51
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Holst CB, Christensen IJ, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Hamerlik P, Poulsen HS, Johansen JS. Systemic Immune Modulation in Gliomas: Prognostic Value of Plasma IL-6, YKL-40, and Genetic Variation in YKL-40. Front Oncol 2020; 10:478. [PMID: 32363159 PMCID: PMC7180208 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex local and systemic immune dysfunction in glioblastoma (GBM) may affect survival. Interleukin (IL)-6 and YKL-40 are pleiotropic biomarkers present in the tumor microenvironment and involved in immune regulation. We therefore analyzed plasma IL-6, YKL-40, and genetic variation in YKL-40 and explored their ability to distinguish between glioma subtypes and predict survival in GBM. Methods: One hundred fifty-eight patients with glioma WHO grade II-IV were included in the study. Plasma collected at surgery was analyzed for IL-6 and YKL-40 (CHI3L1) by ELISA. CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotyping was analyzed on whole-blood DNA. Results: Neither plasma IL-6 nor YKL-40 corrected for age or rs4950928 genotype could differentiate GBM from lower grade gliomas. GC and GG rs4950928 genotype were associated with lower plasma YKL-40 levels (CC vs. GC, p = 0.0019; CC vs. GG, p = 0.01). Only 10 and 14 out of 94 patients with newly diagnosed GBM had elevated IL-6 or YKL-40, respectively. Most patients received corticosteroid treatment at time of blood-sampling. Higher pretreatment plasma IL-6 was associated with short overall survival (OS) [HR = 1.19 (per 2-fold change), p = 0.042] in univariate analysis. The effect disappeared in multivariate analysis. rs4950928 genotype did not associate with OS [HR = 1.30, p = 0.30]. In recurrent GBM, higher YKL-40 [HR = 2.12 (per 2-fold change), p = 0.0005] but not IL-6 [HR = 0.99 (per 2-fold change), p = 0.92] were associated with short OS in univariate analysis. Conclusion: In recurrent GBM high plasma YKL-40 may hold promise as a prognostic marker. In newly diagnosed GBM perioperative plasma IL-6, YKL-40, and genetic variation in YKL-40 did not associate with survival. Corticosteroid use may complicate interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jane Skjøth-Rasmussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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52
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Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Leidgens V, Feliciello G, Klein CA, Hau P. Tumor Cell Invasion in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1932. [PMID: 32178267 PMCID: PMC7139341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a particularly devastating tumor with a median survival of about 16 months. Recent research has revealed novel insights into the outstanding heterogeneity of this type of brain cancer. However, all GBM subtypes share the hallmark feature of aggressive invasion into the surrounding tissue. Invasive glioblastoma cells escape surgery and focal therapies and thus represent a major obstacle for curative therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of glioma invasion mechanisms with respect to tumor-cell-intrinsic properties as well as cues provided by the microenvironment. We discuss genetic programs that may influence the dissemination and plasticity of GBM cells as well as their different invasion patterns. We also review how tumor cells shape their microenvironment and how, vice versa, components of the extracellular matrix and factors from non-neoplastic cells influence tumor cell motility. We further discuss different research platforms for modeling invasion. Finally, we highlight the importance of accounting for the complex interplay between tumor cell invasion and treatment resistance in glioblastoma when considering new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
| | - Verena Leidgens
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
| | - Giancarlo Feliciello
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.F.); (C.A.K.)
| | - Christoph A. Klein
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.F.); (C.A.K.)
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.V.-Z.); (V.L.)
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53
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Novel insights into astrocyte-mediated signaling of proliferation, invasion and tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110086. [PMID: 32172060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be the most aggressive cancer of the brain. The dismal prognosis is largely attributed to the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells. Astrocytes, the main component of the GBM microenvironment, play several fundamental physiological roles in the central nervous system. During the development of GBM, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) directly contact GBM cells, which activate astrocytes to form reactive astrocytes, facilitating tumor progression, proliferation and migration through multiple well-understood signaling pathways. Notably, TAAs also influence GBM cell behaviors via suppressing immune responses and enhancing the chemoradiotherapy resistance of tumor cells. These new activities are closely linked with the treatment and prognosis of GBM. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding new functions of reactive astrocytes, including TAA-cancer cell interactions, mechanisms involved in immunosuppressive regulation, and chemoradiotherapy resistance. It is expected that these updated experimental or clinical studies of TAAs may provide a promising approach for GBM treatment in the near future.
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54
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Foray C, Barca C, Backhaus P, Schelhaas S, Winkeler A, Viel T, Schäfers M, Grauer O, Jacobs AH, Zinnhardt B. Multimodal Molecular Imaging of the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:71-87. [PMID: 32030648 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) surrounding tumour cells is a highly dynamic and heterogeneous composition of immune cells, fibroblasts, precursor cells, endothelial cells, signalling molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Due to the heterogeneity and the constant crosstalk between the TME and the tumour cells, the components of the TME are important prognostic parameters in cancer and determine the response to novel immunotherapies. To improve the characterization of the TME, novel non-invasive imaging paradigms targeting the complexity of the TME are urgently needed.The characterization of the TME by molecular imaging will (1) support early diagnosis and disease follow-up, (2) guide (stereotactic) biopsy sampling, (3) highlight the dynamic changes during disease pathogenesis in a non-invasive manner, (4) help monitor existing therapies, (5) support the development of novel TME-targeting therapies and (6) aid stratification of patients, according to the cellular composition of their tumours in correlation to their therapy response.This chapter will summarize the most recent developments and applications of molecular imaging paradigms beyond FDG for the characterization of the dynamic molecular and cellular changes in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Foray
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D), Münster, Germany
| | - Cristina Barca
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D), Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Backhaus
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- UMR 1023, IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Viel
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, INSERM-U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Grauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D), Münster, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Johanniter Hospital, Evangelische Kliniken, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany. .,PET Imaging in Drug Design and Development (PET3D), Münster, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany.
