in which microglial activation is the driving force. β-amyloid protein sedimentation activates microglia cells, which causes the inflammation in AD. Microglia cells have dual roles: they provoke the release of inflammatory factors and cytotoxins leading to neuronal injuries and death; on the other hand, they have the neuroprotective effects. Through this, we hope to illustrate that the anti-inflammatory defenses of neurons can be practiced in the future strategy for recuperating the balance between the levels of inflammatory mediators and immune regulators in AD.
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59
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Gao D, Zhao M, Qi X, Liu Y, Li N, Liu Z, Bian Y. Hypoglycemic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins by enhancing the Nrf2 signaling pathway in STZ-inducing diabetic rats. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 39:221-230. [PMID: 25066072 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) is a natural plant resources for diabetes therapy, however, there is little research on the mechanisms of GP. The present study was undertaken to characterize if G. pentaphyllum saponins (GPs) is the principal active compound of GP responsible for anti-diabetes, and to examine the relativity between blood glucose modulate and antioxidation. The GPs-treated streptozotocin diabetic rats had a more effective hypoglycemic status than those of diabetic control rats, which also ameliorate dyslipidemia. GPs has increased SOD and GSH-px activities, and the spleen and thymus indexes in diabetic rats. The insulin levels in the GPs-treated groups were significantly higher than diabetic control group. Our finding provides a new insight into the application of GPs for the treatment of oxidative stress related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Gao
- Applied Chemical Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Biological Engineering, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Cultural Road, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Ximing Qi
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Cultural Road, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Applied Chemical Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Biological Engineering, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Nan Li
- Applied Chemical Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Biological Engineering, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Applied Chemical Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Biological Engineering, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yanhong Bian
- Applied Chemical Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Biological Engineering, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
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Yang Y, Li W, Liu Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Yao Q, Li J, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Gao L, Zhao J. Alpha-lipoic acid improves high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the transcription factors SREBP-1, FoxO1 and Nrf2 via the SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1207-1217. [PMID: 25123628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which alpha-lipoic acid supplementation has a protective effect upon nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in vivo and in vitro may lead to targets for preventing hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid for 24 weeks. HepG2 cells were incubated with normal medium, palmitate or alpha-lipoic acid. The lipid-lowering effects were measured. The protein expression and distribution were analyzed by Western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, respectively. We found that alpha-lipoic acid enhanced sirtuin 1 deacetylase activity through liver kinase B1 and stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase. By activating the sirtuin 1/liver kinase B1/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, the translocation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 into the nucleus and forkhead box O1 into the cytoplasm was prevented. Alpha-lipoic acid increased adipose triacylglycerol lipase expression and decreased fatty acid synthase abundance. In in vivo and in vitro studies, alpha-lipoic acid also increased nuclear NF-E2-related factor 2 levels and downstream target amounts via the sirtuin 1 pathway. Alpha-lipoic acid eventually reduced intrahepatic and serum triglyceride content. The protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on hepatic steatosis appear to be associated with the transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, forkhead box O1 and NF-E2-related factor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Wang Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianning Li
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yujing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Central Lab. Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China.
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L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Caniglia S, Testa N, Morale MC, Serapide MF, Pluchino S, Marchetti B. Targeting Wnt signaling at the neuroimmune interface for dopaminergic neuroprotection/repair in Parkinson's disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:13-26. [PMID: 24431301 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling cascade has emerged as an essential system regulating multiple processes in developing and adult brain. Accumulating evidence points to a dysregulation of Wnt signaling in major neurodegenerative pathologies including Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and deregulated activation of astrocytes and microglia. This review highlights the emerging link between Wnt signaling and key inflammatory pathways during mDA neuron damage/repair in PD progression. In particular, we summarize recent evidence documenting that aging and neurotoxicant exposure strongly antagonize Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mDA neurons and subventricular zone (SVZ) neuroprogenitors via astrocyte-microglial interactions. Dysregulation of the crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory pathways delineate novel mechanisms driving the decline of SVZ plasticity with age and the limited nigrostriatal dopaminergic self-repair in PD. These findings hold a promise in developing therapies that target Wnt/β-catenin signaling to enhance endogenous restoration and neuronal outcome in age-dependent diseases, such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Yan LJ. Positive oxidative stress in aging and aging-related disease tolerance. Redox Biol 2014; 2:165-9. [PMID: 25460727 PMCID: PMC4297947 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and a basal level of oxidative stress are essential for cell survival. It is also well known that while severe oxidative stress often leads to widespread oxidative damage and cell death, a moderate level of oxidative stress, induced by a variety of stressors, can yield great beneficial effects on adaptive cellular responses to pathological challenges in aging and aging-associated disease tolerance such as ischemia tolerance. Here in this review, I term this moderate level of oxidative stress as positive oxidative stress, which usually involves imprinting molecular signatures on lipids and proteins via formation of lipid peroxidation by-products and protein oxidation adducts. As ROS/RNS are short-lived molecules, these molecular signatures can thus execute the ultimate function of ROS/RNS. Representative examples of lipid peroxidation products and protein oxidation adducts are presented to illustrate the role of positive oxidative stress in a variety of pathological settings, demonstrating that positive oxidative stress could be a valuable prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach targeting aging and aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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63
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Moretti M, Budni J, Freitas AE, Rosa PB, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid is associated with the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 48:16-24. [PMID: 24209999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the involvement of the PI3K, GSK-3β, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and mTOR in the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid in the tail suspension test (TST). Male Swiss mice were pretreated with ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle and 45 min after, LY294002 (10 μg/site, i.c.v., reversible PI3K inhibitor), rapamycin (0.2 nmol/site, i.c.v., selective mTOR inhibitor), zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP - 10 ng/site, i.c.v., HO-1 inhibitor) or vehicle was administered. We also investigated the synergistic effect of ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/kg, p.o., sub-effective dose in the TST) with lithium chloride (10 mg/kg, p.o., non-selective GSK-3β inhibitor), AR-A014418 (0.01 μg/site, i.c.v., selective GSK-3β inhibitor) or cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP - 0.01 μg/site, i.c.v., HO-1 inducer) in the TST. The antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.) was prevented by the treatment of mice with LY294002, rapamycin or ZnPP. In addition, sub-effective doses of lithium chloride, AR-A014418 or CoPP, combined with a sub-effective dose of ascorbic acid produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect. We also demonstrated that 1 h after its administration, ascorbic acid increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K and the immunocontent of PSD-95 in the hippocampus of mice. These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid in the TST might be dependent on the activation of PI3K and mTOR, inhibition of GSK-3β as well as induction of HO-1, reinforcing the notion that these are important targets for antidepressant activity and contributing to better elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900 SC, Brazil.
