51
|
Schizophyllan: A review on its structure, properties, bioactivities and recent developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
52
|
Wu AC, Witt T, Gilbert RG. Characterization Methods for Starch-Based Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving starch-containing materials, whether food, animal feed, high-tech biomaterials, or engineering plastics, is best done by understanding how biosynthetic processes and any subsequent processing control starch structure, and how this structure controls functional properties. Starch structural characterization is central to this. This review examines how information on the three basic levels of the complex multi-scale structure of starch – individual chains, the branching structure of isolated molecules, and the way these molecules form various crystalline and amorphous arrangements – can be obtained from experiment. The techniques include fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, multiple-detector size-exclusion chromatography, and various scattering techniques (light, X-ray, and neutron). Some examples are also given to show how these data provide mechanistic insight into how biosynthetic processes control the structure and how the various structural levels control functional properties.
Collapse
|
53
|
Petersen BO, Meier S, Duus JØ. NMR assignment of structural motifs in intact β-limit dextrin and its α-amylase degradation products in situ. Carbohydr Res 2012; 359:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
54
|
Casarrubias-Castillo MG, Hamaker BR, Rodriguez-Ambriz SL, Bello-Pérez LA. Physicochemical, structural, and digestibility properties of enzymatic modified plantain and mango starches. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
55
|
Wu Y, Lin Q, Chen Z, Xiao H. The interaction between tea polyphenols and rice starch during gelatinization. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2011; 17:569-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013211430294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between tea polyphenols (TPLs) and rice starch (RS) during gelatinization has been studied. In the RVA analysis, TPLs-fortified RS exhibited no clearly defined peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity. After excluding other factors, irregular viscosity changes were attributed to the strong interactions between RS and TPLs during pasting/gelatinization. Subsequently, the coupling constants of samples A (the gelatinized sample of the blend of 16% TPLs and RS) and B (the blend of 16% TPLs and gelatinized RS sample) in 1H-NMR measurements were found to be the difference. Sample A had two coupling constants, 26h JHH = 82.08, 100.77 Hz and 6h JHH = 35.57 Hz, whereas Sample B had one larger coupling constant, 9h JHH = 140.24 Hz. This implied that these two samples differed in H–H interaction and interaction strength of sample A may be stronger than that of sample B. More important is, sample A had clearly broadened O–H stretching and frequency red-shifts of C–O–H bending as compared with sample B in quantitative FT–IR analysis. The overall results indicate that TPLs and RS can have hydrogen bonding interaction during gelatinization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Center South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004 Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Center South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004 Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Center South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004 Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- The Core Facilities of Biotechnology, Center South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004 Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - HuaXi Xiao
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Center South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004 Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tizzotti MJ, Sweedman MC, Tang D, Schaefer C, Gilbert RG. New (1)h NMR procedure for the characterization of native and modified food-grade starches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6913-6919. [PMID: 21608525 DOI: 10.1021/jf201209z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel, fast, and straightforward procedure is presented for the characterization of starch (the largest energy component in food) and modified starches (such as octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starches used as a dispersing agent in the food industry). The method uses (1)H NMR to measure the degree of branching and also, for modified starches, the degree of chemical substitution. The substrate is dissolved in dimethyl-d(6) sulfoxide; addition of a very low amount of deuterated trifluoroacetic acid (d(1)-TFA) to the medium gives rise to a shift to high frequency of the exchangeable protons of the starch hydroxyl groups, leading to a clear and well-defined (1)H NMR spectrum, which provides an improved way to determine the degrees of both branching and chemical substitution. Measurements of the size and molecular weight distributions by multiple-detector size exclusion chromatography show that degradation by TFA does not affect the accuracy of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Tizzotti