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55
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Chen X, Li Z, Cheng Y, Kardami E, Loh YP. Low and High Molecular Weight FGF-2 Have Differential Effects on Astrocyte Proliferation, but Are Both Protective Against Aβ-Induced Cytotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:328. [PMID: 32038161 PMCID: PMC6992557 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cells in the brain, and they play a key role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) has been implicated as a potential therapeutic agent for treating AD. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of low molecular weight (LMW; 17 KDa) and high molecular weight (HMW; 23 KDa) forms of FGF-2 on Aβ1–42-induced toxicity, and proliferation in astrocytes. We show that both isoforms of FGF-2 have similar protective effects against Aβ1–42-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured cortical astrocytes as measured by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Additionally, 17 KDa FGF-2 significantly promoted astrocyte proliferation as measured by Trypan Blue, DRAQ5 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, but not 23 kDa FGF-2. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that AKT signaling pathway was required for the protective and proliferative effects of FGF-2. Downstream effector studies indicated that 17 kDa FGF-2 promoted astrocyte proliferation by enhanced expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E. Furthermore, our data suggested that Cyclin D1 was required for the proliferative effect of LMW FGF2 in astrocytes. Taken together, our findings provide important information for the similarities and differences between 23 kDa and17 kDa isoforms of FGF-2 on astrocyte survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojin Li
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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56
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Rauschenbach L. Spinal Cord Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:97-109. [PMID: 32030679 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT) are rare entities for which there currently exist no standardized treatment paradigms. Consequently, patients usually receive treatment modalities that were established for intracerebral tumors; these approaches, however, typically result in functional impairment, recurrent tumor growth, and short overall survival. There is a distinct lack of promising research efforts in this field, which raises questions about whether spinal cord tumor microenvironment (TME) might promote the development, progression, and treatment resistance of IMSCT. In this review, we aim to examine spinal cord biology, compare spinal cord and brain microenvironments, and discuss mutual interactions between IMSCT and TME. Manipulating these pathways may provide new treatment approaches for future patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. .,DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-Oncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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57
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Civita P, M. Leite D, Pilkington GJ. Pre-Clinical Drug Testing in 2D and 3D Human In Vitro Models of Glioblastoma Incorporating Non-Neoplastic Astrocytes: Tunneling Nano Tubules and Mitochondrial Transfer Modulates Cell Behavior and Therapeutic Respons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6017. [PMID: 31795330 PMCID: PMC6929151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment is poorly understood; particularly with regard to cell invasion and drug resistance. To assess this role of astrocytes in GBMs we established an all human 2D co-culture model and a 3D hyaluronic acid-gelatin based hydrogel model (HyStem™-HP) with different ratios of GBM cells to astrocytes. A contact co-culture of fluorescently labelled GBM cells and astrocytes showed that the latter promotes tumour growth and migration of GBM cells. Notably, the presence of non-neoplastic astrocytes in direct contact, even in low amounts in co-culture, elicited drug resistance in GBM. Recent studies showed that non-neoplastic cells can transfer mitochondria along tunneling nanotubes (TNT) and rescue damaged target cancer cells. In these studies, we explored TNT formation and mitochondrial transfer using 2D and 3D in vitro co-culture models of GBM and astrocytes. TNT formation occurs in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive "reactive" astrocytes after 48 h co-culture and the increase of TNT formations was greater in 3D hyaluronic acid-gelatin based hydrogel models. This study shows that human astrocytes in the tumour microenvironment, both in 2D and 3D in vitro co-culture models, could form TNT connections with GBM cells. We postulate that the association on TNT delivery non-neoplastic mitochondria via a TNT connection may be related to GBM drug response as well as proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prospero Civita
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
| | - Diana M. Leite
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Christopher Ingold Building, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (IBBS), School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
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58
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Leiss L, Mega A, Olsson Bontell T, Nistér M, Smits A, Corvigno S, Rahman MA, Enger PØ, Miletic H, Östman A. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/glial fibrillary acidic protein expressing peritumoral astrocytes associate with shorter median overall survival in glioblastoma patients. Glia 2019; 68:979-988. [PMID: 31769546 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment and architecture of peritumoral tissue have been suggested to affect permissiveness for infiltration of malignant cells. Astrocytes constitute a heterogeneous population of cells and have been linked to proliferation, migration, and drug sensitivity of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Through double-immunohistochemical staining for platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), this study explored the intercase variability among 45 human GBM samples regarding density of GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes and a subset of GFAP+ peritumoral astrocyte-like cells also expressing PDGFRα. Large intercase variability regarding the total peritumoral astrocyte density and the density of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocyte-like cells was detected. DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses for commonly altered genetic tumor markers supported the interpretation that these cells represented a genetically unaffected host cell subset referred to as PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes. The presence of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes was significantly positively correlated to older patient age and peritumoral astrocyte density, but not to other established prognostic factors. Notably, presence of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes, but not peritumoral astrocyte density, was associated with significantly shorter patient overall survival. The prognostic association of PDGFRα+/GFAP+ peritumoral astrocytes was confirmed in multivariable analyses. This exploratory study thus demonstrates previously unrecognized intercase variability and prognostic significance of peritumoral abundance of a novel PDGFRα+ subset of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings suggest clinically relevant roles of the microenvironment of peritumoral GBM tissue and encourage further characterization of the novel astrocyte subset with regard to origin, function, and potential as biomarker and drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Leiss
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Mega
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Acandemy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Corvigno
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gener Lahav T, Adler O, Zait Y, Shani O, Amer M, Doron H, Abramovitz L, Yofe I, Cohen N, Erez N. Melanoma‐derived extracellular vesicles instigate proinflammatory signaling in the metastatic microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2521-2534. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Gener Lahav
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Omer Adler
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yael Zait
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ophir Shani
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Malak Amer
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Hila Doron
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Lilach Abramovitz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ido Yofe
- Department of ImmunologyWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Noam Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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60
