51
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Bongenhielm U, Robinson PP. Afferent activity from myelinated inferior alveolar nerve fibers in ferrets after constriction or section and regeneration. Pain 1998; 74:123-32. [PMID: 9520226 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate possible peripheral mechanisms for post-injury sensory disorders in the trigeminal system, we have made electrophysiological recordings from myelinated fibres in the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) which have previously sustained an injury. In earlier experiments we have shown that axons in ligature-induced neuromas of the IAN develop spontaneous activity and mechanical sensitivity. The present study has investigated these responses after two different types of injury. In 24 anaesthetised adult male ferrets the left IAN was either chronically constricted by four loose chromic gut ligatures (12 animals) or sectioned and regeneration permitted (12 animals). After recovery periods of 3 days, 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 weeks, single unit recordings were made from the nerve proximal to the injury site. The proportion of units which were spontaneously active ranged from 0% to 19% after constriction injury and from 0% to 10% after nerve section and regeneration. Both groups revealed a marked variability between individual animals at similar time periods. Mechanical sensitivity was found in 0-42% of units after constriction and 0-25% of units after nerve section; both groups showed a significant negative correlation between mechanical sensitivity and recovery period. None of the fibres which had regained peripheral receptive fields was either spontaneously active or mechanically sensitive. There was no significant difference between the levels of spontaneous activity or mechanical sensitivity in the two groups or that previously found in ligature-induced neuromas. Thus we conclude that widely differing types of peripheral nerve injury are capable of initiating similar raised levels of afferent activity in myelinated inferior alveolar nerve fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bongenhielm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, UK
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52
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van der Laan L, Oyen WJ, Verhofstad AA, Tan EC, ter Laak HJ, Gabreels-Festen A, Hendriks T, Goris RJ. Soft tissue repair capacity after oxygen-derived free radical-induced damage in one hindlimb of the rat. J Surg Res 1997; 72:60-9. [PMID: 9344715 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1997.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals are suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion of an extremity. In this study we investigated the repair capacity of a free radical-damaged hindlimb of the rat and the effect of the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). In nonanesthetized rats (n = 39), the left hindlimb was continuously infused intra-arterially (1 ml/hr) for 24 hr with the free radical donor tert-butylhydroperoxide (tert-BuOOH, 25 mM). Subsequently the infusion system was disconnected and the repair of soft tissue damage was observed with special attention to various pain tests, vascular permeability ((99m)Tc-IgG scintigraphy), and histology for a maximum period of 6 weeks. In 12 of these tert-BuOOH-infused rats the antioxidant NAC was injected intraperitoneally. Six of the NAC-treated rats were killed after 24 hr of infusion, while the remaining 6 rats were disconnected, reinjected with NAC, and observed for 1 week. Tert-BuOOH infusion for 24 hr led to significantly increased pain sensations, vascular permeability, and histological damage. Treatment with NAC significantly reduced pain sensations and vascular permeability, though not to control levels. One week after disconnection, tissue damage was almost completely repaired in the NAC-treated rats. In the untreated rats, repair took longer but histology and vascular permeability were completely normalized within the observation period. Soft tissue damage, induced by 24-hr infusion of the free radical donor tert-BuOOH, showed spontaneous repair within 6 weeks. The antioxidant NAC significantly reduced the soft tissue damage and shortened the repair period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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53
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Kurvers HA, Tangelder GJ, De Mey JG, Slaaf DW, Beuk RJ, van den Wildenberg FA, Kitslaar PJ, Reneman RS, Jacobs MJ. Skin blood flow abnormalities in a rat model of neuropathic pain: result of decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow? JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1997; 63:19-29. [PMID: 9089535 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(96)00127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Loose ligation of a sciatic nerve in rats provokes signs and symptoms like those observed in human conditions of neuropathic pain. Some of these have been associated with sympathetic dysfunction. Since the skin microcirculation in the rat is strongly influenced by sympathetic tone, abnormalities in skin blood flow may be used as an indirect measure of sympathetic dysfunction. We measured, by means of laser Doppler flowmetry, skin blood flow at the plantar surface of the rat hind paw before and after ipsilateral