51
|
Gerber PS, Ricardo MJ, Grimm DT. Association of 5'nucleotidase activity with immature granulocytes in the bone marrow of guinea pigs. Exp Cell Res 1983; 145:339-47. [PMID: 6305687 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow leukocytes from adult strain 2 guinea pigs were found to have appreciable levels of 5' adenosine monophosphate hydrolytic activity (105 nmole/h/10(6) cells). On the basis of substrate specificity studies, enzyme inhibition studies, and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the reaction product, the activity is related to 5' nucleotidase (5'N). The enzyme activity was associated with the membrane-enriched particulate fraction of lysed bone marrow cells. The bone marrow cell-associated 5'N activity was consistently very high in all five strains of guinea pigs examined (77--127 nmole/h/10(6) cells) and the range of activity was at least 10-fold greater than that observed for bone marrow cells obtained from mice, rabbits or rats. Furthermore, the bone marrow cell-associated 5'N activity in strain 2 guinea pigs was 5-fold greater than that observed for spleen and at least 13-fold greater than that of blood, mesenteric lymph nodes or thymus obtained from the same animal. Fractionation of strain 2 guinea pig bone marrow cells on Percoll density gradients showed that as the proportion of immature granulocytes increased in the various cell fractions, so did the 5'N activity. The cell fraction that sedimented at a density of 1.071 g/ml had the highest 5'N activity and the majority of the cells (94%) were immature granulocytes. The bone marrow compared to blood and spleen had the highest number of total granulocytes and the highest percentage of immature granulocytes. We conclude that the elevated bone marrow-derived 5'N activity in guinea pigs is associated with the resident population of immature granulocytes in that tissue.
Collapse
|
52
|
Waddell D, Ullman B. Characterization of a cultured human T-cell line with genetically altered ribonucleotide reductase activity. Model for immunodeficiency. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
53
|
Hoffee PA, Hunt SW, Chiang J, Labant MC, Clarke M, Jargiello P. Evidence for a trans-dominant regulator of purine nucleoside phosphorylase expression in rat hepatoma cells. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1983; 9:249-67. [PMID: 6403993 DOI: 10.1007/bf01543180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) levels are modulated during the growth cycle of rat hepatoma cells and increase two- to three-fold as cells go from early exponential growth phase to stationary growth phase. A mutant of these hepatoma cells has been isolated which is deficient in PNP activity. Quantitative immunoprecipitation tests indicate that the decrease in enzyme activity is due to a decrease in the number of PNP molecules. The low level of PNP enzyme produced by the mutant, however, is indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the mutant may be defective in the ability to modulate PNP levels. Fusion of the mutant cells to wild-type parental cells results in hybrids that express the mutant phenotype. Segregants that arise from the hybrids show chromosome loss and reexpression of the wild-type parental phenotype, the mutant parental phenotype, and a 2S wild-type phenotype. These indicate the following about the defect in modulation in the mutant PNP-100: (1) it is trans dominant to the wild-type; (2) its effect is negative; (3) some genomic element is required for its continued effect; and (4) it does not act by obliterating its functioning counterpart in hybrid cells.
Collapse
|
54
|
Iizuka H, Ohkawara A, Koizumi H, Aoyagi T, Miura Y, Taniguchi N, Wakisaka A. Adenosine deaminase in adult T cell leukemia. J Dermatol 1983; 10:35-44. [PMID: 6345621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1983.tb01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
55
|
Ullman B. Characterization of mutant murine lymphoma cells with altered inosinate dehydrogenase activities. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
56
|
Wright JA. Altered forms of mammalian nucleoside diphosphate reductase from mutant cell lines. Pharmacol Ther 1983; 22:81-102. [PMID: 6361799 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(83)90053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
57
|
van Laarhoven JP, de Bruyn CH. Purine metabolism in relation to leukemia and lymphoid cell differentiation. Leuk Res 1983; 7:451-80. [PMID: 6194380 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(83)90042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of inborn errors of purine metabolism have been associated with immunodeficiency diseases. From studies to the possible mechanism(s) leading to the defects in the immune system, it appeared that the accumulation of deoxyATP and deoxyGTP and the subsequent inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase played an important role. The inhibition of methylation pathways through the accumulation of s-adenosylmethionine seems to be a second valid concept. The amount to which certain subtypes of lymphoid cells were affected by the enzyme deficiencies was strongly related to the enzymatic make-up of the cells. Lymphoid cells from different maturation stages could be affected in a specific way, depending on the different enzyme activities of these cells. Studies on human lymphoblastic leukemias showed that, related to the immunological subtype, the different leukemias could be characterized by a different enzymatic make-up. In this paper we discuss the possibilities for a specific enzyme directed chemotherapy, directed against specific subtypes of human lymphoblastic leukemias. Experimental evidence indicates that for example the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'deoxycoformycin can be used as a specific drug against acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the T cell phenotype.