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Song S, Luo L, Sun B, Sun D. Roles of glial ion transporters in brain diseases. Glia 2019; 68:472-494. [PMID: 31418931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to acute or chronic brain injuries, these ion transporters can be activated and differentially regulate glial functions, which has subsequent impact on brain injury or tissue repair and functional recovery. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about major glial ion transporters, including Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHE), Na+ /Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransporters (NKCC), and Na+ -HCO3 - cotransporters (NBC). In acute neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), these ion transporters are rapidly activated and play significant roles in regulation of the intra- and extracellular pH, Na+ , K+ , and Ca2+ homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, and myelin formation. However, overstimulation of these ion transporters can contribute to glial apoptosis, demyelination, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. In chronic brain diseases, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), glial ion transporters are involved in the glioma Warburg effect, glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damages. These findings suggest that glial ion transporters are involved in tissue structural and functional restoration, or brain injury and neurological disease development and progression. A better understanding of these ion transporters in acute and chronic neurological diseases will provide insights for their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lanxin Luo
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Pólo Dois Portos, Instituto National de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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61
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Schulz M, Salamero-Boix A, Niesel K, Alekseeva T, Sevenich L. Microenvironmental Regulation of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response in Brain Metastasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1713. [PMID: 31396225 PMCID: PMC6667643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as key regulators of primary tumor progression, organ-specific metastasis, and therapeutic response. In the era of TME-targeted- and immunotherapies, cancer-associated inflammation has gained increasing attention. In this regard, the brain represents a unique and highly specialized organ. It has long been regarded as an immunological sanctuary site where the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) restricts the entry of immune cells from the periphery. Consequently, tumor cells that metastasize to the brain were thought to be shielded from systemic immune surveillance and destruction. However, the detailed characterization of the immune landscape within border-associated areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the meninges and the choroid plexus, as well as the discovery of lymphatics and channels that connect the CNS with the periphery, have recently challenged the dogma of the immune privileged status of the brain. Moreover, the presence of brain metastases (BrM) disrupts the integrity of the BBB and BCB. Indeed, BrM induce the recruitment of different immune cells from the myeloid and lymphoid lineage to the CNS. Blood-borne immune cells together with brain-resident cell-types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, form a highly complex and dynamic TME that affects tumor cell survival and modulates the mode of immune responses that are elicited by brain metastatic tumor cells. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on heterotypic interactions within the brain metastatic TME and highlight specific functions of brain-resident and recruited cells at different rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. Based on the insight from recent studies, we will discuss new opportunities and challenges for TME-targeted and immunotherapies for BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Salamero-Boix
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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62
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Ravi VM, Joseph K, Wurm J, Behringer S, Garrelfs N, d'Errico P, Naseri Y, Franco P, Meyer-Luehmann M, Sankowski R, Shah MJ, Mader I, Delev D, Follo M, Beck J, Schnell O, Hofmann UG, Heiland DH. Human organotypic brain slice culture: a novel framework for environmental research in neuro-oncology. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900305. [PMID: 31249133 PMCID: PMC6599970 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When it comes to the human brain, models that closely mimic in vivo conditions are lacking. Living neuronal tissue is the closest representation of the in vivo human brain outside of a living person. Here, we present a method that can be used to maintain therapeutically resected healthy neuronal tissue for prolonged periods without any discernible changes in tissue vitality, evidenced by immunohistochemistry, genetic expression, and electrophysiology. This method was then used to assess glioblastoma (GBM) progression in its natural environment by microinjection of patient-derived tumor cells into cultured sections. The result closely resembles the pattern of de novo tumor growth and invasion, drug therapy response, and cytokine environment. Reactive transformation of astrocytes, as an example of the cellular nonmalignant tumor environment, can be accurately simulated with transcriptional differences similar to those of astrocytes isolated from acute GBM specimens. In a nutshell, we present a simple method to study GBM in its physiological environment, from which valuable insights can be gained. This technique can lead to further advancements in neuroscience, neuro-oncology, and pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya M Ravi
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany .,Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Wurm
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simon Behringer
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nicklas Garrelfs
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Paolo d'Errico
- Department of Neurology, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Yashar Naseri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Pamela Franco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mukesch Johannes Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Daniel Delev
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany .,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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63
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Doron H, Pukrop T, Erez N. A Blazing Landscape: Neuroinflammation Shapes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:423-436. [PMID: 30679177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are more common than primary CNS tumors and confer grave prognosis on patients, as existing treatments have very limited efficacy. The tumor microenvironment has a central role in facilitating tumorigenesis and metastasis. In recent years, there has been much progress in our understanding of the functional role of the brain metastatic microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in brain metastasis research, with special emphasis on the role of the brain microenvironment and neuroinflammation, integrating insights from comparable findings in neuropathologies and primary CNS tumors. In addition, we overview findings on the formation of a hospitable metastatic niche and point out the major gaps in knowledge toward developing new therapeutics that will cotarget the stromal compartment in an effort to improve the treatment and prevention of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Doron
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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64
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Schiffer D, Annovazzi L, Casalone C, Corona C, Mellai M. Glioblastoma: Microenvironment and Niche Concept. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010005. [PMID: 30577488 PMCID: PMC6357107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The niche concept was originally developed to describe the location of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subependymal layer of the sub-ventricular zone. In this paper, its significance has been extended to the location of tumor stem cells in glioblastoma (GB) to discuss the relationship between GB stem cells (GSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Their interaction is basically conceived as responsible for tumor growth, invasion and recurrence. Niches are described as the points of utmost expression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), therefore including everything in the tumor except for tumor cells: NSCs, reactive astrocytes, ECs, glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), myeloid cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, etc. and all intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. Perivascular (PVNs), perinecrotic (PNNs) and invasive niches were described from the pathological point of view, highlighting the basic significance of the EC/tumor stem cell couple. PNN development was reinterpreted based on the concept that hyperproliferative areas of GB are composed of GSCs/progenitors. TME was depicted in its function as the main regulator of everything that happens in the tumor. A particular emphasis was given to GAMs, pericytes and reactive astrocytes as important elements affecting proliferation, growth, invasion and resistance to therapies of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Professore Emerito di Neurologia, Università di Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta-Onlus, Via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy.