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Mechanistic study on the biological effects of silver and gold nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells – Induction of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by high concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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65
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Astort F, Mercau M, Giordanino E, Degese MS, Caldareri L, Coso O, Cymeryng CB. Nitric oxide sets off an antioxidant response in adrenal cells: involvement of sGC and Nrf2 in HO-1 induction. Nitric Oxide 2013; 37:1-10. [PMID: 24361900 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Induction of microsomal heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity is considered a cytoprotective mechanism in different cell types. In adrenal cells, HO-1 induction by ACTH exerts a modulatory effect on steroid production as well. As nitric oxide (NO) has been also regarded as an autocrine/paracrine modulator of adrenal steroidogenesis we sought to study the effects of NO on the induction of HO-1 and the mechanism involved. We hereby analyzed the time and dose-dependent effect of a NO-donor (DETA/NO) on HO-1 induction in a murine adrenocortical cell line. We showed that this effect is mainly exerted at a transcriptional level as it is inhibited by actinomycin D and HO-1 mRNA degradation rates were not affected by DETA/NO treatment. HO-1 induction by NO does not appear to involve the generation of oxidative stress as it was not affected by antioxidant treatment. We also demonstrated that NO-treatment results in the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), an effect that is attenuated by transfecting the cells with a dominant negative isoform of Nrf2. We finally show that the effects of the NO-donor are reproduced by a permeable analog of cGMP and that a soluble guanylate cyclase specific inhibitor blocked both the induction of HO-1 by NO and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Astort
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEFYBO-CONICET, Argentina.
| | - M Mercau
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEFYBO-CONICET, Argentina
| | - E Giordanino
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEFYBO-CONICET, Argentina
| | - M S Degese
- LFBM-DFBMC, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Caldareri
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEFYBO-CONICET, Argentina
| | - O Coso
- LFBM-DFBMC, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C B Cymeryng
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEFYBO-CONICET, Argentina
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66
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Sun Q, Meng QT, Jiang Y, Liu HM, Lei SQ, Su WT, Duan WN, Wu Y, Xia ZY, Xia ZY. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion induced acute renal injury in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80859. [PMID: 24324637 PMCID: PMC3851764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (RB1), the most clinically effective constituent of ginseng, possesses a variety of biological activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the protective effects of RB1 and its underlying mechanism on renal injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) in mice. RB1 was administered prior to inducing IIR achieved by occluding the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) was used as an inhibitor of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) signaling. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups: (1) sham group, (2) IIR group, (3) RB1 group, (4) sham + ATRA group, (5) IIR + ATRA group, and (6) RB1 + ATRA group. Intestinal histology and pathological injury score were observed. Intestinal mucosal injury was also evaluated by measuring serum diamine oxidase (DAO). Renal injury induced by IIR was characterized by increased levels of histological severity score, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), which was accompanied with elevated renal TUNEL-positive cells and the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio. RB1 significantly reduced renal injury and apoptosis as compared with IIR group, which was reversed by ATRA treatment. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis demonstrated that RB1 significantly upregulated the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Nrf2, which were attenuated by ATRA treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effects of RB1 pretreatment against renal injury induced by IIR are associated with activation of the Nrf2/ anti-oxidant response element (ARE) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing-tao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shao-qing Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wa-ting Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-na Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng-yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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67
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Dilshara MG, Lee KT, Jayasooriya RGPT, Kang CH, Park SR, Choi YH, Choi IW, Hyun JW, Chang WY, Kim YS, Lee HJ, Kim GY. Downregulation of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by trans-isoferulic acid via suppression of PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB and activation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:203-11. [PMID: 24291391 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about whether trans-isoferulic acid (TIA) regulates the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory mediators. Therefore, we examined the effect of TIA isolated from Clematis mandshurica on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in BV2 microglial cells. We found that TIA inhibited the production of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 without accompanying cytotoxicity in BV2 microglial cells. TIA also downregulated the expression levels of specific regulatory genes such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by suppressing LPS-induced NF-κB activity via dephosphorylation of PI3K/Akt. In addition, we demonstrated that a specific NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and a selective PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002 effectively attenuated the expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 mRNA, while LY294002 suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activity, suggesting that TIA attenuates the expression of these proinflammatory genes by suppressing PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-κB activity. Our results showed that TIA suppressed NO and PGE2 production through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Taken together, our data indicate that TIA suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, as well as their regulatory genes, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB activity and enhancing Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matharage Gayani Dilshara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara-1 Dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Lee
- Division of Wood Chemistry & Microbiology, Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara-1 Dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Rul Park
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara-1 Dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-050, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Young Chang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Kim
- Management Strategy Team, Korea Forestry Promotion Institute, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-914, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Ju Lee
- Division of Wood Chemistry & Microbiology, Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara-1 Dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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68
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Phillipson OT. Management of the aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:847-57. [PMID: 24246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease is described in terms of specific disease markers including mitochondrial and gene dysfunctions relevant to energy metabolism. This review details evidence for the ability of nutritional agents to manage these aging risk factors. The combination of alpha lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, and melatonin supports energy metabolism via carbohydrate and fatty acid utilization, assists electron transport and adenosine triphosphate synthesis, counters oxidative and nitrosative stress, and raises defenses against protein misfolding, inflammatory stimuli, iron, and other endogenous or xenobiotic toxins. These effects are supported by gene expression via the antioxidant response element (ARE; Keap/Nrf2 pathway), and by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha), a transcription coactivator, which regulates gene expression for energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintains the structural integrity of mitochondria. The effectiveness and synergies of the combination against disease risks are discussed in relation to gene action, dopamine cell loss, and the accumulation and spread of pathology via misfolded alpha-synuclein. In addition there are potential synergies to support a neurorestorative role via glial derived neurotrophic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Phillipson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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69