Collapse
|
58
|
Adenosine deaminase from deoxycoformycin-sensitive and -resistant rat hepatoma cells. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
59
|
Ullman B, Wormsted MA, Cohen MB, Martin DW. Purine oversecretion in cultured murine lymphoma cells deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase: genetic model for inherited hyperuricemia and gout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:5127-31. [PMID: 6957854 PMCID: PMC346847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.17.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in several specific enzymes have been associated with increased rates of purine synthesis de novo in human and other mammalian cells. However, these recognized abnormalities in humans account for only a few percent of the clinical cases of hyperuricemia and gout. We have examined in detail the rates of purine production de novo and purine excretion by normal and by mutant (AU-100) murine lymphoma T cells (S49) 80% deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase [IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming), EC 6.3.4.4]. The intracellular ATP concentration of the mutant cells is slightly diminished, but their GTP is increased 50% and their IMP, four-fold. Compared to wild-type cells, the AU-100 cells excrete into the culture medium 30- to 50-fold greater amounts of purine metabolites consisting mainly of inosine. Moreover, the AU-100 cell line overproduces total purines. In an AU-100-derived cell line, AU-TG50B, deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), purine nucleoside excretion is increased 50- to 100-fold, and de novo synthesis is even greater than that for AU-100 cells. The overexcretion of purine metabolites by the AU-100 cells seems to be due to the primary genetic deficiency of adenylosuccinate synthetase, a deficiency that requires the cell to increase intracellular IMP in an attempt to maintain ATP levels. As a consequence of elevated IMP pools, large amounts of inosine are secreted into the culture medium. We propose that a similar primary genetic defect may account for the excessive purine excretion in some patients with dominantly inherited hyperuricemia and gout.
Collapse
|
60
|
Tweeten KA, Molloy GR. Inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole without its detectable accumulation in mouse T-lymphoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:332-40. [PMID: 6181742 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
61
|
Kunz BA. Genetic effects of deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalances. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1982; 4:695-725. [PMID: 6761109 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
62
|
Buchwald M, Ullman B, Martin D. Biochemical and genetic analysis of AMP deaminase deficiency in cultured mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
63
|
Eriksson S, Gudas L, Ullman B, Clift S, Martin D. DeoxyATP-resistant ribonucleotide reductase of mutant mouse lymphoma cells. Evidence for heterozygosity for the protein M1 subunits. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
64
|
Eriksson S, Martin D. Ribonucleotide reductase in cultured mouse lymphoma cells. Cell cycle-dependent variation in the activity of subunit protein M2. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
65
|
Gupta RS, Hodgson M. Genetic markers in mouse teratocarcinoma cells. Selection and partial characterization of mutants resistant to toyocamycin, DRB and podophyllotoxin. Exp Cell Res 1981; 132:496-500. [PMID: 6938375 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
66
|
Weinberg G, Ullman B, Martin DW. Mutator phenotypes in mammalian cell mutants with distinct biochemical defects and abnormal deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2447-51. [PMID: 7017732 PMCID: PMC319363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of in vitro DNA synthesis have shown that fidelity of replication is influenced by the relative concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). Several investigators have used reconstituted prokaryotic replication systems to copy defined natural templates and have shown that specific incorporation errors can be induced by an appropriate bias of the precursor pools. The recent demonstration of mutator phenotypes among mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines with altered intracellular dNTP pools has allowed extension of the in vitro observations to eukaryotic replication and repair mechanisms. We describe here three mutant murine T-lymphosarcoma cell lines with altered dNTP pools and increased rates of spontaneous mutation to dexamethasone resistance and 6-thioguanine resistance. Unlike previously described mammalian cells with mutator phenotypes, these three lines have demonstrable defects in known structural gene products. Two of these cell lines are heterozygous for mutations affecting the M1 subunit of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase; the other mutant is deficient in deoxycytidylate deaminase. In each cell line these mutations result in deranged endogenous dNTP pools and increased rates of spontaneous mutation, which are shown to be characteristic of the cell line and independent of the two genetic markers examined. Furthermore, normalization of the dNTP pools of the deaminase-deficient cells suppresses its mutator phenotype. Thus, abnormal dNTP pools seem to cause enhanced mutagenesis in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