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65
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DeStefano JG, Jamieson JJ, Linville RM, Searson PC. Benchmarking in vitro tissue-engineered blood-brain barrier models. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:32. [PMID: 30514389 PMCID: PMC6280508 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in regulating transport into and out of the brain. With increasing interest in the role of the BBB in health and disease, there have been significant advances in the development of in vitro models. The value of these models to the research community is critically dependent on recapitulating characteristics of the BBB in humans or animal models. However, benchmarking in vitro models is surprisingly difficult since much of our knowledge of the structure and function of the BBB comes from in vitro studies. Here we describe a set of parameters that we consider a starting point for benchmarking and validation. These parameters are associated with structure (ultrastructure, wall shear stress, geometry), microenvironment (basement membrane and extracellular matrix), barrier function (transendothelial electrical resistance, permeability, efflux transport), cell function (expression of BBB markers, turnover), and co-culture with other cell types (astrocytes and pericytes). In suggesting benchmarks, we rely primarily on imaging or direct measurements in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson G DeStefano
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John J Jamieson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raleigh M Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,120 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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66
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Kim Y, Kang H, Powathil G, Kim H, Trucu D, Lee W, Lawler S, Chaplain M. Role of extracellular matrix and microenvironment in regulation of tumor growth and LAR-mediated invasion in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204865. [PMID: 30286133 PMCID: PMC6171904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular dispersion and therapeutic control of glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of primary brain cancer, depends critically on the migration patterns after surgery and intracellular responses of the individual cancer cells in response to external biochemical cues in the microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that miR-451 regulates downstream molecules including AMPK/CAB39/MARK and mTOR to determine the balance between rapid proliferation and invasion in response to metabolic stress in the harsh tumor microenvironment. Surgical removal of the main tumor is inevitably followed by recurrence of the tumor due to inaccessibility of dispersed tumor cells in normal brain tissue. In order to address this complex process of cell proliferation and invasion and its response to conventional treatment, we propose a mathematical model that analyzes the intracellular dynamics of the miR-451-AMPK- mTOR-cell cycle signaling pathway within a cell. The model identifies a key mechanism underlying the molecular switches between proliferative phase and migratory phase in response to metabolic stress in response to fluctuating glucose levels. We show how up- or down-regulation of components in these pathways affects the key cellular decision to infiltrate or proliferate in a complex microenvironment in the absence and presence of time delays and stochastic noise. Glycosylated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain, contribute to the physical structure of the local brain microenvironment but also induce or inhibit glioma invasion by regulating the dynamics of the CSPG receptor LAR as well as the spatiotemporal activation status of resident astrocytes and tumor-associated microglia. Using a multi-scale mathematical model, we investigate a CSPG-induced switch between invasive and non-invasive tumors through the coordination of ECM-cell adhesion and dynamic changes in stromal cells. We show that the CSPG-rich microenvironment is associated with non-invasive tumor lesions through LAR-CSGAG binding while the absence of glycosylated CSPGs induce the critical glioma invasion. We illustrate how high molecular weight CSPGs can regulate the exodus of local reactive astrocytes from the main tumor lesion, leading to encapsulation of non-invasive tumor and inhibition of tumor invasion. These different CSPG conditions also change the spatial profiles of ramified and activated microglia. The complex distribution of CSPGs in the tumor microenvironment can determine the nonlinear invasion behaviors of glioma cells, which suggests the need for careful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Kim
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hyunji Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibin Powathil
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Hyeongi Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dumitru Trucu
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Wanho Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Lawler
- Department of neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Chaplain
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Mathematical Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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67
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Qian W, Qian M, Wang Y, Huang J, Chen J, Ni L, Huang Q, Liu Q, Gong P, Hou S, Zhu H, Jia Z, Shen D, Zhu C, Jiang R, Sun J, Yao J, Tang Z, Ji X, Shi J, Huang R, Shi W. Combination Glioma Therapy Mediated by a Dual-Targeted Delivery System Constructed Using OMCN-PEG-Pep22/DOX. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801905. [PMID: 30346089 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have investigated the efficacy of receptor-mediated delivery of hydrophobic drugs in glioma chemotherapy. Here, a delivery vehicle comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) and oxidized nanocrystalline mesoporous carbon particles (OMCN) linked to the Pep22 polypeptide targeting the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is designed to generate a novel drug-loaded system, designated as OMCN-PEG-Pep22/DOX (OPPD). This system effectively targets glioma cells and the blood-brain barrier and exerts therapeutic efficacy through both near-infrared (NIR) photothermal and chemotherapeutic effects of loaded doxycycline (DOX). Pathological tissue microarrays show an association of LDLR overexpression in human glioma tissue with patient survival.NIR irradiation treatment and magnetic resonance imaging results show that OPPD reaches the effective glioma-killing temperature in a glioma-bearing rat with a skull bone removal model and considerably reduces glioma sizes relative to the drug-loaded system without the Pep22 peptide modification and the control respectively. Thus, OPPD not only effectively targets LDLR-overexpressing glioma but also exerts a dual therapeutic effect by transporting DOX into the glioma and generating thermal effects with near-infrared irradiation to kill tumor cells. These collective findings support the utility of the novel OPPD drug-loaded system as a promising drug delivery vehicle for clinical application in glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Qian
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Bio-Bank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lanchun Ni
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qingfeng Huang
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Peipei Gong