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Kim SY, Hong SW, Kim MO, Kim HS, Jang JE, Leem J, Park IS, Lee KU, Koh EH. S-adenosyl methionine prevents endothelial dysfunction by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Mol Cells 2013; 36:376-84. [PMID: 24046187 PMCID: PMC3887983 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is a key intermediate in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and is a major methyl donor in the cell. Although the low plasma level of SAM has been associated with atherosclerosis, the effect of SAM administration on atherosclerosis is not known. Endothelial dysfunction is an early prerequisite for atherosclerosis. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible preventive effect of SAM on endothelial dysfunction and the molecular mechanism of its action. SAM treatment prevented endothelial dysfunction in high fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells, linoleic acid (LA) increased and SAM decreased cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Both LA and SAM increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in an NF-E2-related factor 2-dependent manner. However, knockdown of HO-1 reversed only the SAM-induced preventive effect of cell apoptosis. The LA-induced HO-1 expression was dependent on PPARα, whereas SAM induced HO-1 in a PPAR-independent manner. These data demonstrate that SAM treatment prevents endothelial dysfunction in HFDfed animals by inducing HO-1 in vascular endothelial cells. In cultured endothelial cells, SAM-induced HO-1 was responsible for the observed prevention of cell apoptosis. We propose that SAM treatment may represent a new therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 401-103, Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sik Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - In-Sun Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 401-103, Korea
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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70
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Polysulfide exerts a protective effect against cytotoxicity caused by t-buthylhydroperoxide through Nrf2 signaling in neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3548-55. [PMID: 24055470 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysulfide is a bound sulfur species derived from endogenous H2S. When mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro2A cells were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide after treatment with polysulfide, a significant decline in cell toxicity was observed. Rapid uptake of polysulfides induced translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, resulting in acceleration of GSH synthesis and HO-1 expression. We demonstrated that polysulfide reversibly modified Keap1 to form oxidized dimers and induced the translocation of Nrf2. Moreover, polysulfide treatment accelerated Akt phosphorylation, which is a known pathway of Nrf2 phosphorylation. Thus, polysulfide may mediate the activation of Nrf2 signaling, thereby exerting protective effects against oxidative damage in Neuro2A cells.
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71
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Hemeoxygenase-1 mediates an adaptive response to spermidine-induced cell death in human endothelial cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:238734. [PMID: 23983896 PMCID: PMC3747394 DOI: 10.1155/2013/238734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine (SPD) is a ubiquitous polycation that is commonly distributed in living organisms. Intracellular levels of SPD are tightly regulated, and SPD controls cell proliferation and death. However, SPD undergoes oxidation in the presence of serum, producing aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia, which exert cytotoxic effect on cells. Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) is thought to have a protective effect against oxidative stress. Upregulation of HO-1 in endothelial cells is considered to be beneficial in the cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we demonstrate that the ubiquitous polyamine, SPD, induces HO-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). SPD-induced HO-1 expression was examined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Involvement of reactive oxygen species, serum amine oxidase, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and transcription factor Nrf2 in the induction of HO-1 by SPD was also investigated. Furthermore, small interfering RNA knockdown of Nrf2 or HO-1 and treatment with the specific HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP exhibited a noteworthy increase of death of SPD-stimulated HUVECs. In conclusion, these results suggest that SPD induces PI3K/Akt-Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression in human endothelial cells, which may have a role in cytoprotection of the cells against oxidative stress-induced death.
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72
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Yang H, Lee SE, Jeong SI, Park CS, Jin YH, Park YS. Up-regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 by Korean Red Ginseng Water Extract as a Cytoprotective Effect in Human Endothelial Cells. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:352-9. [PMID: 23717080 PMCID: PMC3659539 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG) is used worldwide as a popular traditional herbal medicine. KRG has shown beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension. Up-regulation of a cytoprotective protein, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, is considered to augment the cellular defense against various agents that may induce cytotoxic injury. In the present study, we demonstrate that KRG water extract induces HO-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and possible involvement of the anti-oxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-eythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). KRG-induced HO-1 expression was examined by western blots, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Specific silencing of Nrf2 genes with Nrf2-siRNA in HUVECs abolished HO-1 expression. In addition, the HO inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin blunted the preventive effect of KRG on H2O2-induced cell death, as demonstrated by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Taken together, these results suggest that KRG may exert a vasculoprotective effect through Nrf2- mediated HO-1 induction in human endothelial cell by inhibition of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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73
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Gao D, Gao Z, Zhu G. Antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus plantarum via activation of transcription factor Nrf2. Food Funct 2013; 4:982-9. [PMID: 23681127 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects, as well as its molecular mechanism of wild Lactobacillus plantarum FC225 isolated from fermented cabbages. The scavenging activities of superoxide anion radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical were enhanced by FC225 treatment. The strain FC225 also attenuated hyperlipidemic status, decreased lipid peroxidation, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in high fat diet-fed mice. Meanwhile, FC225 therapy could significantly elevate the activities of superoxidase dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decrease the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenates, whereas there was no change in catalase activity in high fat diet-fed mice. In addition, compared with the control group, FC225 markedly elevated the gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which was in parallel with the increased value of CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the FC225-treated hyperlipidemic mice. The results demonstrated that the strain FC225 confers hypolipidemic and antioxidant protective effects which may be attributable to Nrf2 signal pathway mediated antioxidant enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Gao
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, no.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
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74