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Zhang Y, Li S, Wang X, Zhang L, Cheung PC. Advances in lentinan: Isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactivities. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
58
|
Bai Y, Shi YC, Herrera A, Prakash O. Study of octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy maize starch by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
59
|
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1413-23. [PMID: 20967430 PMCID: PMC3026666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched polymers are among the most important polymers, ranging from polyolefins to polysaccharides. Branching plays a key role in the chain dynamics. It is thus very important for application properties such as mechanical and adhesive properties and digestibility. It also plays a key role in viscous properties, and thus in the mechanism of the separation of these polymers in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Critically reviewing the literature, particularly on SEC of polyolefins, polyacrylates and starch, we discuss common pitfalls but also highlight some unexplored possibilities to characterize branched polymers. The presence of a few long-chain branches has been shown to lead to a poor separation in SEC, as evidenced by multiple-detection SEC or multidimensional liquid chromatography. The local dispersity can be large in that case, and the accuracy of molecular weight determination achieved by current methods is poor, although hydrodynamic volume distributions offer alternatives. In contrast, highly branched polymers do not suffer from this extensive incomplete separation in terms of molecular weight. Representation of (a) a linear polymer chain and various branched polymer structures with (b) longchain branches (amylose-like), (c) short-chain branches (amylopectin-like), (d) both short-chain and long-chain branches (polyacrylate- or polyethylene-like). ![]()
Collapse
|
60
|
Montesanti N, Véronèse G, Buléon A, Escalier PC, Kitamura S, Putaux JL. A-Type Crystals from Dilute Solutions of Short Amylose Chains. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3049-58. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1008712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Montesanti
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| | - Gabrielle Véronèse
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| | - Alain Buléon
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| | - Pierre-Claude Escalier
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| | - Shinichi Kitamura
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France, UMR 5504, UMR 792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, CNRS, INRA, F-31400 Toulouse, France, Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France, and Graduate School of Life and
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
Appelqvist IAM, Debet MRM. Starch‐biopolymer interactions—a review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129709541105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
63
|
Schmitz S, Dona AC, Castignolles P, Gilbert RG, Gaborieau M. Assessment of the Extent of Starch Dissolution in Dimethyl Sulfoxide by1H NMR Spectroscopy. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:506-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
64
|
Chairam S, Poolperm C, Somsook E. Starch vermicelli template-assisted synthesis of size/shape-controlled nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
65
|
Shin JE, Simsek S, Reuhs BL, Yao Y. Glucose release of water-soluble starch-related alpha-glucans by pancreatin and amyloglucosidase is affected by the abundance of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10879-10886. [PMID: 18975962 DOI: 10.1021/jf801073u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that an increased branch density (i.e., the percentage of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage) in water-soluble, starch-related alpha-glucans leads to reduced glucose release by pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. Malto-oligosaccharides and phytoglycogens were structurally analyzed and compared for their susceptibility to the enzymes. Malto-oligosaccharides were prepared by subjecting starch to alpha-amylase and beta-amylase followed by ultrafiltration to enrich alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages. The branch density of the oligosaccharide products reached up to 17%, determined by (1)H NMR. Phytoglycogens were extracted from six sweet corn lines, and analysis showed similar chain length distributions and a branch density range from 8.8 to 9.5%, as compared with 4.6% for normal corn starch and 5.7% for waxy corn starch. The digestion behavior of these alpha-glucans was correlated to branch density: Highly branched malto-oligosaccharides had much reduced glucose release as compared with starch, whereas the reduction of glucose release from phytoglycogen was relatively low. Particularly, the reduction of glucose release associated with enhanced branch density was caused by reduced hydrolysis by amyloglucosidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-E Shin