loose sciatic nerve ligation. We assessed basal skin blood flow as well as the vasoconstrictor response which follows cooling of the rat abdomen. The effectiveness of this response may be used as a measure of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow. As compared to the values obtained before ligation (= 100%): (1) the vasoconstrictor response was impaired (65%, P < 0.01) from day 1 onwards, whereas (2) basal skin blood flow was increased (171%; P < 0.01) from day 3 until day 5, and decreased (51%, P < 0.0001) from day 7 until day 28. At day 28, blockade of impulse propagation in the loosely ligated sciatic nerve (by means of lidocaine) did not increase the lowered level of skin blood flow. These findings suggest that in the chronic construction injury model loose ligation of a sciatic nerve reduces sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow, which, in turn may induce supersensitivity of skin microvessels to catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Kurvers
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands
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54
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Cameron AA, Cliffer KD, Dougherty PM, Garrison CJ, Willis WD, Carlton SM. Time course of degenerative and regenerative changes in the dorsal horn in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. J Comp Neurol 1997; 379:428-42. [PMID: 9067834 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970317)379:3<428::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The time course of histochemical changes in the dorsal horn of rats subjected to an experimental peripheral neuropathy has been examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the changes in dorsal horn staining were made for soybean agglutinin (SBA)-binding glycoconjugates, the soluble lectins RL-14.5 and RL-29, the growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These analyses were made at various time points after chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve. Quantitative analysis indicated that staining density increased in the normal territories stained for SBA-binding glycoconjugates, RL-14.5, RL-29, and GAP-43 on the neuropathic side compared with the control side. In addition, there was an extension of the territories stained for SBA-binding glycoconjugates and RL-29 ipsilateral to the injury. The peak increases occurred at 14 or 28 days, followed by a decrease toward control levels by 70 days. In contrast, the staining density for SP in the ipsilateral dorsal horn decreased at 3 and 5 days and reached a peak decrease at 14 days. Then, the staining for SP returned toward control values. The staining for CGRP was unchanged at all time points examined. Dorsal rhizotomies ipsilateral to the nerve injury in neuropathic rats indicated that the increases in staining were attributable to changes in primary afferent neurons. These data suggest that peripheral neuropathy causes complex degenerative and regenerative changes in the central branches of primary afferent neurons. The associated synaptic reorganization may contribute to the sensory abnormalities that accompany peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
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55
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Munglani R, Harrison SM, Smith GD, Bountra C, Birch PJ, Elliot PJ, Hunt SP. Neuropeptide changes persist in spinal cord despite resolving hyperalgesia in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Brain Res 1996; 743:102-8. [PMID: 9017236 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the changes in spinal cord neuropeptides in the unilateral sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of Bennett and Xie [Pain, 33 (1988) 87-108] at 28 days, a time of maximum mechanical hyperalgesia. In this study we examine the same model 100-120 days post injury by which time resolution of the hyperalgesia and peripheral nerve injury has occurred according to previous studies. Rats underwent either CCI of the sciatic nerve (n = 12) or else sham operation (n = 8) which involved exposure but no ligation of the nerve. Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed with a Ugo-Basile analgesymeter and immunohistochemistry performed on the spinal cord sections of the animals and quantified using a confocal microscope. At this late time point CCI rats were no longer significantly mechanically hyperalgesic compared to the sham animals (P > or = 0.09). However, examination of the lumbar spinal cord revealed the following changes. (i) The neuropeptides substance P (SP) (P < 0.0001) and galanin (P < 0.003) both showed decreases of about 30% ipsilaterally in immunoreactivity in laminae 1 and 2 of the dorsal horn compared to the sham operated animals. (ii) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in laminae 1 and 2 showed no significant changes compared to sham animals. (iii) NPY levels in laminae 3 and 4 of the spinal cord showed a 15% increase in immunoreactivity compared to sham animals (P = 0.008). These results indicate that changes in neuronal markers in the spinal cord can persist after apparent resolution of a peripheral nerve injury. We suggest that these changes may form a substrate for subsequent development of abnormal pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munglani
- University Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, UK.