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Seo ES, Oh BK, Pak JH, Yim SH, Gurunathan S, Kim YP, Lee KJ. Acteoside improves survival in cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic mice via blocking of high mobility group box 1 release. Mol Cells 2013; 35:348-54. [PMID: 23563799 PMCID: PMC3887884 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acteoside, an active phenylethanoid glycoside, has been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent. The molecular mechanism by which acteoside reduces inflammation was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw264.7 cells and in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. In vitro, acteoside inhibits high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and iNOS/NO production and induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in a concentration-dependent manner, while HO-1 siRNA antagonizes the inhibition of HMGB1 and NO. The effect of acteoside is inhibited by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and Nfr2 siRNA, indicating that acteoside induces HO-1 via p38 MAPK and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In vivo, acteoside increases survival and decreases serum and lung HMGB1 levels in CLP-induced sepsis. Overall, these results that acteoside reduces HMGB1 release and may be beneficial for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Seo
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
- Department of Optometry, Dong Shin University, Naju 520-714,
Korea
| | - Bo Kang Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Yim
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | | | - Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
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75
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Inhibitory effects of berberine on lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and the high-mobility group box 1 release in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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76
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Bae J, Lee D, Kim YK, Gil M, Lee JY, Lee KJ. Berberine protects 6-hydroxydopamine-induced human dopaminergic neuronal cell death through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Mol Cells 2013; 35:151-7. [PMID: 23329300 PMCID: PMC3887902 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is one of the major alkaloids and has been reported to have a variety of pharmacologic effects, including inhibition of cell cycle progression. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of BBR protection of neuronal cells from cell death induced by the Parkinson's disease-related neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with BBR significantly reduced 6-OHDAinduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 activation, and subsequent cell death. BBR also upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which conferred protection against 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron injury and besides, effect of BBR on HO-1 was reversed by siRNA-Nrf2. Furthermore, BBR induced PI3K/Akt and p38 activation, which are involved in the induction of Nrf2 expression and neuroprotection. These results suggest that BBR may be useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of dopaminergic neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbum Bae
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Danbi Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736,
Korea
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77
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L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Morale MC, Impagnatiello F, Pluchino S, Marchetti B. Aging-induced Nrf2-ARE pathway disruption in the subventricular zone drives neurogenic impairment in parkinsonian mice via PI3K-Wnt/β-catenin dysregulation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1462-85. [PMID: 23345222 PMCID: PMC3564519 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3206-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and exposure to environmental toxins including MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) are strong risk factors for developing Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurologic disorder characterized by selective degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and astrogliosis. Aging and PD impair the subventricular zone (SVZ), one of the most important brain regions for adult neurogenesis. Because inflammation and oxidative stress are the hallmarks of aging and PD, we investigated the nature, timing, and signaling mechanisms contributing to aging-induced SVZ stem/neuroprogenitor cell (NPC) inhibition in aging male mice and attempted to determine to what extent manipulation of these pathways produces a functional response in the outcome of MPTP-induced DAergic toxicity. We herein reveal an imbalance of Nrf2-driven antioxidant/anti-inflammatory genes, such as Heme oxygenase1 in the SVZ niche, starting by middle age, amplified upon neurotoxin treatment and associated with an exacerbated proinflammatory SVZ microenvironment converging to dysregulate the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling, a key regulatory pathway for adult NPCs. In vitro experiments using coculture paradigms uncovered aged microglial proinflammatory mediators as critical inhibitors of NPC proliferative potential. We also found that interruption of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol3-kinase)/Akt and the Wnt/Fzd/β-catenin signaling cascades, which switch glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) activation on and off, were causally related to the impairment of SVZ-NPCs. Moreover, a synergy between dysfunctional microglia of aging mice and MPTP exposure further inhibited astrocyte proneurogenic properties, including the expression of key Wnts components. Last, pharmacological activation/antagonism studies in vivo and in vitro suggest the potential that aged SVZ manipulation is associated with DAergic functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Nunzio Testa
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Maria C. Morale
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Pluchino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- Oasi Maria Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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78
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Hur J, Kim S, Lee P, Lee YM, Choi SY. The protective effects of oxyresveratrol imine derivative against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:212-8. [PMID: 23298159 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.762769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol (2',3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring ingredient found in mulberries that shows potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent. This study was performed to identify materials similar to oxyresveratrol that may have more effective antioxidant properties. We synthesized a stilbene analog referred to as Compound 1 (2',3,4',5-tetramethoxystilbene); a benzamide analog referred to as Compound 2 ((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dimethoxybenzamide); and three imine analogs referred to as Compound 3 (3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-(2,4-dimethoxyphenylamine), Compound 4 ((4-methoxybenzylidene)-(3-methoxyphenyl)amine), and Compound 5 ((4-methoxybenzylidene)phenylamine). The cytoprotective effects of these compounds were subsequently evaluated using hydrogen peroxide-treated PC12 cells. The cytoprotective effects of the imine analogs were greater than the effects of oxyresveratrol and the other analogs at concentrations of 200 μM. The Compound 3, which is the most effective imine analog of oxyresveratrol, exhibited these cytoprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress through the regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and the translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Our results suggest that imine analogs of oxyresveratrol may be useful agents in reducing neuronal oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hur
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
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79
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Gopinath K, Sudhandiran G. Naringin modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurodegeneration through the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 signalling pathway. Neuroscience 2012; 227:134-43. [PMID: 22871521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) mediated regulation of cellular antioxidant production and the anti-inflammatory mechanism play an important role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. Naringin a citrus flavonone, has been reported to possess neuroprotective effect against Huntington's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders, however the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced neurodegeneration are poorly defined. The objective of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective role of naringin and delineate the mechanism of action on 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration. Rats were injected with 3-NP (10mg/kg body weight/day, i.p.) for 2 weeks to develop neurodegeneration, while naringin (80 mg/kg body weight/day, orally) was administered throughout the experimental period, 1h prior to 3-NP exposure. Thereafter rats were euthanized for biochemical, histological, and molecular studies. Treatment with naringin ameliorated the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio with concomitant decrease in the levels of hydroxyl radical, hydroperoxide and nitrite in 3-NP-induced rats. Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopic studies showed that naringin modulated 3-NP-induced histological changes. Naringin induces NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase P1 and gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase mRNA expressions through the activation of Nrf2 and decreased the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators like tumour necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results indicate that naringin might be beneficial in mitigating 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration through the enhancement of phase II and antioxidant gene expressions via Nrf2 activation; thereby modulating the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gopinath