- QTG-Tropicana, Barrington, Illinois 60010, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
|
67
|
First isolation and structural determination of cyclic β-(1→2)-glucans from an alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2623-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
68
|
Hernández JM, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Gidley MJ, Myers AM, Gilbert RG. Mechanistic Investigation of a Starch-Branching Enzyme Using Hydrodynamic Volume SEC Analysis. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:954-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701213p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier M. Hernández
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alan M. Myers
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
|
70
|
Čížová A, Koschella A, Heinze T, Ebringerová A, Sroková I. Octenylsuccinate Derivatives of Carboxymethyl Starch – Synthesis and Properties. STARCH-STARKE 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200700651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
71
|
Ao Z, Simsek S, Zhang G, Venkatachalam M, Reuhs BL, Hamaker BR. Starch with a slow digestion property produced by altering its chain length, branch density, and crystalline structure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4540-7. [PMID: 17488022 DOI: 10.1021/jf063123x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of increasing the branch density of starch to reduce its digestion rate through partial shortening of amylopectin exterior chains and the length of amylose was investigated. Starch products prepared using beta-amylase, beta-amylase and transglucosidase, maltogenic alpha-amylase, and maltogenic alpha-amylase and transglucosidase showed significant reduction of rapidly digested starch by 14.5%, 29.0%, 19.8%, and 31.0% with a concomitant increase of slowly digested starch by 9.0%, 19.7%, 5.7%, and 11.0%, respectively. The resistant starch content increased from 5.1% to 13.5% in treated starches. The total contents of the prebiotics isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and panose (Isomaltooligosaccharides) were 2.3% and 5.5%, respectively, for beta-amylase/transglucosidase- and maltogenic alpha-amylase/transglucosidase-treated starches. The molecular weight distribution of enzyme-treated starches and their debranched chain length distributions, analyzed using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALLS-RI) and HPSEC-RI, showed distinctly different patterns among starches with different enzyme treatments. A larger proportion of low molecular weight fractions appeared in starches treated additionally with transglucosidase. All enzyme-treated starches showed a mixture of B- and V-type X-ray diffraction patterns, and 1H NMR spectra showed a significant increase of alpha-1,6 linkages. Both the increase of the starch branch density and the crystalline structure in the treated starches likely contribute to their slow digestion property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Ao
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mange S, Dever C, De Bruyn H, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Gilbert RG. Grafting of Oligosaccharides onto Synthetic Polymer Colloids. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1816-23. [PMID: 17497920 DOI: 10.1021/bm061119o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method to form colloidally stable oligosaccharide-grafted synthetic polymer particles has been developed. The oligosaccharides, of weight-average degree of polymerization approximately 38, were obtained by enzymatic debranching of amylopectin. Through the use of a cerium(IV)-based redox initiation process, oligosaccharide chains are grafted onto a synthetic polymer colloid comprising electrostatically stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene latex particles swollen with methyl methacrylate monomer. Ce(IV) creates a radical species on these oligosaccharides, which then propagates, initially with aqueous-phase monomer, then with the methyl methacrylate monomer inside the particles. Ultracentrifugation, NMR, and total starch analyses together prove that the grafting process has occurred, with at least 7.7 wt % starch grafted and a grafting efficiency of 33%. The surfactant used in latex preparation was removed by dialysis, resulting in particles colloidally stabilized with only linear starch as a steric stabilizer. The debranched starch that comprises these oligosaccharides is found to be a remarkably effective colloidal stabilizer, albeit at low electrolyte concentration, stabilizing particles with very sparse surface coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyabonga Mange
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Jonhed A, Järnström L. The Interaction Between Surfactants and 2-Hydroxy-3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium)-propyloxy Starches. STARCH-STARKE 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200500481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