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56
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Hancock J. Comments on Lang et al., PAIN, 60 (1995) 295--302. Pain 1996; 65:279-82. [PMID: 8826519 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(96)90029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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57
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Tal M, Eliav E. Abnormal discharge originates at the site of nerve injury in experimental constriction neuropathy (CCI) in the rat. Pain 1996; 64:511-518. [PMID: 8783316 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rats with an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy created by placing loosely constrictive ligatures around the sciatic nerve (the CCI model) display heat-hyperalgesia on the affected limb. Pain threshold was studied using the paw withdrawal method. Electrophysiological recording from myelinated primary afferent axons revealed spontaneous impulse activity which originated at the site of nerve constriction. Overall 10.1 +/- 1.5% of the fibers sampled had spontaneous activity during the period 2-14 days post injury. The spontaneous activity fell into three patterns: (1) 'tonic' rhythmic pattern, in which the interval between successive spikes in a train was uniform, ranging from 25-50 ms (discharge rate 20-40 Hz); (2) interrupted, bursty or 'on-off' pattern, with variable silent period between high frequency bursts; and (3) 'irregular' ongoing pattern with random inter-spike intervals (5-15 Hz). There was a correlation between the prevalence and pattern of spontaneous activity, and the development of hyperalgesia post-injury. Axons trapped at the injury site including ones with and without spontaneous activity, became hyperexcitable to mechanical stimulation. The location of mechanosensitive spots progressively shifted over the period 2-14 days from the proximal to the distal part of the injury site. The spontaneous discharge of injured primary afferent fibers may contribute to abnormal sensation in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tal
- Departments of Anatomy and Oral Diagnosis, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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58
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Mosconi T, Kruger L. Fixed-diameter polyethylene cuffs applied to the rat sciatic nerve induce a painful neuropathy: ultrastructural morphometric analysis of axonal alterations. Pain 1996; 64:37-57. [PMID: 8867246 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene cuffs of varying inner diameters were applied to the rat sciatic or sural nerve with the aim of inducing a standardized nerve injury, as assessed by morphometric analyses of fiber-size spectrum alterations, associated with behavioral manifestations of neuropathic pain. The temporal sequence of axonal degeneration and regeneration was examined in parallel with behavioral analyses of pain initiation and recovery over a 6-week postoperative (PO) period. Cuffs of 0.028-0.030" inner diameter loosely enclosed sciatic nerves of young rats and elicited relatively uniform axonal degeneration and 'pain'. Large myelinated axons underwent an early and sustained numerical depletion. Both the thinly myelinated and unmyelinated axon populations were initially diminished, but later rose to levels significantly greater than control values, likely the result of: (1) demyelination, (2) early stages of remyelination, (3) regenerative sprouting, and/or (4) collateral sprouting of undamaged unmyelinated axons. Pathological alterations of the injured nerve included edematous swelling, hypertrophy of the perineurial sheath, infiltration of fibroblasts and collagen into the intraneurial compartment, increasing interaxonal space and decreasing order and density of axonal packing. Animals displayed maximal pain-related behaviors, including gait and postural asymmetries and hypersensitivity to mechanical compression and cold, during the 2nd week PO and had largely recovered by approximately 4 weeks PO. Consistent behavioral manifestations of pain were achieved over a wide range of fiber spectrum alteration; however, with the largest cuffs or 'bracelets' used in this study, a substantial axonal fiber spectrum change was produced without inducing pain-related behavior, suggesting that decrement in the number of myelinated axons was not always sufficient to elicit pain. Similar morphometric and pathological results were achieved with sural neuropathy after 0.010" ID cuffs and 14 days PO survival. Considering the lack of correlation between axonal alterations and pain, modification in the local intraneurial microenvironment at the site of injury may be a key component of peripheral pain mechanisms; these include changes in the biochemical milieu, increased intraneurial pressure, and altered nociceptor sensitivity or impulse propagation in the relatively intact unmyelinated axon population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Mosconi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1763, USA Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1763, USA Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1763, USA