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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80
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Athale J, Ulrich A, MacGarvey NC, Bartz RR, Welty-Wolf KE, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA. Nrf2 promotes alveolar mitochondrial biogenesis and resolution of lung injury in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1584-94. [PMID: 22940620 PMCID: PMC3729022 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) initiates protective responses involving genes downstream of the Nrf2 (Nfe2l2) transcription factor, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and related anti-inflammatory processes. We examined mitochondrial biogenesis during Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice and the effect of Nrf2 deficiency on lung mitochondrial biogenesis and resolution of lung inflammation. S. aureus pneumonia established by nasal insufflation of live bacteria was studied in mitochondrial reporter (mt-COX8-GFP) mice, wild-type (WT) mice, and Nrf2⁻/⁻ mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage, wet/dry ratios, real-time RT-PCR and Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence microscopy were performed on the lung at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h. The mice survived S. aureus inoculations at 5×10⁸ CFU despite diffuse lung inflammation and edema, but the Nrf2⁻/⁻ lung showed increased ALI. In mt-COX8-GFP mice, mitochondrial fluorescence was enhanced in bronchial and alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells. WT mice displayed rapid HO-1 upregulation and lower proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2 and, especially in AT2 cells, higher anti-inflammatory IL-10 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 than Nrf2⁻/⁻ mice. In the alveolar region, WT but not Nrf2⁻/⁻ mice showed strongly induced nuclear respiratory factor-1, PGC-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor-A, SOD2, Bnip3, mtDNA copy number, and citrate synthase. These findings indicate that S. aureus pneumonia induces Nrf2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in the alveolar region, mainly in AT2 cells. Absence of Nrf2 suppresses the alveolar transcriptional network for mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-inflammation, which worsens ALI. The findings link redox activation of mitochondrial biogenesis to ALI resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Athale
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allison Ulrich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Raquel R. Bartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karen E. Welty-Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hagir B. Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Claude A. Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Fax: +1 919 684 6002. .
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81
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Ma ZC, Hong Q, Wang YG, Liang QD, Tan HL, Xiao CR, Tang XL, Shao S, Zhou SS, Gao Y. Ferulic acid induces heme oxygenase-1 via activation of ERK and Nrf2. Drug Discov Ther 2012; 5:299-305. [PMID: 22466441 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.6.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on the up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in lymphocytes and the molecular mechanisms involved. Lymphocytes were treated with FA (0.001-0.1 μM) for certain times. Cell viability, the activity and level of expression of HO-1, and signal pathways were analyzed. FA significantly upregulated HO-1 expression both at the level of mRNA and protein in lymphocytes. Moreover, FA induced NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, which is upstream of FA induced HO-1 expression. In addition, lymphocytes treated with FA exhibited activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and treatments with U0126 (an ERK kinase inhibitor) attenuated the FA induced activation of Nrf2, resulting in a decrease in HO-1 expression. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor) markedly suppressed cytoprotection from radiation-induced cell damage by FA. Results suggested that the ERK signaling pathway controlled the anti-oxidation of FA by regulating the expression of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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82
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Detchaporn P, Kukongviriyapan U, Prawan A, Jetsrisuparb A, Greenwald SE, Kukongviriyapan V. Altered vascular function, arterial stiffness, and antioxidant gene responses in pediatric thalassemia patients. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:1054-60. [PMID: 22349676 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with thalassemia major are susceptible to cardiovascular complications by mechanisms not fully understood. Although overt cardiovascular complications usually occur after puberty, their underlying pathogenesis may begin much earlier. This study investigated whether there were early changes in vascular endothelial function and arterial stiffness in young patients with beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin E, and whether these changes were associated with oxidative stress and expression of antioxidant genes. The study recruited 30 pediatric patients and 30 age-matched control subjects. Compared with the control subjects, the patients had increased levels of oxidant biomarkers including malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and non-transferrin-bound iron and a decreased glutathione redox ratio. There were clear signs of vascular endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness, as shown by marked suppression of forearm blood flow after reactive hyperemia and increased pulse-wave velocity in the trunk and legs. The changes in FBF were associated with oxidative stress markers and free iron. An adaptive antioxidant gene response was activated in blood mononuclear cells, as shown by upregulation of GCLC and Bach-1 mRNA but downregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and thioredoxin mRNA. The results highlight the vascular changes seen even in young patients during treatment. These changes were associated with oxidative stress and suggest an adaptive response that serves to protect host cells from further oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantipa Detchaporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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83
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EOM HYEWON, PARK SUNYOUNG, KIM YOUNGHUN, SEONG SUJIN, JIN MEILING, RYU EUNYEON, KIM MINJU, LEE SANGJOON. Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam modulates neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in hippocampal and microglial cells via HO-1- and Nrf-2-mediated pathways. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1512-20. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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84
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Zhang L, Wang N, Zhou S, Ye W, Jing G, Zhang M. Propofol induces proliferation and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells through activation of Nrf2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:66. [PMID: 22901367 PMCID: PMC3502506 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol is one of the most commonly used intravenous anaesthetic agents during cancer resection surgery, but the effect of propofol on gallbladder cancer is not clear. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is abundantly expressed in cancer cells and relates to proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. The aims of the current study were to evaluate effects of propofol on the behavior of human GC cells and role of Nrf2 in these effects. METHOD The effects of propofol on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were detected by MTT assays, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Also, activation of Nrf2 was determined by western blot, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays. Nrf2 was knocked-down in GBC-SD cells by shRNA before evaluating the role of Nrf2 in the influence of propofol on biological behaviors. RESULTS Propofol promoted the proliferation of GBC-SD cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. After exposure to propofol for 48 h, GBC-SD cells showed decreased apoptosis and increased invasion. Also, propofol over-expressed Nrf2 at both the protein and mRNA levels and induced translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus. Finally, loss of Nrf2 by shRNA reversed the effect of propofol on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. CONCLUSION Propofol induces proliferation and promotes invasion of GC cells through activation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China