74
|
Ward RM, Gao Q, de Bruyn H, Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA. Improved Methods for the Structural Analysis of the Amylose-Rich Fraction from Rice Flour. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:866-76. [PMID: 16529425 DOI: 10.1021/bm050617e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cooking and sensory properties of rice are largely determined by the amylose content and structure. For relationships between functional and structural properties, a more accurate method to determine the structure of amylose is required. Here we calibrate size exclusion chromatography (SEC) columns, using Mark-Houwink parameters for linear starch and pullulan standards, to obtain the true molecular weight distribution of linear starch. When the molecular weight distribution is reported relative to pullulan, rather than the actual molecular weight which is readily obtained from universal calibration, it is seen that the molecular weights of longer amylose chains are greatly underestimated. We validate the SEC method to enable the measurement of the hydrodynamic volume distribution of the starch by examining reproducibility and recovery. Analysis of the starch in the sample pre- and post-SEC shows that 20% of the carbohydrate is not recovered. Comparison of the weight-average degree of polymerization, X(w), of (undebranched) starch of pre- and post-SEC is made using iodine binding as well as Berry plots of data from multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). These both show that current SEC techniques for starch analysis lead to significant loss of high molecular weight material. Indeed, for the systems studied here, the values for X(w) after SEC are about three times lower than those before SEC. Iodine-starch complexes of pre- and post-SEC samples reveals that the SEC techniques give reliable data for the amylose fraction but not for amylopectin. We address reports in the literature suggesting that the conventional isoamylase method for debranching starch would lead to incomplete debranching and thus incorrect molecular weight distributions. However, it is shown using (1)H NMR that isoamylase can completely debranch the amylose (to within the detection limit of 0.5%), and by SEC that successive incubation with isoamylase, alpha-amylase, and beta-amylase can degrade the amylose-rich fraction completely to maltose. We develop a method to obtain a hot water soluble fraction (HWSF), rich in undamaged amylose molecules, directly from rice flour, avoiding the structural degradation of previous techniques. With appropriate sample handling, the formation of associations between starch chains is minimized. With the combination of calibrated and validated SEC methods, and an improved extraction of amylose from rice, the X(w) for both HWSF and debranched HWSF are found to be much larger than has previously been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M Ward
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, PMB Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
De Bruyn H, Sprong E, Gaborieau M, David G, Roper JA, Gilbert RG. Starch-graft-copolymer latexes initiated and stabilized by ozonolyzed amylopectin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
76
|
Wangsakan A, McClements DJ, Chinachoti P, Charles Dickinson L. Two-dimensional rotating-frame Overhauser spectroscopy (ROESY) and 13C NMR study of the interactions between maltodextrin and an anionic surfactant. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:1105-11. [PMID: 15063198 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rotational frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) and (13)C NMR measurements were carried out to study the molecular interaction between maltodextrin, a digestive byproduct of starch, and an anionic surfactant. Significant differences in chemical shifts were observed when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was introduced into the maltodextrin (DE 10) solutions. (13)C NMR measurement indicated that there were downfield shifts and broadening of peaks, especially in the region of 75-81 and 100-103 ppm, which were assigned to carbons 1 and 4 of the d-glucopyranose residues of maltodextrin, respectively. ROESY spectra indicated cross-peaks between the SDS and maltodextrin protons. These peaks can arise only in the case of the designated SDS protons and maltodextrin protons being less than 0.5 nm apart for a substantial period of time. The most intense cross-peaks are those between the central CH(2) protons of SDS near 1.2 ppm and the maltodextrin protons ranging from 3.5 to 3.9 ppm. The SDS-H3 CH(2) protons were resolved from the bulk of the SDS protons, with peaks and shoulders at 1.25 ppm, which indicated an especially strong interaction of the SDS hydrophobic tail with MD6 and some less intense interactions with MD2, 4, and 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apiradee Wangsakan
- Biopolymers and Colloids Research Group, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
|
78
|
Delval F, Crini G, Bertini S, Morin-Crini N, Badot PM, Vebrel J, Torri G. Characterization of crosslinked starch materials with spectroscopic techniques. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