67
|
In vivo rates of pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in intact mouse T-lymphoma (s-49) cells treated with 5-fluorouracil. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
68
|
Day JL, Maybaum J, Sadée W. Determination of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine[6-3H] as an impurity in 5-fluoro-uracil[6-3H] by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1981; 206:407-9. [PMID: 6453879 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
69
|
|
70
|
Yen R, Raivio K, Becker M. Inhibition of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthesis in human fibroblasts by 6-methylthioinosinate. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
71
|
|
72
|
Cohen MB, Maybaum J, Sadée W. Analysis of purine ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides in cell extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980; 198:435-41. [PMID: 7440680 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the fourteen major cellular purine ribonucleotides and 2'-deoxyribonucleotides is presented. Following an initial separation by anion-exchange HPLC, the nucleotides are hydrolyzed to their respective nucleosides by alkaline phosphatase and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC and UV absorbance detection. The assay is reproducible, specific, and has a detection limit of 10 pmol/sample. The recovery of nucleosides derived from nucleotides is 85%. Purine nucleotide pool sizes have been measured in cultured mouse T lymphoma (S-49) cells before and after treatment with 2.0 microM mycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of the enzyme IMP dehydrogenase, for 3 h. Control nucleotide levels obtained by this method are consistent with those reported for S-49 cells using other methods, and the observed decrease in guanine nucleotides and increase in IMP after treatment with mycophenolic acid agree with previous reports.
Collapse
|
73
|
|
74
|
Ullman B, Clift S, Gudas L, Levinson B, Wormsted M, Martin D. Alterations in deoxyribonucleotide metabolism in cultured cells with ribonucleotide reductase activities refractory to feedback inhibition by 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
75
|
Gupta RS. A novel synergistic effect of alanosine and guanine on adenine nucleotide synthesis in mammalian cells. Alanosine as a useful probe for investigating purine nucleotide metabolism. J Cell Physiol 1980; 104:241-8. [PMID: 7410492 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel synergistic effect of the antitumor agent alanosine (2-amino-3-(hydroxynitrosoamino) propionic acid), which specifically inhibits the enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and guanine on the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) has been observed. In the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of alanosine, both CHO cells and the HDF show excessive sensitivity to exogenous guanine--a phenotype which closely resembles that seen with some of the mutants containing reduced enzymatic activity of ASS. The growth inhibitory effects of alanosine, or alanosine and guanine, on CHO cells are completely reverted by the addition of adenine to the culture medium, and the synergistic effect of guanine is not observed in mutants which lack the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. These resuls suggest that guanine nucleotides exert a regulatory effect on the activity of the enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase. The ability to confer the guanine-sensitive phenotype and its modulation by subinhibitory concentrations of alanosine in different cell types indicates that alanosine provides a useful probe for investigating the regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
76
|
Marone G, Plaut M, Lichtenstein LM. The role of adenosine in the control of immune function. LA RICERCA IN CLINICA E IN LABORATORIO 1980; 10:303-312. [PMID: 6161408 DOI: 10.1007/bf02905345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
77
|
Fuhr JE, Stidham JD. Inhibitory effect of cyclic adenosine 2',3'-monophosphate on leucine incorporation by L5178Y cells. J Cell Physiol 1980; 103:71-5. [PMID: 6159364 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of the reported stimulation of protein synthesis affected by dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate in L5178Y cells was tested by assaying the effect of adenosine cyclic 2',3'-monophosphate. Protein synthesis was assayed as total acid precipitable 3H-leucine. Leucine incorporation was inhibited by adenosine cyclic 2',3'-monophosphate. Alone, and in combination with actinomycin, 2',3'-cAMP inhibited leucine incorporation more rapidly and to a greater degree than did actinomycin alone. Since a similar potentiating effect was not observed with cordycepin, the hypothesis has been suggested that adenosine cyclic 2',3'-monophosphate inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with some post transcriptional event, perhaps modification of existing RNA. The results further suggest that 2,3 cyclic AMP may be antagonistic of the effects of 3,5 cyclic AMP, and as such may be useful as an inhibitor of that nucleotide's action.