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85
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Tian H, Zhang B, Di J, Jiang G, Chen F, Li H, Li L, Pei D, Zheng J. Keap1: one stone kills three birds Nrf2, IKKβ and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:26-34. [PMID: 22743616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, implicated in the etiology of cancer, results from an imbalance in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and cell's own antioxidant defenses. As a oxidative stress sensor, Keap1 functions as both an adaptor for Cul3⋅Rbx1 E3 ligase complex mediated degradation of the transcription factor Nrf2, and a master regulator of cytoprotective gene expression. Although Nrf2 is a well known substrate for Keap1, the DGR domain of Keap1 has been reported also to bind other proteins directly or indirectly. IKKβ as positive regulator of NF-κB is also destabilized by Keap1, which resulted in inhibiting NF-κB-derived tumor promotion. In addition, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-xL protein was identified as another substrate for the Keap1-Cul3-E3 ligase complex. Keap1 led to the repression and destabilization of Bcl-2, decreased Bcl-2:Bax heterodimers and facilitated cancer cells apoptosis. Given that Keap1 might function as a tumor suppressor protein to mitigate tumor progression, the different kinds of Keap1 somatic mutations were detected in numerous cancer cells. Therefore, it is important to understand the Keap1-involved signaling cascades. This review primarily focuses on the prevention of tumorigenesis role of Keap1 through negative regulation of three substrates Nrf2, IKKβ and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, with emphasis on the recent findings indicating the cancer guarder function of Keap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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86
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Liu W, Wang D, Liu K, Sun X. Nrf2 as a converging node for cellular signaling pathways of gasotransmitters. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:308-10. [PMID: 22682031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters is a family of endogenous molecules of gases or gaseous signaling molecules. To date, nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) have been found to be important gasotransmitters in humans. Three gasotransmitters at high concentrations have been confirmed to be detrimental to human health, while evidence shows they at low concentrations may confer protective effects. There are important interactions among three gasotransmitters. Recent evidence reveals that these gasotransmitters may converge at Nrf2, an important transcription factor able to induce the expressions of some critical antioxidant enzymes, which may attribute to the protective effects of these gasotransmitters. Thus, we hypothesize that Nrf2 serves as a converging node for cellular signaling pathways of gasotransmitters, which adds evidence on the interactions among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Liu
- Department of Diving Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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87
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The biphasic role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:737846. [PMID: 22655214 PMCID: PMC3357927 DOI: 10.1155/2012/737846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, macrophage-like resident immune cells in the brain, play critical roles in the inflammatory aspects of AD. Microglia may be activated by oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid β (Aβ) that are constituents of senile plaques and by molecules derived from degenerated neurons, such as purines and chemokines, which enhance their migration and phagocytosis. The main neurotoxic molecules produced by activated microglia may be reactive oxygen species, glutamate, and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor-necrosis-factor-α and interleukin- (IL-) 1β These molecules differentially induce neurotoxicity. Aβ itself directly damages neurons. In terms of neuroprotective properties, microglia treated with fractalkine or IL-34 attenuate Aβ neurotoxicity by Aβ clearance and the production of antioxidants. Therefore, regulation of the microglial role in neuroprotection may be a useful therapeutic strategy for AD.
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88
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Lee GH, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Bax inhibitor-1 regulates the expression of P450 2E1 through enhanced lysosome activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:600-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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89
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Foster MW, Yang Z, Gooden DM, Thompson JW, Ball CH, Turner ME, Hou Y, Pi J, Moseley MA, Que LG. Proteomic characterization of the cellular response to nitrosative stress mediated by s-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibition. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2480-91. [PMID: 22390303 DOI: 10.1021/pr201180m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), has emerged as an important regulator of protein S-nitrosylation. GSNOR ablation is protective in models of asthma and heart failure, raising the idea that GSNOR inhibitors might hold therapeutic value. Here, we investigated the effects of a small molecule inhibitor of GSNOR (GSNORi) in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that GSNORi increased protein S-nitrosylation in cytokine-stimulated cells, and we utilized stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to quantify the cellular response to this "nitrosative stress". The expression of several cytokine-inducible immunomodulators, including osteopontin, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase isoform 2 (NOS2), were decreased by GSNORi. In addition, selective targets of the redox-regulated transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-including heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase modulatory subunit-were induced by GSNORi in a NOS2- and Nrf2-dependent manner. In cytokine-stimulated cells, Nrf2 protected from GSNORi-induced glutathione depletion and cytotoxicity and HO-1 activity was required for down-regulation of NOS2. Interestingly, GSNORi also affected a marked increase in NOS2 protein stability. Collectively, these data provide the most complete description of the global effects of GSNOR inhibition and demonstrate several important mechanisms for inducible response to GSNORi-mediated nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Small Molecule Synthesis Facility and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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90
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Ock CY, Kim EH, Choi DJ, Lee HJ, Hahm KB, Chung MH. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine: Not mere biomarker for oxidative stress, but remedy for oxidative stress-implicated gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:302-8. [PMID: 22294836 PMCID: PMC3261525 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack guanine bases in DNA easily and form 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which can bind to thymidine rather than cytosine, based on which, the level of 8-OHdG is generally regarded as a biomarker of mutagenesis consequent to oxidative stress. For example, higher levels of 8-OHdG are noted in Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis as well as gastric cancer. However, we have found that exogenous 8-OHdG can paradoxically reduce ROS production, attenuate the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and ameliorate the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, cyclo-oxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in addition to expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-1, NOX organizer-1 and NOX activator-1 in various conditions of inflammation-based gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and even colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Our recent finding that exogenous 8-OHdG was very effective in either inflammation-based or oxidative-stress-associated diseases of stress-related mucosal damage has inspired the hope that synthetic 8-OHdG can be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammation-based GI diseases, as well as the prevention of inflammation-associated GI cancer. In this editorial review, the novel fact that exogenous 8-OHdG can be a functional molecule regulating oxidative-stress-induced gastritis through either antagonizing Rac-guanosine triphosphate binding or blocking the signals responsible for gastric inflammatory cascade is introduced.