79
|
Richardson S, Gorton L. Characterisation of the substituent distribution in starch and cellulose derivatives. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
80
|
Mahadevamma S, Harish Prashanth K, Tharanathan R. Resistant starch derived from processed legumes—purification and structural characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(03)00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
81
|
Olivier A, Cazaux F, Coqueret X. Compatibilization of starch-allylurea blends by electron beam irradiation: spectroscopic monitoring and assessment of grafting efficiency. Biomacromolecules 2003; 2:1260-6. [PMID: 11777401 DOI: 10.1021/bm015573y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical changes induced by electron-beam irradiation of mixtures of N-allylurea (AU) and amorphized starch were studied by spectroscopic methods for identifying and monitoring the reactions providing the blend with stabilized physical properties. Spectral modifications essentially concerned the AU constituent in the irradiated mixtures. FTIR and NMR analyses were used to quantify the progress of AU conversion upon irradiation and to gain information on the structure of the products. The influence of sample temperature and moisture on AU conversion rate was examined. The kinetic treatment of conversion vs dose data, from blends with different contents in AU, suggested that the phenomenological order for the reaction rate was zero, relative to the concentration in AU. The grafting yield was determined from combined (1)H NMR data recorded after selective solubilization of the constituents allowing for extraction of AU monomer and homopolymer from the grafted polysaccharide. Graft polymerization was more efficient than homopolymerization in samples containing AU in amounts less than its limiting solubility and relatively less efficient in thermodynamically unstable blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Olivier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Macromoléculaire, UPRESA CNRS 8009, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Han JA, BeMiller JN, Hamaker B, Lim ST. Structural Changes of Debranched Corn Starch by Aqueous Heating and Stirring. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-A. Han
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - J. N. BeMiller
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Food Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - B. Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Food Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S.-T. Lim
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone: 82-2-3290-3435. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Rondeau-Mouro C, Crepeau MJ, Lahaye M. Application of CP-MAS and liquid-like solid-state NMR experiments for the study of the ripening-associated cell wall changes in tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 2003; 31:235-44. [PMID: 12568932 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
13C and 1H NMR spectra of an ethanol insoluble material (EIM) prepared from the pericarp of mature-green (MG) and red-ripe (RR) tomato fruits were acquired in 'liquid-like' and cross-polarisation with dipolar decoupling and magic angle spinning (CPMAS) conditions using the same triple resonance probe. Such a strategy allowed acquisitions of various NMR experiments aimed at detecting compositional differences as well as distinguishing differences in molecular mobility for various constituent polysaccharides related with the two ripening stages. Increase of the proton dipolar decoupling power levels from 3 to 50-55 kHz during single pulse 13C acquisition, led to more intense signals for pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. This behaviour was interpreted as reflecting motional restrictions of these polysaccharides inside the porous cell wall network. Measurements of the proton rotating frame relaxation times T(1rho) in the 'liquid-like' conditions and of the proton transverse relaxation times T(2) from CPMAS spectra, revealed changes in mobilities for some pectic polysaccharides in relation with ripening, particularly for the H1 and H5 protons of alpha-1,5 arabinan (Ara) side chains of rhamnogalacturonans. These data are discussed in relation with known pectic modifications occurring during ripening and associated with the tomato fruit softening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rondeau-Mouro