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59
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Desmeules JA, Kayser V, Weil-Fuggaza J, Bertrand A, Guilbaud G. Influence of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of abnormal pain-related behaviours in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 1995; 67:941-51. [PMID: 7675215 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of surgical sympathectomy on pain-related behaviours in a well established model of peripheral mononeuropathy produced by loose ligatures around the common sciatic nerve in the rat. Behavioural abnormalities include spontaneous abnormal position of the hindpaw after the nerve constriction, indicative of "spontaneous pain", and changes in responses to mechanical or thermal stimuli applied to this paw. These changes are usually maximal at week 2 after the surgery, stable until weeks 3-4, and disappear between weeks 8 and 12. To assess the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development and persistence of these abnormalities, four groups of rats were behaviourally tested: (i) rats receiving a complete sham surgery, (ii) rats with a sciatic nerve constriction produced by loose ligatures around the common nerve trunk plus a sham sympathectomy, (iii) rats receiving a lumbar sympathectomy with a sham nerve ligature, and (iv) rats receiving a simultaneous surgical lumbar sympathectomy and a sciatic nerve constriction. The efficacy of the sympathectomy was assessed by the measure of the noradrenaline level in the sciatic nerve. Sympathectomy reduced selectively or even prevented the abnormal reaction to cold temperature and to heat (45 degrees C) in rats with a peripheral mononeuropathy. In contrast, the abnormal reaction to mechanical pressure was not influenced, and the behavioural abnormalities indicating spontaneous pain were still present. Sympathectomy alone resulted in a reduction of the vocalization threshold to pressure on both hindpaws, but also a short-lasting increased tolerance to cold immersion. This study confirms the selective role of the sympathetic nervous system in affecting the development and maintenance of some abnormal pain-related behaviours to thermal stimuli in rats with a moderate, but persistent, constriction of one sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Desmeules
- INSERM U 161, Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, Paris, France
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60
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Vos BP, Strassman AM. Fos expression in the medullary dorsal horn of the rat after chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve. J Comp Neurol 1995; 357:362-75. [PMID: 7673473 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903570304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve (IoN-CCI) induces asymmetric face grooming directed to the injured nerve territory and, beginning at 7-12 days postoperative, hyperresponsiveness to mechanical stimulation in this territory (B.P. Vos, A.M. Strassman, and R.J. Maciewicz, 1994, J. Neurosci. 14:2708-2723). To examine central mechanisms involved in these behavioral alterations, changes in nonevoked and mechanical stimulation-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity (fos-LI) following IoN-CCI were quantified in the medullary dorsal horn. Following the appearance of hyperresponsiveness in IoN-CCI rats, experimental and matched sham-operated rats were anesthetized with urethane and received either no stimulation or repeated stimulation with either a 2- or 15-g von Frey hair applied to the hairy skin between vibrissae B3-4/C3-4 on the operated side. Unstimulated IoN-CCI rats had increased fos-LI in laminae I-IV of the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn. In both groups, mechanical stimulation produced a distinct pattern of fos-LI in the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn, the quantity of which was related to stimulus intensity. For both stimulus intensities, the total amount and the rostrocaudal spread of evoked fos-LI were significantly larger in IoN-CCI rats. In IoN-CCI rats, stimulation-evoked increases in fos-LI were proportionally larger in laminae I-II than in III-IV. This laminar effect was also present in sham-operated rats but only for 15-g stimulation. Neither condition nor stimulus intensity affected fos-LI in the contralateral medullary dorsal horn. Positive correlations were found between the behavioral parameters of increased trigeminal nociceptive activity and the total amount of fos-LI in the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn. The results demonstrate that IoN-CCI induces significant alterations in the central processing of afferent signals, which may underlie behavioral manifestations of increased nociceptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Vos