Collapse
|
78
|
Ullman B, Wormsted MA, Levinson BB, Gudas LJ, Cohen A, Clift SM, Martin DW. Abnormal regulation of purine metabolism in a cultured mouse T-cell lymphoma mutant partially deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 122A:375-86. [PMID: 6158849 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9140-5_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of a mutant mouse T-cell lymphoma (S49) with altered purine metabolism is described. This mutant, AU-100, was isolated from a mutagenized population of S49 cells by virtue of its resistance to 0.1 mM 6-azauridine in semisolid agarose. The AU-100 cells are resistant to adenosine mediated cytotoxicity but are extraordinarily sensitive to killing by guanosine. High performance liquid chromatography of AU-100 cell extracts has demonstrated that intracellular levels of GTP, IMP, and GMP are all elevated about 3-fold over those levels found in wild type cells. The AU-100 cells also contain an elevated intracellular level of pyrophosphoribosylphosphate (PPriboseP), which accounts for its resistance to adenosine. However AU-100 cells synthesize purines de novo at a rate less than 35% of that found in wild type cells. Furthermore, the intact cells of this mutant S49 cell line cannot efficiently incorporate labeled hypoxanthine into nucleotides since the salvage enzyme HGPRTase is inhibited in situ. The AU-100 cell line was found to be 80% deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase, but these cells are not auxotrophic for adenosine or other purines. The significant alterations in the control of purine de novo and salvage metabolism caused by the defect in adenylosuccinate synthetase are mediated by the resulting increased levels of guanosine nucleotides.
Collapse
|
79
|
Henderson JF, Scott FW. Inhibition of animal and invertebrate cell growth by naturally occurring purine bases and ribonucleosides. Pharmacol Ther 1980; 8:539-71. [PMID: 6155676 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(80)90076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
80
|
|
81
|
Osborne WR, Sullivan JL, Scott CR. Formycin B, purine nucleoside phosphorylase and lymphocyte function. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1980; 9:257-67. [PMID: 6772548 DOI: 10.3109/08820138009065998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) is associated with immune dysfunctin that specifically affects T cells. An absence of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the preceding enzyme in the pathway of purine recycling, is associated with failure of both T and B lymphocyte function. Formycin B, an analogue of inosine and an inhibitor of purine nucleosidase phosphorylase, was used in cell culture systems to stimulate deficiency of this enzyme. The cells used were normal circulating lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) with T and B cell characteristics. Formycin B inhibited the growth of these cells, but its primary effect was found to be due to a mechanism other than purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition. The possibility that formycin B was inhibiting adenosine deaminase, for which it is a product analogue, was studied by the analysis of reaction progress curves using the integrated rate equation. The molecular structure of formycin B, whilst preventing its phosphorylytic cleavage by purine nucleoside phosphorylase, could enable this compound to function as a substrate for adenosine kinase. The resultant formation of formycin B nucleotide probably causes the observed inhibition of growth in cultured cells.