- Unité de Physico-Chimie des Macromolécules, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Wu C, Colleoni C, Myers AM, James MG. Enzymatic properties and regulation of ZPU1, the maize pullulanase-type starch debranching enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 406:21-32. [PMID: 12234486 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (DBE) are required for mobilization of carbohydrate reserves and for the normal structural organization of storage glucan polymers. Two isoforms, the pullulanase-type DBEs and the isoamylase-type DBEs, are both highly conserved in plants. To address DBE functions in starch assembly and breakdown, this study characterized the biochemical activity of ZPU1, a pullulanase-type DBE that is the product of the maize Zpu1 gene. Assays showed directly that recombinant ZPU1 (ZPU1r) expressed in Escherichia coli functions as a pullulanase-type enzyme, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that ZPU1r specifically hydrolyzes alpha(1-->6) branch linkages. Preferred substrates for ZPU1r hydrolytic activity were determined, as were pH, temperature, and thermal stability optima. Kinetic properties of ZPU1r with respect to two substrates, beta-limit dextrin and pullulan, were determined. ZPU1 activity was increased by incubation with thioredoxin h, and native activity was decreased in mutants that accumulate soluble sugars, suggesting potential regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2152 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kralj S, van Geel-Schutten GH, Rahaoui H, Leer RJ, Faber EJ, van der Maarel MJEC, Dijkhuizen L. Molecular characterization of a novel glucosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri strain 121 synthesizing a unique, highly branched glucan with alpha-(1-->4) and alpha-(1-->6) glucosidic bonds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4283-91. [PMID: 12200277 PMCID: PMC124066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4283-4291.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri strain 121 produces a unique, highly branched, soluble glucan in which the majority of the linkages are of the alpha-(1-->4) glucosidic type. The glucan also contains alpha-(1-->6)-linked glucosyl units and 4,6-disubstituted alpha-glucosyl units at the branching points. Using degenerate primers, based on the amino acid sequences of conserved regions from known glucosyltransferase (gtf) genes from lactic acid bacteria, the L. reuteri strain 121 glucosyltransferase gene (gtfA) was isolated. The gtfA open reading frame (ORF) was 5,343 bp, and it encodes a protein of 1,781 amino acids with a deduced M(r) of 198,637. The deduced amino acid sequence of GTFA revealed clear similarities with other glucosyltransferases. GTFA has a relatively large variable N-terminal domain (702 amino acids) with five unique repeats and a relatively short C-terminal domain (267 amino acids). The gtfA gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, yielding an active GTFA enzyme. With respect to binding type and size distribution, the recombinant GTFA enzyme and the L. reuteri strain 121 culture supernatants synthesized identical glucan polymers. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of the gtfA ORF and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the glucosyltransferase isolated from culture supernatants of L. reuteri strain 121 were the same. GTFA is thus responsible for the synthesis of the unique glucan polymer in L. reuteri strain 121. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of a glucosyltransferase from a Lactobacillus strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kralj
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioengineering, TNORUG, Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Yu S, Blennow A, Bojko M, Madsen F, Olsen CE, Engelsen SB. Physico-chemical Characterization of Floridean Starch of Red Algae. STARCH-STARKE 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-379x(200202)54:2<66::aid-star66>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
88
|
|
89
|
Kim YT, Kim EH, Cheong C, Williams DL, Kim CW, Lim ST. Structural characterization of beta-D-(1 --> 3, 1 --> 6)-linked glucans using NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:331-41. [PMID: 11072840 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nondestructive structural analysis of a series of beta-D-(1 --> 3, 1 --> 6)-linked glucans (laminaran, curdlan, yeast glucan, scleroglucan, etc.) was performed using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The relative ratios of H-1 at different AGUs provided the information about DPn and DB. The alpha-, and beta-anomeric protons on reducing terminals were assigned at 5.02 to approximately 5.03 ppm (J 3.6 to approximately 3.7 Hz), and 4.42 to approximately 4.43 ppm (J 7.6 to approximately 7.9 Hz), respectively, whereas the H-1 protons of internal AGUs and beta-(1 --> 6)-branched AGUs appeared at 4.56 to approximately 4.59 ppm (J 7.6 to approximately 7.8 Hz), and 4.26 to approximately 4.28 ppm (J 7.6 to approximately 10.6 Hz), respectively, in a mixed solvent of 6:1 Me2SO-d6-D2O at 80 degrees C. In the solvent, the OH peaks were eliminated from the spectra allowing the H-1 protons to appear clearly. In addition, the nonreducing terminal H-1 and H-1 at the AGU next to reducing terminal could be assigned at 4.45 to approximately 4.46 ppm (J 7.8 to approximately 7.9 Hz), and 4.51 to approximately 4.53 ppm (J 7.8 Hz), respectively. The DPn of the laminaran was 33 (polydispersity 1.12) and the DB was 0.07. The number of glucosyl units in the side chain of laminaran is more than one. The DPn and DB of the water-insoluble yeast glucan were 228 and 0.003, respectively. However the DPn of water soluble yeast glucan phosphate and curdlan was changed