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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61
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Bucinskaite V, Lundeberg T, Stenfors C, Belfrage M, Hansson P, Theodorsson E. Changes of neuropeptide concentrations in the brain following experimentally induced mononeuropathy in Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 1995; 192:93-6. [PMID: 7675329 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of unilateral, experimentally induced, mononeuropathy on concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP) and galanin- (GAL-) like immunoreactivities (-LI) was studied in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rat brains. Two weeks following ligation of the sciatic nerve, significantly higher concentrations of NPY-LI were found in the hippocampus, striatum and occipital cortex of both rat strains. CGRP-LI and GAL-LI were increased in the hippocampus of WKY rats. NKA-LI and SP-LI were decreased to different degrees in the pituitary of the WKY and SHR rats, indicating that the changes of the tachykinins, CGRP and GAL were selectively associated with the basal level of sympathetic tone. The increased concentrations of NPY-LI in the brain, not influenced by sympathetic tone, may be part of a general defense reaction in response to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bucinskaite
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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62
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Guilbaud G, Benoist JM, Gautron M. Contribution of the sciatic and saphenous nerve to the ventrobasal thalamic neuronal responses to pinch in rats with a chronic sciatic nerve constriction: a study using anesthetic blocks and nerve section. Neurosci Lett 1995; 187:197-200. [PMID: 7624025 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To extend the study on the respective contribution of the sciatic and saphenous nerve in abnormal nociceptive responses observed in rats with a loose constriction of one sciatic nerve, neuronal responses to pinch applied to the territory of the injured nerve, recorded in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus have been studied. Eleven neurones recorded in 11 rats with a nerve constriction since 15-19 days and clear abnormal pain-related behaviour to mechanical stimulus, were tested before and during an anesthetic block of the saphenous and/or of the sciatic nerve, and/or after the saphenous nerve section. Only the sciatic nerve block depressed significantly the pinch responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guilbaud
- Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Systéme nerveux de l'INSERM (U 161), Paris, France
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63
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Yamamoto T, Shimoyama N, Asano H, Mizuguchi T. OP-1206, a prostaglandin E1 derivative, attenuates the thermal hyperesthesia induced by constriction injury to the sciatic nerve in the rat. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:515-20. [PMID: 7864417 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199503000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nerve ischemia induces wallerian degeneration and peripheral neuropathy, the nerve constriction injury induces thermal hyperesthesia. Nerve ischemia is one possible mechanism in the development of thermal hyperesthesia in the nerve constriction injury model. Prostaglandin E1 increases tissue blood flow. In the present study, the authors examine the role of nerve ischemia in the maintenance of the thermal hyperesthesia induced by nerve constriction injury by orally administering OP-1206, a prostaglandin E1 derivative. A nerve constriction injury model was created by making four loose ligations around the rat sciatic nerve, which induces thermal hyperesthesia in the ligated paw in 2-5 days. OP-1206, was administered six times (Day 7, one time; Day 8, two times; Day 9, two times; Day 10, one time). A single administration of OP-1206 had no effect on the thermal hyperesthesia. Six hours after the sixth-administration of OP-1206, the level of the thermal hyperesthesia was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect lasted more than 1 day after the last drug administration. These data indicate that nerve ischemia plays an important role in maintaining the thermal hyperesthesia induced by nerve constriction injury in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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64