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Research Centre of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongzheng Jia
- Medical Image Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dandan Shen
- Medical Image Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Changlai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Junlong Sun
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Junzhong Yao
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyu Tang
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
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68
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Brandao M, Simon T, Critchley G, Giamas G. Astrocytes, the rising stars of the glioblastoma microenvironment. Glia 2018; 67:779-790. [PMID: 30240060 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary tumor, causing thousands of deaths worldwide every year. The mean survival of patients with GBM remains below 20 months despite current available therapies. GBM cells' interactions with their stromal counterparts are crucial for tumor development. Astrocytes are glial cells that comprise ~50% of all brain cells and are therefore likely to establish direct contact with GBM cells. As other tumor cell types can hijack fibroblasts or immune cells to facilitate tumor growth, GBM cells can actually activate astrocytes, namely, the tumor associated astrocytes (TAAs), to promote GBM invasion in the healthy tissue. TAAs have thus been shown to be involved in GBM cells growth and limited response to radiation or chemotherapy (i.e., Temozolomide). Nevertheless, even though the interest in the cancer research community is increasing, the role of TAAs during GBM development is still overlooked. Yet, obtaining an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which TAAs influence GBM progression might lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. This article therefore reports the different levels of GBM progression at which TAAs have been recently described to be involved in, including tumor cells' proliferation/invasion and resistance to therapies, especially through the activity of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Brandao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Critchley
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, Brighton, United Kingdom
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69
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Chekhonin IV, Chistiakov DA, Grinenko NF, Gurina OI. Glioma Cell and Astrocyte Co-cultures As a Model to Study Tumor-Tissue Interactions: A Review of Methods. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1179-1195. [PMID: 29744691 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a dominant cell type that envelopes the glioma bed. Typically, that is followed by formation of contacts between astrocytes and glioma cells and accompanied by change in astrocyte phenotype, a phenomenon known as a 'reactive astrogliosis.' Generally considered glioma-promoting, astrocytes have many controversial peculiarities in communication with tumor cells, which need thorough examination in vitro. This review is devoted to in vitro co-culture studies of glioma cells and astrocytes. Firstly, we list several fundamental works which allow understanding the modalities of co-culturing. Cell-to-cell interactions between astrocytes and glioma cells, the roles of astrocytes in tumor metabolism, and glioma-related angiogenesis are reviewed. In the review, we also discuss communications between glioma stem cells and astrocytes. Co-cultures of glioma cells and astrocytes are used for studying anti-glioma treatment approaches. We also enumerate surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic methods assessed in co-culture experiments. In conclusion, we underline collisions in the field and point out the role of the co-cultures for neurobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy pereulok 23, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation.
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy pereulok 23, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda F Grinenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy pereulok 23, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Gurina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy pereulok 23, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation
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70
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Herrera-Perez RM, Voytik-Harbin SL, Sarkaria JN, Pollok KE, Fishel ML, Rickus JL. Presence of stromal cells in a bioengineered tumor microenvironment alters glioblastoma migration and response to STAT3 inhibition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194183. [PMID: 29566069 PMCID: PMC5863989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasingly recognized importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a regulator of tumor progression, only few in vitro models have been developed to systematically study the effects of TME on tumor behavior in a controlled manner. Here we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model that recapitulates the physical and compositional characteristics of Glioblastoma (GBM) extracellular matrix (ECM) and incorporates brain stromal cells such as astrocytes and endothelial cell precursors. The model was used to evaluate the effect of TME components on migration and survival of various patient-derived GBM cell lines (GBM10, GBM43 and GBAM1) in the context of STAT3 inhibition. Migration analysis of GBM within the 3D in vitro model demonstrated that the presence of astrocytes significantly increases the migration of GBM, while presence of endothelial precursors has varied effects on the migration of different GBM cell lines. Given the role of the tumor microenvironment as a regulator of STAT3 activity, we tested the effect of the STAT3 inhibitor SH-4-54 on GBM migration and survival. SH-4-54 inhibited STAT3 activity and reduced 3D migration and survival of GBM43 but had no effect on GBM10. SH-4-54 treatment drastically reduced the viability of the stem-like line GBAM1 in liquid culture, but its effect lessened in presence of a 3D ECM and stromal cells. Our results highlight the interplay between the ECM and stromal cells in the microenvironment with the cancer cells and indicate that the impact of these relationships may differ for GBM cells of varying genetic and clinical histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Marisol Herrera-Perez
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and the Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Fishel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jenna L. Rickus
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Physiological Sensing Facility at the Bindley Bioscience Center and the Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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71