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91
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Prunella vulgaris suppresses HG-induced vascular inflammation via Nrf2/HO-1/eNOS activation. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1258-1268. [PMID: 22312316 PMCID: PMC3269750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13011258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is an important factor which can promote diabetic complications. In this study, the inhibitory effects of aqueous extract from Prunella vulgaris (APV) on high glucose (HG)-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are reported. APV decreased HG-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. APV also dose-dependently inhibited HG-induced adhesion of HL-60 monocytic cells. APV suppressed p65 NF-κB activation in HG-treated cells. APV significantly inhibited the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). HG-stimulated HUVEC secreted gelatinases, however, APV inhibited it. APV induced Akt phosphorylation as well as activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), eNOS, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which may protect vascular inflammation caused by HG. In conclusion, APV exerts anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of ROS/NF-κB pathway by inducing HO-1 and eNOS expression mediated by Nrf2, thereby suggesting that Prunella vulgaris may be a possible therapeutic approach to the inhibition of diabetic vascular diseases.
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Oter
- Department of Physiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Si Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - H J Damien Dorman
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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93
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Hosick PA, Stec DE. Heme oxygenase, a novel target for the treatment of hypertension and obesity? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R207-14. [PMID: 22071158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00517.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of heme-releasing bioactive molecules carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and iron, each with beneficial cardiovascular actions. Biliverdin is rapidly reduced to bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, by the enzyme biliverdin reductase, and iron is rapidly sequestered by ferritin in the cell. Several studies have demonstrated that HO-1 induction can attenuate the development of hypertension as well as lower blood pressure in established hypertension in both genetic and experimental models. HO-1 induction can also reduce target organ injury and can be beneficial in cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke. Recent studies have also identified a beneficial role for HO-1 in the regulation of body weight and metabolism in diabetes and obesity. Chronic HO-1 induction lowers body weight and corrects hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Chronic HO-1 induction also modifies the phenotype of adipocytes in obesity from one of large, cytokine producing to smaller, adiponectin producing. Finally, chronic induction of HO-1 increases oxygen consumption, CO(2), and heat production and activity in obese mice. This review will discuss the current understanding of the actions of the HO system to lower blood pressure and body weight and how HO or its metabolites may be ideal candidates for the development of drugs that can both reduce blood pressure and lower body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hosick
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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94
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Hosick PA, Stec DE. Heme oxygenase, a novel target for the treatment of hypertension and obesity? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. REGULATORY, INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22071158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00517.20113349392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of heme-releasing bioactive molecules carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and iron, each with beneficial cardiovascular actions. Biliverdin is rapidly reduced to bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, by the enzyme biliverdin reductase, and iron is rapidly sequestered by ferritin in the cell. Several studies have demonstrated that HO-1 induction can attenuate the development of hypertension as well as lower blood pressure in established hypertension in both genetic and experimental models. HO-1 induction can also reduce target organ injury and can be beneficial in cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke. Recent studies have also identified a beneficial role for HO-1 in the regulation of body weight and metabolism in diabetes and obesity. Chronic HO-1 induction lowers body weight and corrects hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Chronic HO-1 induction also modifies the phenotype of adipocytes in obesity from one of large, cytokine producing to smaller, adiponectin producing. Finally, chronic induction of HO-1 increases oxygen consumption, CO(2), and heat production and activity in obese mice. This review will discuss the current understanding of the actions of the HO system to lower blood pressure and body weight and how HO or its metabolites may be ideal candidates for the development of drugs that can both reduce blood pressure and lower body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hosick
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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95
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Cheng YW, Cheah KP, Lin CW, Li JS, Yu WY, Chang ML, Yeh GC, Chen SH, Choy CS, Hu CM. Myrrh mediates haem oxygenase-1 expression to suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1211-8. [PMID: 21827494 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of myrrh against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. METHODS RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured in DMEM and then cells were treated with LPS or LPS plus a myrrh methanol extract (MME) for 24h. The culture medium was collected for determination of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)E(2) , interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cells were harvested by lysis buffer for Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Our data showed that treatment with the MME (1∼100µg/ml) did not cause cytotoxicity or activate haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein synthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the MME inhibited LPS-stimulated NO, PGE(2) , IL-1β and TNF-α release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression. Zn(II) protoporphyrin IX, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, blocked the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression by the MME. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that among mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory response, the MME inhibited the production of NO, PGE(2) , IL-1β and TNF-α by downregulating iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages and worked through the action of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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96
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Zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed vitamin E-deficient diets produce embryos with increased morphologic abnormalities and mortality. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:478-86. [PMID: 21684137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is required to prevent fetal resorption in rodents. To study α-tocopherol's role in fetal development, a nonplacental model is required. Therefore, the zebrafish, an established developmental model organism, was studied by feeding the fish a defined diet with or without added α-tocopherol. Zebrafish (age, 4-6 weeks) were fed the deficient (E-), sufficient (E+) or lab diet up to 1 years. All groups showed similar growth rates. The exponential rate of α-tocopherol depletion up to ~80 day in E- zebrafish was 0.029±0.006 nmol/g, equivalent to a depletion half-life of 25±5 days. From age ~80 days, the E- fish (5±3 nmol/g) contained ~50 times less α-tocopherol than the E+ or lab diet fish (369±131 or 362±107, respectively; P<.05). E-depleted adults demonstrated decreased startle response suggesting neurologic deficits. Expression of selected oxidative stress and apoptosis genes from livers isolated from the zebrafish fed the three diets were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and were not found to vary with vitamin E status. When E-depleted adults were spawned, they produced viable embryos with depleted α-tocopherol concentrations. The E- embryos exhibited a higher mortality (P<.05) at 24 h post-fertillization and a higher combination of malformations and mortality (P<.05) at 120 h post-fertillization than embryos from parents fed E+ or lab diets. This study documents for the first time that vitamin E is essential for normal zebrafish embryonic development.