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Yamamoto T, Shimoyama N, Asano H, Mizuguchi T. OP-1206, a Prostaglandin E1 Derivative, Attenuates the Thermal Hyperesthesia Induced by Constriction Injury to the Sciatic Nerve in the Rat. Anesth Analg 1995. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199503000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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65
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Munglani R, Hunt SP. Proto-oncogenes: basic concepts and stimulation induced changes in the spinal cord. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:283-98. [PMID: 8552774 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Munglani
- University Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, England, UK
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66
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Filliatreau G, Attal N, Hässig R, Guilbaud G, Desmeules J, DiGiamberardino L. Time-course of nociceptive disorders induced by chronic loose ligatures of the rat sciatic nerve and changes of the acetylcholinesterase transport along the ligated nerve. Pain 1994; 59:405-413. [PMID: 7708415 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the painful mononeuropathy induced by setting 4 loose ligatures around the right sciatic nerve of the rat. Since changes in the axonal transport of AChE can be used to assess axonal degeneration/regeneration, we used this marker to investigate whether the time course of pain-related behavioral disorders observed following chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve are related to the time course of the regeneration of the injured axons. In addition, a comparison was made between changes in AChE observed in this model of nerve injury and those observed after sciatic nerve crush. The rats were examined for pain-related disorders daily during the first postoperative week then at 7, 14 and 21 days after nerve ligation. The pain-related disorders, only detected from 7 days after ligation, were maximal at 14 days postinjury, and began to lessen at the end of the 3rd postoperative week. Within the first 3 days after loose ligation, the AChE transport dropped to 40% of its normal value, but recovered rapidly during the 3rd week post-surgery, indicating that most of the injured neurons were reconnecting their target cells. Thus, the injury produced by the loose ligatures was registered by the neurons several days before the first nociceptive manifestations of the injury, and the pain-related disorders lasted after most of the re-elongating axons had reconnected their target.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Filliatreau
- Inserm U334, SHFJ, Hôpital d'Orsay, 91401 Orsay cedex France Inserm U161, 75014 ParisFrance
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67
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Attal N, Filliatreau G, Perrot S, Jazat F, Di Giamberardino L, Guilbaud G. Behavioural pain-related disorders and contribution of the saphenous nerve in crush and chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve. Pain 1994; 59:301-312. [PMID: 7892028 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the pain-related behaviours induced by 2 models of peripheral sciatic nerve injuries in the rat: transient nerve crush and chronic constriction injury (CCI). Various lesions of the saphenous nerve were performed in order to investigate the role of saphenous innervation in behavioural disorders induced by these nerve injuries. Behavioural testing included assessment of responses to phasic stimulation (mechanical and thermal) and observation of 'spontaneous' pain-related behaviour. Results confirmed that the model of CCI induces marked and prolonged phasic and spontaneous pain-related disorders (up to week 7). Rats with crush injury exhibited moderate and transient hyperalgesia and allodynia to mechanical and thermal stimulation on the lesioned side (with a maximum at day 3 and a recovery by week 1). Section plus ligation of the ipsilateral saphenous nerve on the day of surgery prevented nociceptive behaviours and induced persistent mechanical and thermal anaesthesia or hypoesthesia of the lesioned paw in both models (lasting up to 3-4 weeks). Section without ligation of the saphenous nerve induced comparable results in rats with sciatic crush, but did not significantly modify nociceptive behaviours in rats with CCI. These data emphasise the role of adjacent saphenous nerve in the mechanisms of pain-related disorders induced by these peripheral nerve lesions. On the contralateral paw, pain-related modifications were also observed in both models, suggesting that unilateral nerve lesions induce remote modifications extending beyond the site of the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Attal
- INSERM U 161, 75 014 ParisFrance INSERM U 334, Service Hospitalier F. Joliot (CEA), 91 406 OrsayFrance