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Jin P, Shin SH, Chun YS, Shin HW, Shin YJ, Lee Y, Kim D, Nam DH, Park JW. Astrocyte-derived CCL20 reinforces HIF-1-mediated hypoxic responses in glioblastoma by stimulating the CCR6-NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncogene 2018. [PMID: 29535421 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During tumor development, stromal cells are co-opted to the tumor milieu and provide favorable conditions for the tumor. Hypoxia stimulates cancer cells to acquire a more malignant phenotype via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Given that cancer cells and astrocytes in glioblastomas coexist in a hypoxic microenvironment, we examined whether astrocytes affect the adaptation of glioblastoma cells to hypoxia. Immunoblotting, reporter assays, quantitative RT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate HIF-1 signaling in glioblastoma cells. Astrocyte-derived chemokine C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20) was identified using cytokine arrays, and its role in glioblastoma development was evaluated in orthotopic xenografts. Astrocytes augmented HIF-1α expression in glioblastoma cells under hypoxia. The expression of HIF-1 downstream genes, cancer colony formation, and Matrigel invasion of glioblastoma cells were stimulated by conditioned medium from astrocytes pre-exposed to hypoxia. CCL20 was secreted in a hypoxia-dependent manner from astrocytes and busted the hypoxic induction of HIF-1α in glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, the CCL20/CCR6 signaling pathway upregulates HIF-1α by stimulating nuclear factor kappa B-driven transactivation of the HIF1A gene. Compared with the control tumors, CCR6-deficient glioblastoma xenografts grew more slowly, with poor vascularization, and expressed lower levels of HIF-1α and its downstream proteins. Furthermore, CCR6 expression was correlated with HIF-1α expression in GEO and TCGA datasets from human glioblastoma tissues. These results suggest that glioblastoma cells adapt well to hypoxic stress by virtue of CCL20 derived from neighboring astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus education program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus education program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus education program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus education program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jae Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donggeon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus education program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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72
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Boussiotis VA, Charest A. Immunotherapies for malignant glioma. Oncogene 2018; 37:1121-1141. [PMID: 29242608 PMCID: PMC5828703 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain cancer with a dreadful overall survival and for which treatment options are limited. Recent breakthroughs in novel immune-related treatment strategies for cancer have spurred interests in usurping the power of the patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate GBM. Here, we discuss the unique properties of GBM's tumor microenvironment, the effects of GBM standard on care therapy on tumor-associated immune cells, and review several approaches aimed at therapeutically targeting the immune system for GBM treatment. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the intricate micro-environmental landscape of GBM will abound into the development of novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain Charest
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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73
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Reactive Astrocytes in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6927-6938. [PMID: 29363044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the multidisciplinary integration in the therapeutic management of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the prognosis of GBM patients is poor. There is growing recognition that the cells in the tumor microenvironment play a vital role in regulating the progression of glioma. Astrocytes are an important component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as the tripartite synapse neural network to promote bidirectional communication with neurons under physiological conditions. Emerging evidence shows that tumor-associated reactive astrocytes interact with glioma cells and facilitate the progression, aggression, and survival of tumors by releasing different cytokines. Communication between reactive astrocytes and glioma cells is further promoted through ion channels and ion transporters, which augment the migratory capacity and invasiveness of tumor cells by modifying H+ and Ca2+ concentrations and stimulating volume changes in the cell. This in part contributes to the loss of epithelial polarization, initiating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, this review will summarize the recent findings on the role of reactive astrocytes in the progression of GBM and in the development of treatment-resistant glioma. In addition, the involvement of ion channels and transporters in bridging the interactions between tumor cells and astrocytes and their potential as new therapeutic anti-tumor targets will be discussed.
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74
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Role of Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion: What We Learned from In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010147. [PMID: 29300332 PMCID: PMC5796096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion properties of glioblastoma hamper a radical surgery and are responsible for its recurrence. Understanding the invasion mechanisms is thus critical to devise new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the creation of in vitro models that enable these mechanisms to be studied represents a crucial step. Since in vitro models represent an over-simplification of the in vivo system, in these years it has been attempted to increase the level of complexity of in vitro assays to create models that could better mimic the behaviour of the cells in vivo. These levels of complexity involved: 1. The dimension of the system, moving from two-dimensional to three-dimensional models; 2. The use of microfluidic systems; 3. The use of mixed cultures of tumour cells and cells of the tumour micro-environment in order to mimic the complex cross-talk between tumour cells and their micro-environment; 4. And the source of cells used in an attempt to move from commercial lines to patient-based models. In this review, we will summarize the evidence obtained exploring these different levels of complexity and highlighting advantages and limitations of each system used.
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75
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The biology and therapeutic management of melanoma brain metastases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 153:35-45. [PMID: 29278675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent years have seen significant progress in the development of systemic therapies to treat patients with advanced melanoma. Use of these new treatment modalities, which include immune checkpoint inhibitors and small molecule BRAF inhibitors, lead to increased overall survival and better outcomes. Although revolutionary, these therapies are often less effective against melanoma brain metastases, and frequently the CNS is the major site of treatment failure. The development of brain metastases remains a serious complication of advanced melanoma that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. New approaches to both prevent the development of brain metastases and treat established disease are urgently needed. In this review we will outline the mechanisms underlying the development of melanoma brain metastases and will discuss how new insights into metastasis biology are driving the development of new therapeutic strategies. Finally, we will describe the latest data from the ongoing clinical trials for patients with melanoma brain metastases.