upon the number of freeze-drying processes and the content of water in the mixed solvent, respectively. And the DB of those were calculated as 0.02 and 0, respectively. The DB of scleroglucan was precisely calculated as 0.33, compared with the previously reported data. The H-1s at different AGUs of the various beta-D-(1 --> 3, 1 --> 6)-linked glucans having different DB can be exactly assigned by their chemical shifts in the mixed solvent system. This NMR analysis can be effectively used to determine the DP and DB of polysaccharides in a simple and non-destructive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y T Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Dauvillée D, Mestre V, Colleoni C, Slomianny M, Mouille G, Delrue B, d'Hulst C, Bliard C, Nuzillard J, Ball S. The debranching enzyme complex missing in glycogen accumulating mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii displays an isoamylase-type specificity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 157:145-156. [PMID: 10960727 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the functions of debranching enzymes in starch biosynthesis, we have partially purified and characterized these activities from wild type and mutant sta7 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mutants of the STA7 locus substitute synthesis of insoluble granular starch by that of small amounts of glycogen-like material. The mutants were previously shown to lack an 88 kDa debranching enzyme. Two distinct debranching activities were detected in wild-type strains. The 88 kDa debranching enzyme subunit missing in glycogen-producing mutants (CIS1) is shown to be part of a multimeric enzyme complex. A monomeric 95 kDa debranching enzyme (CLD1) cleaved alpha-1,6 linkages separated by as few as three glucose residues while the multimeric complex was unable to do so. Both enzymes were able to debranch amylopectin while the alpha-1,6 linkages of glycogen were completely debranched by the multimeric complex only. Therefore CLD1 and the multimeric debranching enzyme display respectively the limit-dextrinase (pullulanase) and isoamylase-type specificities. Various mutations in the STA7 locus caused the loss of both CIS1 and of the multimeric isoamylase complex. In contrast to rice and maize mutants that accumulate phytoglycogen owing to mutation of an isoamylase-type DBE, isoamylase depletion in Chlamydomonas did not result in any qualitative or quantitative difference in pullulanase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Dauvillée
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche du C.N.R.S. no 8576, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Cedex, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
van der Burgt YE, Bergsma J, Bleeker IP, Mijland PJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Substituent distribution in highly branched dextrins from methylated starches. Carbohydr Res 2000; 327:423-9. [PMID: 10990027 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Granular potato starch and amylopectin potato starch were methylated to molar substitutions (MS) up to 0.29. Extensive alpha-amylase digestion gave mixtures of partially methylated oligomers. Precipitation of larger fragments by methanol yielded mainly alpha-limit dextrins (84-99%). Methanol precipitates were extensively digested with beta-amylase yielding alpha,beta-limit dextrins. The average substitution level of branched glucose residues in the dextrins thus obtained was determined after per deuteriomethylation by using FAB mass spectrometry, and compared with that of the linearly linked glucose residues. The present work demonstrates that methylation does not show any preference for substitution at either branched or linearly linked glucose residues, taking into account the inherently lower amount of substitution sites at branched residues. The results corroborate earlier studies wherein it was found that substituents in branched regions are distributed almost randomly. In addition, the data enable the determination of the average degree of branching of partially methylated dextrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y E van der Burgt
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Courtin CM, Van den Broeck H, Delcour JA. Determination of reducing end sugar residues in oligo- and polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 866:97-104. [PMID: 10681013 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reducing end sugar residues in maltodextrins and arabinoxylans are determined as alditol acetates by gas-liquid chromatography following reduction, acid hydrolysis and acetylation of the samples. After this conversion to alditol acetates, the reducing end sugars are thus separated from their acetylated aldose counterparts. The method allows to identify individual reducing end sugars quantitatively and is a good alternative for colorimetric reducing sugar assays and 1H-NMR analysis. To demonstrate the advantages of the method, an application in a study of enzymic solubilisation and degradation of water unextractable arabinoxylan from a flour squeegee fraction is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Biochemical and structural characterization of the glucan and fructan exopolysaccharides synthesized by the lactobacillus reuteri wild-type strain and by mutant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3008-14. [PMID: 10388696 PMCID: PMC91449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.7.3008-3014.