Collapse
|
82
|
Skupp S, Vugrek G, Ayvazian JH. Effect of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine on purine and pyrimidine metabolism in the human peripheral lymphocyte during the early phases of phytohemagglutinin-mediated blastogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:3323-31. [PMID: 526339 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
83
|
Bonnafous JC, Dornand J, Mani JC. Adenosine-induced cyclic AMP increase in pig lymphocytes is not related to adenylate cyclase stimulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1979; 587:180-91. [PMID: 226170 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-cyclic AMP relationships have been studied in pig mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. The early 2--3-fold increase in cyclic AMP accumulation elicited by adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine, an adenosine deaminase-resistant analogue, could not be correlated to similar effects on the adenylate cyclase activity of disrupted cell preparations, but rather to the competitive inhibition of the low Km (0.17 muM) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. The existence of adenosine receptors coupled to lymphocyte adenylate cyclase, which had been proposed by several authors, could not be confirmed by this study Adenosine-cyclic AMP relationships do not appear to be involved in concanavalin A stimulation of pig lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
84
|
Willemot J, Martineau R, DesRosiers C, Kelly S, Létourneau J, Lalanne M. Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and mitogen-stimulated transformation in immunocompetent murine spleen cells by formycin B. Life Sci 1979; 25:1215-22. [PMID: 117271 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
85
|
Isolation and characterization of cultured mouse T-lymphoma cells deficient in uridine-cytidine kinase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
86
|
Fink K, Nygaard P. Purine metabolism in microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 563:269-77. [PMID: 223640 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and utilization of purine nucleosides and purines in microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were investigated. The results revealed a unique pattern, namely that exogenous purine nucleosides are readily taken up and metabolised, while free purine bases are hardly taken up. The pathways of incorporation have been elucidated in studies with whole cells and with cell-free extracts. The ribonucleosides (adenosine, inosine and guanosine) can be converted into ribonucleotides in two ways; either directly catalysed by a kinase or by a phosphorolytic cleavage to the free base (adenine, hypoxanthine and guanine respectively) which can then be activated by a purine phosphoribosyltransferase. Apparently the purine phosphoribosyltransferases do not react with exogenous purine bases. The deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine) are also phosphorolysed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to adenine, hypoxanthine and guanine respectively. A portion of deoxyadenosine is directly phosphorylated to dAMP. It appears that only a minor part of the soluble nucleotide pool can be synthesised from exogenous supplied nucleosides and that none of the deoxyribonucleosides specifically label DNA. There is no catabolism of the purine moiety. In agreement with the above findings, we have found that analoguees of purine nucleosides are more toxic than their corresponding purine base analogues.
Collapse
|
87
|
Levinson B, Ullman B, Martin D. Pyrimidine pathway variants of cultured mouse lymphoma cells with altered levels of both orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
88
|
Ullman B, Clift SM, Cohen A, Gudas LJ, Levinson BB, Wormsted MA, Martin DW. Abnormal regulation of de novo purine synthesis and purine salvage in a cultured mouse T-cell lymphoma mutant partially deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase. J Cell Physiol 1979; 99:139-51. [PMID: 222775 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040990115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of a mutant murine T-cell lymphoma (S49) with altered purine metabolism is described. This mutant, AU-100, was isolated from a mutagenized population of S49 cells by virtue of its resistance to 0.1 mM 6-azauridine in semisolid agarose. The AU-100 cells are resistant to adenosine mediated cytotoxicity but are extraordinarily sensitive to killing by guanosine. High performance liquid chromatography of AU-100 cell extracts has demonstrated that intracellular levels of GTP, IMP, and GMP are all elevated about 3-fold over those levels found in wild type cells. The AU-100 cells also contain an elevated intracellular level of pyrophosphoribosylphosphate (PPriboseP), which as in wild type cells is diminished by incubation of AU-100 cells with adenosine. However AU-100 cells synthesize purines de novo at a rate less than 35% of that found in wild type cells. In other growth rate experiments, the AU-100 cell line was shown to be resistant to 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine. Levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) measured in AU-100 cell extracts, however, are 50-66% greater than those levels of HGPRTase found in wild type cell extracts. Nevertheless this mutant S49 cell line cannot efficiently incorporate labeled hypoxanthine into nucleotides since the salvage enzyme HGPRTase is inhibited in vivo. The AU-100 cell line was found to be 80% deficient in adenylosuccinate synthetase, but these cells are not auxotrophic for adenosine or other purines. The significant alterations in the control of purine de novo and salvage metabolism caused by the defect in adenylosuccinate synthetase are mediated by the resulting increased levels of guanosine nucleotides.