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76
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Oliveira AI, Anjo SI, Vieira de Castro J, Serra SC, Salgado AJ, Manadas B, Costa BM. Crosstalk between glial and glioblastoma cells triggers the "go-or-grow" phenotype of tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:37. [PMID: 28969644 PMCID: PMC5625790 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant primary brain tumor, leads to poor and unpredictable clinical outcomes. Recent studies showed the tumor microenvironment has a critical role in regulating tumor growth by establishing a complex network of interactions with tumor cells. In this context, we investigated how GBM cells modulate resident glial cells, particularly their paracrine activity, and how this modulation can influence back on the malignant phenotype of GBM cells. Methods Conditioned media (CM) of primary mouse glial cultures unexposed (unprimed) or exposed (primed) to the secretome of GL261 GBM cells were analyzed by proteomic analysis. Additionally, these CM were used in GBM cells to evaluate their impact in glioma cell viability, migration capacity and activation of tumor-related intracellular pathways. Results The proteomic analysis revealed that the pre-exposure of glial cells to CM from GBM cells led to the upregulation of several proteins related to inflammatory response, cell adhesion and extracellular structure organization within the secretome of primed glial cells. At the functional levels, CM derived from unprimed glial cells favored an increase in GBM cell migration capacity, while CM from primed glial cells promoted cells viability. These effects on GBM cells were accompanied by activation of particular intracellular cancer-related pathways, mainly the MAPK/ERK pathway, which is a known regulator of cell proliferation. Conclusions Together, our results suggest that glial cells can impact on the pathophysiology of GBM tumors, and that the secretome of GBM cells is able to modulate the secretome of neighboring glial cells, in a way that regulates the “go-or-grow” phenotypic switch of GBM cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-017-0194-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira de Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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77
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Yuan JX, Munson JM. Quantitative Immunohistochemistry of the Cellular Microenvironment in Patient Glioblastoma Resections. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28784969 DOI: 10.3791/56025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing interest in the tumor microenvironment, we set out to develop a method to specifically determine the microenvironment components within patient samples of glioblastoma, the deadliest and most invasive brain cancer. Not only are quantitative methods beneficial for accurately describing diseased tissues, they can also potentially contribute to more accurate prognosis, diagnosis, and the development of tissue-engineered systems and replacements. In glioblastoma, glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, have been independently correlated with poor prognosis based on pathologist grading. However, the state of these cells and other glial cell components has not been well-described quantitatively. This can be difficult due to the large processes that mark these glial cells. Furthermore, most histological analyses focus on the overall tissue sample or only within the bulk of the tumor, as opposed to delineating quantifications based on regions within the highly heterogeneous tissue. Here, we describe a method for identifying and quantitatively analyzing the populations of glial cells within the tumor bulk and adjacent regions of tumor resections from glioblastoma patients. We used chromogenic immunohistochemistry to identify the glial cell populations in patient tumor resections and ImageJ to analyze percent coverage of staining for each glial population. With these techniques we are able to better describe the glial cells throughout regions of the glioma tumor microenvironment.
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78
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Min D, Lee W, Bae IH, Lee TR, Croce P, Yoo SS. Bioprinting of biomimetic skin containing melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 27:453-459. [PMID: 28453913 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique that is capable of producing a full-thickness skin model containing pigmentation. Multiple layers of fibroblast (FB)-containing collagen hydrogel precursor were printed and crosslinked through neutralization using sodium bicarbonate, constituting the dermal layer. Melanocytes (MCs) and keratinocytes (KCs) were sequentially printed on top of the dermal layer to induce skin pigmentation upon subsequent air-liquid interface culture. Histological analysis was performed not only to confirm the formation of distinct skin layers, but also to identify the presence of pigmentation. The bioprinted skin structure showed the dermal and epidermal layers as well as the terminal differentiation of the KC that formed the stratum corneum. Moreover, the MC-containing epidermal layer showed freckle-like pigmentations at the dermal-epidermal junction, without the use of external ultraviolet light or chemical stimuli. The presented method offers the capability of producing engineered ephelides in biomimetic skin, thus rendering 3D bioprinting techniques as productive on-demand options for the creation of skin models available for therapeutic or research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Min
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Phillip Croce
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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79
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Soubannier V, Stifani S. NF-κB Signalling in Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020029. [PMID: 28598356 PMCID: PMC5489815 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor regulating a wide array of genes mediating numerous cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, motility and survival, to name a few. Aberrant activation of NF-κB is a frequent event in numerous cancers, including glioblastoma, the most common and lethal form of brain tumours of glial cell origin (collectively termed gliomas). Glioblastoma is characterized by high cellular heterogeneity, resistance to therapy and almost inevitable recurrence after surgery and treatment. NF-κB is aberrantly activated in response to a variety of stimuli in glioblastoma, where its activity has been implicated in processes ranging from maintenance of cancer stem-like cells, stimulation of cancer cell invasion, promotion of mesenchymal identity, and resistance to radiotherapy. This review examines the mechanisms of NF-κB activation in glioblastoma, the involvement of NF-κB in several mechanisms underlying glioblastoma propagation, and discusses some of the important questions of future research into the roles of NF-κB in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Soubannier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada.
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada.
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80
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Schiffer D, Mellai M, Bovio E, Annovazzi L. The neuropathological basis to the functional role of microglia/macrophages in gliomas. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1571-1577. [PMID: 28593528 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The paper wants to be a tracking shot of the main recent acquisitions on the function and significance of microglia/macrophages in gliomas. The observations have been principally carried out on in vitro cultures and on tumor transplants in animals. Contrary to what is deduced from microglia in non-neoplastic pathologic conditions of central nervous system (CNS), most conclusions indicate that microglia acts favoring tumor proliferation through an immunosuppression induced by glioma cells. By immunohistochemistry, different microglia phenotypes are recognized in gliomas, from ramified microglia to frank macrophagic aspect. One wonders whether the functional conclusions drawn from many microglia studies, but not in conditions of human pathology, apply to all the phenotypes recognizable in them. It is difficult to verify in human pathology a prognostic significance of microglia. Only CD163-positive microglia/macrophages inversely correlate with glioma patients' survival, whereas the total number of microglia does not change with the malignancy grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
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81
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Surface chemistry governs cellular tropism of nanoparticles in the brain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15322. [PMID: 28524852 PMCID: PMC5454541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are of long-standing interest for the treatment of neurological diseases such as glioblastoma. Most past work focused on methods to introduce nanoparticles into the brain, suggesting that reaching the brain interstitium will be sufficient to ensure therapeutic efficacy. However, optimized nanoparticle design for drug delivery to the central nervous system is limited by our understanding of their cellular deposition in the brain. Here, we investigated the cellular fate of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles presenting different surface chemistries, after administration by convection-enhanced delivery. We demonstrate that nanoparticles with ‘stealth' properties mostly avoid internalization by all cell types, but internalization can be enhanced by functionalization with bio-adhesive end-groups. We also show that association rates measured in cultured cells predict the extent of internalization of nanoparticles in cell populations. Finally, evaluating therapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma highlights the need to balance significant uptake without inducing adverse toxicity. There have been numerous attempts to develop nanomaterials to reach cells of the central nervous system for drug delivery. Here, the authors investigate the cellular fate of polymer-based nanoparticles with varying surface chemistries after administration directly into the brain.