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri LB 121 cells growing on sucrose synthesize large amounts of a glucan (D-glucose) and a fructan (D-fructose) with molecular masses of 3,500 and 150 kDa, respectively. Methylation studies and 13C or 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the glucan has a unique structure consisting of terminal, 4-substituted, 6-substituted, and 4,6-disubstituted alpha-glucose in a molar ratio of 1.1:2.7:1.5:1.0. The fructan was identified as a (2-->6)-beta-D-fructofuranan or levan, the first example of levan synthesis by a Lactobacillus species. Strain LB 121 possesses glucansucrase and levansucrase enzymes that occur in a cell-associated and a cell-free state after growth on sucrose, raffinose, or maltose but remain cell associated during growth on glucose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sucrose culture supernatants, followed by staining of gels for polysaccharide synthesizing activity with sucrose as a substrate, revealed the presence of a single glucansucrase protein of 146 kDa. Growth of strain LB 121 in chemostat cultures resulted in rapid accumulation of spontaneous exopolysaccharide-negative mutants that had lost both glucansucrase and levansucrase (e.g., strain K-24). Mutants lacking all levansucrase activity specifically emerged following a pH shiftdown (e.g., strain 35-5). Strain 35-5 still possessed glucansucrase and synthesized wild-type glucan.
Collapse
|
94
|
Kim TJ, Kim MJ, Kim BC, Kim JC, Cheong TK, Kim JW, Park KH. Modes of action of acarbose hydrolysis and transglycosylation catalyzed by a thermostable maltogenic amylase, the gene for which was cloned from a Thermus strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1644-51. [PMID: 10103262 PMCID: PMC91232 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.4.1644-1651.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A maltogenic amylase gene was cloned in Escherichia coli from a gram-negative thermophilic bacterium, Thermus strain IM6501. The gene encoded an enzyme (ThMA) with a molecular mass of 68 kDa which was expressed by the expression vector p6xHis119. The optimal temperature of ThMA was 60 degrees C, which was higher than those of other maltogenic amylases reported so far. Thermal inactivation kinetic analysis of ThMA indicated that it was stabilized in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. ThMA harbored both hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities. It hydrolyzed beta-cyclodextrin and starch mainly to maltose and pullulan to panose. ThMA not only hydrolyzed acarbose, an amylase inhibitor, to glucose and pseudotrisaccharide (PTS) but also transferred PTS to 17 sugar acceptors, including glucose, fructose, maltose, cellobiose, etc. Structural analysis of acarbose transfer products by using methylation, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance ion chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that PTS was transferred primarily to the C-6 of the acceptors and at lower degrees to the C-3 and/or C-4. The transglycosylation of sugar to methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by forming an alpha-(1,3)-glycosidic linkage was demonstrated for the first time by using acarbose and ThMA. Kinetic analysis of the acarbose transfer products showed that the C-4 transfer product formed most rapidly but readily hydrolyzed, while the C-6 transfer product was stable and accumulated in the reaction mixture as the main product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Research Center for New Bio-Materials in Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Separation and NMR structural characterisation of singly branched α-dextrins which differ in the location of the branch point. Carbohydr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
96
|
Solid state NMR studies on the structural and conformational properties of natural maize starches. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(98)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
97
|
Yokoyama W, Renner-Nantz JJ, Shoemaker CF. Starch Molecular Mass and Size by Size-Exclusion Chromatography in DMSO-LiBr Coupled with Multiple Angle Laser Light Scattering. Cereal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1998.75.4.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Yokoyama
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: 510/559-5695. Fax: 510/559-5777. E-mail:
| | - J. J. Renner-Nantz
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - C. F. Shoemaker
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
|
99
|
|
100
|
The influence of amylose and amylopectin characteristics on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of different starches. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(97)00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|