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97
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Um HC, Jang JH, Kim DH, Lee C, Surh YJ. Nitric oxide activates Nrf2 through S-nitrosylation of Keap1 in PC12 cells. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:161-8. [PMID: 21703357 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) exerts bifunctional effects on cell survival. While a high concentration of NO is cytotoxic, a relatively low concentration of NO promotes cytoprotection and cell survival. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cytoprotective effect of NO remains poorly understood. One of the transcription factors that confer cellular protection against oxidative stress is NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is sequestered in the cytoplasm by forming an inactive complex with Klech-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Previous studies suggested that various stimuli could induce the dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1 in cytosol and/or promote its nuclear translocation by activating several upstream kinases. NO-mediated thiol modification in Keap1 has also been proposed as a possible mechanism of Nrf2 activation. Since NO can modify the function or activity of target proteins through S-nitrosylation of cysteine, we attempted to investigate whether the cytoprotective effect of NO is mediated through Nrf2 activation by directly modifying cysteine residues of Keap1. Our present study reveals that treatment of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with an NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) induced nuclear translocation and DNA binding of Nrf2. Under the same experimental conditions, there was NO-mediated S-nitrosylation of Keap1 observed, which coincided with the Nrf2 activation. Moreover, SNAP treatment caused phosphorylation of Nrf2, and pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) abolished the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Nrf2. In conclusion, NO can activate Nrf2 by S-nitrosylation of Keap1 and alternatively by PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of Nrf2 in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Cheon Um
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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98
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Kim DH, Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Redox modulation of p53: mechanisms and functional significance. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:222-34. [PMID: 21465572 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 functions as a stress-responsive transcription factor. In response to oxidative, nitrosative, and electrophilic insults, p53 undergoes post-translational modifications, such as oxidation and covalent modification of cysteines, nitration of tyrosines, acetylation of lysines, phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues, etc. Because p53 plays a vital role in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in a wide spectrum of biochemical processes including DNA repair, cell-cycle regulation, and programmed cell death, the redox-modification of p53 appears to be an important determinant of cell fate. This review highlights the redox regulation of p53 and its consequences on cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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99
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Lee BW, Chun SW, Kim SH, Lee Y, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee HC. Lithospermic acid B protects β-cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis by alleviating apoptotic pathways and activating anti-apoptotic pathways of Nrf2-HO-1 and Sirt1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:47-54. [PMID: 21295052 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermic acid B (LAB) has been reported to protect OLETF rats, an established type 2 diabetic animal model, from the development of diabetes-related vascular complications. We investigated whether magnesium lithospermate B (LAB) has a protective role under cytokine-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells in vitro and whether it slows the development of diabetes in OLETF rats in vivo. Pretreatment with 50 μM LAB significantly reduced the 1000 U/mL INF-γ and 100 U/mL IL-1β-induced INS-1 cell death. LAB significantly alleviated cytokine-induced phosphorylations of p38 and JNK in accordance with a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 activity in beta-cells. LAB also protected against the cytokine-induced caspase-3 apoptotic pathway via significant activation of Nrf2-HO (heme-oxygenase)-1 and Sirt1 expression. OLETF rats treated with 40 mg/kg/day LAB showed a significant improvement in glucose tolerance compared to untreated OLETF control rats in vivo. Our results suggest that the cytoprotective effects of LAB on pancreatic β-cells are related with both alleviating apoptotic pathways and activating anti-apoptotic pathways of Nrf2-HO-1 and Sirt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-Dong Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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100
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Charoensuk L, Pinlaor P, Prakobwong S, Hiraku Y, Laothong U, Ruangjirachuporn W, Yongvanit P, Pinlaor S. Curcumin induces a nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2-driven response against oxidative and nitrative stress after praziquantel treatment in liver fluke-infected hamsters. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:615-26. [PMID: 21256849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel has been used for the treatment of liver fluke infection, but an oxidative/nitrative stress may occur after a short-term treatment and participate in side effects. In an attempt to reduce the adverse effects, we administered curcumin, an anti-inflammatory agent, to Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters treated with praziquantel. At 12h after treatment, curcumin decreased eosinophil infiltration and increased mononuclear cell infiltration in parallel with nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 expression at the transcriptional and protein levels. Curcumin also enhanced the expression of genes involved in the Nrf2-regulated stress pathway (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1, glutamate cysteine ligase, and activating transcription factor 3, peroxiredoxin 3, peroxiredoxin 6, manganese superoxide dismutase, and catalase), leading to increased ferric antioxidant capacity in the plasma. In contrast, curcumin decreased the level of oxidative and nitrative stress markers such as urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, plasma levels of malondialdehyde and nitrate/nitrite, and activity of plasma alanine transaminase, a liver injury marker. This correlated with the suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and related molecules (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). In conclusion, curcumin may be an effective chemopreventive agent against oxidative and nitrative stress derived from praziquantel treatment during O. viverrini infection via induction of Nrf2 and suppression of NF-κB-mediated pathways. Nrf2 may also be a novel therapeutic target for not only parasitic diseases but other types of inflammation-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhanawan Charoensuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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