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82
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Lee W, Lim S, Kim Y. The role of myosin II in glioma invasion: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171312. [PMID: 28166231 PMCID: PMC5293275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are malignant tumors that are commonly observed in primary brain cancer. Glioma cells migrate through a dense network of normal cells in microenvironment and spread long distances within brain. In this paper we present a two-dimensional multiscale model in which a glioma cell is surrounded by normal cells and its migration is controlled by cell-mechanical components in the microenvironment via the regulation of myosin II in response to chemoattractants. Our simulation results show that the myosin II plays a key role in the deformation of the cell nucleus as the glioma cell passes through the narrow intercellular space smaller than its nuclear diameter. We also demonstrate that the coordination of biochemical and mechanical components within the cell enables a glioma cell to take the mode of amoeboid migration. This study sheds lights on the understanding of glioma infiltration through the narrow intercellular spaces and may provide a potential approach for the development of anti-invasion strategies via the injection of chemoattractants for localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanho Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States of America
| | - Yangjin Kim
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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83
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Hassan A, Mosley J, Singh S, Zinn PO. A Comprehensive Review of Genomics and Noncoding RNA in Gliomas. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 26:3-14. [PMID: 28079712 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary adult brain tumor. In spite of our greater understanding of the biology of GBMs, clinical outcome of GBM patients remains poor, as their median survival with best available treatment is 12 to 18 months. Recent efforts of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have subgrouped patients into 4 molecular/transcriptional subgroups: proneural, neural, classical, and mesenchymal. Continuing efforts are underway to provide a comprehensive map of the heterogeneous makeup of GBM to include noncoding transcripts, genetic mutations, and their associations to clinical outcome. In this review, we introduce key molecular events (genetic and epigenetic) that have been deemed most relevant as per studies such as TCGA, with a specific focus on noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). One of our main objectives is to illustrate how miRNAs and lncRNAs play a pivotal role in brain tumor biology to define tumor heterogeneity at molecular and cellular levels. Ultimately, we elaborate how radiogenomics-based predictive models can describe miRNA/lncRNA-driven networks to better define heterogeneity of GBM with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hassan
- *Department of Diagnostic Radiology †Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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84
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Romeo SG, Conti A, Polito F, Tomasello C, Barresi V, La Torre DL, Cucinotta M, Angileri FF, Bartolotta M, Di Giorgio RM, Aguennouz M. miRNA regulation of Sirtuin-1 expression in human astrocytoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2992-2998. [PMID: 27698888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of 7 histone deacetylases largely involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival and death. The role of sirtuins in tumorigenesis and cancer progression has been previously studied in certain cancer types. Few studies have investigated sirtuin expression in gliomas, with controversial results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) in diffuse astrocytoma [low grade astrocytoma (LGA)], anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and in primary glioma cell lines: PLGAC (primary LGA cells); PAAC (primary AA cells); and PGBMC (primary GBM cells). Tumor samples were obtained from patients who underwent craniotomy for microsurgical tumor resection at the Neurosurgery Unit of the University of Messina between 2011 and 2014. Sirt-1 expression was qualitatively analyzed in 30 human glial tumor samples and 5 non-neoplastic brain tissue (NBT) specimens using immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques. Sirt-1 expression was quantitatively analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In addition, Sirt-1 expression in primary cell lines was investigated by immunoblotting and RT-qPCR. Sirt-1 expression was downregulated in gliomas compared to NBTs. Sirt-1 levels also varied among different tumor grades, with more evident downregulation in high-grade (P<0.001) than low-grade tumors (P<0.01). These data were confirmed in cell lines, with the exception of upregulation of protein level in the highest malignancy grade cell lines. The present results suggest a role for miRNA-34a, miRNA-132 and miRNA-217 in the epigenetic control of Sirt-1 during gliomagenesis and progression, and demonstrate the different implications of Sirt-1 in human tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, the present results reveal that Sirt-1 may be an intrinsic regulator of tumor progression and the regulation of Sirt-1 involves complex molecular pathways. However, the biological functions of Sirt-1 in gliomagenesis require additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfredo Conti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Polito
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Tomasello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cucinotta
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Bartolotta
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - M'Hammed Aguennouz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
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Malignant gliomas induce and exploit astrocytic mesenchymal-like transition by activating canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Med Oncol 2016; 33:66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Galunisertib inhibits glioma vasculogenic mimicry formation induced by astrocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23056. [PMID: 26976322 PMCID: PMC4791658 DOI: 10.1038/srep23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most lethal primary brain tumors found in humans. In high-grade gliomas, vasculogenic mimicry is often detected and has been correlated with prognosis, thus suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. Vasculogenic mimicry mainly forms vascular-like channels independent of endothelial cells; however, little is known about the relationship between astrocytes and vasculogenic mimicry. In our study, we demonstrated that the presence of astrocytes promoted vasculogenic mimicry. With suspension microarray technology and in vitro tube formation assays, we identified that astrocytes relied on TGF-β1 to enhance vasculogenic mimicry. We also found that vasculogenic mimicry was inhibited by galunisertib, a promising TGF-β1 inhibitor currently being studied in an ongoing trial in glioma patients. The inhibition was partially attributed to a decrease in autophagy after galunisertib treatment. Moreover, we observed a decrease in VE-cadherin and smooth muscle actin-α expression, as well as down-regulation of Akt and Flk phosphorylation in galunisertib-treated glioma cells. By comparing tumor weight and volume in a xenograft model, we acquired promising results to support our theory. This study expands our understanding of the role of astrocytes in gliomas and demonstrates that galunisertib inhibits glioma vasculogenic mimicry induced by astrocytes.
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