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Kingery WS, Lu JD, Roffers JA, Kell DR. The resolution of neuropathic hyperalgesia following motor and sensory functional recovery in sciatic axonotmetic mononeuropathies. Pain 1994; 58:157-168. [PMID: 7816484 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nerve lesions producing extensive axonal loss can induce painful hyperalgesic states in man. The affect of axonal regeneration and end-organ reinnervation on hyperalgesia and pain is controversial. This study used two axonotmetic models, the sciatic crush injury (CI) and the sciatic chronic constrictive injury (CCI), to investigate the affects of nerve regeneration and reinnervation on hyperalgesia and presumed painful behavior in rats. The sciatic CI resulted in a transient loss of both sciatic motor function and the withdrawal response to pinch and heat in the sciatic distribution. Extensive recovery of motor function, pinch and heat response occurred over days 23-38 post-crush injury. This temporally corresponded with a plateau in the hindpaw autotomy score and a resolution of the saphenous-mediated pressure and heat hyperalgesia (adjacent neuropathic hyperalgesia; ANH) which developed over the medial dorsum of the hindpaw following the sciatic CI. In contrast, with sciatic transection and distal stump excision, no motor recovery occurs, large areas of the hindpaw remain unresponsive to heat and pinch, and the saphenous mediated ANH fails to resolve over a period of 3 months. When sciatic CI was compared to contralateral sciatic transection within the same rat, the bilateral saphenous-mediated pressure and heat thresholds were initially identical, but by 23-27 days post-crush, the crush side thresholds became hypoalgesic relative to the section side. This demonstrates an attenuation of the crush-induced ANH which temporally corresponds to the recovery of motor and sensory function. When the sciatic nerve was proximally crushed and distally transected (3 cm below the crush site), the saphenous-mediated pressure and heat threshold changes were identical (over 6 weeks of serial testing) to those produced by a contralateral sciatic transection within the same rat. This indicates that the microenvironments surrounding the regenerating axon tips did not differentially affect the development of ANH following sciatic CI or transection. The sciatic CCI resulted in a transient loss of hindpaw motor function without the loss of pinch or heat withdrawal responses in the sciatic distribution. Motor function recovery occurred primarily over days 23-59 post-ligature. During this prolonged period of motor function recovery there was a resolution of the sciatic-mediated plantar surface heat hyperalgesia and the saphenous-mediated heat ANH. The above data support the hypothesis that the successful regeneration of distal axons after axonotmetic lesions can initiate the resolution of neuropathic hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade S Kingery
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CAUSA Department of Functional Restoration, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CAUSA
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Lee SH, Kayser V, Desmeules J, Guilbaud G. Differential action of morphine and various opioid agonists on thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in mononeuropathic rats. Pain 1994; 57:233-240. [PMID: 8090518 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a rat model of mononeuropathy produced by 4 loose ligatures around the common sciatic nerve, the effects of 1 mg/kg morphine and mu-, delta- and kappa-agonists, DAMGO (2 and 3 mg/kg), BUBUC (3 and 6 mg/kg) and U-69,593 (1.5 mg/kg), were evaluated by measuring the struggle latency (SL in sec) to immersion of the paw on the nerve-injured side in a cold (10 degrees C) or hot (42 degrees C, 44 degrees C, and 46 degrees C) water bath. Experiments were performed 2 weeks after surgery. The agonists were used at doses that produced potent antinociceptive effects on the vocalization test in this model. At 46 degrees C (clearly in the noxious range), only morphine and DAMGO had significant effects. The effect of morphine lasted for more than 2 h with a maximum at 40 min (SL = 13.8 +/- 1.6 sec, 252% of control values). For 2 and 3 mg/kg DAMGO, the dose-related effect lasted for 120 min at least, with a maximum at 20-40 min (SL = 6.0 +/- 0.5 and 8.8 +/- 0.7 sec, 148% and 170% of control values, respectively). These effects were more potent and prolonged than in normal rats and were reversed by 0.1 mg/kg naloxone i.v. By contrast, morphine and all selective agonists failed to relieve the abnormal reactions to 10 degrees C, 42 degrees C (in the non-noxious range) and 44 degrees C (at the noxious threshold) stimuli. Our data illustrate a differential effect of opioids on nociceptive tests based on different stimulus modalities and intensities in this model of mononeuropathic pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Unité de Recherches de Physiopharmacologie du Système Nerveux, Inserm U 161, 2 rue d'Alesia, 75014, ParisFrance
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