Collapse
|
89
|
Rubinstein A, Hirschhorn R, Sicklick M, Murphy RA. In vivo and in vitro effects of thymosin and adenosine deaminase on adenosine-deaminase-deficient lymphocytes. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:387-92. [PMID: 310515 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197902223000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two siblings with adenosine deaminase deficiency were studied before and during "enzyme replacement" therapy (partial exchange transfusions with normal red cells containing the missing enzyme). The younger sib showed improvement of immunologic function during red-cell therapy alone, whereas in the older sib this improvement occurred only when the transfusions were supplemented by thymosin injections. Their clinical courses correlated with in vitro findings: lymphocytes from the younger sib differentiated to T-cell-rosette-forming cells upon addition of adenosine deaminase alone; lymphocytes from the older sibling required supplemental thymosin to form these cells. Thymic factors appear to influence the response to transfusion therapy in some patients deficient in adenosine deaminase, and supplementation of red-cell transfusion with thymic factors may be required.
Collapse
|
90
|
Fain JN. Inhibition of glucose transport in fat cells and activation of lipolysis by glucocorticoids. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:547-60. [PMID: 226873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major effects of glucocorticoids on white fat are shown in Fig. 1. The glucocorticoid diffuses into the cytosol of fat cells where it binds to a soluble receptor. The steroid-receptor complex then enters the nucleus where RNA synthesis is increased. The next step may be a selective increase in synthesis of protein(s). In any event, there is an inhibition of the membrane-bound glucose transport system and an increase in the ability of lipolytic agents to activate triglyceride lipolysis. There is also a decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid synthetase that occurs after a somewhat longer lag period than is required for inhibition of glucose transport or lipolysis activation. Whether these effects are independent or secondary to the glucose transport inhibition and lipolysis activation remains to be established.
Collapse
|
91
|
Donofrio JC, Meier J, Hutton JJ. Nucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in mouse thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1979; 42:79-89. [PMID: 312148 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
92
|
Tax WJ, Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH. Pyrimidine metabolism in lymphocytes and erythrocytes of man, horse and cattle. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:7-10. [PMID: 105941 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
93
|
Cohen A, Ullman B, Martin D. Characterization of a mutant mouse lymphoma cell with deficient transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
94
|
Hershfield MS, Krodich NM. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is an adenosine-binding protein: a target for adenosine toxicity. Science 1978; 202:757-60. [PMID: 715439 DOI: 10.1126/science.715439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When adenosine deaminase activity is inhibited, low concentrations of adenosine are toxic to human lymphoblast mutants that are unable to convert adenosine to intracellular nucleotides. In order to identify the mediator of this cytotoxicity, we searched for a cytoplasmic protein capable of binding adenosine with high affinity. Such a protein was identified in extracts of human lymphoblasts and placenta as the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.
Collapse
|
95
|
Fox I, Burk L, Planet G, Goren M, Kaminska J. Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. A study of normal and purine enzyme-deficient cells. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
96
|
|
97
|
Uberti J, Lightbody JJ, Wolf JW, Anderson JA, Reid RH, Johnson RM. The effect of adenosine on mitogenesis of ADA-deficient lymphocytes. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1978; 10:446-58. [PMID: 688701 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(78)90157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
98
|
Ammann AJ, Wara DW, Allen T. Immunotherapy and immunopathologic studies in a patient with nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1978; 10:262-9. [PMID: 97038 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(78)90180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
99
|
Gudas LJ, Ullman B, Cohen A, Martin DW. Deoxyguanosine toxicity in a mouse T lymphoma: relationship to purine nucleoside phosphorylase-associated immune dysfunction. Cell 1978; 14:531-8. [PMID: 99243 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
100
|
Chan TS. Deoxyguanosine toxicity on lymphoid cells as a cause for immunosuppression in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Cell 1978; 14:523-30. [PMID: 99242 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|